تطور مجموعة كيميائية
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Transcript of تطور مجموعة كيميائية
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I ( ����� ���� ) ��!"# $�%&"( 11 ( '�$�":
)�� ����� $���* : aA(aq) + bB(aq) � cC(aq) + dD(aq)
�+,- ����� ���� .$�*Qr
Qr = [C]c.[D]
d / ( [A]
a.[B]
b )
$���" )� �����/ 0��1 &�2�Qr/ 0��1 &�2� /# 3 4� 5- )� �1&- �����-�� 6�*7 ��897 �����
:�&- / # :;#$ /# �1&- $�< =>�? /# �� @ )��- ���-�. (
• Qr B+C# D#+1 .
• Qr =K D>�� +�� ) D>�� ��1�E (
21 ( =�,��!"# � F�G :
121 ( ���� $���" :�%G ���� �����-�� =��!� �����: 1. C6H5-COOH(aq) + H2O(l)�C6H5-COO
-(aq) + H3O
+(aq)
2. 2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+
(aq) � 2 Al3+
(aq)+ 3 Cu (s)
3. I2 (aq)+ 2 S2O32-
(aq)� 2 I- (aq)+ S4O6
2- (aq)
�5:
1. Qri = [C6H5-COO-]i.[H3O
+]i/[C6H5-COOH]I :�&- �����/ 0��1 &�2� / : �% ��-
H#�8" ���;��� =I���-1 .
2. Qreq = [Al3+
]²eq / [Cu2+
]3
eq �� @ ��897 �����/ 0��1 &�2� / ) Cu #Al .(
3. Qr = [I-]².[S4O6
2-]/([I2].[S2O3
2-]²) ���� )� �J�� $��� )���-�� ��!� )� � �+�- 6�*7 �%
�����.
211 ( ��K+� =�,��!":
o L�#��� M-5 ����� /� 5� $���"C6H5COOH N��%$" :C = 5,0.10-3
mol.L-1
=O �� P1 4� 5- � Q�� R��S :S = 1,0 cm2 , l = 1,0 cm. T!�G G = 2,03.10
-4 S
1. ��- )� M-5 L��" �K��� :�%.
2. 4� 5- �� Q�� :8C:σ . ��%$" �/+1 �J�� $�� UEH3O+
(aq) 0��1�F# D>�� +��
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λ(Η3Ο+) : λ(C6H5COO
-) �-�S V���; UE 3 ��%$"H3O
+(aq) +�� D>�� .
3. 0� $��Qr,éq �/+1 ��%$"H3O+
(aq) 4� 5- ��%$"# D>�� +�� C �J�-�S :8C UE
�5 : 1. C6H5COOH(aq) + H2O(l) � C6H5COO
-(aq) + H3O
+(aq)
2. �� Q�-�1 � Q�- �SI�
G = σ . S / l
σ = G . l / S = 2,03.10-4
x 1,0.10-2
/ 1,0.10-4
σ = 2,03.10
-2 S.m
-1
σ = λ(H3O+).[H3O
+]éq + λ(C6H5COO
-).[C6H5COO
-]éq
ا���ول ا����� و��� ( �� ا���د����� إ��ا�� : ([H3O+]éq = [C6H5COO
-]éq
"� σ'��ض %� $�#σ = (λ(H3O
+) + λ(C6H5COO
-)).[H3O
+]éq
[H3O+]éq = σ / (λ(H3O
+) + λ(C6H5COO
-))
[H3O+]éq = 2,03.10
-2 / ( 35,0.10
-3 + 3,23.10
-3)
[H3O+]éq = 0,53 mol.m
-3 [H3O
+]éq
[H3O+]éq = 5,3.10
-4 mol.L
-1
3. K = Qr éq = ([H3O+]éq.[ C6H5COO
-]éq)/[ C6H5COOH]éq
[H3O+]éq = [C6H5COO
-]éq = 5,3.10
-4 mol.L
-1
:��� ا',�ظ آ��� ا��دة c = [C6H5COOH]éq+[C6H5COO
-]éq ; [C6H5COOH]éq = c-[H3O
+]éq
K = [H3O
+ ]éq
2 / (c-.[H3O
+]éq)= (5,3.10
-4 )
2/(5,0.10
-3 - 5,3.10
-4 ) = 6,28.10
-5
II ()���-�% ��!" WS�" 12( '�$�" :X )��, " )���-�% ��!" DG 4�,* )9��� ��+" D#K Y+C O . �����-�% ���-�� ��!" 4I� 4#Z�
����� ����Qr�1�E H#�8�� ��+C �-�S TX 0�� 4I� D>�� �K [�C 3 :Qr éq = K
22 (=/�5 �;�K:
0��� :�%$" 0� )���-�% 4�5" \I!* +�� )�+� ����� ���� D��� ) ���� ]� P Qr,init:
A (aq) + b B (aq) = c C (aq) + d D (aq) W�
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]b
init
a
init
d
init
c
init
initrBA
DCQ =,
o Qr,init = K D>�" )� ���-�- ��!�" / ���-�- ��$^�_ .
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o KQ initr ⟩, ���-�-��!�" ����, " `S��" N��" )� Qr,init a�@� Qr,init = K :�8� �-�
N��"/ )� ��!�" .�; ���-�- DOX ��,- ��%$" K��K># ]8� ��%$" `S��" $�<$b��-
=I����- D��" N��" )� HG.
o KQ initr ⟨, �-��!�" ���-����, " +��" N��" )� Qr,init a�@� Qr,init = K :�8� �-�
HG $b��- N��"/ )� ��!�" .�; ���-�- DOX ��,- ��%$" `S��" # ]8� ��%$" +��"
V"�� D��" N��" )�
� �QI�
22 ( �1$�": 0� �5��Q $-?* =���$�% 4� 5� 0� ]� � T � H��5� R2% )� R�5� \�58�# ������7
R�5�(II) ��%$" #O C1 = 0,2 mol.L-1 ��%$" #O ������7 =���$�% 4� 5�#C2 = 0,2 mol.L
-1
D>�� ��1�E :K = 1,9 × 10 37
� ����� �K��� :
3Cu ++ (aq) + 2 Al (s) � 3Cu (s) + 2Al +++ (aq
o )�+� ����� ���� c�8C:
[ ][ ]
51
.
