Post on 23-Jul-2020
'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;"
kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO mwpf;if
2019-2020
bvï whs;sh i|yd jk ck;d ikaOdkh fhzp cupikf;fhd kf;fs; $l;lzp People’s Alliance for Right to Land
kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO mwpf;if
2019-2020
'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;"
kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO mwpf;if
2019-2020
cs;slf;fk;
07 ed;wp etpyy;;
11 mwpf;ifr; RUf;fk;
18 Kd;Diu
26 kf;fspd; fhzpg; gpur;ridfs;
1.1 Nehf;fk;1.2 nrad;Kiw1.3 topfhl;ly; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;
2.1 fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gly;2.2 tho;thjhu ,og;Gf;fSk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gk;2.3 Rw;Wr;#oy; rPuopT2.4 ,oe;j milahsq;fs2.5 fhzpfis clikahf;fy;> fhzp chpik kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlHghd ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
64 ghpe;Jiufs;
88 ,izg;G
7kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
ed;wp etpyy;;
kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G epfo;Tfspy; gq;Fgw;wp jq;fsJ Neuj;ijAk; rf;jpiaAk;;
tuyhw;Wf; fijfisAk; vq;fSld; gfpHe;Jnfhz;l midj;J kf;fisAk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisAk; 'kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO mzpapdH" kdjhug; ghuhl;LtNjhL
mtHfSf;fhd ed;wpiaAk; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.
,t;tzpahdJ rFe;jyh fjpHfhkUf;Fk;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f ekgpf;ifg;nghWg;gpd;;
(LST); gzpf;FOtpdUf;Fk;;> nfsjkd; ghyr;re;jpuDf;Fk; - Ibah (IDEA) epWtdj;jpd;; gzpf;FOtpdUf;Fk;> kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G epfo;Tfis xOq;fikj;J midj;J
tpjj;jpYk; cjtp nra;j midtUf;Fk; ed;wpfisj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;
ehq;fs; fhzp chpikf;fhd kf;fs;; $l;likg;gpd; gq;fhsHfSf;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf fPNo
ngaHFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G epfo;Tfis ehLg+uhfTk;
xOq;fikj;Jj; je;jikf;fhfTk; kdkhu;;e;j ed;wpfisj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
• Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk; (NAFSO)
• kd;dhH r%fg; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (MSEDO)
• kdpj vOr;rp epWtdk; (HEO)
• fhzp kw;Wk; tptrha kWrPuikg;gpw;fhd ,af;fk;; (MONLAR)
• mk;ghiw khtl;l fhzp chpikfSf;fhd nrayzp (ADALR)
• kiyaf kf;fspd; fhzp cupikf;fhd ,af;fk; (MPPLR)
• tl kj;jpa khfhz kf;fs; jpl;lkply; kd;wk;
• Cth khfhz kf;fs; jpl;lkply; kd;wk;
• kj;jpa khfhz kf;fs; jpl;lkply; kd;wk;
• ghrg; gwitfs; ,isQH Atjpfspd; mikg;G> (LOVE BIRDS) fpspnehr;rp
Kd;dhs; rpNul;l Muha;r;rpahsH fhyQ;nrd;w tp[a; ehfuh[h mtHfspd; njhiyNehf;F>
fUj;jpay; kw;Wk; mHg;gzpg;ghdJ ,e; epfo;tpd; fUj;JUthf;fj;jpw;F ngUkstpy;
cs;shu;e;j hPjpahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sJ vd;gij ehq;fs; md;Gld; mq;fPfhpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
ehL g+uhfTk; fhzp kw;Wk; tPl;L chpikapd; epkpj;jk; Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;w
midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; ,jd; epkpj;jk; kf;fis ikakhff;nfhz;l fhzp - tPL
njhlHghd gpur;ridfisAk; FiwghLfisAk; jPHg;gjw;nfd mHg;gzpg;Gld;
nraw;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; midtUf;Fk; ehq;fs; ,t; mwpf;ifia rkHg;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;
8 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
kf;fs;; fhzp Mizf;FO mzpapdH
MizahsHfs;;
• (1) VHkPrh (t)Bfy> rl;lj;juzp> nfhOk;G>
• fNzrypq;fk; fNz];> k];nfypahtpYs;s Njhl;l kf;fspd; fhzp chpikiag;
ghJfhf;fpd;w ,af;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;lhsu;> r%f NritahsH kw;Wk; Njhl;l
kf;fspd; chpik njhlHghd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH>
• (G)nfhl;g;hp kyHNerd;> r%r nraw;ghl;lhsH> khw;wk; epWtdk;> tTdpah
• ,Nuhkp ngNuuh> Muha;r;rpahsH> nfhOk;G>
• [d;rpyh kIPl;> ngz;fs; chpikf;fhd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> WAN, Ky;iyj;jPT>
• Nf.ep`hy; mfkl;> r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> kdpj vOr;rp epWtdk; (HEO)>
mk;ghiw>
• kNfe;jpud; jpUtuq;fd;;> tphpTiuahsH aho; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
• gphpayhy; rphpNrd> rl;lj;juzp> nfhOk;G>
• gphpaq;fu nfh];lh> r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH NAFSO, ePHnfhOk;G>
• rIPt rhkpf;fu> #oy; njhlHghd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> MONLAR, nfhOk;G>
• rush ,khDty;> ngz;fs; chpik njhlHghd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> mdHj;j
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ngz;fs; xd;wpak;> kl;lf;fsg;G.
9kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
Fwp;g;G vLj;jtHfs;
• ypl;ah fPjhQ;ryp jpahfuh[h
• tpj;ah Kj;Jypq;fk;
• neYdp jpyful;z
• tpD}rp Nghy;uh[;
• vk;. kpUzhsd
• rhk; Nghs
• gP.vd;. mUde;jp ngNuhuh
• Md; gpFuhNlh
• khlrhkp tp[afhe;
• v];.vy;. RNu];
• mEuhj fPj; gj;jpuz
ciungaHg;ghsHfs;
• jk;gpuh[h Neruh[;FkhH
• mypBd; `kPH
• md;udp N[Rjhrd;
ml;ilg;gpujp kw;Wk; mwpf;if tbtikg;G - J];ae;j Fkhu
epfo;r;rp nraw;gLj;jy; MjuT
• v];.vr;. tre;j
• eype;j ee;jrphp `d;ty;y
mwpf;if jahhpj;jy;> njhFg;ghf;fk; kw;Wk; Vida cjtpfs;
• nfsjkd; ghyre;jpd;
• rhdf [arpq;f
• lhuh Fapd;
• yf;khyp N`kre;jpu
• bdhyp mNgNrfu
• mdpj;uh thhpah
• gpNde;j;hp ngNuuh
kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; xUq;fpizg;G mzp
• re;Jd; JLfy
• epy;rhd; nghd;Nrfh
• khp]h B rpy;th
• elh]h td;$t;(f)
10 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
11kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
mwpf;ifr; RUf;fk;fhzp Kfhikj;Jtk;> fhzpr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s fhzpf;
nfhs;iffspd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; vjpH Nehf;Ffp;d;w gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; njhlur;rpahd
tpisTfs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; ,f; fye;Jiuahlw; nraw;ghlhdJ> mur nfhs;if tFj;jypy; kf;fsJ
fUj;Jf;fs; njhlHr;rpahf cs;thq;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjpy; mtjhdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
kf;fSf;fhd fhzp njhlHghd Mizf;FO (PLC)> gjpndhW (11) mDgtk;
tha;e;j r%fr; nraw;ghl;lhsHfs;> fy;tpj;Jiw rhHe;jtHfs;> Ma;thsHfs; kw;Wk;
tof;fwpQHfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ ,t; Mizf;FOthdJ> 2019 khu;r; njhlf;fk;
Mf];l; khjk; tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; fs tpIaq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mk;ghiw>
mEuhjGuk;> gJis> kl;lf;fsg;G> nfhOk;G> fhyp> fk;g`h> `k;ghe;Njhl;il> `l;ld;>
aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhH> nkhduhfiy> Ky;iyj;jPT> khj;jiw> nghyd;dWit>
jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; tTdpah Mfpa 18 khtl;lq;fspy; gpur;ridf;Fhpa gpuNjrq;fspy;
thOk; nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fgl;l kf;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;jJ.
,t; Mizf;FOthdJ nkhj;jkhf 428 - ngz;fs;> 452 - Mz;fs;> 5 - VidNahH
mlq;fyhf 885 NgUld; ciuahbaJ.. PARL tiyaikg;gpd; gq;fhsHfs; ,f;
fye;Jiuahly;fis xUq;fpizg;G nra;jpUe;jdH. ,g;gpuNjrq;fs; g+Nfhs hPjpapy;
gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tifapy;; mike;jNjhL gy;NtWgl;l
,dq;fs;> rkaq;fs;> r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gpd;Gyq;fisf; nfhz;ltHfs;
cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;w Nehf;fpNyNa njhpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. MHg;ghl;l miktplq;fs;>
,lk;ngaHe;j kw;Wk; fhzpfsw;w kf;fs;> fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wgl;l my;yJ NtW
,lj;jpy; FbakHj;jg;gl;l> mgptpUj;jp> efu kakhf;fy; kPs; cUthf;fk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w
kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F ,t; Mizf;FOthdJ tpIak;
nra;jJ.
fhyk;> tsq;fs;> gq;fhsHfis xOq;FgLj;jy; njhlHghd jfty;fs; kw;Wk; Vida
eilKiwrhH rthy;fs; gw;wpa kl;Lg;ghLfs; fhuzkhf midj;J ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; Mizf;FOtpdhy; tpIak; nra;a Kbatpy;iy. fhytiuaiwahdJ
kf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fspd; G+uzj;jd;ikapy; jhf;fQ; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ePz;l
fhy ePjpapd;ikapdhy; guk;giu hPjpahf kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fis tpgupg;gjw;F
mjpf fhye; NjitahdJ vd;gJ ntspg;gilahdJk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl Ntz;baJkhFk;.
mj;Jld; ghy;epiy rhHe;j ePjpapd;ik kw;Wk; chpik kPwy;fs; njhlHgpy; Mokhf
Muha;tjw;Fg; NghJkhd msT fhyk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
,yq;ifapd; fhzp njhlHghd nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epu;thf tplaq;fs;
njhlHghd topfhl;bahf nraw;gLtNj> ,t;twpf;ifapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. fhzpg; gpur;rid
fhuzkhf my;yw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fspd; gpur;ridfSf;F gjpyspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;>
jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s nghwpKiwfis khw;wpaikg;gjd; %yk; tho;f;ifia
Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL #oypd; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik kw;Wk; vjpHfhy re;jjpapdUf;fhf
r%f nghWg;GzHit Nkk;gLj;jy;Nghd;w tplaq;fis ,t;twpf;if ikag;gLj;jpajps;sJ.
