강성용_바수반두의 논쟁에 대한 이해_2006
Transcript of 강성용_바수반두의 논쟁에 대한 이해_2006
-
7(2003.12)
(Vasubandhu)
( )
.
(brahmodya)
(vda) ,
,
.
.
1)
Vdavidhna
.
Nyyastra(=NS) 1 5, Carakasahit(=CaS)
,
.
(vda)
2)
1) Frauwallner Vda-Handbuch .
-
Vdavidhna
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
Vdavidhna Vdavidhi
(Vasubandhu, ) .
3)
2) vda .
vda ,
,
.
. (vda)
(vda)
,
. vda
Kang (2002), pp. 17ff. .
3) Frauwallner (1957), p. 121 Tucci (1929),
pp. 482-483 .
-
(Vasubandhu)
,
E. Frauwallner
.
4)
Vdavidhi Dignga Pramasamuccaya
Uddyotakara Nyyavrttika(=NV)
.
5)
Vdavidhna NV
. Frauwallner , Vdavidhna
Vdavidhi
.
II.
(Vasubandhu)
Vdavidhna .
traividhynabhyupagamd eka evya kathmrgas, tasya prayojana
tattvvabodho lbhdaya ca.
6)
[ vda, jalpa, vita]
(kathmrga)
4) Frauwallner Vidyabhusana (1921), p. 267
Vasubandhu
. Randle (1926) (1930) Vasubandhu
.
5) Frauwallner (1957), p. 105.
6) Frauwallner (1933), p. 300 Fragm. 2 NV, p. 354, 13-14 .
Vdavidhna Frauwallner (1933)
.
-
. [ ] (tattva)
[]
7)
.
NS NS 1.2.1 /(vda)
(jalpa) (vita) NS 1.2.2 NS 1.2.3
.
NS 1.2.1: pramatarkasdhanoplambha siddhntviruddha pacvayav-
opapanna pakapratipakaparigraho vda.
(vda) (prama)
(tarka) [ ]
(pacvayava) , [] [ ]
.
NS 1.2.2: yathoktopapanna chalajtinigrahasthnasdhanoplambho jalpa.
(jalpa) [ 1.2.1 ] []
(chala), (jti) (nigrahasthna)
[ ] .
NS 1.2.3: sa pratipakasthpanhno vita.
(vita) [] [(jalpa),]
.
7) TSI vol. 2, p. 74a , , lbhdaya das
Erlangen [einer Entscheidung] usw. .
. Frauwallner (1933), pp. 289-290
.
-
(Vasubandhu)
NS
. (yurveda) CaS
(vda) , Sambhvidhi(CaS Vi. 8.15-26)
Vdamr-gapada(CaS Vi. 8.27-66)
8)
. CaS Vi. CaS Vi. 8.24
vda . vda
(vighyasambh) (sandhyasambh)
.
9)
CaS Vi. 8.28 (vda)
vda
. vighya kathayati
.
10)
CaS Vi. 8.28: tatra vdo nma sa yat parea saha straprvaka vighya
kathayati. sa ca dvividha sagrahea: jalpo vita ca. tatra pakritayor
vacana jalpa jalpaviparyayo vita. yathaikasya paka punarbhavo 'stti
nstty aparasya tau ca svasvapakahetubhi svasvapaka sthpayata
parapakam udbhvayata
11)
ea jalpa. jalpaviparyayo vita. vita
8) CaS Vi. 8 CaS ; CaS Vi. 8.15;
66; 152; 153 Kang (2002), pp. 5-6 .
9) CaS Vi. 8.24 vda
CaS . CaS
(association) CaS Vi.
8.22-23 (loka) .
Kang (2002), pp. 115f. .
10) vda CaS Vi. 8.16 vighyasambh
.
11) udbhvayata parapakadoa parapaka
. ,
(PW
vol. 5, p. 323 s.v. ud-bh; Caus. den Sinn entwickeln, erlutern )
-
nma parapake doavacanamtram eva.
(machen, da etwas hervorkommt) . TSI
vol. 2, p. 95a .
Beide beweisen ihre jeweils eigene These mit den jeweils eigenen Grnden
[und] stellen sich [damit] gegen die gegnerische Position.
ud-bh
. Tr.1, p. 361; ... own proposition and demolish his antagonists ... Tr.2,
p. 233; ... contradicting the others view point ... . pw
aufs Tapet bringen ( , )
; pw s.v. ud-bh; caus. 2 .
entfalten, zeigen (PW vol. 5, p. 323, s.v. ud-bh; caus.
