1. . 10 1 3000 . 200 . 10 2 , . 5, 10 . , . 1 . , , . . , . , , . , . , . .1. 765kV ( ) 9 30 2 ' ' . 10 1 4 5 (84, 89, 95, 109, 126) 3000 (32 , 6) . , . 3 . 10 2 6 20 7 290 , 3 , , 5 . 84, 89, 95, 109, 126 5 , 82, 85, 86, 88, 125 10 . , 2 11 40 . 2 765kv , 3

2. .(2) 765kV , , (71) 25 , 10 8 10 . 14 35 " " , , 3~4 . 10 11 765kV . 2 ., , . . , , . 10 4 765kV , , . , , ' ' . 10(3) 9 , (10/25) 12 . . .1 1~22 53 4~54 6~75 8~96 107 11~138 159 1610 1711 12 22~23 24~25 20 . 36 , (4) 14, 2 5 . (39) (56) , 9 . , (57) .1_ (, ) 2_ . (, )2. 3_ (, ) . 4_ . (, /) 5_ ? (, ).6_ ? (, )10 1 7_ (, ) . . , 3. 7 3 . . . . .(1) . . . , . , . , , . .4 , 5 , 765kv , 5 3. . 1. , . . , . . . 8 . . 8 . . . . . (1) . , . . . 3,000 . 3 . . 3~4km . 3 . II. . .10 1, ( ) 3000 . 200 . 10 2 . , . 15 , 2~3 . , . , . . . , , [1] , . 10 17 , , . 103 4 3 , .6 . 7 765kv , 7 4. . 1 . 9 , . OO 2 . 5km, 5km 19 10 (57) 2 . 1km 5km 4 50 . . . . 10 . 765kV . .(2) (4) , , . 10 11 , , . 3 9 . . . . , , ( 3, 2) . . , . 11 7 10 , (70) . 10 . , . . , 69 ." . . . . . , , 1 . 103 . () , 3 , . . (3) 1010 . 10 11 . . 10 23 4 . 3 25 . ..8 765kv [2] , 9 5. 2 107 4~5 .[4] [3] 3 1017 . . . . [5] . OO 1 15 . . . ... 2/3 ? . 7~8 . 1 3~5 . .(5) . 6~70 , .10 765kv 2 22 5 200 . 8 20 6 . , , 6~10 , 11 6. . . 70 , . 4Km ( ) . .3 24 , . 1m , 6 20 . . 8 78 [6] . , . , 102 . . 8 50 . . 109 . (6) . . , . .2) 200 5 ,1) 2008 . . . . , , . . 2011 , 1 9 , . . ., . 2 10 . 10 109 12 765kv , 13 7. () , , 1145 . 10 10 . , . , . .3(2) 22 13 2 1 1 126 3 . 7 . . . . . . . . . (3) 4 24 7 22 . , . (2013-128) , . . 7 40 7 46 (87) , (78) 2~3 . . . . . .3. 2. , . , . . . . , , . 2013 . 3 , , , . . .. , (1) . . (89 , , 126 ) 14 765kv , 15 8. (1) , . . () . , 10 3 , , , . . . , . . 30 . , . 10 . . , 2, .10 3 5:30 (89 ) . 30 . 1 . , ' 10 2 (126 ) . ' . ' ' . 2~30 . . 1 . , 4 .[7] 10 3 126 - . [8] 10 3 17 30 (89), 3 , . 1 . , 16 765kv 3 10 3 109 109 . . , 17 9. . (2) , . () , . . , , , . 4 .10 4 , , 7 109 , , . . 119 , 119 . . . . , 00 ." . 1 . . , 10 3 126 ( ) . . , . . ."10 3 109 . 119 2 , OO . 2 ." . . . . 10 5 7 2 126 , . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . , . . . , , , . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . () , . , , , , . . . ." 18 765kv , 19 10. OO (10 3, 109 )" . . . , . , . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . . . . . , . . 119 . , . . , , 50 . . . [10] . . 119 ."2 10 24 . 1m , 6 20 . . 8 78 . , . , . 8 50 . . 24 . [11] . (3) . , . , . [9] 20 765kv , 21 11. 1 . ? 10 2 126 119 . . , 119 10 . 10 . , , 00 ? . , . 00 , . " , , . . . , . . 119 . . . . . . 119 ."2 10 16 . 6 1 . . OO ( , 16 )" . [12] . . OO . . , " . , ?? . . . . . ." . (4) . . . . 1 ."10 22 11 2022 765kv , 23 12. 2 .III. . OO , . 200 , 3000 " . . . . . . . . 70 80 . . , () , 1~2km, 5~6km . . , . . . ." , . OO " 125 . . . , . , 125 . . . **. **. ." . , . , . . , . . , . OO , , , . ". . , . , . . . , , , . . ." , .24 765kv , 25 13. . 1. . 2. , . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. .26 765kv , 27 14. ( ) . .1. , . , , , , , . , , . , . , . , - 14 27 , , , - , 2. , . , . , 28 765kv . , , . , , 3. , 29 15. , 4. , 5. , , , - / , , - , , - , , , , , , 30 765kv , 31 16. 15% . , , .( ) (10 214)2 . (1) ( )11(58)12(80)10(77)4(57)18(72)55(70) / (%)6(32)1(7)0(0)0(0)5(20)12(15) (%)1(5)0(0)1(8)1(14)1(4)4(5), (%) / (%)1. - 0(0)1(7)1(8)1(14)0(0)3(4)1(5)1(7)1(8)1(14)1(4)5(5)7(100)24(100)79(100)(%)(2) (%)19(100) 15(100) 13(100)(3) (, ) (4) (2) , . ( ) , , () . (1) - .(2) - 3 , 1 3 (3) - , (5) - () , ,< , 2 > (12,10/4)(4) -- 2 11 10 . .< 11 >(12,10/4) (6) ( , , )< >(,10/4)< , > (12,10/7) 2. 1 . (1) 70%, 1) [, , 2013. 10. 16. ] .32 765kv 2) , , 21. 3) , , 22~23. , 33 17. < >(1,10/3) 50 3 (10. 7) (10.6)< 70 15 70 15, >(8,10/3) (10.5)9 , < , . >(1,10/7) .11 (10.3)5 (10.2)6" " (10.2)7[] (10.2)8 ''(10.1) (10.10)4< , > (8,10/5) . (10.4)9KBS (10) (10.4)83< > (,10/4) . . .. (10.5)4 (10.4)6MBC (6)[] ?(10.3)5 (10.2)< , > (12,10/7)13 (10.1)206.."? ?"(10.7)< , > (14,10/7) 5 30 . 2 .1 .. (10.3)2 .. ?(10.3)< >(,10/8) .. , .< , > (12,10/7)SBS (5)6126 ..(10.2)7 .. (10.1)(2) 3 6.(3) 10. 3. 10 < vs > < 3 > , , . ., (MBC 10. 1) , ( 9 ? ? ?"(MBC 10.2) . .. .." (MBC 10.3) . . ..)4 .. ." (MBC 10.4) . 3 (1) 3 5., ." - (MBC 10. 5) / "() 30 , 6 ." (MBC 10.10) ( ) : " 60-80 , 4) , , 25~26. 5) , , 27~2834 765kv 6) , , 29~30. , 35 18. ."(KBS 10.1) ( ) : " ( ) ."(KBS 10. 2) ( ) : " I. ."(KBS 10.2) ( ) : " . ."(KBS 10.4) (Neumann, 1957: 168-169). () . . / : 8 , . .(SBS 10.1) ./ : , .(SBS 10. 2) / : ()(, 1996: 341-342). (SBS 10. 3)[ / : () . . () .(SBS 10. 3) (, 2010:3). , / : () . .(SBS 10. 7) ( 1989. 9. 8. 886). . . (1) , , . . . 2 . .(2) , () . (3) ( 1.) .II. 1. . (), . , ( 1), , . ( 2 2) . . 36 765kv , 37 19. , , 2. ( 2001. 3. 21. 99139142156160()). , . . ( 10). , ( 2011. 8. 30. 2006788). . 10 . , . . / , . , 765kV . , , , . , , , 14 ( 1994. ( , 2013: 19).12. 29. 94201). , , (. , 2013: 3) . ( 34 6) (, 2013: 3). (35 1) . . . (, 2008: 73-74). 13 . . , . . . 0 . . () . () . , ( . , 2013: 23). (WHO) (Exposure to extremely low frequency fields, . Fact Sheet No.322)12) . , . , , , . , . , ( , 2013: 43). . 833mG . ( , 2013: 23). ( , 2013: 19).38 765kv , 39 20. . (2008. 12. 26. 2008419423436 ()) . III. 3 . . . 35 . . ( 11). , (3 . ) , 200% . . ( . 30km 300 ) 12 . (, 2013: 3). . . 35 3 . . ( 117 1). ( , . . 2013: 31) . 2 3 .765kV . . 765kV . , . , . , . . . . , , ( , 2013: 32). . . (, , ) . . , , , , (, , 2013: 3). . , 40 765kv , 41 21. . V. 2 . , . 1. . . IV. . , . . , ( 1992. 12. 24. 928). ( 2002. 10. 30. 200067()). 12 , 2005 11 ( , 2013: 51) . . . . . 52 2. 