,t; mwpf;ifahdJ fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F jPHit toq;f khl;lhJ. khwhf fhzp
kw;Wk; kf;fSld; njhlHGgl;L nraw;gLtjpYs;s rpwe;jeilKiwfs;> nghwpKiwfs;>
topfhl;b tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;Dhpikaspf;f Ntz;bait Nghd;wtw;iw ghpe;Jiu
nra;fpd;wJ.
12 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
,t; Mizf;FOTk;> fhzp chpikf;fhd kf;fspd; $l;likg;Gk; (PARL) NrHe;J ,e;j mwpf;ifiaAk; ghpe;JiufisAk; gy;NtWgl;l mur gq;FjhuHfshd mikr;Rf;fs;>
fhzp> ,og;gPL> ,ilf;fhy ePjp> ey;ypzf;fk;> ngz;fspd; chpik> mgptpUj;jp (xU
rpy tplaq;fs; khj;jpuk; ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ) Mfpad njhlHgpy; Nritahw;Wfpd;w
mur ];jhgdq;fSf;Fk; njhFj;J toq;f vjpHghHf;fpd;wd. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;
jhq;fNs Kd;ndLf;fg;gltpUf;fpd;w Kd;ndLg;Gf;fspd; tpisthf vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w
gy;NtWgl;l nfhs;ifj; jpUj;jq;fs;> epWtd kw;Wk; nghwpKiw kWrPuhf;fq;fs;;>
fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp epHthfj;jpy; kf;fspd; mHj;jG+Htkhd gq;fspg;G kw;Wk;
epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f fye;Jiuahly;fs; %ykhd gue;Jgl;l kWrPuikg;Gfs; vd;gd
,t;twpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w ghpe;Jiufspy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; rpq;fsk;
kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspy; ,f; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpa kf;fSlDk;> ehL
G+uhfTk; gy;NtW fhzp njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;fpd;w kf;fSlDk; ,t;
mwpf;ifia gfpHe;Jnfhs;s vjpHghHf;fpd;Nwhk;. gfpug;gl;l mDgtq;fSk; xUq;fpize;j
ghpe;JiufSk; jw;NghJ ,k; kf;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w Mjupj;;Jthjhly;; kw;Wk;
gpur;rhuq;fSf;F gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,e;j eltbf;iffs; ftug;gl;L NkYk;
tYg;ngw cjTtNjhL kf;fs; jq;fsJ NjitfUjp ,e;j cs;slf;fq;fis jq;fsJ
nraw;ghLfspy; Kd;Ndhf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;tH vd ehk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;Nwhk;.
Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLfpd;w Mtzq;fspd;; Ma;Tfs;> Fwpg;ngLg;gtHfspdhy;
gjpTnra;ag;gl;l tphpthd Fwpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gjpTfs;> kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G>
mkHTfspd;NghJ MizahsHfspdJk; Muha;r;rpahsHfspdJk; mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
gFg;gha;Tfs;> Mfpatw;wpd; xUq;fpize;j njhFg;Ng ,t;twpf;ifahFk; Mizf;FO
cWg;gpdHfs; RUf;f mkHTfis mbf;fb elhj;jp> mtHfs; Nrfhpj;j jfty;fisr;
RUf;fp xUq;fikj;J> mtw;wpd; Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;J gFg;gha;T nra;J> gfpHe;J nfhz;ldH.
,jpy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; 4 gpujhd fUg;nghUl;fSf;fikthf myFfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd> mitahtd> ntspNaw;wg;gly;> tho;thjhuk;> Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk;
milahsk; vd;gdthFk;.
ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpa kf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l cs;sPLfSf;F
mikthf tiuag;gl;l ghpe;JiufNs ,t; mwpf;ifapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fhzpg; gpur;ridfs; : ehd;F Kf;fpa fUg;nghUl;fs;
ntspNaw;wg;gly;: fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ tho;thjhuk;> r%fg; ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fq;fs;> Rw;Wr;#oy; rhHe;j ePjp kw;Wk; milahsk; Mfpad njhlHGgl;l
gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU gpur;ridahFk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzpfspypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;gLjy; ,uhZtkakhjy; kw;Wk; epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;;l NtW}d;wpAs;s ,d
mbg;gilapyhd ghFghl;Lld; njhlHGgl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpg;
nghwpKiw> mjpfhuj; Njhy;tpfs;> nghwpKiwapD}lhd Gwe;js;Siffs; Fwpg;ghf
kiyaf kf;fs; my;yJ kiyehl;L kf;fspd; fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLjypdNghJ
gpujhd gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;.
13kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
tho;thjhu ,og;Gf;fSk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gk;: kf;fs; jq;fsJ epyq;fspypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;gLk;NghJ mtHfsJ tho;thjhuk; gy topfspy; ghjpg;gilaf;$ba
toptiffs; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mwpf;ifapd; ,g;gFjpahdJ gue;j kl;lj;jpy; kf;fs;
jq;fsJ tho;thjhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd mZFjiy ,oj;jy;
kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd trjpfis toq;Ffpd;w epWtdq;fSldhd
njhlHig ,oj;jy; fhuzkhf kf;fs; vjpHnfhs;fpd;w rthy;fs; kw;Wk; jilfs; Fwpj;J
tpghpf;fpd;wd. kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLfpd;w fhuzpfs; 4 cg myFfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (1) Aj;jk;> Nkhjy;; kw;Wk; ,uhZtkakhjy;> (2) mjpfhuj;Jtj;
Njhy;tpfs;> (3) ghhpa mgptpUj;jpj; jp;l;lq;fs;> tptrha mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis cUthf;Fjy; (4) kiyaf Njhl;lj;Jiwia
ikag;gLj;jpajhd kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fk; mtHfsJ fhzp chpik njhlHghd
epiyf;FKs;s jdpj;Jtkhd njhlHG MfpadthFk;.
Rw;Wr;#oy; rPuopT: Mizf;FOtpd; fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd; NghJ gq;Fgw;wpa mNef kf;fSf;F
jq;fSila tho;thjhukhdJ Rw;wpAs;s #oy; mikg;Gld; njhlHGgl;lNjhL Rw;wpAs;s
,aw;if tsq;fspYk; jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjid mwpe;jpUe;jdH. Mizf;FOthdJ
gy;NtWgl;l re;jHg;gq;fspy; mur nfhs;iffs;> mur KjyPl;L mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;>
mur rhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; fhzp ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;w
Kiwik Nghd;wit Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpid vjpHkiwahfg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid
mwpe;J nfhz;ldH. Mizf;FOtpd; fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpw;fpzq;f fPo;tUk; gpujhd
fhzpg;ghtidahdJ Rw;Wr;#oiy nghpJk; ghjpg;gjhfj; njhpate;jJ. (1) ghhpa
ePHg;ghrd kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G Nkk;ghl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;> (2) Rw;Wyhj;Jiw> (3)
ghhpa mstpyhd tpahghu Ntshz;ik (4) ,uhZtkakhjy;.
,oe;j milahsq;fs;: nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;gLk; NghJk; my;yJ ePjpapd;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; epyj;Jldhd njhlHG - cWjp> mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs;> cWjpg;gLj;jy;
gbtk;. fl;lzq;fs;; kw;Wk; thpg;gzk; Mfpa Mtzq;fSf;$lhfNt kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,Ug;gpDk; ehLG+uhTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G nraw;ghLfspy;
kf;fs; gy;NtWgl;l topfspy; fhzpfSldhd njhlHig njspthf tpghpj;jpUe;jNjhL>
,J vt;thW jq;fsJ milahsj;ijAk; r%fq;fisAk; tbtikj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ
vd;gjidAk; ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. mtHfsJ fhzpg; gpur;ridfisj; jPHf;fpd;w
nghwpKiwfs; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; r%fr; #oypdhy; cUtfpf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ fijfis
nrtpkLg;gNjhL mtHfsJ vjpHghHg;Gf;fisAk; milahsg;gLj;jp xg;Gf;nfhz;L
eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gpizg;Gf;fs; (1) FLk;g milahsk;> (2) rka kw;Wk;
r%fQ;rhH milahsq;fs;> (3) tho;thjhu milahsk;; (4) ntspNaw;wg;gl;ltHfspd;
milahsk; vd 4 tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
MdhYk; epyj;Jldhd kf;fspd; njhlHGfs; vg;nghOJk; jhq;fs; FbapUe;j
fhzpfspNyNa jhq;fs; thoNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifahf mHj;jg;gltpy;iy. kf;fs;
tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; gps;isfSf;fhd rpwe;j vjpHfhyj;ij mikj;jy;
gw;wpAk;> vjpHfhyj;jpw;nfd Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; mjDld;
Kd;$l;ba vr;rhpf;iffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghwpKiwfspd;wp ,Ug;gjdhy;
,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWjiy Nehf;fp Kd;Ndw;wkiljy; Mfpad
gw;wpg; NgrpapUe;jdH.
14 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
ntspNaw;wq;fs;> fhzp chpik kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlHghd ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs;:
kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; mkHTfspy; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYKs;s gy
ngz;fSld; fye;JiuahbapUe;Njhk;. ngz;fs; fhzpg; Nghhl;lq;fspy; gq;fhspfshfTk;
gy;NtWgl;l fhzpg;Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jiytHfshfTk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sdH> Fwpg;ghf
,uhZtj;jplkpUe;J fhzpfis kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Ky;iyj;jPtpYs;s
Nfg;ghg;gpsT kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpypUe;J mf;fiug;gw;W Eiur;Nrhiy K];yPk; kf;fspd;
Rdhkp kPs;FbNaw;w tPl;Lj;jpl;lk; njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fs; tiu. jq;fsJ r%fj;jpd;
fhzp chpik njhlHghd gpur;ridfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhd tha;g;igAk; gyj;ijAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rpy Ntisfspy; ngz;fs; murpaypYk; ,ize;Js;sdH.
fhzp ngz;fspd; milahsj;jpYk; r%f nghUshjhu ghJfhg;gpYk; neUf;fkhfj;
njhlHGgl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Mizf;FOTldhd fye;Jiuahly;fspd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.
gy;NtWgl;l mkHTfspy; MizahsHfs; ngz;fSld; jdpahff; fye;Jiuahbajhy;
mtHfs; gakpd;wp ruskhff; fye;Jiuahlf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fhzpfspypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ ghy;epiy rhHe;j mDgtkhf ,yq;ifapy; khj;jpuky;y Vida
ehLfspYk; tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfspYk; fy;tpapay; Mtzq;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
nghJ kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjkhdJ Mokhf tprhuiz
Mtzg;gLj;jy;> ghy;epiy-rhh; gFg;gha;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; G+uzkhd jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; ngz;fspd; rhl;rpaq;fs;
mNefkhf ntspg;glhky; ,Uf;fpd;w nrhe;j mDgtq;fis ntspf;nfhz;Ltu cjtpaJ.
ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpur;ridfs; (1) ntspNaw;wg;gly;> ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk;
milahsq;fs; (2) jpUkzk; kw;Wk; rPjdk;> (3) fhzp kw;Wk; tPl;L Ntiyfs;; (4)
ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fz;zpak; rhHe;j fUj;JUthf;fk; Mfpatw;wpD}lhf
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,yq;ifapy; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYk; fhzpg; gpur;ridfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd;
fUj;;Jf;fSk; Nfhhpf;iffSk; ghpe;Jiufshf Kd;;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vg;NghJNk
jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs;; nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfspdhYk; jPHkhdnkLg;gtHfspdhYk;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy vd vz;Zfpd;wtHfspdJk;> jq;fSila nrhe;jf;
fhzpg;gpur;rid fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSk;. fhzpf;nfhs;iffis tFf;Fk;NghJ
vg;NghJNk fUj;Jf;fis toq;fKbahky; NghdtHfs; MfpNahhpd; Fuy;fs;
,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy ghpe;Jiufs; Kd;dH Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kf;fs;
fye;Jiuahly;fspd; cs;slf;fq;fshf ,Ug;gNjhL ed;F epWtg;gl;l juepiyfisAk;
cs;thq;fpajhd fye;Jiuahly;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jdpj;Jtkhd
tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;Nshk;.
15kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
ghpe;Jiuapd; RUf;fq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd:
1. fhzpia mZfp> ngw;Wf;nfhd;L ghtpg;gjw;fhd chpik
,g; ghpe;JiuahdJ kf;fs; vt;thW fhzpia mZfp> ghtpj;J jq;fSilajhf;fpf;
nfhs;tJ vd;gJld; fhzpapd;ik kw;Wk; tPbd;ikia ,yq;ifapy; eptHj;jp nra;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; rl;l kw;Wk; epHthf hPjpahd nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j milahsg;gLj;jypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Mjupj;J thjhLjyhFk;. rpy ghpe;Jiufshtd> kf;fSf;F tpUk;gpa
tho;thjhu eltbf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; mtHfSf;Fk; fhzpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlHig
milahsg;gLj;jp kjpj;jy;> ehl;bd; rpy gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w guk;giu hPjpahd
eilKiwfs;> fhzpfspd; cilik guk;giu hPjpahf ,Ug;gNjhL rpy fhzpfspd; rka
fhyr;rhu gpd;dzpfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; mJ NkYk; kf;fs;
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fis nghJthd fhzpfs;> jsq;fs;> kw;Wk; kf;fspd;
nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd nghJthd tpsf;ff;fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy ghFghl;ilf;nfhz;l
mur fhzpr; rl;l%yj;ij jpUj;jpaikj;jy; Mfpatw;iw ,yf;Fitj;Js;sJ.
2. fhzp MSif
fhzpapd; MSif (fhzpfs; njhlHgpy; jPHkhdnkLj;jy;) nraw;ghlhdJ Gtpapay;
hPjpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F mUfhikapYs;s gue;Jgl;l epWtdq;fspd; %yk;
tpidj;jpwdhd nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FOTk;
mjw;fhd njspthd nraw;ghl;L topfhl;bfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Mfpad
cs;slq;fyhf ghpe;Jiu Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. fhzp epHthfk;
fhzp njhlHgpy; nraw;gLfpd;w mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;nfd xU elj;ij tpjpKiwAk;
Fiwe;jgl;r jifikfisAk; nfhz;l myF ghpe;Jiuahf cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
Vnddpy; mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfsplkpUe;J fhzp njhlHghd Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
njhlHgpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; fzprkhd msT GfhHfis Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdH.
mHj;jg+Htkhd tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;j kf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;> nghJ
tplaq;fSf;fhf fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kd;$l;bNa mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;Fjy; cjhuzkhf jw;NghJ eilKiwapy;yhj xU Kiwahf> mwptpj;jy; toq;Fk;
Neuj;jpy; fhzpiag; ngw ,Uf;fpd;w nghJ Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;gij Fwpg;gply; Mfpad
Vida Kf;fpa ghpe;JiufshFk;. mj;Jld; ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coiyj; jtpHg;gjw;Fk;
fhzp njhlHghd jfty;fis Kd;$l;bNa njhpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;bfisAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
4. rr;ruTfis jPu;j;J itj;jy; kw;Wk; e~;l <L toq;Fjy;
jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w epaha];jy tof;F nghwpKiwfs;> jukhd rl;l cjtpfs;
kw;Wk; kj;jpa];j Nritfis mZFjy;> mgfhpf;fgl;l fhzpfs; njhlHgpy; RahjPdg;
nghwpKiwnahd;iw mikj;jy; Mfpad ,g; gFjpapd; ghpe;JiufshFk;.
16 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
5. ,lkhw;wk;
kf;fis fhzpfspypUe;J ,lkhw;Wk; nra;Ak; nraw;ghl;il ,Wjpahd jPHthf
itj;Jf;nfhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;F Kd;dNu ,lkhw;wk; njhlHghd
kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L jPHkhdq;fs; vl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w ghpe;Jiuia ,g;gFjp
Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ghjpf;fgl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fSld; NghJkhd msT
fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy;> NghJkhd
msT tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Njitg;ghL Fwpj;J jHf;f hPjpahf
tpghpf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; nghJthd NjitfSld; cs;sf rl;lthf;fj;Jld;
cyfshtpa juj;Jldhd ,lkhw;w eilKiwfisf; filg;gpbg;gNjhL Fiwe;jJ
Njrpa jd;dpr;irahd kPs; FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,uhZtkakhf;fiy ,y;yhkyhf;fYk; kdpjg; ghJfhg;Gk;
tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; ,uhZtkakhf;fiy muR cldbahf
epWj;jNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld; kf;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l fhzpfis kPs toq;fp>
mtHfSf;fhd ,og;gPLfisAk; toq;fp el;lj;ij <L nra;tw;fhd rkhe;jukhd
nghwpKiwnahd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL> ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w
tHj;jf eltbf;iffshd Rw;Wyh tpLjpfs;> gz;izfs;> Vida midj;J tHj;jfk;
rhHe;j eltbf;iffisAk; cldbahf epWj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,uhZtkakhjyhy;
gy;NtWgl;l ghjfkhd ghjpg;Gf;fis vjpHnfhz;l kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd;
ghpe;JiufshFk;.
7. fhzp kw;Wk; milahsk;
,g; gFjpahdJ kf;fSf;Fk; fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;FkpilapYs;s njhlHG
kw;Wk; mtHfspd; gpizg;G> cWg;Ghpik Fwpj;Jk; ghpe;Jiufis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
njhy;nghUspay; rhd;Wfs; fhuzq;fshf Kd;itj;J my;yJ tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; tdg;gFjp Nghd;w fhuzq;fis Kd;itj;J kf;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;J
ntspNaw;wypypUe;J ghJfhj;jy; Fwpj;Jk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> vy;iyfs;>
kw;Wk; ePHepiyfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd chpikg; Nghl;bapy; Ntw;W ,d> rkaq;fisr;
NrHe;j kf;fSld; fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; ciuahly;fs; %yk; mg;gFjpfspy; ,d
hPjpahd Kuz;ghLfs; vw;glhj tpjj;jpYk;> rhjpg; ghFghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fhzpfs;
toq;fg;glhjtHfSf;F fhzpfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w ghpe;Jiufis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
8. fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk;
,yq;ifapYs;s 80% Md tptrhaf; fhzpfs; rpwpa mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsHfshy;
ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt> fhzpf; nfhs;iffs; ,jid cWjpnra;J mtHfsJ
tho;thjhuj;ij epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;fjhf khw;wNtz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd tptrhak; kw;Wk;
kPd;gb njhlHghd nfhs;iffs; fhzpf; nfhs;ifis KOikahf;FtNjhL mjd;
eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;Fk; cjtNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld; nfhs;iffs; ngz;fis gpujhd
cw;gj;jpahsHfshf milahsg;gLj;JtNjhL mtHfSf;F fhzp kw;Wk; ePH tsq;fSld;
fhzg;gLk; tho;thjhu hPjpahd njhlHig milahsg;gLj;jp mtHfs; mjd; %yk;
jq;fsJ Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tij cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.
17kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
9. kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
,yq;ifiar; NrHe;jtHfs; mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf jpl;lq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrj;jpy;
tho;fpd;w kf;fs; Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,j; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; mD$yq;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; mbg;gil mD$yq;fis
,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jdpahH epWtdq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs; kw;Wk; tHj;jf
epWtdq;fs; (jdpaH - kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;;l Kd;ndLg;Gf;fs;) nraw;glf;$lhJ.
mj;Jld; ,t; myfhdJ kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; %Nyhghaj;je;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;J ftdQ;
nrYj;JtNjhL> kdpj #oy; Kfhikj;Jt je;jpNuhghak;.> kdpj chpik kjpg;gPL> RahjPd
Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G kjpg;gPL Nghd;wd mgptpUj;jpj; jp;l;lq;fSf;F cjtf;$batw;wpy;
rpythFk;.