)
. PW vol. 1, p. 929 udbhvana das sich-entgehen-
Lassen, Ausserachtlassen, Versumniss ud-bh
. Mahbhrata
Mahbhrata
1.129.3 (vol. 1, p. 573).
vaiampyana uvca:
prdhika bhmasena ktavidya dhanajayam /
duryodhano lakayitv paryatapyata durmati//1//
tato vaikartana kara akuni cpi saubala /
anekair abhyupyais t jighsanti sma pavn //2//
pav cpi tat sarva praty ajnann aridam /
udbhvanam akurvanto vidurasya mate sthit //3//
:
. []
.
.
PW aridam amarit(, )
. 3 :
[]
-
(Vasubandhu)
(vda) []
. ud-bh
udbhvana aufs Tapet bringen(
) Aufdecken() .
Mahbhrata 1.141.20-22 21; abhyupayais te
22; tat sarva prati cakrur yathgatam .
BSBh 2.1.12 ud-bh kepa .
vaidikasya daranasya pratysannatvd, gurutara tarkabalopetatvd, vednus-
ribhi ca kaicic chiai kenacid aena parighitatvd, pradhnakraavda
tvad vyapritya yas tarkanimitta kepo vedntavkyedbhvita sa parih-
ta. idnm avdivdavyaprayepi kaicin mandamatibhir vedntavkyeu
punas tarkanimitta kepa akyeta, ... .
[]
, ,
(pradhna) .
.
ud-bh kepa
; Fragm. 9 .
udbhvana Prasannapad, p. 19,7
.
... kim atrnumnabdhodbhvanay prayojanam.
A. MacDonald (Lausanne) 1999
Prasannapad
Prasannapad, p. 19, 3-6
Prasannapad, p. 19, 3-4
.
... what is the use of bringing out the sublation [of this thesis] by an inference?
A. MacDonald .
-
.
: (jalpa) (vita). []
(jalpa). (vita) (jalpa)
. []
[] ,
[] [] , (jalpa)
. (jalpa) (vita).
.
(vda) (jalpa) (vita)
. vda
NS (jalpa) (vita)
.
(vda) (jalpa)
(vita) NS (Vtsyyana)
kath NS /(vda)
(jalpa) (vita)
. NBh 1.2.1 (Vtsyyana)
kath() .
12)
tisra kath bhavanti: vdo jalpo viata ceti.
13)
: (vda), (jalpa), (viata).
12) TSI vol. 2, p. 95a .
Erst Pakilasvmin fat die drei vom Nyya gelehrten Arten der Debatte unter
dem allgemeinen berbegriff kath zusammen: ... .
13) NBh, p. 335, 3
-
(Vasubandhu)
Vdavidhna
Fragm. 2 kath .
(kathmrga)
.
(vda) (jalpa)
(vita) ,
,
.
III. Vdavidhna
, (vda)
(Vasubandhu)
Vdavidhna (vda) .
svaparapakayo siddhyasiddhyartha vacana vda.
14)
(vda) []
.
(siddhi)
(asiddhi) ,
Vdavidhnavtti
15)
.
14) Vdavidhna Fragm. 3 NV, p. 287, 13; 342, 8 .
NV Randle (1926), pp. 54-56 .
15) Vdavidhnavtti Vdavidhna .
-
yuktyuktatvendhikaraapratyyana siddhyasiddh.
16)
.
Vdavidhna .
te sdhanadaai.
17)
[ ] [].
IV.
.
(hetvbhsa) ?
Frauwallner (1933), p. 289 .
16) Vdavidhna Fragm. 3b NV, p. 348, 17-18; 350, 9; 351, 6-7; 352, 14; 353,
9-10 . Frauwallner (1933), p. 301 Vtti
Fragm. 3e (NV, p. 355, 4-5) .
pakasiddhiviaya pratyyana pakasiddhiabdenopacarita yath nyat-
viaya samdhi nyateti.
(samdhi)
.
adhikaraa adhikara-
a Kang (2002) Appendix iii: adhikaraa, pp.
160ff. .
17) Fragm. 4 NV, p. 345, 7-8; 353, 5 .
-
(Vasubandhu)
, ,
(hetvbhsa)
.
.
Fragm. 2
tattvvabodha
.
. (lbha)
.
(vda)
.
18)
.
(hetvbhsa)
?
(nigrahasthna)
. (hetvbhsa)
,
(hetvbhsa)
18) , ,
.