184 13 25 . , 2013 5 20 , . . , , 2000 8 765kV , 2002 9 , . , 2003 10 23 2009 ( , 2013: 52). ( , 2013: 14). , , , , . ( , 2013: 52 ). 2012 1 16 . . , . , . , , ( . , 2013: 72 ) . .3. 2013 5 20 (, ) . 2009 , 2011 (A/HRC/17/27/Add.2, 2011.3.21.) 63. (), , 42 765kv , 43 22. . , . ( 2013. 10. 25). . . VI. ( , 2013: 77-78). . (3 4) (7 4) . . , , , . . . . . . . 4. . . , . , , (posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD) , , , . () . ( , 2013: 81 ). . . 69.6%, , . . . , , . . . , . , , , . ( , 2013: 90-91) . . 40.5%, 48.1%, 41.8%. , , , , . . , 36.7% . , . ( , 2013: 90-91) . . , ( 122) ( ., 2013: 91) . . 765kv , 10 25 41 . . 44 765kv , 45 23. VII. (2010). . . (2013). 765kV . . 2013. 7. 3. (2013). : , , , . 2013. 5. 25. (2008). . 38, 69-98. (1996). : . 1. 2013. 5. 23, , : 2013. 10. 27; 2013. 10. 25, , : 2013. 10. 28. 2013. 10. 16. Neumann, F.(1957). The Democratic and the Authoritarian State. 46 765kv , 47 24. . . ( ) . .1. 3000 . 3. 70~80 . . . . . , . .2. . 1) ( ) .) ( 472 2012.9.26.). 1) . . 3 2 . . 51 1 , 1 () . 19 ( ) . . (20056810), ( 472 2012.9.26.) 12 .(074605) .3() . , , 3 1 , .2) , , , .( 2005, 2132) . . , . 4( ) . , . . . .48 765kv , 49 25. ) , , ( ) . . 19 , .) , , , . . . 4 . . , .3) .) , , , , ) ( ) . , 3 3 , . 4 1 . . , ( ) , . 3 3 ( 1995. 9. 27. 953438, 1998 9. 29. 9835). ( ) 4 1 . , ) , ( ) . , . . ( 1994. 12. 29. 93120 , 2001. 1. 18. 2000149 , 2008. 1. 17. 2007700 ).) ( ) ) . . . 2) ) , . , , , .(99 2317)50 765kv , 51 26. 4. 2) . . . . . . . .1) . . 149( ) . , , . 5. . . (2007. 5. 11. 8424 ) 6 1 . , . , , . 185 . . . (2007. 5. 11. 8424 ) 12 . (2006775)(A/HRC/17/27/Add.2, 2011.3.21.) ...... () ...... , . . , . . . .2) 6. , , , . . . . . . , . . , , ..52 765kv , 53 27. . , . 1) , , . 3 4 , 7. . , . 1 2, 4 1 11 119 . . . , , . , . , . . . , 10 , , . , . . 12 , 2) 00 (092363), 10 , 12 . , .. , . , . . , . , . . , 8. 4 1 11 . . . .. . . 3 4 , , . , .54 765kv , 55 28. 1 2, 4 1 11 2. .3. , . , , . ., 10 , 1 . , 2 3 . .6( ) , . . , . . . 2) , 3~4km .. 5 6 . 9. . . . , . . . , ... 10. 1) 5 6 . . , .5( ) . , , , , , , . . 1. , 56 765kv , 57 29. 1) 12 10 1) . 1 . 10 1 6 30 , . , . . . 10 2 5 30 89 . . 7 . . 76 1 119 . 2) ( 765KVOUT . http://my765kvout.tistory.com .)10 1 100, 400 , / 10 89 50 / 40 95 70 , 25 / 96 5 4 , 10 126 30 / 127 ( ) , 3, 6 / 126 . 40 . 109 20, 40 200 , 20 / 2 / 200 . 10 30 58 765kv , 59 30. 11 (70) . 70 , 400 . (21 , ) 100 . 126 ( 32 , 2 , 500 ) , 126 . , . 19 30 , 126 => 21 30 . , .10 2 84 . 89 9 . ** . . 95 100. 30 . . . 96 . 530 . 109 . ** . 2 300 . 2 , . , 126 20 . . (**, **) . ** ( ) . 3 . . . 3 2) (4 ) . 127 0900 . . 10 10 . " " 2 , . 11 . 2 119 . 4 95, 109, 95 0940 . . . 7 . , , . 6 11, .* 10 2 127 126 109 96 89 1200 . 203031 20101010 , . . 10 3 : , 89 , 126 .( .)1. 1) 1430 . 2 3 , , . , 60 765kv , 61 31. . . , . ( 2 ) * 10 3 , . . 10 32. 126 .1) 10 1 10 3 2) . * . /, 4 3 7 , , . . , . . 10 1 , , . , 119 . . 1 . . 1 . . . ( ) . . . . . . 6 30 . , . , 3 . , . , . , , . 3 18 20 , 62 765kv , 63 32. . 4. 89 . 1 1) 1 . 1 . . . . , , .* ( 2 10 ) , . , . ( ) . . , . , . 2) 3. 95, 960840 . 95 . . , ' ' , , , . 7 .1400 8 . 1535 . 1540 , 60 . 1730 , . ( 30 ) 1810 , . , . . . (1 ) 5. 109 * 10 3 109 . . 96 . 96 .64 765kv , 65 33. 0900 100 160, 40 . . . . 1100 50 .() .1400 . 1520 . 1600 , 4 20 10 45 : , 126 , 109 . 1. 1800 .1) 2 . (KOREA CIVIL2. 126 DEFENSE ) 1) . , 2 10 2 . . . , , , , . . . , , . 2) 10 4 1100 . . 1500 . 1600 ( " 2) " ) . 10 4 (56) . 5 .( 2, 1, 1, 1700 . 1)10 5 . . . .66 765kv , 67 34. 10 5 . 24 0640 . .0700 7 2 126 , 4 . . . , . , . . 1(00, 80) . . . . . . , 126 .( , , )2) 0950 3. 109 (?) 1) 109 , 1000 . 10 1 109 .1100 1110 , 2) . . 10 4 . , , 7 1200 6~7 . . 1220 2 .( : 1, , , ,1230 1, , , , , )1240 1300 .1320 1350 , 10 6 : (84, 89 ) 1600 5 1700 30, . 1) 1715 ( ) , 1720 . 68 765kv , 69 35. 1740 , . 1640 , . ., . . 4~5 .1755 . 1700 . OO . 112 ., . . , 1800 6 .1817~25 5 3 . 1730 1 . . 119 1830 , 1800 30 . 1830 , 40 . 2 1855 . 10 7 : , . 1900 .1. (84, 89 ) 1) 2. (96 ) , , .1) 96 4~5 . 10 6 , 10 7 , . , . SNS . 2) 1545 1600 7~8 . . . ( ) 1628 70 765kv 96 , 71 36. 2) 0730 96 96 4~5 . 10 8 : , , . 7~8 200 . 10 1 1) .8 . 5() , , , , TV, .. . 15 , CBS , SBS, . , . 1110 , . . .3. 2) 1) 1200 (127 ) 10 7 1 30 1400 (126 ) , . 1700 (84,89 ) . 10 9 : , , , , 1) 2 . 8 9 . , . 9 , . . . 9 , . 2 2) 1330 2 1350 200 4~5 72 765kv , 73 37. . . . . 1) 126 .1 1030 , 2 1400 (126 ) 1630 (109 ) 2 1200 1300 1500 (84,49 ) 10 10 : , , 2 . .0. 1. (126 ) (**, **) . 10 109 1) () , 0711 11 45 . . . , . . , , . . , . , . . . => (, ) . , . 5 , (10 ) . 74 765kv , 75 38. 2. (109 )3. (95, 96 )1) 1) (8 13, . 0900 6 95 ( ) 102 . . 5 4~5 , 10 , 5 30 . 10 . . , . 5 . . , 30 , 1 30 . ( , ) () , , . . , . 96 60 , . . . ., . . . . 5 OO() , . 2 . 10 11 : , , .) 0813 1) 0942 , 10 11 . 10 . . , 1000 109 2 . . . '' . . . . . 1047 2) . , , 0710 , (70) . . 10 . , . . . .1145 **(87, 92 " ." ), **(78) . ,.( .) . . 1240 . , . . , () , 3 . 2 . , . , , , , , , . . , . , . , , , , .76 765kv , 77 39. , , , . .1500 , 96 . 1740 . 10 13 : 10 12 : , , , 1. (109 ) 1) 1) 12 11 ' ' 109 , , . . . . .. . , 2) , . 2 0720 . , . : . . . , . . 11 , , . 0740 . : , , . ,. , , 3 . .. . 2007 2008 .2) 0800 , 10 . 110700 10 , 15 . . . . .0900 (4) , , 0810 80 ( 10 ) . 3 . . 0930 . . . 3 1040 . 500 . 150. 3 . . 2~30 . ' ' 0830 . .. . 1140 . . . 1230 . , . . . . . , , 0850 .78 765kv , 79 40. 0920 .2) 0945 . 1440 2013 . 12 , .1450 2013 1000 50 . . . . 1130 , , .. 31150 (**, **) . 1500 . 3 .1200 4 1 . , . . .1230 .1510 . 3 1 1300 10 . , 1330 5 . . . 2. .1) . 2013 . . 3 . . , . , . 1520 . , . , . . 13 4 , . . . , .700 . 