10. ngUe;Njhl;lf;fhzpfs; : tuyhw;W hPjpahd FiwghLfSk; jukpof;Fk; njhopyhsH
eltbf;iffSk;
,g;gFjpahdJ kiyaf kf;fSf;fhd Fwpg;ghd ghpe;Jiufshd ngUe;Njhl;lj;jpy;
Ntiy Ghpfpd;wikf;nfd Fiwe;jJ 20 NgHr; fhzpahtJ toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; kw;Wk;
Ntiyahl;fSf;F jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g fhzpia vjw;fhfg; ghtpf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;gJ njhlHgpy; vOj;J %ykhd jPHkhdnkLf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gly; Mfpatw;Wld;
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w Kfhikj;Jtk; cl;gl;l midj;J kf;fspdJk; njhopyhsH
chpikfSk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
11. Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G
mNefkhd fye;Jiuahly;fspy;; gq;Fgw;wpatHfs; jq;fsJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fk;
#oYf;Fkhd gpizg;Gf; Fwpj;J njspT ngw;wpUe;jNjhL xd;wpd; jhf;fk; kw;nwhd;iw
vt;thW ghjpf;Fk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; mwpe;jpUe;jdH. ,it Fwpg;ghf kdpj-ahid
Nkhjy;fs; kw;Wk; fhyepiyg; ghq;F Fwpj;j fye;Jiuahly;fspy; njhpate;jd. kf;fs;
jPHkhdnkLj;jy; nghwpKiwfspypUe;J me;epag;gLj;jg;glypd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w
kj;jpa kw;Wk; cs;SH murpd; njhlHghly; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;Jk; mNefkhd ghpe;Jiufs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fhzpf; nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ
mtw;wpy; Fiwe;jgl;r #oy; juepiyfs; cUthf;fg;gly; njhlHgpYk; ghpe;Jiufs;
ftdQ; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
18 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
1. Kd;Diu
fhzp chpikf;fhd kf;fspd; $l;likg;ghdJ (xz;wpizT) (PARL) tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPNo tho;fpd;w kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tPL> fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; chpik
njhlHgpy; ghpe;Jiu nra;fpd;w rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fspd; xU tiyaikg;ghFk;.
ghpe;JiuapD}lhd fhzp njhlHghf nfhs;if hPjpahd khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L
tUtjw;Fk;> mit njhlHghf G+uzkhf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk>; tphpthd kw;Wk;
Mokhd fye;Jiuahly;fs; mtrpankd PARL milahsg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. kf;fspd; fhzp
Mizf;FO fhzp Kfhikj;Jtk;> fhzpr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jw;NghJ tof;fj;jpYs;s
fhzpf; nfhs;iffspd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; vjpH Nehf;Ffp;d;w gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk;
njhlHr;;rpahd tpisTfs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;
NkYk; ,f; fye;Jiuahlw; nraw;ghlhdJ> mur nfhs;if tFj;jypy; kf;fsJ
fUj;Jf;fs; njhlHr;rpahf cs;thf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjpy; mtjhdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
fhzp njhlHghd kf;fspd; Mizf;FO (PLC) mDgtk; tha;e;j 11 r%fr;
nraw;ghl;lhsHfs;> fy;tpj;Jiw rhHe;jtHfs;> Ma;thsHfs; kw;Wk; tof;fwpQ;rHfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.1 ,t; Mizf;FOthdJ> 2019 khu;r; njhlf;fk; Mf];l; khjk; tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpapy; fs tpIaq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mk;ghiw> mDuhjGuk;> gJis> kl;lf;fsg;G>
nfhOk;G> fhyp> fk;g`h> `k;ghe;Njhl;il> `l;ld;> aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhH>
nkhduhfiy> Ky;iyj;jPT> khj;jiw> nghyd;dWit> jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; tTdpah
Mfpa 18 khtl;lq;fspy; gpur;ridf;Fhpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F tpIaq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L
nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fgl;l kf;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;jJ. ,t;
Mizf;FOthdJ nkhj;jkhf 428 - ngz;fs;> 452 - Mz;fs;> 5 - VidNahH
mlq;fyhf 885 NgUld; NgrpapUe;jJ. PARL; tiyaikg;gpd; gq;fhsHfs; ,f;
fye;Jiuahly;fis xUq;fpizg;G nra;jpUe;jdH. ,g;gpuNjrq;fshdJ g+Nfhs hPjpapy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; ,Ug;gNjhL gy;NtWgl;l ,dq;fs;> rkaq;fs;>
r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gpd;Gyq;fisf; nfhz;ltHfs; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;w
Nehf;fpNyNa njhpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ePz;l fhy ePjpapd;ikapdhy; guk;giu hPjpahf
kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fis tpgupg;gjw;F mjpf fhye; NjitahdJ vd;gJ
ntspg;gilahdJk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl Ntz;baJkhFk;. mj;Jld; ghy;epiy rhHe;j
ePjpapd;ik kw;Wk; chpik kPwy;fs; njhlHgpy; Mokhf Muha;tjw;F NghJkhd msT
fhyk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
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fhzp> ,og;gPL> ,ilf;fhy ePjp> ey;ypzf;fk;> ngz;fspd; chpik> mgptpUj;jp (xU
rpy tplaq;fs; khj;jpuk; ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ) Mfpad njhlHgpy; Nritahw;Wfpd;w mur
];jhgdq;fSf;Fk; njhFj;J toq;f vjpHghHf;fpd;wd. ,t;twpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w
ghpe;Jiufspy; cs;slq;Ftd> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; jhq;fNs Kd;ndLf;fg;gltpUf;fpd;w
Kd;ndLg;Gf;fspd; tpisthf vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;w gy;NtWgl;l nfhs;ifj; jpUj;jq;fs;>
epWtd kw;Wk; nghwpKiw kWrPuhf;fq;fSk;> fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp epHthfj;jpy;
kf;fspd; mHj;jG+Htkhd gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f fye;Jiuahly;fs;
1. See page 2 for full list of Commissioners
19kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
%ykhd gue;Jgl;l kWrPuikg;ghFk;. NkYk; ,t; mwpf;ifahdJ rpq;fsk; kw;Wk;
jkpo; nkhopfspy; ,f; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpa kf;fSf;Fk;> ehL G+uhfTk;
gy;NtW fhzp njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;fpd;w kf;fSlDk; gfpHe;Jnfhs;s
vjpHghHf;fpd;Nwhk;. gfpug;gl;l mDgtq;fSk; xUq;fpize;j ghpe;JiufSk; jw;NghJ
Nkw;nfhs;;sg;gLfpd;w Mjupj;Jthjhly;; kw;Wk; gpur;rhuq;fSf;F gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
,e;j eltbf;iffs; ftug;gl;L NkYk; tYg;ngw cjTtNjhL kf;fs; jq;fsJ NjitfUjp
,e;j cs;slf;fq;fis Kd;Ndhf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;tH vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1.1 Nehf;fk;
,t; mwpf;ifapd; Nehf;fhdJ> ,yq;ifapd; fhzp njhlHghd nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt tplaq;fis njhpag;gLj;jp nraw;gLtNjhL fhzpg; gpur;rid
fhuzkhf my;yw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fspd; gpur;ridfSf;F gjpyspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
nghwpKiw khw;wpaikg;gJ> tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jy;> #oypd; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikia
cWjp nra;jy; kw;Wk; vjpHfhy re;jjpapdUf;fhf r%f nghWg;GzHTld; nraw;gly;
Nghd;w tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhfj; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; mwpf;ifahdJ
fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F jPHit toq;fhJ khwhf fhzp kw;Wk; kf;fSld; njhlHGgl;L
nraw;gLtjpYs;s ed; eilKiwfs;> nghwpKiwfs;> topfhl;b tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
Kd;Dhpik mspf;f Ntz;bait Nghd;wtw;iw ghpe;Jiu nra;fpd;wJ.
1.2 nrad;Kiw
kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FOthdJ kf;fspd; ,dj;Jtk;; rhHe;j gz;G tif rhHe;j
fw;if mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;wp juTfisj; fPo;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fika Nfl;L
mwpe;Jnfhz;ldH> fhzpapd; chpik kw;Wk; fhzpia clikahf;fpf;nfhs;sy; vd;gJ
gw;wpAk; ,yq;ifapy; fhzpapd; ghtid vd;gjd; mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; vjpHghHg;Gf;fs;
ahit?. fhzpg; gpur;rid njhlHgpy; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; Nritahw;wp fzprkhd msT
mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;stHfNs Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfshfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;L
juTfisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;ldH.
,uz;L Kjd;ik epiyahd jfty; Nrfhpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfshd (1) nghJkf;fSldhd
fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; (2) ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhpT nra;ag;gl;l
FOf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs; Mfpad eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mur> rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida gq;FjhuHfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
,NjNghd;w fw;iffspypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhz;l Ke;ija jfty; (Mtzq;fs;;)
gFg;gha;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nra;Ak; Kiw Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfshy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. xU Ma;Tf;FOthdJ jw;Nghija epiyikapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
nghUj;jkhd fhzp Fwpj;j midj;J juTfisAk; xd;W NrHj;J fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis rhuhk;r
tbtpy; Kd;itj;jdH. Ke;ija jfty; ,yf;fpa Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapYk; Mizf;FO
cWg;gpdHfspd; epGzj;Jtq;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; NjitNaw;gbd; Kf;fpa jfty;fis
toq;FgtHfspd; topfhl;ly;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L fsNtiyfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
fhzpg;gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; fsj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w fhzpg;Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlHghd
midj;Jg; gyjug;gl;l fhuzpfSk; fPo;tUkhW: ,uhZtkakhjy;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw>
mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;> tHj;jf Ntshz;ik> ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs;> tdg
20 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;> njhy;ypay; jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;G
jpizf;fsq;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fhzp mgfhpg;G> ghhpa efukakhjy;
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspdhy;; kf;fs; ,lk;ngaHjy;> vd;gdthFk;.
Vg;uy; 2018 ,ypUe;J ngg;uthp 2019 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
eilKiwfs;> fl;likg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nra;Kiwfshf gapw;rpr; nrayku;Tfs;;
kw;Wk; njhlHr;rpahd $l;lq;fs; Mfpad Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. tpdhf;nfhj;njhd;W
jahhpf;fg;gl;L Kiwg;gbahf fye;Jiuahliy topfhl;lTk; juTfis Nrfhpf;fTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fye;Jiuahly;fs; Kd;$l;bNa njhpTnra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridfis ikag;gLj;jpajhd ,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l FOf; fye;Jiuahly;
kw;Wk; nghJthd ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpwe;j kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gk;
fyg;G Kiwfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jpwe;j kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G njhlHghd
tpguq;fs; gy;NtWgl;l rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs;> r%f nraw;ghl;lhsHfs; cs;s
khtl;lq;fspYs;s tiyaikg;gpD}lhd gfpug;gl;lJ xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lJ. fhzp
mgfhpg;gpdhy; kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs;> ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs;>
fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; Vida Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs;> ngUe;Njhl;l
kf;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; MfpNahUld; Fwpj;j tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; NritGhpfpd;w
epWtdq;fspD}lhf ,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;ld.