1
.
.
111
2
21
113
21
11
2
21
22
0
32
0
23
, ==+
=
+
=
+
+==
+
+
CVC
VV
VV
VC
VV
VC
VV
VC
Cu
AlQ initr
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DG �-1 # �; �-�KQ initr ⟨, �� V"�� D��" T5�� )� ��!�" ���-�- )$b��- T5�-(.
III ( )���-�% ��!" WS�" =�,��!": 13 ( M-C ����"– B+��S :
���5- ��-* ����:
� V1 = 5,0 mL 4� 5� 0� L��*�F�- M-C N��%$" C1 = 3,0.10 - 2
mol.L-1
� V2 = 10,0 mL N��%$" ���*��7 �#�� % 4� 5� 0� C2 = 4,0.10 - 2
mol.L-1
� V3 = 5,0 mL N��%$" ���K�@ =�*�F�� 4� 5� 0� C3 = 6,0.10 - 2
mol.L-1
� V4 = 10,0 mL ��*��7 4� 5� 0� N��%$" e C4 = 8.10 - 2
mol.L-1
1. ����� ���� :8C )�+� ������ L��*�F�- M-C ������1.
2. �����-�� ���-�- )��, � ��!� T5�� K+C.
=��!��:
pKA �9#K�- pKA1 = 3,8
HCOOH / HCOO -
pKA2 = 9,2 NH4+/NH3
�5 :
1. G : )!�" / )�# ����� �K��������-�� ���-�- ��!" T5�� M-C ������1 �#
�����-% L��*�F�- .
HCOOH + NH3 � HCOO - + NH4
+ c : c�8C)�+� ����� ����:
Qrinitial = [HCOO-]0.[NH4
+]0 / ([HCOOH]0.[NH3]0)
Qrinitial ( = C3 .V3 /V). (C2 .V2 /V ) / [(C1 .V1 /V ).(C4 .V4 /V )] Qrinitial = C3 .V3.C2.V2 / [C1.V1.C4.V4]
ع.تQr initial = (6,0.10
- 2 x 5,0.10
- 3 x 4,0.10
- 2 x 10,0.10
- 3 ) / (3,0.10
- 2 x 5,0.10
- 3 x 8,0.10
- 2 x 10,0.10
- 3 ) = 1
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2. �5 +�+ ���-�- ��!" T5�� : D>�� ��1�E# )�+� ����� ���� �*��,� :��
L��*�F�/ M-C 0�1 �Q�5 )���-�� ��!� e��*��7 #.
K = Qréq = [HCOO-]éq.[NH4
+]éq / ([HCOOH]éq.[NH3]éq)
c$f* �+,- g��1 ]8�# ��,-[ H3O +
] 012 34,5%:
K = ( [HCOO-]éq.[ H3O
+ ]éq / [HCOOH]éq ) . ( [NH4
+]éq /.( [ H3O
+ ]éq .[NH3]éq))
= KA1 / KA2
h��#: K = 10
- 3,8 / 10
- 9,2 = 10
5,4 = 2,51.10
5 > Qrinitial
Qrinitial 0� $?QG K K��K> T5�� )� ���-�- Di� h��# Qrinitial `S��"# V"�� K��K>
=I����-.$b��- T5�- �# U�� ��!� .
23 ( 4���# B+8%G ����" ���5- ��-* ����:
� V1 = 20 mL 4� 5� 0� +�+5 �#�� %(III) N��%$" C1 = 0,030 mol.L-1
� V2 = 20 mL +�+5 =���$�% 4� 5� 0�(II) N��%$" :j C2 = 0,020 mol.L-1
� V3 = 10 mL R�5� =���$�% 4� 5� 0�(II) N��%$" : C3 = 0,10 mol.L-1
� 10 g 0�R�5� \�58�
� =�9#K�- : Fe3+
/ Fe2+
# Cu2+
/ Cu
1. I����� R�5� ������1 ����� �K��� :�%G.
2. )�+� ����� ���� :8C 1�8 ��!� .
3. K+C T5�� ��!� ���-�- )��, �.* )!�: K = 3,8.10 40
.
�5
1. ����� �K���:
Fe3+
+ e- ���� Fe
2+ ) x 2
Cu ���� Cu2+
+ 2 e- ) x 1
2 Fe3+
+ Cu ���� 2 Fe2+
+ Cu2+
2. G : Wf*V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 5,0.10 - 2
L
c :Qrinitial = [Fe 2+
]initial² . [Cu 2+
]initial / [Fe 3+
]initial 2
Qr initial = (C2 .V2 /V)2 .(C3 .V3 /V) / (C1 .V1 /V)
2
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= (C2 .V2)2 .(C3 .V3 / V) / (C1 .V1 )
2
Qr initial = (2,0.10 - 2
x 20.10 - 3
)2 x (1,0.10
- 1 x 10.10
- 3 /5,0.10
- 2) / (3,0.10
- 2 x 20.10
- 3)
2
= 8,89.10 - 3
� : ���-�- ��!" T5��
���+ : Qr initial = 8,89.10 - 3
< K
�SI!* 0� $b��- T5�- )� ��!�" ���-�- Di� WS�� B+��S 2 Fe
3+ + Cu ���� 2 Fe
2+ + Cu
2+