80 765kv , 81 41. 2) 10 15 : 0730 . . 1) . 1 . 9 30 , . 1 . . 0740 . . 100 ( .) . 4 . 0800 ( ). , . . . 0930 ( .) . . . . ' !', '!', '!', '!' , . , , , . 7~8 1 . 3~5 . 0940 . , 185 . 12 2 . , , . . . . . 0950 ( ). 1 . ( ). . . ( .) 1000 . . , , , , , , 3 . . . , . , . . , . . . 1010 . 7 1100 . . ( .) 1150 . . ( .) 1350 . . , 82 765kv , 83 42. , . . . . 1600 . . . . . " !", "(?) ?!" . . , , "!" 1610 , . . . . . " " . .1620 . . . , . 1630 . . 1830 10 16 : (84, 89 ) 1) 16 4 30 . . . (** ) 6 50 8 . . ( ) , . 30 . , 119 . 8 . 20 , 50 1,000( 30 ) . 955 .6 ,. 10 . 6 1 , . , . 20 . , A 7~8 . 84 765kv , 85 43. 2) A " " . 0600 . .. ' ' 0915 .. . 0930 . . .. . 119 0950 , . . ( , . . . 2 . . , . . . 2 .) .0610 , 1000 ( ) . . , . . . ( ) 30 . . . . 0630 . . , . ..1015 0645 8 1140 . . 10 . . 0710 (9) . . . 1450 , .- 89 . () 0735 '' . 11 . . - . . . 0745 . . ( . .) 1655 .* 16 0750 . . . "10 17 : (84, 89 ) " . . . 1) 17 10 3~4 . " !" . 50 , 0800 . A . , , . .. , 86 765kv , 87 44. .1005 TV 17 , . . . , . . , 17 1006 . . . . . . , . , .. . 1120 . 1200 1730 .10 18-1918 19 . 20 18 19 , , . . 19 10 ** . , . 19 8 , . ** , , . , , !, ~ , ., , , . , . . 19 ** . , . () 2) ., , ( 5 . .) 0945 . . . . .( )88 765kv , 89 45. 10 20 : 1053 765kv . . . " 1) " . , 1104 1 . .1106 2 . 1116 3 .2) 1118 4 .1540 1133 .1548 . 1141 5 . 1147 6 . . .( ) 1555 " .. ." . 4 " ." . 1604 . " ( ) " . " " , ( ) " " . 1617 10 21 : 1) . 21 7 (), 2 . 2) 0545 5 45 . . 0549 0644 3 , 3 ( .) 0700 () 0730 , 18 20 . . 0820 " " .90 765kv , 91 46. 0820 6 . 1, 2, 110 22 : . . 1) . 10 . 3 22 22 23 0840 . 22, , . , , 0850 5 . 10., 6~10 0940 . 70 1050 6 , . 1 1100 5 . 9 5 , . 1250 5 . 1300 00 . . 6 , . . , . 11 5 20 . 1400 5 . 20 ? .1400 00 . 16 6 1. 4 13 2 1 , . . . , , . . 4 . . 10 23 : 1) 10 23 . , . . . 16 8 40, , . . . 11 83 2) ? . 0500 6 10 . 200 . 20 .. 0600 . 0730 9 , 8~9, 3/ 200 92 765kv , 93 47. 2) 0920 0930 . . 1030 1100 00 ? 1330 . . 1400 1600 . . . 1700 . 00 . .10 24 : 1) ( ) . , . 78 . . . , .94 765kv , 95 48. 2) 0720 . . (2013-128) 10 15, 17, 20 . . . * . , .* (-) , , .0740 0745 2~3 . 1. OO (59, ) ., , . .0800 6 . . . . . 0815 3 . , . (10.15. ) , 0820 , . 6 . . . , . . .0825 . 0830 (78) . 10.15. . . . , OO 0831 . . , 10 0850 . .0910 2 0920 . , , , , . . . . . , ? , 0940 , . , . 24 . . . 2 . , .. . .1010 . . . , 1030 , ., , , . , . . . . . , , , 1040 , , .? . , , . . .96 765kv , 97 49. , , 2. OO (58, ), , . . , . . . . . , . , .. , .10 , . 10 1~2 . , . . . . 119 . . 25 ( ) , , 119 . 119 , , . . , , , . 5 , 10 . 40 , . . 119 , . . . . . , , , , . . , , . ? . . , . , . , , 119 . , . . , . . ! ! ! ! . . . . . , . , . . ., . . . . . . , , , . , , . . . . . . . . . < > . . , , . , 20 . .98 765kv , 99 50. . . . , . , , , . MBC , , . . . . ? . . . . . .. . . . . , , . , KBS MBC SBS .. . . 10 . . . , , , . . . , . , . . . . , . . , , , , . . , . , . , 84 3 , 89 2.5 , , .. . . . . . . . . . . . , 765 . . . , . , . . , . .. . . . . , ? . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , 100 765kv 101 , 51. . 3. OO (64, ).10 . . 10.15. .. , . 5 . 8 . . . 5 . 1 , 5 . . , , . . . . . , .. . ? . , , . . . . . . . ? , . . . . . 63% . , . . . . . . , , , . . , , . . . , 2/3 . . ? , . , . . . . . , ., . , . . < >. . . . , ? . . . (10.15.) OO . . , . 100% . . , , . , , , . . . . , . . ? . 102 765kv 103 , 52. . , , ? . . , . ? . , . . . . , . . . . . .(OO ) , . . . . . . . () . () , . , . (OO ) , . () ? . , , , . . ? , . . . . 10 . 10.11. 7 30, OO (70) . OO OO , . OO 10 , . . OO . , . . . OO , . . . (10.10) OO . . OO , , . OO ., , . . ? . . ? , . , ? . , . , . 765kV . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . .. , , . , , . , . , . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . ? 104 765kv 105 , 53. ? , , . , () . . ., , . . . . ? 10.19. OO 10.20. .. . . , 10.19. OO . ( . , ) . , , , ? OO , . . , . . . 21 . . , . , ? ( ) . , . , . () . . . () . , , 4. OO (56, ) , . () 109 . . ( ) . 1 ~2 . 10 1, , . ., , 10 2 OO (63) , , . 10 4 , . . OO . () . 10 4 . 1 4 . . , , . 10 1 4 , . .. () . . . , (10.1), . , () .. 109 , . . . , , . . , . () OO OO . . , , . . . , . . ? OO (10.2) . . . . . , , () . , . , . ( ) ( ), . , . , . . . . . , , . . . , OO . (16) . . . . , . . 106 765kv 107 , 54. . , . . , . ( ) . , . .. . . . (10.2) , . . . . . . . . , ( ) . 2 . . . . . . , . . , . . , , . . . . . . . . . , . , . ? , , . . . ? . , , , . . 119 . , (10.4~) . . 50 . . . . 119 . . . , . . . , . . . , , ., , , , , . , , , , . (10.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?, , .(10.2) . . , . . .. . . . . , . , , . . . . . . . , , . , , , . , , , , , , , .. . . . . , .. , . . , , . , , . . , , , , ~ , . . . , . 108 765kv 109 , 55. , . . . . . . . . , . . OO . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . , , . . . . . ? , ? . . . ? . . . . , , . . . . . . . , , . , . . , . . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) . 5< > . ., . . . , . . . , , . . . . , . . . 5. OO (50, ) . . . .! ! ! . , , , , 109 . ? . . . . . . , , . , . . . 109 . . . . . . . . . ? . . ? . . ? ? . . .110 765kv 111 , 56. 126 . 10 1 , , , . . . 10 1 ** (57) , 2 **(73), **(80) (10.3) , , . , . 1 OO 3 . , ** 3 , OO . 10 1 3 . . . . , , (10.1) . 126 . . . , , , . . (126 ) . . . , 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . ., , . . . , . , 10 1 . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . , . , . . , , . 126 . . , , . . . . .. . . . . 125 . 10 14, 2 . , , ., . . . . 125 , (10.14) . . , , , 4 . . . . , . . 125 . . . , . . . . (10.1) , . . . , . , . , 112 765kv 113 , 57. . . . . , . . . . . , < > . , . . , . . , . . . , ? . . , . . , . . , . 