,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l FOf;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fis ntspf;nfhz;Lte;jhYk; Mokhd NeHKff; fye;Jiuahly;fs; NkYk;
njspthd gue;Jgl;l Ghpe;JzHit ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FOf;fsplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,J rthyhd tplakhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. MfNt>
,t; mwpf;ifapy; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l gpur;ridfs; ghpg+uzkhditnadf; $wKbahJ.
kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FO jq;fSila kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gf;fis khHr; njhlf;fk;
Mf];l; 2019 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shff;$ba Vida kf;fis 18
khtl;lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W re;jpj;jpUe;jdH. mtHfs; re;jpj;J fUj;Jf;fzpg;G Nkw;nfhz;l
gpuNjrq;fspd; tpguq;fs; fPNo gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ>
21kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
khtl;lq;fs; ,lq;fs; jpfjp khtl;lq;fs; ,lq;fs; jpfjp
kd;dhH Ks;spf;Fsk; `l;ld; `l;ld; efuk (PH)*
gs;spKidgue;jh gFjp> Nghfpy;
Njhl;lk;> nfl;lGy (B)
fhahf;Fopfpspnehr;rp
gdq;fz;b
rpyhtj;Jiw nrQ;Nrhiy khjphpf;
fpuhkk;
rd;dhH fpspnehr;rp efuk; (PH)
kd;dhH efuk; (PH) gue;jd
mEuhjGuk; mEuhjGuk; efuk; (PH)
aho;g;ghzkgyhyp (PH)
nghyd;dWit`pq;Fuhnfhl (PH)
ePjtd; ew;gzp (,lk;n-
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*PH – Public Hearing
22 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
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Public Hearing - PH
Focus group discussion
fpspnehr;rp
Ky;iyj;jPT
23kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
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gpujpepjpjJtg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L tp[ak; nra;tjw;nfd gpuNjrq;fs;
njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. ,g;gpuNjrq;fshdJ g+Nfhs hPjpapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;
tpjj;jpy; ,Ug;gNjhL gy;NtWgl;l ,dq;fs;> rkaq;fs;> r%fq;fs; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu gpd;Gyq;fisf; nfhz;ltHfs; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;w Nehf;fpNyNa
njhpTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,uhZtj;jpduhYk; Vida mur epWtdq;fspdhYk;
fhzpfs; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrq;fs;> ,lk;ngaHT ,lk;ngw;w gpuNjrq;fs;>
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;> Aj;jj;jpw;F gpd;duhd kPsf;FbakHj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;>
tHj;jf Ntshz;ik> Vida ghhpa Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;> nghUe;Njhl;lq;fs;> #oy;
czHjpwd; $ba gpuNjrq;fs; my;yJ caphpay; gy;tifikj;Jtk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
my;yJ Mgj;jpw;Fs;shfpAs;sik Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; thOfpd;w
gpuNjrq;fs;> efu kPs; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; Vida efukakhf;fYld; njhlHGgl;l
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kw;Wk; NtW ,lq;fspy; FbNaw;wg;gl;l
kf;fs; thOk; gpuNjrq;fs; Mfpad cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. kf;fspd; fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gfs;
18 khtl;lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld> mitahtd: mk;ghiw> mEuhjGuk;> gJis>
kl;lf;fsg;G> nfhOk;G> fhyp> fk;g`h> ̀ k;ghe;Njhl;il> ̀ l;ld;> aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp>
kd;dhH> nkhduhfiy> Ky;iyj;jPT> khj;jiw> nghyd;dWit> jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk;
tTdpah. ,t; Mizf;FOthdJ nkhj;jkhf 428 - ngz;fs;> 452 - Mz;fs;> 5 -
VidNahH mlq;fyhf 885 NgUld; NgrpapUe;jdH.
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jhq;fs; tpIak; nra;a vjpHghHj;j gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J Kd;dNu ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
rhuhk;rg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; %yk; Kd;$l;bNa Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fs;
kw;Wk; gpur;ridfisj; njhpe;Jnfhz;ljd; mbg;gilapy; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G Neuj;jpid
jfty;fis NkYk; cs;thq;fp> njspTgLj;jp G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jp;aJld;
kf;fSld; fye;JiuahLtjw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;fp Fwpg;ghf
fhzpg;gpur;ridfs; njhlh;gpYk; fhzpf; nfhs;if jpUj;jj;jpYk; kf;fs; vjpHghHf;fpd;w
jPHTfs; kw;Wk; ghpe;Jiufs; gw;wp ftdQ; nrYj;jpdH. fhzp njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fspy;
<Lgl;Ls;s kf;fSf;F mtHfs; Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w gpur;ridfs; ghhpajhdjhFk; rpy
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,t;twpf;ifahdJ fUj;Jf;fzpg;G mkHTfspy; Fwpg;ngLg;gtHfspdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l
tphpthd Fwpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gjpTfs;> MizahsHfspdJk; Muha;r;rpahsHfspdJk;
mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs;> Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLfpd;w ,yf;fpa Ma;T
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Fwpj;J gFg;gha;T nra;J gfpHe;J nfhz;ldH. ,jpy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; 4
gpujhd fUg;nghUl;fSf;fikthf myFfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd> mitahtd>
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$wg;gl;l 4 tplaq;fspd; jhf;fq;fspYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w fhuzpahjyhy; mJ
midj;ijAk; ClWj;J jhf;fQ; nrYj;Jk; nghJthd fhuzpahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gfspd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l midj;J juTfs; kw;Wk; Mizf;FO
cWg;gpdHfspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; Mfpad NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l 4 gpujhd myFfspd;
mbg;gilapy; gphpf;fg;gl;lNjhL ghy;epiy rhHe;j jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;J tpN~l ftdQ;
24 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
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tiu ,jdbg;gilapNyNa fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk;
Ma;T cjtpahsHfs; kj;jpapy; gphpj;J toq;fg;gl;L ,Wjp mwpf;if tiuag;gl;lJ.
,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w midj;J ghpe;JiufSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSldhd
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lhd ntspg;ghLfSk; vz;zq;fSk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; egHfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;w
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khj;jpuk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Lk;> Vidait Mtzq;fspd; %yNkh my;yJ NtW
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cs;sPLfis toq;f cjtpaJ.
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fhyk; njhlHghd tiuaiwahFk;. Kd;$l;bNa Mizf;FO cWg;gpdHfs; jhq;fs; tp[ak;
nra;aTs;s ,lq;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; gq;Fgw;WeHfs; jq;fsJ
mDgtq;fis tpgukhf rpyNtisfspy; vt;thW ,f;fhzpfs; clikahf;fgl;ld
vd;gJ Fwpj;jhd tuyhw;W rk;gtq;fisAk; njhlHGgLj;jp tpghpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
MfNt ,f; fye;Jiuahly;fshdJ Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlHgpy; kf;fSf;F
NghJkhdsT Neuj;ij mtHfsJ mDgtj;ijg; gfpHe;J nfhs;tjw;F toq;FtNjhL
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jPHTfs; Fwpj;jhd fye;Jiuahly;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b
,Ue;jikiaAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mj;Jld; gy;NtWgl;l re;jHg;gq;fspy;
kf;fs; njhlHr;rpahd Nghuhl;lq;fspdhy; fisg;gile;Jk; jq;fSila epiyFwpj;J
ek;gpf;ifapoe;Jk; fhzg;gl;lik mtHfshy; tpisjpwd; nfhz;l tpidj;jpwdhd
jPHTfis Kd;itf;fKbahkypUe;eJ. gq;Fgw;WeHfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l vjpHkiwahd
tplaq;fis NeHkakhdjhf kPs; tbtikg;G nra;J jPHTfs; njhlHgpy; kf;fSld;
fye;Jiuahb ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldH. gq;Fgw;WeHfs; ,k;Kiwf;F $Ljyhd MHtj;ijf;
fhz;gpj;J> ghpe;Jiufis tiue;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cs;sPLfis fhj;jpukhf toq;fpdH.
midj;J ,lq;fspYk; ghy;epiy rhHe;j jdpj;Jtkhd fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;s
Kbahky; NghdJ %d;whtJ tiuaiwahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ghy;epiy
rhH fye;Jiuahly;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fspYs;s
ghy;epiy rhHe;j mDgtq;fs; njhlHghd rpy tpguq;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk;
Fwpg;ghf mit Nfl;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuk; ntspte;jNjhL mNefkhd Neuq;fspy;
25kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
gq;Fgw;WeHfshNyNa mit Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;glhj epiyfs; fhzg;gl;lJ. ghy;epiy
rhHe;j jfty;fis rhj;jpakhd ,lq;fspy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;
kf;fs; J}z;lg;gl;L tpguq;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lNjhL mwpf;ifapy; ,t;tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J
Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridfs; jdpahfTk; ghy;epiy rhH fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; vd ,U topfspYk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl;l newpKiwfs;
,g;nghwpKiwfspd; xU gFjpahf xt;nthU kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G mkHTfspYk;
gq;Fgw;WeHfSf;F nraw;ghL njhlHghd tpsf;fq;fs; njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lNjhL
kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w epWtdq;fs; njhlHgpYk;
njspTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Mizf;FOtpw;F kf;fs; vjpHnfhs;fpd;w fhzpg;
gpur;ridfSf;F Neubahd jPHitg; ngw;Wj;jUfpd;w mjpfhuk; ,y;iynad Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
$wg;gl;lJ. fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ Gifg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisj;
jpul;Ltjw;fhd mDkjp ngwg;gl;lJ. Nrfhpf;fgl;l midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; ufrpakhfg;
Ngzg;gLtNjhL> Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; ,t; mwpf;ifapidj; jahhpg;gjw;F khj;jpuNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gjidAk; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;glhky; cs;thq;fg;gLk;
vd;Wk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
26 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
1.3 topfhl;ly; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;
fhzpf; nfhs;if> fhzpg; ghtid> fhzp chpik> kf;fsp;d; fhzpiag; ghjpf;Fk;
mgptpUj;jpfs; my;yJ ,yq;ifapd; fhzpg; ghtid Mfpad fPo;tUk; topfhl;ly;
nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L epHtfpf;fg;gl;L jPHg;gspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd gphpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kf;fis khpahijAlDk; fz;zpaj;JlDk; elj;Jjy;
• fhzpAld; kf;fSf;Fs;s gpizg;ig Fwpg;ghf gpizg;gpd; ghy;epiy rhH
jd;ikiaAk; tpsq;fp kjpg;gspj;jy;.
• cs;@H kf;fSld; kjpg;gspj;J xd;wpizjy;
• cs;@H kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; Vw;glf;$ba fhyepiy kw;Wk; #oy; hPjpahd
FWfpa fhy> ePz;l fhy rhj;jpakhd ghjpg;Gf;fs; njhlHgpy; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L
jftywpe;j KbTfis vLj;jy;
• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis jftywpe;j gq;Fgw;WjYld; $ba tpjj;jpy; jPHkhdnkLj;jy;
gq;Fngwr;nra;tNjhL ngz;fs; kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; FOf;fspd;
tpidj;jpwDld; $bajhd gq;Fgw;WjiyAk; cWjpnra;jy;.
• fhzp njhlHgpy; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; vLf;fg;gLfpd;w KbTfs; epahakhdjhfTk;
rkj;JtkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
• midj;J eltbf;iffspYk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; ghFghlw;w epiyikiaAk;
Vw;gLj;jy;.
• fhzp xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Njrpa nrhj;J vd;gjid milahsg;gLj;JtNjhL
jw;NghJs;s ,yq;ifaH kw;Wk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; tutpUf;fpd;w ,yq;ifaH
midtUf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij kjpj;jy;.