CaS Vi. 8.30-32
(sthpan) (pratihpan) .
,
.
-
.
19)
,
. CaS Vi. 8.65 (nigrahath-
na) [] (anuyojyasya
ananuyoga)
20)
NS 5.2.21 (paryanu-
yojyopekaa)
21)
22)
.
23)
19) ?
(Vtsyyana) (Vcaspati Mira)
. NBh 5.2.1 NVT .
20) CaS Vi. 8.50-53
. [](anuyoga) CaS Vi. 8.50
(ananuyoga) (anuyoga) CaS Vi. 8.52 .
21) (paryanuyojyopekaa) NS 5.2.21
.
nigrahasthnaprptasynigraha paryanuyojyopekaam.
[] [
] .
22) , p. 35c, 26-29 .
. . . .
. . . .
19.
. [ ]
[ ]
? .
.
Tucci(T, pp. 39, 24-40, 2)
.
paryanuyojyopekaa. yadi kacin nigrahasthna prpnuyt tasya
nigrahpattyanudbhvana tad daecchay tu daasthpana. tadarthe ca
hne ki prayojana daena. asiddham etad daam. etad ucyate
paryanuyojyopekaam.
-
(Vasubandhu)
(vda) (jalpa), NS
, ,
.
, /(tattva)
. Fragm. 2
.
(kathmrga) (eka eva)
.
V. (vda)
NS 1.2.1 (vda)' (jalpa) (vita)
, Vdavidhna Stra Fragm. 3 4
(vda) NS 1.2.1
(vda) .
24)
23) CaS Vi. 8.58 attakla( [])
NS kltta( []) aprptakla(
[]) ,
.
17 (: , 2003)
.
24) Fragam. 3 (svaparapaka) Fragm. 4
(sdhana) (daa) NS 1.2.1
-
(vda)
Vdavidhna NS .
Fragm. 4 (vda) (sdhana) (daa)
Fragm. 9 (daa)
.
dani nynatvayavottaradokepabhvodbhvanni. ebhir hy asau
parapako dyate.
25)
. Fragm. 2 Frauwallner (1933), p. 289 .
An zweite Stelle mssen wir den Satz ..., der zwar, wie gasagt, vielleicht kein
wrtliches Zitat enthlt, aber jedenfalls die Lehre des Vdavidhnam wiedergibt.
Aus ihm sehen wir, da Vasubandhu nur eine Form der kath anerkannte,
nmlich den vda, whrend er jalpa und vita ablehnte.
Frauwallner kath , vda
jalpa vita
. vda .
Naiyyika vda jalpa
.
25) Frauwallner (1933), p. 301, 30-31. Frauwallner
(1957), p. 121 Frauwallner Vdavidhi
.
Die Widerlegung (daa) besteht darin, da man zeigt, da die Beweisfhrung
des Gegners zu wenig (nynat) oder zu viel enthlt (adhikat), da ihre
Glieder fehlerhaft sind (avayavbhs), da seine Entgegnung falsch ist
(uttaradoa) und da Einwnde mglich sind (kepabhva).
Vdavidhna
. M. T. Much (1991), pp. 212-213
Dignga Nyyapark .
Uddyotakara NV
Much (1991), p. 212
.
To sum up, an attribution to Digngas Nyyapark seems quite reasonable,
but the authorship of Vasubandhu may not be altogether excluded.
-
(Vasubandhu)
[] , [],
. []
.
(uttaradoa)
. (uttara)
? CaS Vi. 8.36
NS (jti)
.
26)
NS
, Nyya ,
. CaS (uttara)
. CaS
CaS ,
.
27)
Fragm. 9
. Fragm. 9
(uttaradoa)
NS (jti) . Fragm. 9
(uttaradoa)
26) CaS Vi. 8.36 (uttara) NS (jti)
. (uttara)
,
,
(jti) .
27) CaS (uttara)
. NS (jti)
(argument)
.
-
, NS /(tattva)
(vda)
.
Fragm. 9 (nynat) , CaS
Vi. 8.54 (vkyadoa) CaS Vi. 8.65
(nigrahasthna) . NS 5.2.1
NS 5.2.12
. Vdavidhna (vda)
.
Vdavidhna
(vda)
.
VI.
.
28)
.
.
NS (vda), (jalpa),
28) Fragm. 2 lbhdaya di
.
-
(Vasubandhu)
(vita) .
NBh 1.2.2 (jalpa) (chala),
(jti) (nigrahasthna)
(vita) . NBh
(chala), (jti)
(nigrahasthna)
. ,
(pratiedhrthat
) .