6. OO (48, ) . .10 15 . . 4 . OO . . . 17. . , OO . . . ? . , . . (10.15) . , . . . . . . ! . . . . ., . . , , . . . , , . , . . . . , . , , . . . . (126 ) . . , . . . . . . , . . . ? . , . . . , , . , , . 114 765kv 115 , 58. . . , . , . , , . , . , . (10.15) . . . . . 10 1 .. () . , , . (10.1) , . . . . ! , . ! , . , . ! ! , . , . , . . . . , , . , . . , , , . , . , . , ? , , . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ , , . . . . , . , , . . . . . . () , 6.25 . 26 . . , . , . , . . , , . , , . , . . . , , . , , , . , , . . , , . .. . , , , . . . . . . . , . . . . 116 765kv 117 , 59. . . , , .< > , . . . . . . . . , . . .118 765kv 119 , 60. ? . [ 1] 2013 10 1-2 - . ? , 7 . ( ). . . .9 . . ! . . . 1 . . 6 . . , 6 . . . . . , . . . 10 1, 4 6 . . . . 30 . 60 ( . . ) . , . . . . . 7 . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .( ( . .) ). . . . 9 . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . ? ? . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . ., ? . . . . . ? . . . .. . . . . () . . . . . .120 765kv 121 , 61. . . . . 4 . ? . . . . . . . . . . 6, 6 5...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? . . 11. . . 9 . 11[ 2]. . . . , . . . . ( ). . . . 2 3 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 3 . . . , . . , . . . . . . .. . 122 765kv 123 , 62. . [ 3] . " " " " " ..." . . ( ) . ? , , . . , , . ? ? , ? ? . . . , . . " " . , . , . , . . , , , . . . " " . . , , . , . . . .. ? . ? ? . "". . . , . , . 50 , 1 . . . , ? 3% . ? . ?. , . . , . .124 765kv , 125 , 63. , . . . . . , . . , , . , , . . . . , , . . . , . . . . . . [ 4] 150 . . 700~800 . . 154 ( /). . . ? ? . ? . . . . . . . . . , . , 55, , 2011 . , . . ? . . , , . . , , , , 126 765kv 127 , 64. . [ 5] , , . ? . , , - -, . . ( ) . 1 1 . . . . , . . . . 4 , , . . 8 . . . . , .. .. . . . , . . , . . . . . [6] , . ? . . ( ) . . . . . . 5, . . ? .. , . . , , . , , . , , , . 8 () .9 109 , 30 10 . , , . . . . . , . 10 2 . 127 . .128 765kv 129 , 65. . , . . 7 109 , . . . . 15 . . . 109 , . . . . 300 600 . . . . . 20 . 210 3 . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . , . . . . .8 127 . 12 . , . . . . . . . . . 00 . . ? . . . . . . ? ? . . . . . . ? 8 126 . 270 . . . , 200 . . . . ? . . .2005 7 8 . . . . 130 765kv . . 131 , 66. . 400 . . . . . .9 109 . . . . 9 , . . . . . . . . . . ?8 . () 5 , , . 1.5 . . . . . . ! . . . . . [7] , . . , . ( ) . , . 6 , 4. 10 1 . , . . 30 , . . . . ?60, 80 , . , 9 . . . . . . , . . . , () . , . . . , , , , , , , . , ..... .... ....132 765kv 133 , 67. , , . . . , , , , . 83 . , . . . () ? . . . . . . ... . 150 , , . , . , . . ! .... . , ?134 765kv 10/7 " : SOUTH KOREA: Vicarious administrative execution is not legitimate without just and fair consultation of Miryang villagers October 7, 2013 It is unavoidable that dissent, regardless of its severity, arises between the authorities and the people affected from national plans such as construction and redevelopment. It is reported that a nuclear plant has been being built in Busan in order to supply electricity to Seoul and for this reason, 69 transmission towers for the 765 kVs of power that will be generated from the nuclear plant were approved by the government in November 2007. Villagers composed mostly of persons between the age of 70 to 80, living in the affected village of Miryang close to Busan have opposed such construction since its approval. Regretfully, Mr. LEE Chi-woo, a villager, burned himself to death in protest to the police violence and oppression of government in January 2012. When the Korea Electronic Power Corporation (KEPCO) announced that they would resume construction on October 1, 2013, hundreds of police and public officials were deployed and they have arrested the villagers and rights activists and isolated them from receiving support, including food and water from others. Such actions taken by the government are not a surprising, rather having been a consistent, cohesive step which the government has taken in the name of law there is only vicarious administrative execution. When the country was in the process of economic development in the 1970s and 1980s, economic growth was always considered first while the rights of marginalised group of people such as workers working in extremely poor conditions were ignored. As such, whenever a government leading development project is adopted, it requests only the sacrifice of those affected who have become more marginalised and vulnerable. At this moment in Miryang, the elderly have been protesting against the construction of the transmission towers at the great risk of being targeted by the police and public officials. In order to ease the tension or conflict that has arisen in the affected area, a step has been taken to set up a consultative group of experts to study and make recommendations. However, it is reported that the consultation was carried out in an unjust and biased manner while excluding those who were opposed. Whenever questioned, the government has made the justification that the process of consultation was carried out. But, it was only with the group of people who support it. The case of the construction of naval base in Gangjeong village, Jeju Island is another example of such unfair consultation made, based on which the construction has started. Unfortunately, this unfair process of getting consents from those135 , 68. who are affected has not been taken seriously when the matter is brought before the court. It is another contributing factor that has continued to allow the