动词的时态 1 )现在完成进行时态 ( have/has been + -ing 分词):...
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动词的时态
1 )现在完成进行时态 ( have/has been + -ing 分词): 动作或状态从
过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束。
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
2 )过去完成进行时( had been + ing 分词) : 过去某时刻前一直进行的动作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
3 )将来完成时( shall/will have + 过去分词) : 动作将来某时刻会已经完成
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
4 )将来完成进行时 (will have been + ing 分词 ): 将来某时刻前将一直进行的动作
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
不定式 主动形式 被
动形式 一般式 to do to be
done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing X
完成进行式 to have been doing X
一般式 : 不定式的动作与谓语表示的动作(状态)同时或在它之后发生。 She came to see me in my office yesterday.
完成式: 不定式的动作, 在谓语动作(状态)之前发生。 I am glad to have seen you. (比较: I am glad to see you. )进行式:谓语动作(状态)发生时, 不定式的动作正在进行。 He pretended to be listening attentively.
完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作。 We are happy to have been working with you.
某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语,其中最常用的动词有 agree , afford , arrange , appear ,
ask , attempt , care , choose , continue , decide , demand , desire , determine , expect , fail , fear , forget , hate , hesitate , hope , intend , learn , like , love , manage , mean , neglect , offer , plan , prefer , prepare , pretend , promise , refuse , regret , remember , seek , tend , try , volunteer , want , wish 等。
V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
动名词的完成式:动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。
I regret not having taken her advice.
现在分词的完成式:主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语动作之前发生。
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
Having found the cause , they were able to propose a remedy.
独立结构也可用现在分词的完成式。
The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
动名词的被动式: 当逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时。
He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
动名词的完成被动式:动作在谓语动作之前发生。
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
一些动词后要接动名词
某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语,其中最常用动词的有 admit ,avoid , appreciate , complete , consider , delay , deny , dislike , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , forgive , involve , imagine , can’t help , mind , miss , postpone , practice , prevent , quit , resent , risk , resist , suggest 等。
Note :1. 在 like 、 hate 、 prefer 等动词后,如果表示一般倾向,则用动名词作宾语 ;
如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动,则要用不定式。 I like reading books of this kind , but I don’t like to read that book.
2. 在 remember 、 forget 、 regret 等动词后,用动名词作宾语,表示宾语的动作
发生在谓语动作之前 ; 用不定式作宾语,表示宾语的动作发生在谓语动作之后。
I regret telling you about it. ( =I regret that I told you about it. ) I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. ( =I regret that I am to tell you he has
fallen ill. )
独立结构 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一。但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况。 He rushed into the room , his face covered with sweat.
也可以表示时间: Late that autumn , his work finished, he prepared to
return to his institute.
表示原因: Her eyes dimmed with tears , she did not see him enter.
表示条件: All things considered, Joe’s paper is of greater value than
yours.
虚拟语气
1. wish , would rather 等引导的宾语从句: I wish I remembered the address. I would rather they came tomorrow.
2. suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , desire , insist 等动词后的宾语从句: The commander ordered all civilians (should) leave. He asked that he (should) be given an opportunity to try.
3. It is desired / necessary / important 等结构后的主语从句。 It was arranged that they leave the following week It will be better that we meet some other time.
4. Suggestion , proposal , order , recommendations , plan , idea 等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句: His sole requirement is ( was ) that thy system be adjusted.
5. as if ( though ) 引起的从句:
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
He acts as if he were an expert.
6. 以 lest , for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句( should + 动词原形):
He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.
7. 在 it is time that 等句型中 : It is time that we went (或 should go ) to bed.
It is high time we ( should ) put an end to this controversy.
8. 条件句
虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下( be 多用 were 这个形式):
If I were you , I wouldn’t lose heart.
How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.
表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况), 谓语主要形式如下:
She would have come if we had invited her.
If I hadn’t taken your advice, I’d have made a bad mistake.
You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.
定语从句
限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分 , 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确 ; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开。
The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.
The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.
在非限制性定语从句中只能用 who/whom 指人,用 which 指物,不用 that 替代。
My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.