• kdpjg; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy;> nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba> ntspg;gilahd> kf;fs;
kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJ epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Nritg; nghwpKiwfs;
,Uj;jiy cWjp nra;jy;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l tpOkpaq;fisNa kf;fs; jq;fs; mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; vjpHghHg;Gf;fs;
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ Kd;itj;jdH. kf;fs; nghJthf vjpHNehf;fpa
vjpHkiwahd jhf;fq;fspy; xw;Wikj;jd;ik fhzg;gl;lik gpuNahrdkhd fhuzpahff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy; kf;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpa NeHikahd tplaq;fspYk;
xw;Wikj; jd;ikfs; fhzg;gl;lijAk; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ> ,j; njspthdJ
xNu khjphpahd gpur;ridfs; gy;NtW tuyhw;W> r%f> Rw;Wr;#oy;> murpay; kw;Wk;
Vida #oy; mbg;gilapy; ifahsg;gLk;NghJ gy;NtWgl;l jPHTfs; vl;lg;gLk;
vd;w Ghpjiy Vw;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ. jPHTfshdJ cs;@H kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapd;
mbg;gilapYk; cs;@H #oYf;F Vw;wtpjj;jpYk; ngwg;gLk;. ,jd; fhuzkhfj;jhd;
kf;fs; vjpHnfhs;fpd;w gpur;ridfs; xNukhjphpahdjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kf;fs;
Kd;itf;fpd;w jPHTfs; kw;Wk; vjpHghHg;Gf;fs; NtWgl;ljhf ,Ug;gNjhL ,lj;jpw;F
,lk; khWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
27kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
28 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2. kf;fspd; fhzpg; gpur;ridfs;
2.1 fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gly;
fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ tho;thjhuk;> r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%f
,af;fq;fs;> Rw;Wr;#oy; rhHe;j ePjp kw;Wk; milahsk; Mfpad njhlHghd
gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU gpur;ridahFk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd fhzpapypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ ,uhZtkakhjy; kw;Wk; epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l NtW}d;wpAs;s
,d mbg;gilapyhd ghFghl;Lld; njhlHGgl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpg;
nghwpKiw> mjpfhuj; Njhy;tpfs;> Fwpg;ghf kiyaf kf;fs; my;yJ kiyehl;L kf;fspd;
nghwpKiw rhHe;j Gwe;js;Siffs; Mfpad fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glypd; gpujhd
gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;.
2.1.1
'ehq;fs; ,g;NghJ fhl;by; Nriy xd;iw jpiuiag; Nghd;W
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,f; fhzp vq;fsJ guk;giuf;
fhzpahFk;. flw;gilapdH jq;fsJ FLk;gj;jpidf; nfhz;Lte;J
FbakHj;jp ,q;F tho;fpd;wdH. mtHfisf; fhl;by; tPl;ilf;
fl;btpl;L vq;fis thq;Fk;gb $Wfpd;wdH> ,Ug;gpDk; vq;fsJ
Njitnay;yhk; vq;fsJ nrhe;jf; fhzp kPsspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNjahFk;"
- Ks;spf;Fsj;ijr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH
Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ifafg;gLj;jgl;l tlf;F fpof;fpYs;s fhzpfs; ,d;dKk;
,uhZtj;jpdhpdJk; nghyp]hhpdJk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ. mjd; fhuzkhf mNefkhd
,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; Kd;dH tho;e;Jte;j kf;fs; jq;fSila nrhe;jf; fhzpfSf;F
jpUk;gKbahj epiyik fhzg;gLfp;wJ. Ks;spf;Fsk;> Nfg;ghg;gpsT> aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk;
fpspnehr;rp gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhzpfs; jkpo;
kf;fSf;F chpj;jhdJ Mifahy; fhzpfs; kWf;fg;gLtJ ,dQ; rhHe;j ghFghl;Lld;
mNefk; njhlHGgl;lJ.
'mur mjpfhhpfs; ,uhZtj;jpdUf;F gae;J Ntiynra;fpd;wdH.
,uhZtj;jpdiu fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaWk;gb $whky; 0.5 Vf;fH
Mf;fpukpg;gpYs;s 8 FLk;gq;fSf;F jyh 20 NgHr; fhzp tPjk;
jUtjhf cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,d;dKk; me;j cWjp nkhopia
G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd epiyiaf;
fhzKbatpy;iy"
- Ky;iyj;jPT gs;spf;FbapUg;igr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.
'vk;ik vy;iyfspYs;s Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J fhg;ghw;wNt
,uhZtj;jpdH NjitNa md;wp khwhf vq;fSila rpwpa
fpuhkq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fy;y"
- Nfg;ghg;gpsitr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;
29kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
ehl;b;d; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; vOe;jthhpahf jpBnud tdg; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpdhy;
jdpahH fhzpfis tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; njhy;ypaYf;Fhpa tdf; fhzpfshf
vy;iy epHzak; nra;jy; kw;WnkhU gpur;ridahFk;. ,r; nraw;ghlhdJ ,d hPjpahf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w xU nraw;ghlhfg; ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; rpWghd;ikapdiu
ikag;gLj;jpajhd fhzp mgfhpg;G ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
njhy;ypay; ghJfhg;G Nghd;wtw;iw Kd;dpiyg;gL;j;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w ,dk; rhHe;j
Kd;ndLg;Gf;fs; mNefkhf rpWghd;ikapdiu fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F
2.1.2
'murhq;fkhdJ vq;fSila tzf;fj;jyq;fs;> ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk;
tptrha epyq;fs; cs;slq;fyhd gpuNjrj;ij Njrpa G+q;fh vd
mwptpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ehq;fs; vq;fSila tptrha epyq;fSf;F
nry;Yk;NghJ nghyp]hH ifJ nra;fpd;wdH vdpDk; xU rp;q;fstH
nrd;W kuk; xd;wpid ntl;Lk;NghJ mtHfSf;F fhty;Jiw
ghJfhg;G toq;Ffpd;wJ"
- aho;g;ghzk; gyhyp gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.
'ehq;fs; 40 tUl fhykhf ,q;F tho;fpd;Nwhk; vdpDk; jkpoHfs;
jw;NghJ xt;nthUtUk; te;J fhzpfisf; Nfl;fpd;wdH. fpuhk
NritahsH kw;Wk; gpuNjr nrayhsHfs; rpq;fstHfshf ,Ue;jhy;
,g; gpur;ridfs; KbTf;FtUk;"
- Ky;iyj;jPtpYs;s ePz;l fhy FbapUg;ghsH.
gpuNjr epHthfj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik rpq;fstuhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ rpq;fstHfSf;F
rYiffSk;> gpuNjr epHthfj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik jkpouhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jkpoHfSf;F
rYiffSk;> gpuNjr epHthfg; ngUk;ghd;ik K];yPk;fshf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
K];yPk;fSf;F rYiffs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wik ,yq;ifapd; ,dthj r%f mikg;gpd;
%yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d hPjpahd gf;;fr;rhHGila kPs; FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk;
,lkhw;wf; nfhs;iffshdJ rpq;fstHfSf;Fk; jkpoHfSf;Fk;> rpq;fstHfSf;Fk;
K];yPk;fSf;Fkpilapy; Kuz;ghLfis Njhw;wptpg;gjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. (cjhuzkhf
fy;Xah jpl;lk;> kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;> jPfthgp kw;Wk; mk;ghiwapYs;s
Eiur;Nrhiy Rdhkp tPl;Lj;jpl;lk;). ,t;thwhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs;
nrad;Kiwfspy; fhzg;gl;l ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapd;ik fhuzkhf rpWghd;ikr;
r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;ifaw;w epyikia Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. mjpfhhpfspd; cs;sf
Nehf;fhdJ Gs;sptpguq;fis Kiwapd;wpf; ifahStjd; %yk; jq;fsJ thf;fspg;Gg;
gyj;ij Fiwg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdH vd vz;Zfpd;wdH.
'vq;fsplk; fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fSk; gw;Wr;rPl;LfSk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;
ehq;fs; kPz;Lk; vkJ ,lq;fSf;Fj; jpUk;Gk;NghJ tdj; jpizf;fsj;-
jpdH fw;fisg; gjpj;jpUe;jdH. 3 tUlq;fshfpAk; ,d;dKk; fhzpf;Fs;
EioaKbahJs;sJ"
- kJud;ntspiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;
30 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2.1.3 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp khjphp
Gjpa jhuhs kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUshjhu %Nyhghaj;je;jpukhdJ gue;Jgl;l tpjj;jpy;
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspypUe;J kf;fis ntspNaw;Wjy; %yk; njhopw;Jiw eltbf;iffSf;F
mf; fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jKbAnkd;w mbg;gilaw;w ek;gpf;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,jd; tpisthf Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopw;Jiwfspy; kw;Wk; tzpf nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspy; fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l r%fq;fspypUe;J njhopyhsHfs;
ghhpa mstpy; cUthf;fg;glyhk; vd vjpHghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. nkhduhfiy> ̀ k;ghe;Njhl;il>
mEuhjGuk; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; murpdhy; Vuhskhd fhzpfs; gy;Njrpa tptrha
njhopw;Jiwfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;nfd toq;fg;gl;lNghJ> Vio tptrhapfspd; fhzpg;
gq;fhdJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fiwtila Muk;gpj;jJ. fhzpfis fhzpfsw;wtHfSf;F
kPs toq;Ftjw;fhd fhzpf; fr;Nrhpfs; mhpjhfNt $bajhy; FLk;g cWg;gpdHfs;
kj;jpapy; Vw;fdNt toq;fg;gl;l fhzpfNs gq;fplg;gl;lJ.
mj;Jld;> efu ikaf; fhzpfs; kpfTk; Njlg;gLfpd;w re;ijg; nghUshf
khw;wkile;j epiyapy; efuj;jpy; tho;e;Jte;j Vio kf;fs; jq;fsJ epyq;fis
tpLj;J ntspefu vy;iyfSf;F my;yJ efu vy;iyapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l njhlHkhb
fl;blj;njhFjpfSf;F gyte;jkhf efHj;jg;gl;ldH. fhzp tpiy kw;Wk; thlif
mjpfhpg;ghdJ fhzpaw;wtHfSf;Fk; tPLfsw;wtHfSf;Fk; ghupa gpur;ridia
Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL mtHfs; efuq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;F ce;Jifahf mike;jJ.