government leading projects to disregard the rights of the affected and be justified in the name of law. It is a duty of the state to promote and protect human rights under international human rights laws which the government of South Korea has ratified. The right based approach together with the development in thematic issues such as the business and human rights have already become the core that has been discussed in international forums such as the UN Human Rights Council where the government is a member and expanding to other UN organs for incorporation of right based approach when they perform their duty. The recent cases have demonstrated that it is the return of the government's old style of getting benefits from the sacrifice of others which is clearly contrary to the protection of human rights.10/10 ": (Authorities Must Cease Restrictions and Reprisals against Miryang Protestors)" The Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA), a regional human rights group representing 47 member organizations in 16 countries across Asia, including South Korea, strongly condemns the arrests and crackdowns against villagers and human rights defenders protesting the construction of power transmission towers in Miryang, the Republic of Korea. The construction of the towers recently resumed on 1 October 2013 after a 126-day suspension that failed to further establish any mechanism for consultation or dialogue with affected individuals and communities. The latest series of protests is part of a wider eight year struggle mounted by Miryang residents against the construction project of 765kV Transmission Towers.Since the government has disregarded its obligation, it is supposed to be the role of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea that should have taken preventive measures by active involvement from earlier stage but it has failed to do so, except to send staff to monitor the situation after violations take place. Under these circumstances, it has come as no surprise that the government of South Korea was reminded by UN experts of its duty to take measures to ensure the POSCO project does not adversely impact human rights when operating abroad.Over the past two weeks, human rights violations have been documented and reported daily by monitoring teams who have visited the various protest sites in Miryang since construction re-commenced. However, the authorities have in some instances arbitrarily denied entry of medical personnel and assembly monitoring teams into certain sites. Also, for a number of protests sites, the distribution of water, food and tents provided by human rights monitoring teams for the villagers and protestors, is controlled by the police. The limited access has rendered the obtaining of timely and accurate information, includingThe Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) strongly urges the government of South Korea to unconditionally release all villagers and activists arrested while protesting against the construction of the transmission towers, respect the right to peaceful assembly and association and all possible rights relate to the situation of villagers and activists in Miryang, take measures to ensure that the Ministry of Trade,the injury toll from police actions, difficult. Other violations include the arrests and charges filed against peaceful protestors as well as incidents of excessive use of force by the police. Illegal surveillance and photographing of protestors by security personnel has also been reported. Currently, four individuals have been charged for their participation in the protests and among the four, one is being held in detention.[1]Industry and Energy is properly guided with the help of the Ministry of Justice so that the KEPCO fulfils its obligation to protect rights of villagers.All individuals have the right to peacefully protest against large-scale developmental projects. They must be able to articulate and claim their right to live in a safe, clean and healthy environment. All forms ofConsidering the fact that the construction of transmission towers are being built for the shortage of electricity in Seoul, the AHRC would like to provoke in particular, the residents in Seoul to declare that they do not wish to get electricity from the sacrifice of villagers currently protesting in Miryang and shouldharassment, threats and intimidation employed by the authorities against the villagers and environmental rights defenders create a chilling effect and aim to silence voices of legitimate dissent, said Evelyn BalaisSerrano, FORUM-ASIAs Executive Director.express deep concern over the ongoing situation through various means including social network services, asking them to find ways to solve the matters with a just and fair process. It is the duty of the government to find ways to secure the shortage of electricity in Seoul but it does not have the right to force villagers in Miryang to be scapegoats for that purpose. It is deplorable for South Korea to witness such typical violations mostly occurring in underdeveloped countries.Evidently, the South Korean government has not heeded the calls made by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, after her recent visit to South Korea from 29 May-7 June 2013. She had explicitly acknowledged that defenders and community residents protesting against large-scale development projects, especially those in Miryang and Jeju Island, face important challenges such as the lack of consultation and effective participation in the development projects as well