All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.
倒装倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。 在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词 be 等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldn’t answer the question, nor could anyone else in our class.
句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成:
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.
当句首状语为 never , little , not only , not until , hardly , scarcely
等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装。No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.
强调句型
构成形式: It be + 被强调部分 + that ( who , which ) + 其他部分 It is what you will do that is essential.
被强调部分之后,一般用 that 引出句子的其他部分。如强调人,也可用 who; 如果是指物的名词,也可用 which 。 It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果强调原因状语从句 , 只能用 because 引导 , 不能用 since, as 或why 。
It was because he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.
三类句子成分不能强调:表语、谓语动词和由 though 等引导的从句。 It is although he is young that he can speak four languages. (误) Although he is young , he can speak four languages. (正)
87 Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble ______________
( 找到去历史博物馆的路 ).
88 __________( 为了挣钱供我上学 ), Mother often takes on more work than
is good for her.
89 The professor required that ______________( 我们交研究报告 ) 。90 The more you explain, ______________( 我愈糊涂 ).
91 Though a skilled worker, ____________( 他被公司解雇了 ) last week
because of the economic crisis.
87. finding the way to the history museum
88. In order to support my university studies ( 或: to finance my education;
to pay for my education/to pay my tuition fees)
89. We (should) hand in our/the research report(s)
90. the more confused I am
91. he was fired by the company
87. Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to____________
( 适应不同文化中的生活 )
88. Since my childhood I have found that __________( 没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力 )
89. The victim___________ ( 本来有机会活下来 ) if he had been taken to hospital
in time.
90. Some psychologists claim that people______ ( 出门在外时可能会感到孤独 )
91.The nation’s population continues to rise________ ( 以每年 1200 万人的速度 )
87. adapt oneself to life/living in different cultures
88. nothing is more attractive to me than reading 或 to me, nothing is more important than reading
89. would have had a chance to survive 或 would have survived
90. might feel lonely when they are far from home/ are not in their hometown/ traveling.
91. at a speed/rate of 12 million per year 或 at an annual speed of 12 million
87. The finding of this study failed to __________( 将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内 ).
88.The prevention and treatment of AIDS is _________( 我们可以合作的领域 ) .
89. Because of the leg injury, the athlete__________________( 决定退出比赛 ).
90.To make donations or for more information, please ________( 按以下地址和我们联系 ).
91.Please come here at ten tomorrow morning ___________( 如果你方便的话 ).
87. take people’s sleep quality/quality of sleep into account/consideration
88. a field in which we can work together / a field in which we can cooperate
89. decided to quit the match
90. contact us at the following address
91. at your convenience/if it is convenient for you
87 __________( 多亏了一系列的新发明 ), doctors can treat this disease successfully.
88 In my sixties, one change I notice is that _________( 我比以前更容易累了 ).
89 I am going to pursue this course, _________( 无论我要作出什么样的牺牲 ).
90 I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because ____________( 它更方便和省时 ).
91 Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life _______________
( 用他们能够借到多少来衡量的 ), not how much they can earn.
87. Thanks to/ because of a series of new inventions
88. I have been more likely to get tired than before/ I get tired more easily
than before
89. no matter at what expense (cost) / no matter what I have to sacrifice
(pay) / would have to sacrifice (pay)
90. the former/ shopping online is more convenient and efficient
(time-saving) (can save more time)
91. is measured in terms of how much they can borrow
87. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research_______________
( 能应用于新技术的开发 )
88. I can’t boot my computer now. Something _______________ ( 一定 出了毛病 ) with its operation system.
89. Leaving one’s job, ____________________ ( 不管是什么工作 ), is a
difficult change even for those who look forward to retiring.
90. ______________________( 与我成长的地方相比 ), this town is more prosperous and exciting.
91. __________________( 直到他完成使命 ) did he realize that he was
seriously ill.
87. can be applied to the development of the new technology.
88. must be wrong
89. whatever job it is/ no matter what job it is
90. Compared with the place where I grew up
91. Not until he had finished the mission