29)
(Vtsyyana)
. (chala), (jti)
(nigrahasthna)
.
.
30)
(chala) , ,
(jalpa)
. (jalpa) (vda)
29) NBh, p. 358, 2-3: ... pratiedhrthataivai smnyalakae viealakae ca
... .
30) NBh, p. 359, 5-6 : pramai sdhanoplambhayo chalajtinigrahasthnnm
agabhva svapakarakarthatvt.
[] , ,
.
NBh, p. 360, 5-6 : tad evam agbhtn chaldinm updna jalpe, na
svatantr sdhanabhva uplambhe tu svtantryam apy astti.
, [ , ,
], . [ ]
. .
-
(prama) (tarka)
.
31)
(nigrahasthna)
.
32)
(kath) (vda),
(jalpa) (vita)
.
VII.
NS
33)
? .
,
(Idealtypus) .
Manusmti
,
34)
31) NBh, p. 342, 3-6 .
32) NBh, pp. 339, 4-340, 3 .
33) NS , .
Meuthrath (1996) . Meuthrath
NS
,
.
Kang (2002), p. 37 .
34)
-
(Vasubandhu)
,
.
35)
vda
jalpa vita
(vda) (veda)
(brahmodya)
jalpa vita
.
36)
,
37)
.
(vda)
.
.
,
.
,
, haituka(
-
.
38)
. NS,
CaS
.
,
. NS
.
38) (stra) CaS
CaS Vi. 8.16 .
CaS Vi. 8.16: dvividh tu khalu tadvidyasambh bhavati: sandhyasambh-
, vighyasambh ca.
: .
CaS Vi. 8.18 (... vighya-
sambhy jalpet ...) ,
. (pariad)
, (para) ,
(CaS Vi. 8.19),
(CaS Vi. 8.20:... jnavat mhapariac ca ...) ,
, , []
(CaS Vi. 8.20:... suhtpariad udsnapariat pratiniviapariac ceti.)
.
-
(Vasubandhu)
in, ; 1924-1932(reprint 1983, Shin
Wen Feng Chu Pan; Taipei) vol. 32 No. 1632.
in , ; 1924-1932(reprint 1983, Shin Wen
Feng Chu Pan; Taipei) vol. 32 No. 1633.
BSBh: Brahmastrabhya in Anantaka str (ed.), Bhrgav str (re-eds.),
The Brahmastra akara Bhya with the Commentaries Bhmat, Kalpataru and
Parimala, Niraya Sgar Press; Bombay 1938.
CaS: Carakasahit in Vaidya Jdavaji Trikamji (ed.), Carakasahit by
Agnivea revised by Charaka and Didhabala, with the yurveda-Dpik
Commentary of Chakrapidatta, 3rd ed.; Bombay (reprint 1984; Benares) 1941.
Frauwallner, E. 1933 Zu den Fragmenten buddhistischer Logiker im Nyyavrttikam,
in Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes 40 (1933), pp. 281-304. 1957
Vasubandhus Vdavidhi, in Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde Sd- und Ostasiens 1
(1957), pp. 104-146.
Halbfass, W. 1988 India and Europe-An Essay in Understanding, State University of
New York Press; Albany.
Heesterman, J. C. 1968-69 On the Origin of the Nstika, in Wiener Zeitschrift fr die
Kunde Sd- und Ostasiens 12-13 (1968-69), pp. 171-185.
Kang, SungYong 2002 Die Debatte im alten Indien-Untersuchungen zum
Sambhvidhi und verwandten Themen in der Carakasahit Vimnasthna
8.15-28, Dr. Inge Wezler; Reinbek.
Mahbhrata: Sukthankar, Vishnu S. (general editor), The Mahbhrata-for the
first time critically edited, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; Poona 1933-1958.
Meuthrath, A. 1996 Untersuchungen zur Kompositionsgeschichte der Nyyastras,
Echter Verlag; Wrzburg/Oros Verlag; Altenberge.
Much, M. T. 1991 Fragments from Dignga? Traces of a Pre-Dharmakrti Buddhist
Polemic against the Nyya-Nigrahasthna, in Beitrge zur Kultur- und
Geistesgeschichte Asiens Nr. 8. Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition, ed.
by Ernst Steinkellner, Verlag der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften;
Wien, pp. 211-220.