as lack of protection in carrying out their work.136 765kv 137 , 69. It is further appalling that the authorities employ provisions under the Criminal Act- such as the obstruction of business- to criminalize human rights defenders for their human rights-related activities and with a view to sanction or deter others from participating in the protests. This again contradicts10/10 " (Global civil society body calls for release of South Korean environmental activists)"the call by the Special Rapporteur after her visit to avoid the criminalization and use of heavy penalties against the work of defenders by conducting a thorough review of those laws and regulations affecting the exercise of the rights to freedom of opinion and expression and freedom of association and peaceful assembly which are essential to claim other rights, with a view to bring these laws in compliance with international standards. With the series of protests in Miryang expected to continue and escalate in the coming weeks, it is imperative that the government takes measures to create an enabling environment for the villagers and environmental rights defenders to express their grievances and aspirations without any fear of reprisals. Communities affected by large-scale development projects must be involved at all stages of the project. In the absence of any expressed commitment to do so, the construction of the transmission towers should cease and the government must establish mechanisms for consultation and effective participation of all stakeholders involved. The authorities must take measures to facilitate and enable the right to freedoms of expression and assembly of the protestors. We remind the security personnel to observe and comply with operational protocols when dealing with peaceful protestors and desist from employing excessive force. We also urge the government to unconditionally and immediately drop all charges against individuals in relation to the exercise of freedom of expression and peaceful assembly, stressed Balais-Serrano.Global civil society alliance, CIVICUS, denounces the South Korean governments unjustified arrest and detention of eleven environmental and civil society activists for exercising their right to freedom of assembly. south korean activist The repressive and unwarranted response to the peaceful demonstrations is representative of the governments persistent intolerance of environmental activism in the country, said Tor Hodenfield, Policy and Advocacy Officer at CIVICUS. The government must immediately drop all charges against the peaceful protestors and initiate a dialogue with Miryang villagers to find a mutually-agreeable solution to the dispute. On 3 October 2013, 11 human rights defenders were arrested and detained by members of the National Police Agency in response to peaceful demonstrations against the construction of large-scale power transmission towers, in Miryang, Republic of Korea. While a number of the activists were released without charge within 48 hours of being detained, criminal charges were filed against four of the detainees.The arrests represent a severe escalation of the governments attempts to obstruct the on-going protests in opposition to the construction of 69 nuclear transmission towers in Miryang. The demonstrators, who have staged regular protests since 2004 to highlight the environmental impact of the project and the undemocratic process of the construction, are routinely subjected to restrictions including the denial of basic medical services and essential staples including adequate food, water and shelter.The police unjustly control all entry points to the protest site, causing severe and malicious suffering to protestors, many of whom are in their 70s and 80s, said Ms. Minsun, a member of the Human Rights Monitoring Team, a coalition of national civil society activists tasked with monitoring the protest site. CIVICUS urges the government of the Republic of Korea to fully respect the freedom of assembly and expression of its citizens by: (i) immediately releasing and dropping the charges against all protestors persecuted for their role in the demonstrations; (ii) end further harassment of all individuals involved in the peaceful exercise of their rights to assemble, including undue restriction on the access to basic staples; and (iii) initiate an inclusive dialogue with a cross-section of civil society and residents of Miryang city to discuss an equitable and sustainable solution to the dispute.138 765kv 139 , 70. 10/10 " : (Protests in Miryang: open letter to the Government of the Republic of Korea)the arrest of two protesters. Disproportionate violence against catholic nuns who visited the protest site on 3 October 2013, to bring food and stand in solidarity with villagers. City council officers and police officers reportedly untangled their hood and punched their chest.Dear President Park Geun-hye, I am writing to you to express FIDHs concerns over the ongoing restrictions on the fundamental right toIn addition, FIDH strongly believes that the government should give priority to genuine consultationpeaceful assembly imposed to villagers and environmental activists protesting against the construction of aand effective participation regarding the design and implementation of large-scale projects affecting765kV transmission tower in Miryang, a city located south-eastern part of the Republic of Korea. Theselocal communities livelihoods and environment in different parts of the Republic of Korea. In the caseprotests, which started after Korea