(nfhOk;G kw;Wk; ePHnfhOk;G Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rk;gtf;fw;iffs;).
efuj;jpypUe;j Vio kf;fis jq;fsJ FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J njhlHkhb tPl;Lj;
njhFjpfSf;F efh;j;jpajhdJ ntWkNd mtHfsJ fhzp ,og;gpid khj;jpukd;wp
mtHfsJ tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G tiyaikg;igAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ
,t;thwhf ehL G+uhfTk; mgfhpf;fg;gl;l fhzpfs;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw rhHe;j fl;Lkhdj;jpw;Fk;
ghhpa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fnkd toq;fg;gl;lJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw rhHe;j
ntspNaw;wq;fshdJ Fwpg;ghf ky;tj;J Xah gpuNjrq;fspy; Mw;wpd; fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s
fpuhkq;fspy; tho;e;Jte;j kf;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L tsHe;J tUfpd;w Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;nfd fhzpfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fSf;F
cj;jpNahfG+Ht mwptpg;ghf nts;s mghak; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. gz;lhutis>
'rPdpj; njhopw;rhiyia mikg;gjw;fhf vq;fSila tPLfs;
jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;ld. vq;fSf;F NtW fhzpfNsh ,og;gPl;Lj;
njhifNah toq;fg;gltpy;iy. fhzpfSld; tho;e;j tptrhapfshftpUe;J
fhzpfsw;w tptrhaf; $yp Ntiyahl;fshf khwpAs;Nshk;."
-mk;ghiw tHzhj;Jtl;il gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.
toptFf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd tprhuizf;Fhpa tplaq;fs;> cjhuzkhf Ky;iyj;jPT
gpuNjrj;jpy; jq;fs; fhzpfis ,oe;j rpWghz;ik K];yPk;fs; Mizf;FOtpd;
ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;Lte;jdH. ,Nj khjphpahd GfhHfis tpy;gj;J kw;Wk;
jpUNfhzkiyapYs;s kf;fSk; Kd;itj;jdH
31kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2.1.4 mjpfhuj;Jtj; Njhy;tpfs;
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2. Thanges, Paramsothy. “Caste and Camp People in Jaffna: Land Ownership and Landlessness.” Colombo Telegraph, 8 Dec. 2015, https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/caste-camp-people-in-jaffna-landowner-ship-landlessness/
2.1.6 rhjp mbg;gilapyhd nghwpKiw hPjpahd Gwe;js;Sif
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cwtpdHfSld; jq;fpapUf;fNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpd; fhuzkhf jhq;fs; tpUk;gpa
tho;thhjhur; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fKbahj epiyapYs;sdH. mtHfSf;fhd
fiuNahu epyg;gFjpahdJ mtHfSf;Fhpa kPd;gb trjpiag; ngw;Wj;je;jJ. vdNt
khw;wPl;L fhzpfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tnjd;gJ mtHfs; njhopYf;fhf gpuahzQ;
nra;aNtz;ba J}uj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
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jq;fsJ ghuk;ghpa tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sj; jilahf mike;jJ.
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3. Human Rights Watch, “Why can’t we go home?” - Military occupation of land in Sri Lanka - pg. 37 - https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/srilanka1018_web2.pdf
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4. This multi-million Euro river basin project is designed to increase water storage capacity for irrigation and drinking purposes, to increase and improve irrigation and drainage schemes and, to provide the tools and capacity building to improve practices in water resources’ management and to promote climate smart agri-culture in the watershed. - https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/design-and-supervision-contract-ten-dered-for-sri-lankan-river-basin-project/
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cj;jpNahfG+Ht chpikia toq;fhjjhy;> mtHfs; mfjp Kfhk;fspy; jq;fp thoNtz;ba
fl;lhaj;jpw;Fs;shfpdH. khtl;lr; nrayfj;jpy; kf;fspd; Mtzq;fs; vhpe;J Nghdjhy;
Ntnty;ypiar; ( jpUNfhzkiy) NrHe;;j kf;fs; 1983 ,y; ,Ue;J jq;fsJ nrhe;jf;
fhzpfSf;Fj; jpUk;g Kbahj epiyapYs;sdH. mtHfsplk; cj;jpNghfG+Ht Mtzq;fis
Kd;itf;FkhW Nfhug;gl;lNghJ mit mtHfsplk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; fhzpfs;
tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;G NjitfSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mizf;FO fye;Jiuahba kf;fspd; fUj;jpw;fika> gdq;fz;b (fpspnehr;rp)
fpuhkkhdJ 1987 ,y; kf;fs; tPLjiy Kd;dzpapdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l td;Kiwf;
fl;ltpo;g;gpy; ,lk;ngaHe;Jte;j fz;b. Nffhiy> ,uj;jpdGhp kw;Wk; Vida
gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j kf;fisf; FbakHj;Jtjw;nfd jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH> fhzpapd; cz;ikahd chpikahsH fhzpfis
Nfl;lNghJ> rpy kf;fs; mtw;wpw;fhd njhifia jq;fsJ eiffis tpw;gid nra;Jk;
mlF iitj;Jk; (fld;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffs; ,y;yhjepiyapy;)
toq;fpdH. .
nfhf;fpsha; (Ky;iyj;jPT) gpuNjrj;jpy; thOfpd;w rpq;fs kf;fs; me;jf; fhzpfspy;
cj;jpNahfG+Htkhd chpikfs; ,y;yhtpbDk; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJk; xt;nthU tUlKk;
fpwp];k]; fhyq;fSf;F ePHnfhOk;gpw;F nry;tijj; jtpu Vida fhyq;fspy; tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdH. mtHfs; Rdhkpapd; NghJ jq;fsJ kPd;gpb mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis ,oe;jNjhL>
42 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
mNdfkhd fhzp chpikahsHfSk; jq;fsJ fhzp cWjpfis ,oe;jpUg;gNjhL
gpuNjr nrayfj;jpypUe;j gpujp Mtzq;fSk; mope;J tpl;ljhfj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH.
'vt;tsT nfhs;iffSk; rl;lq;fSk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhYk; $l mtw;wpd;
eilKiwg;gLj;jypNy midj;Jk; jq;fpAs;sJ"
- Ky;iyj;jPitr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.
fpspnehr;rp - kwpg;G gpuNjrj;ijr;; NrHe;j kf;fs; Vw;fdNt jPHf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd
ek;Gfpd;w JiwrhH gpur;ridfis mur mjpfhhpfs; kPz;Lk; Kd;itf;fpd;wdh;. (kf;fsplk;
fhzg;gLfpd;w fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpw;fikthf fhzpj; Jz;bid chpik khw;wQ;
nra;a Kd;dH milahsg;gLj;jy;). cs;@H jkpo; murpay;thjpfs; tdg; ghJfhg;G
jpizf;fsj;jpw;F cjTtjd; %yk; kf;fspd; kPs; FbNaw;wj;ij jilnra;tjhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; 25-30 fpzWfs; toq;fg;gl;l re;jHg;g;j;jpy; K];yPk;
kf;fSf;F vjpuhf eilngw;w ePjpf;Fg; Gwk;ghd nrayhf kwpg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; xU
K];yPk; egUf;Ff;$l fpzW toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;w cjhuzk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lNjhL
,t;thwhd njhlHr;rpahd ghFghl;L eilKiwfs; ,lk;ngWtjhfTk; Aj;j fhyj;jpYk;
$l jkpoPo tpLjiyg; GypfspdhYk; ,k; kf;fs; ghFgLj;jpg; ghHf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,e;jpa mikjpg;gilapd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Aj;j fhyj;jpy;
kw;Wk; Rdhkpapd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fsJ fhzpfis Ntw;W r%fj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;ljhf njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpYk; rk;khe;Jiwg; gpuNjrjj;jpy;
fy;Xah cWjpfisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gl;l kf;fs; ,lk; ngah;e;J kPz;Lk; FbNaWk; NghJ
mtHfsJ tptrhaf; fhzpfs; rpq;fstHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jjhf Fwpg;gpl;ldH. mNj
Nghd;W> mk;ghiw nghd;dk;ntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; 1990 ,y; Vw;gl;l Aj;jj;jpd; ,lg;ngaHT
fhuzkhf kP];èk; kf;fSf;F nrhe;jkhftpUe;j ghhpa gy;NtW Vf;fHfisf; nfhz;l
tptrhaf; fhzpfs;;> me;j kf;fs; kPz;Lk; jpUk;Gk;NghJ mit rpq;fs kf;fSf;F
cWjpfs; kw;Wk; fy;Xah fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; %yKk; gfpHe;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mEuhjGuj;jpy; kPsf;FbNawpa rpy r%fq;fs; jq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l fhzpfs;
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; ,y;yhjitnad tprdk; njhptpj;jdH. aho;g;ghzk; - ijapl;biar;
Nrh;e;j kPsf;FbNawpa kf;fSf;F tho;thjhu trjpfs; ,d;ikahy; mtHfs; jpdf;$yp
NtiyfSf;F nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd;dH kl;lf;fsg;igr; NrHe;j kPd;gpb r%fk; flw;fiuapypUe;J 500m
,w;F mg;ghy; nry;yNtz;b Vw;gl;ljhy; xU rpyH jq;fsJ njhopiy Nkrd;
Nghd;w njhopy;fSf;F khw;wpf;nfhz;lNjhL VidNahH gy;NtWgl;l rthy;fSf;F
kj;jpapYk; kPd;gpbj; njhopiy nra;J tUfpd;wdH. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Fwpg;ghf kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopiy fiuNahuj;ij mz;b nra;JtUfpd;w kPdtHfSf;F mg;gpuNjrq;fspy
khw;W tho;thjhuk;; fhzg;glhikahFk;.
kiyahsHFsk; kw;Wk; IaHFsk; (fpspnehr;rp) Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; Aj;jj;jpdhy;
,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fs; kPsf;FbakHtjw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l fhzp Ky;iyj;jPT td
ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; mit jq;fSila vy;iyf;Fl;gl;lit vdf;$wp
kPsf;FbakHT nraw;ghl;il jil nra;Js;sdH. ,Nj Nghd;W gyhyp gpuNjrj;jpy;
kf;fSf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspy; kPsf;FbakHtjw;F nrd;wNghJ jdpgl;ltHfsJ
43kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
chpikfis cWjpnra;a kWj;J mtHfsJ chpik njhlu;ghd tpz;zg;gq;fis
epuhfhpj;J mit tdg;ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhdnjd njhptpj;jdH.
kf;fSf;F vt;tpjkhd el;l<LfSkpd;wp ,aw;if tsq;fs; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J
ntspf;nfhz;L nry;yy;.
kf;fSf;Fhpj;jhd ,aw;if tsq;fis mtHfsJ r%fq;fspypUe;J vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gly;
vd;w GfhH mNefkhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G mkHTfspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tplakhFk;. Kryp
gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J rl;ltpNuhjkhf kz; mfog;gl;L nfhOk;gpw;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; NtW gpuNjr kPdtHfs; rl;ltpNuhj ,Oitg;glFfisg; ghtpj;J
jq;fSf;fhd flw;gug;gpy; kPd;gpbg;gjhf kPdtHfs; GfhH nra;jpUe;jdH. Kryp
gpuNjrj;jpy; kPd;gpb kw;Wk; tTdpahtpYs;s njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;tJ jtpu
NtW tho;thjhu eltbf;iffs; fhzg;glhik Fwpj;J GfhH nra;jdH. mj;Jld; mtHfs;
jq;fsJ r%fj;jpypy;yhj kPdtHfSk; ,q;F te;J kPdgpbg;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdH.
kapypl;biar; NrHe;j jkpo; kPdtHfs; nghpa glFfs; kw;Wk; Gjpa tif tiyfisf;
nfhz;L nghpa kPd;fisg; gpbf;ff;$ba rpq;fs kPdtHfSld; Nghl;bNghLtJ Fwpj;J
jq;fsJ Vf;fj;ijj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH.
