语态时态

主动形式 被动形式

一般式

完成式(not) doing (not) being done

(not)having done

(not)having been done

二 : V-ing 可作主语、宾语、表语 ; 定语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独作谓语。

V-ing 形式表示的动作与主要动词同时发生或发生在主要动词之后，用其一般式 ; V-ing 形式表示的动作在主要动词之前发生，用其完成时，在具体应用中也常以一般式代替完成式。

V-ing 的用法：

1. 作主语 ★ Swimming is good for health.

★ ___________ (raise) your hat to a

a lady is good manners .

对一位女士脱帽致敬是礼貌的。 ★ ____________ (kill) by sharks in

the sea is a common thing .

Raising

Being killed

2. 作表语 ☆ Teaching is learning.

教学相长． ☆ My hobby is __________ (make)

model planes.

☆ What worried the child most was

_________ (not, allow) to visit his moth

er in the hospital .

making

not being allowed

注意：1). 动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如：Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）

2). V-ing 形式和不定式都要有对称性 ; 当主语是不定式时，表语也用不定式；反之，当主语是 V-ing 形式时，表语也用 V-in

g 形式。 To see is to believe.

= Seeing is believing.

注意

3). It’s no use (good) doing sth

It’s a waste of time doing sth

it 作形式主语 , 只用 V-ing, 不用不定式。 ※ It is + adj. + (for sb ) to do sth

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

覆水难收。 It is a waste of time ___________ (talk) to hi

m .

It is important for me _______________ (lear

n) English .

talking

to learn

1._____ the exam will disappoint your parents. A. You failing B. Your failing C. You fail D. You to fail.

2. _____ the same mistake again made his parents very angry. A. His being made B. He has made

C. He had making D. His making 3. I don't think it's much good _____ to him.

A. writing B. to write C. write D. written 4. Such books are not worthy _____ at all.

A. of being read B. being read C. reading D. to read

5.It is no use ________ without through _________. A. to read; understood B. reading; understanding C. to read; understand D. read; to understand

Exercises

3. 作宾语 V-ing 形式既可作动词的宾语 , 也可作介词的宾

语。 ★ We would appreciate hearing from you ． 我们会珍惜你的来信。 ★ The bird escaped ______________ (catch)

.

★ I feel like __________ (join) the army.

★ He was afraid of ____________

(abandon) by us.

being abandoned

being caught

joining

注意： 在 avoid, admit, appreciate, consider,

delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgi

ve, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, s

uggest, give up, put off, feel like, insist o

n , instead of, look forward to, object to,

keep on 等后只接 V-ing 形式作宾语。

Exercises1.The thief entered the room without _____. A. noticing B. being noticed C. having noticed D. having been noticed2. Besides _____, she is kind and tender.A. beautiful B. being beautiful C. she beautiful D. is beautiful3. When he heard the big noise, Tom stopped _____ and _____ to the window to see what was happening. A. to read; went B. reading; to go C. reading; going D. reading; went 4.I am busy _____ for the entrance examination, so I can’t help _____ housework at home. A. preparing; doing B. preparing; to do C. to prepare; doing D. to prepare; to do

注意① 在 want ， need ， require ， deserve 等动词之后作宾语时，常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义。Your car needs filling. 你这车要充气了。This city deserves visiting. 这座城市值得光顾一下。The problem requires studying carefully .这个问题需要认真研究。The trees want watering .这些树需要浇水了。

② 在（ be ） worth后面只能用动名词的主动态来表示被动意义。

His suggestion is worth considering.

The book is worth reading.

③ 在 allow ， advise ， forbid ， permit 等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow students to smoke.

1.Sorry, we don’t allow __________ in the lecture room. A. to smoke B. smoke C. smoking D. to smoking2. . They don’t permit __________ noise her. A. to make B. make C. making D. made3. The sentence wants __________ once more. A. to explain B. explaining C. being explained D. to be explained it4. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed __________. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch

Exercises

5. Ali said that she wouldn’t mind _________ alone at home. A. left B. being left C. to be left D. leaving6. She __________ the key. A. admitted taking B. admitted taking C. admitted having taken D. admitted to have taken7.— Did you enjoy yourself last night?  — It’s very nice of you. I appreciated _____ to the party. A. to be invited B. to have invited C. being invited D. having been invited8. While we’re developing agriculture and industry, we must prevent the earth _____. A. from polluting B. polluted     C. polluting D. being polluted

4. 作定语

＊ The girl standing there is my sister .

＊ This is a piece of __________ (surpris

e) news .

＊ The problem____________ (discuss) n

ow is very important.

＊ The farmers ____________ (work)

in the fields are tired.

surprising

being discussed

working

5. 作状语

◆ Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.

◆ He sat at the table, __________ (read) China Daily .

◆______________ (ask) to answer the question, she couldn’t refuse.

◆__________ (work) hard, you will succeed.

reading

Working

Being asked

6. 作宾语补足语 :

● I saw people coming and going in

the street.

● I heard her ___________ (sing) a

song in her room.