Electronic Power Corporation (KEPCO) announced it would resumeof Singori Nuclear power plant, communities have clearly expressed dissatisfaction with the way thethe construction of the tower on October 1 after a 126-day long suspension of the project, take place inconsultation has been organized; such a lack of consultation and effective participation is clearly onethe context of continued opposition to the governments plan to build sixty-nine transmission towers inof the main sources of their grievance. The fact that KEPCO suspended the same project 11 times inMiryang, to send high-voltage current to be generated from the newly-built Singori Nuclear power plantthe past, and that the government recently appointed an expert group to consult communities and issues units, to a substation situated northwest of Busan.recommendations, are signs that indeed all stakeholders have been seeking a mutual agreement and understanding on the terms of the project. However, continued protests show that renewed efforts areWhile taking note of the governments legitimate intent to find ways to secure electricity availabilityurgently needed.in the country, FIDH considers that its response to the on-going protests, which can be qualified as peaceful according to international standards, has so far been largely disproportionate. In particular,FIDH therefore recommends the Government of the Republic of Korea to:the deployment of hundreds of police forces to control or block protests seem exaggerate, in light of theImmediately release Mr. Sang-hong LEE, drop all charges against four protestors (Mr. Sang-hong LEE,following incidents:Ms. Ji-hye HONG, Mr. Jae-sik LEE, Mr. Jin CHOI) and respect the right to peaceful assembly andThe arrest of 11 protesters, which seems arbitrary in several ways. While we understand that 7 protestersassociation of villagers and environmental activists.were arrested for entering, on October 3, an heliport in a way which was deemed as illegal by the police,Allow unrestricted access to food, water, shelter, sleeping and heating equipment as well as proper healthit is important to take into account that these form of protest remained peaceful, and that some charges,care to the protestors.including the accusation of voluntary destruction of a fence under the Punishment of Violence, etc,Launch a genuine consultation process.Act, led to contradictory accounts between police and protesters, who denied intentionally damaging any facility. We take note of the subsequent release of 7 of them, the continued detention of Mr. Sanghong LEE, from Gyeongju Korean Federation For Environmental Movement, and charges against threeI would like to highlight that the concerns and recommendations expressed in this letter echo concernsprotestors (Ms. Ji-hye HONG, Mr. Jae-sik LEE, Mr. Jin CHOI).issued by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders at the end ofThe decision by the police filtering the entry gate to the protest site, to restrict or deprive protestors -her visit to the Republic of Korea from 29 May to 7 June, 2013. [1]many of whom are in their seventies or eighties - already sitting inside the site, from basic necessities including food, water, shelter, clothing, other sleeping and heating equipment as well as proper medicalI sincerely hope to receive a reply from you, including a renewed commitment to respect thetreatment.aforementioned rights, and to initiate a renewed dialogue with affected communities and environmentalThe initiative by some police officers - some covering their face with masks or wearing plain costume activists engaged by their side.of taking photos of peaceful protesters. According to a Republic of Koreas Supreme Courts decision in 1999, taking photos of protestors without warrant can be allowed only on an exceptional basis suchRespectfully,as when a crime is being committed. Protesters complained on the spot about this indiscriminate phototaking but the police continued to do so, which unnecessarily intensified tensions and eventually lead to140 765kv Karim Lahidji, FIDH president141 , 71. 10/10 ": (Arbitrary arrest and detention of human rights defender Mr Sang-hong Lee)legitimate human rights activities without fear of reprisals and free of all restrictions. Yours sincerely, - See more at: http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/24009/action#sthash.IokJeDxJ.dpufYour Excellency, On 3 October 2013, human rights defender Mr Sang-hong Lee was arrested for his role in demonstrating against the construction of nuclear transmission towers in the city of Miryang in Geongsangnam-Ms Park Geun-hye President of the Republic,do Province, and remains in detention. Sang-hong Lee is the Secretary-General of Gyeongju Korean Federation for Environmental Movement. Sang-hong Lee has been active in the campaign against theYour Excellency, On 3 October 2013, human rights defender Mr Sang-hong Lee was arrested for hisconstruction of nuclear transmission towers in Miryang. To transmit electricity to Seoul, sixty-ninerole in demonstrating against the construction of nuclear transmission towers in the city of Miryangtransmission towers are to be constructed in Miryang, and a nuclear plant is currently being built inin Geongsangnam-do Province, and remains in detention. Sang-hong Lee is the Secretary-GeneralBusan. Human rights defenders have protested against their construction for eight years due to concernsof Gyeongju Korean Federation for Environmental Movement. Sang-hong Lee has been active in theabout the impact of the project on the environment