-
NBh: Nyyabhya in Taranatha Nyya-Tarkatirtha & Amarendramohan
Tarkatirtha (eds.), Nyyadarana with Vtsyyanas Bhya, Uddyotakaras
Vrttika, Vcaspati Miras Ttparyak & Vivanthas Vtti, Calcutta Sanskrit
Series 18-19 (reprint 2nd ed. 1985, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers; New Delhi)
1936-1944.
NS: Nyyastra in Ruben, W.: Die Nyyastras-Text, bersetzung, Erluterung
und Glossar, Deutsche Morgenlndische Gesellschaft; Leipzig 1928.
NV: Nyyavrttika in NBh.
NVT: Nyyavrttikattparyak in NBh.
Prasannapad: La Valle Poussin, Louis de (ed.), Mlamadhyamakakriks(M-
dhyamika stra) de Ngrjuna avec la Prasannapad Commentaire de Candrakrti,
Bibliotheca Buddhica 4; St. Ptersburg 1903-1913.
PW: Bhtlingk, O. &R. Roth: Sanskrit-Wrterbuch, 7 Bde.; St. Petersburg (reprint
1990, Motilal Banarsidass; Delhi) 1855-1875.
pw: Bhtlingk, O.: Sanskrit-Wrterbuch in krzerer Fassung, 3 Bde., Kaiserliche
Akademie der Wissenschaften; St. Petersburg (reprint 1959, Akademische Druck- u.
Verlagsanstalt; Graz) 1883-1886.
Randle, H. N. 1926 Fragments from Dinga, The Royal Asiatic Society;
London(reprint 1981, Motilal Banarsidass; Delhi). 1930, Indian Logic in the Early
Schools - A Study of the Nyyadarana in Its Relation to the Early Logic of Other
Schools, Oxford University Press (reprint 1976, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation;
New Delhi).
Tr.1: Kaviratna, A. Chandra & P. Sharma (tr.), Caraka Sahit, Indian Medical
Science Series 42, Second Revised Edition, Prefaced by Jan Erik Sigdell, Sri Satguru
Publications; Delhi 1996.
Tr.2: Ram Karan Sharma & Vaidya Bhagwan Dash: Agniveas Caraka Sahit -
Text with English Translation & Critical Exposition based on Cakrapi Dattas
yurveda Dpik, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Studies 94, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi 1985.
T: *Tarkastra in Tucci, G.: Pre-Dinga Buddhist Texts on Logic from Chinese
Sources, Oriental Institute Baroda; Baroda 1929.
-
(Vasubandhu)
TSI: Terminologie der frhen philosophischen Scholastik in Indien - Ein
Begriffswrterbuch zur altindischen Dialektik, Erkenntnislehre und Methodologie, Bd.
I. (1991) von G. Oberhammer unter Mitarbeit von Ernst Prets und Joachim
Prandstetter, Bd. II. (1996) von G. Oberhammer & E. Prets & J. Prandstetter,
Verlag der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; Wien.
Tucci, G. 1929 Buddhist Logic before Dinga (Asaga, Vasubandhu, Tarka-stra),
in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society(1929), pp. 451-488.
Vidyabhusana, S. C. 1921 A History of Indian Logic; Calcutta (reprint 1978, Motilal
Banarsidass; Delhi/Varanasi/Patna).
(Vasubandhu, ), Vdavidhna, (vda), (jalpa),
(vita), (Vtsyyana), (kath), (nigrahasth
-na)
-
Vasubandhus View on Debate
Kang, Sung-yong
In a fragment from Vdavidhna we can find Vasubandhus
rejection of the three kinds of debate, i.e. vda, jalpa and vita,
which we can find in Nyyastra 1.2.1-1.2.3 as a typical example or
in Carakasahit Vi. 8.28. Although there were many different views
over the debate (vda) and related topics, such three-division of
debate had been accepted in broad circle of the early debate tradition
in India. Through the analysis of further fragments I demonstrated
that Vasubandhu used the term, vda in such a neutral way that
both positive and negative kinds of debate can be understood by it.
On the basis of a thinking experiment one can see that an unintended
occurrence of an argumentative failure does not make a large
difference to an intended use of an incorrect argument in a real
debate. This practical inapplicability of such a differentiation was, I
believe, the reason for Vasubandhus rejection of the three kinds of
debate. In this way we can understand the view Vasubandhus that
there is only one way of the discourse (kathmrga). Apparently this
refusal of the three kinds of debate came from the analysis of the
actual debate process. These three kinds of debate were probably
delivered from the ritualistic tradition and accepted as a practical
guideline assistance for the debaters in the days of Vasubandhu in
India