● You’ll find the topic _____________

(discuss) everywhere now.

being discussed

singing

--- Ving 的完成时和完成时的被动形式多在句中作状语，也可作主语和宾语。

1) Having lit a candle, she went out.2) Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t leave.3) Having heard this, our teacher expressed her satisfaction.

Practice1. --- What made Bill so angry?

--- ___. His girl friend promised to

come at 8:30, but she hasn’t come yet.

A. Having kept waiting

B. Being kept waiting

C. To be kept waiting

D. Being kept waited

B

2. The building ___ in our school is

for us teachers. Though there’s

noise most of the day, we still feel

happy about it.

A. built

B. having been built

C. to be built

D. being builtD

3. The squirrel was lucky that it just

missed ___.

A. catching

B. to be caught

C. being caught

D. to catch

C

4. While shopping, people sometimes

can’t help ___ into buying

something they don’t really need.

A. to persuaded

B. persuading

C. being persuaded

D. be persuaded

C

5. ___ many times, the boy still

didn’t know how to do the exercises.

A. Having taught

B. Having been taught

C. taught

D. Teaching

B

6. _________ the whole story, Jane d

ecided not to see the film.

　 A. Having been told 　　　 B. Having told

　 C. Been told 　　　　　　 D. Telling

A

Fill in the blanks :

1. _________ (turn) to the right , you will

find the place you want .

2. ___________ (ask) to put on performance, she refused.

3. _______________ (finish) his work , Henry went home.

4. ________ (learn) new words is useful.

Turning

Being asked

Having finished

Learning

5. He disliked _____________ (interrupt)

in his experiment.

6. I apologize for ________________

(not, wait) for you.

7. _________________ (not, receive) an

answer, I wrote to him again.

8. ____________________ (give) such

a good chance, you should catch it.

being interrupted

not having waited

Not having received

Having been given

9. I didn’t mind ___________ (leave)

at home .

10. The house wants _________ (clean).

11. He came in without _________ (ask).

12. ________________ (show) around

the library , we were taken to see

the lab.

being left

cleaning

being asked

Having been shown

巩固练习：

1. I can hardly imagine Peter ____

across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

A. sail B. to sail

C. sailing D. to have sailedC

2. — The light in the office is still on.

— Oh, I forgot_____

A. turning it off

B. turn it off

C. to turn it off

D. having turned it off

C

3. I would appreciate ____ back this

afternoon.

A. you to call

B. you call

C. your calling

D. you’re calling

C

4. How about the two of us ____ a

walk down the garden?

A. To take B. take

C. taking D. to be takingC

5. — I must apologize for ____ ahead

of time.

— That’ all right.

A. letting you not know

B. not letting you know

C. letting you know not

D. letting not you know

B

6. — You were brave enough to raise

objections at the meeting.

— Well, now I regret ____ that.

A. to do

B. to be doing

C. to have done

D. having doneD

7. He has always insisted on his ___

Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner.

A. been called

B. called

C. having called

D. being calledD

8. Do you mind ___ alone at home?

A. Jane leaving

B. Jane having left

C. Jane’s being left

D. Jane to be left

C

9. She looks forward every spring

to ___ the flower-lined garden.

A. visit B. paying a visit

C. walk in D. walking inD

10. Once your business becomes

international, ___ constantly will be

part of your life.

A. you fly B. your flight

C. flight D. flyingD

12. — What do you think made

Mary so upset?

— ___ her new bicycle.

A. As she lost

B. Lost

C. Losing

D. Because of losing

C

13. — Let me tell you something

about the journalists.

— Don’t you remember ___ the

story yesterday?

A. told B. telling

C. to tell D. to have told

B

14. One learns a language by making

mistakes and ___ them.

A. correct B. Correcting

C. corrects D. to correct

B

15. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and

____.

A. he’d like to collect coin as well

B. he feels like collecting coins, too

C. to collect coins is also his hobby

D. collecting coins also gives him

great pleasure

D

巩固练习 :

16. The secretary worked late into the

night, ___ a long speech for the

president.

A. to prepare B. preparing

C. prepared D. was preparing

B

17. ___ your homework, you mustn’t

listen to music.

A. When do

B. When to do

C. When doing

D. When you doing

C

18. The visiting minister expressed his

satisfaction with the talks, ___that he

had enjoyed his stay here.

A. having added B. to add

C. adding D. addedC

19. ___ the idiom, he looked it up in

the dictionary.

A. Not learning

B. Never having learned

C. Having not learned

D. Having never learned

B

20. It rained heavily, __ severe flooding

in the country.

A. causing B. to cause

C. caused D. having caused

21. Any driver ___ a license ought to be

punished.

A. doesn’t have B. having not

C. has not D. not having

A

D

22. The missing boys were last seen

___ playing on the playground.

A. playing B. to be playing

C. play D. to play

A

23. ______ to put on a performance, Miss

Green couldn’t refuse very well.

A. Being asked B. Asked

C. Ask D. To be asked

A