as well as on access to land for local communities. Atcampaign against the construction of nuclear transmission towers in Miryang. To transmit electricity toapproximately 9:00 am on 3 October 2013, helicopters started to deliver construction materials. HumanSeoul, sixty-nine transmission towers are to be constructed in Miryang, and a nuclear plant is currentlyrights defenders and villagers were lying on the street as a form of protest. As the delivery continued,,being built in Busan. Human rights defenders have protested against their construction for eight yearsSang-hong Lee and six protesters erected a fence around the heliport, and were arrested by the police.due to concerns about the impact of the project on the environment as well as on access to land for localWhile being escorted to a police vehicle, journalists were prevented from taking photos. One of thosecommunities. At approximately 9:00 am on 3 October 2013, helicopters started to deliver constructionarrested was immediately released with a warning, while five others were released after 48 hours inmaterials. Human rights defenders and villagers were lying on the street as a form of protest. As thedetention. The police requested to a court to confirm the detention of Sang-hong Lee, which the Courtdelivery continued,, Sang-hong Lee and six protesters erected a fence around the heliport, and wereconfirmed. As a result, the human rights defender can be held in pre-trial detention for up to six months.arrested by the police. While being escorted to a police vehicle, journalists were prevented from takingIt is also reported that Sang-hong Lee has been charged under the Punishment of Violence Act, despitephotos. One of those arrested was immediately released with a warning, while five others were releasedthe fact that he did not engage in violence and his actions remained peaceful. On 1 October 2013, theafter 48 hours in detention. The police requested to a court to confirm the detention of Sang-hong Lee,Korea Electric Power Corporation resumed the construction of the transmission towers in Miryang afterwhich the Court confirmed. As a result, the human rights defender can be held in pre-trial detention126 days of suspension. It is reported that local communities were involved in consultations. Police officersfor up to six months. It is also reported that Sang-hong Lee has been charged under the Punishment ofhave been stationed in the area and have been taking photos of protesters and human rights defenders andViolence Act, despite the fact that he did not engage in violence and his actions remained peaceful. Onundertaking surveillance of their activities. This is in spite of a 1999 pronouncement by the South Korean1 October 2013, the Korea Electric Power Corporation resumed the construction of the transmissionSupreme Court that police officials can take photos of people without warrant only when they are in thetowers in Miryang after 126 days of suspension. It is reported that local communities were involved inprocess of committing a criminal act. I believe that the arrest and detention of Sang-hong Lee is directlyconsultations. Police officers have been stationed in the area and have been taking photos of protestersrelated to his work in the defence of human rights, particularly the rights of the communities affectedand human rights defenders and undertaking surveillance of their activities. This is in spite of a 1999by the nuclear transmission towers in Miryang. I urge the authorities in South Korea to: 1. Immediatelypronouncement by the South Korean Supreme Court that police officials can take photos of peopledrop all charges against Sang-hong Lee and unconditionally release him as it is believed that they arewithout warrant only when they are in the process of committing a criminal act. I believe that the arrestsolely motivated by his legitimate and peaceful work in defence of human rights; 2. Take all necessaryand detention of Sang-hong Lee is directly related to his work in the defence of human rights, particularlymeasures to guarantee the physical and psychological integrity and security of Sang-hong Lee and otherthe rights of the communities affected by the nuclear transmission towers in Miryang. I urge the authoritieshuman rights defenders campaigning against the Transmission Towers; 3. Guarantee in all circumstancesin South Korea to: 1. Immediately drop all charges against Sang-hong Lee and unconditionally releasethat human rights defenders in South Korea are able to carry out their legitimate human rights activitieshim as it is believed that they are solely motivated by his legitimate and peaceful work in defence of humanwithout fear of reprisals and free of all restrictions. Yours sincerely,rights; 2. Take all necessary measures to guarantee the physical and psychological integrity and security of Sang-hong Lee and other human rights defenders campaigning against the Transmission Towers; 3. Guarantee in all circumstances that human rights defenders in South Korea are able to carry out their142 765kv 143 , 72. [] : (KEPCO) , . . , . 2013 9 3,780( 400) . , . (KEPCO, ) 765kV - ( . 765kV) (human rights impact) , , (Margaret Sekaggya) 2013 5 29 6 7 . , . 765kV , (, , , , ) 39.15km 69 765kV 765kV 60-70, . . , . 2013 10 1 2007 11 2005 765kV , 14 , . . 30m 3m . . 0.6% 2005 . (KEPCO) : , . 765kV . . , , . :2013 765kV 2010 (1978) . . . . . 765kV , . 765kV ., , . 765kV /(human rights environmental impact assessment) , . (Catherine Baber) 5 24 . . 765KV 6 6-7, . , 30m 765KV 10 8-10 . . 765kV , . , 144 765kv 145 ,