'rpyhtj;JiwapypUe;J xUtH rKHj;jpg; gaidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fpy; gpuNjr nrayhsUf;F fbjnkhd;iw rkHg;gp;j;jNghJ 'ePq;fs;
rpyhtj;Jiwiar; NrHe;jth; jhNd? mq;fpUf;Fk; kf;fs; mofhf
,Ug;gNjhL ed;whfTk; tho;fpd;wdH. ehd; Rj;jkhf Mil mzpe;J
fz;zhbAk; mzpe;jpUe;jhy; ehd; trjpahf ,Uf;fpd;Nwd; vd;W
mHj;jg;gLkh?"
- rpyhtj;Jiwiar; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WdH
,Ztpy; fpof;fpy; (aho;g;ghzk;) ,lk;ngaH Kfhk;fspYs;s kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w njsptpd;ik fhuzkhf Njit ,Ue;Jk; mtHfs; rKHj;jp Nghd;w
gad;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tpz;zg;gpf;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; rKHj;jp Nghd;w
eyd;Ghp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F epue;ju Kfthp mtrpakhdnjd;gJ
,t;thwhd jpl;lq;fis kf;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; xU rthyhf ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. mur
mjpfhhpfs; NjitAs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;ij gw;wpg; G+uzkhf mwpe;Jnfhs;s
MHtq; fhl;lhikAk; rKHj;jp Nghd;w jpl;lq;fspYs;s kw;WnkhU gpur;ridahFk;.
tpz;zg;gg;gj;jpuq;fs; nrayhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;lhYk; $l mit kpfTk; ke;j
fjpapNyNa ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ Fwpg;ghf ,it 5 tUlq;fs; $l rpy Neuq;fspy;
vLf;fpd;wJ. nghJthf rKh;j;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glypy; gy;NtWgl;l
tpkHrdq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLtNjhL Nkyjpf Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;L cz;ikahfj;
NjitAilatHfis milahsg;gLj;jp mtHfSf;fhd cjtpfs; toq;;fg;glNtz;Lnkd
kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; fy;tp fw;gtHfs; tho;fpd;w tPLfis mur
mjpfhhpfs; cWjpnra;jyhdJ mtHfs; fld; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
mur rYiffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtrpakhdjhf ,Ug;gNjhL mtw;iwg;
Ghptjw;F mur mjpfhhpfs; jaf;fq;fhl;LtJhf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tho;thjhu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ
mtw;wpd; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikapy; rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLtNjhL ,yQ;rk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w
44 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
re;jHg;gq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,j;; jpl;lq;fshdJ kf;fsJ NjitfNshL
xg;gpLifapy; tpj;jpahrg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLtjhy; mtw;iw kf;fs; epuhfhpf;fpd;w
re;jHg;gq;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
2.2.3 ghhpa mstpyhd mgptpUj;jp> tptrhaj; jp;l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
mEuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrq;fspy; efukakhjy;>
jdpahH ifj;njhopy;fSf;F tptrhaf; fhzpfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jp
fhzpfis gy;NtW mikr;Rf;fs; Mf;fpukpg;gJ> tptrhapfsplkpUe;j tpisr;ry; epyk;
Fiwtiltjhf kf;fs; tprdk; njhptpj;jdH. ,J ghuk;ghpa Kiwfspy; tptrhaj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jilahf miktjhfTk; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH.(njhlHr;rpahd gUt
fhyj;jpy; NtWgl;l fhzpj; Jz;lq;fspy; gaphply;). ,JTk; kf;fspd; tho;thjhu
eilKiwfspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL rpyH tptrhaj;ij iftpl;L rpwpa rpy;yiwf;
filfis Muk;gpj;Js;sdH. mEuhjGuk; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; Rw;Wyhj; JiwahdJ
ghhpastpy; tsHr;rp ngw;Ws;s epiyapYk; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; jq;fSila epyq;fis
tHj;jf eltbf;iffSf;F toq;FtijtpLj;J tptrhaj;jpw;F ghtpf;fNt tpUk;Gfpd;wdH.
nghyd;dWitiar; NrHe;j kf;fs; jq;fsJ fhzpfs; njhlHgpy; mtw;iw tpw;gjw;F
my;yJ mlF itg;gjw;fhd Rahl;rp chpik jq;fSf;F jug;glNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL
mtHfsJ fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; tptrhakhdJ ,d;Dk; ,yhgkspf;fpd;w eilKiwahf
khw;wkilaNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy;> ,e; epiy md;whlf; $yp Ntiy nra;Ak; kw;Wk;
Kr;rf;futz;b nrYj;Jfpd;w ,isQHfisf; ftUtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis mjpfhpf;Fk;.
gy;NtWgl;l jdpahH epWtdq;fs; kf;fsJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhfj; Njitahd
fhzpfis thq;fpAs;s epiyapy;. hpA (Riu) Rw;Wyh tpLjp fhypapYs;s flw;fiuapy;
xU gFjpiaAk;> (B)ghH tpNy[; Rw;Wyh tpLjp `k;ghe;Njhl;ilg; gFjpapYs;s
tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l fhzpiaAk;> thiog;gok;
kw;Wk; khk;go cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs; `k;ghe;Njhl;ilapYk; Flh Xahit ghjpj;J
me;juntt fhl;LggFjpf;F chpj;jhd gpuNjrj;jpy; mikj;Js;s nghnu];l; nwhf;
(Forest Rock) Rw;Wyh tpLjp> nfh];nfhl gpuNjrj;jpYs;s tptrha epyq;fisg; ngw;W
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fopT Kfhikj;Jt epiyak;> jpUNfhzkiyapy; Rw;Wyh tpLjpfSk;
jdpahH tpahghuq;fSk; ,tw;wpDs; mlq;Fk;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Rw;Wyh tpLjpfs; jq;fsJ
flw;fiug; GFjpf;F kPdtHfs; nry;tijj; jLj;jhYk; xU gFjp kPdtHfs; mtHfis
thbf;ifahsHfshf vz;zp jq;fsJ gpbf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis tpw;ff;$ba jskhfg;
ghHj;jhYk; kw;WnkhU gFjpapdh; mjid jq;fSila tho;thjhuj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;w
CLUtpfshfg; ghHf;fpd;wdH. (jpUNfhzkiyapypUe;J tUif jUfpd;w kPdtHfs;
flw;gilapdhpd; cjtpAld; ghtpf;fpd;w kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fs; jq;fsJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;F
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ghzk (mk;ghiw) gpuNjrj;jpy; tHj;jf ];jhgdq;fSk;
Rw;Wyh tpLjpfSk; flw;fiug; gFjpia ifg;gw;wpAs;s epiyapy; fiu tiy %yk;
kPd;gpbj;jypy; FWf;fPL Vw;gLfpd;wJ. (kpNydpak; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;F kw;Wk; cyf
tq;fpapd; nfhs;iffs;5 fhuzkhfNt Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ,g; gpuNjrq;fspy; ngUFfpd;wJ
5. Society for Threatened People, Dark clouds over the Sunshine Paradise - Tourism and Human Rights in Sri Lanka, Pg. 55 - https://www.gfbv.ch/wp-content/uploads/pdf-e.pdf
45kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
rP.I.rp epWtdj;jpw;F 50 tUl Fj;jiff;F 2000 Vf;fH fhzpfs; tpij Muha;r;rpf;nfd
murpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; mUfpYs;s tptrhapfspd; fUj;Jg;gb mtHfs;
mf;fhzpapy; gapu;r;nra;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjhf njhptpf;fpd;wdH. rP.I.rp epWtdk;
$Ljyhd fpUkp ehrpdpfisg; ghtpg;gNjhL me;epWtdkhdJ #oYf;F Vw;glf;$ba
ghjpg;Gf;fs; gw;wpg; ngUkstpy; nghUl;gLj;Jtjpy;iy vd kf;fs; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH.
jdpahupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w rl;ltpNuhj fhzp Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fshy; kf;fspd;
tho;thjhuq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wikAk; muR kf;fspd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;fj;
jtwpaikAk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf tTdpahtpYs;s kfh uk;igf;Fsk;
fpuhkj;jpYs;s cja uk;igf; FskhdJ xU jdpahuhy; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> mtH xU
tptrha Nritfs; mYtyuhthH. ,J 25 Vf;fH fhzpapy; eilngw;W te;j tptrhaj;ijg;
ghjpg;gNjhL ,g; gpuNjr kf;fspd; FbePH trjpf;Fk; gq;fk; tpistpf;fg;gl;lJ. Vida
Vhpfshd neYq;Fsk;> fps;tpy; Fsk;> gz;lhhpf;Fsk;> jphpE}ehtf;Fsk;> juzpf;Fsk;>
uk;igf;Fsk;> rkzk; Fsk;> fy;ehl;bd Fsk; MfpadTk; kf;fshy; tptrha epyq;fshf
khw;wg;gl;L my;yJ mopf;fg;gl;Lk; tpl;ld
nfhf;fpshapYs;s (Ky;iyj;jPT) jkpo; kf;fs; Aj;jk;> kfhtyp L jpl;lk; kw;Wk;
tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffspd; fhuzkhfTk; ,lk;ngaHe;Jk; fhzpfspypUe;J
ntspNaww;wg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhfTk; mtHfs; rKHj;jp ed;ikfisg; ngWtjw;F
tpz;zg;gpf;f KbahkYs;sdH. nfhf;Fj;njhLthiar; (Ky;iyj;jPT) NrHe;j kf;fs;
kfhtyp L jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL rKHj;jp Fwpj;J mtHfs; vt;tpjkhd
tpguq;fisAk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. nfhf;Fj;njhLtha; kw;Wk; kzyhW gpuNjr kf;fSk;
gwitfs; ruzhyak; mikj;jjd; fhuzkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
nghpakL (kd;dhH) fpuhkj;jpy; tptrhapfs; jq;fsJ cw;gj;jpfisg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;F NghJkhd msT tsq;fs; fpilg;gjpy;iynad tprdk; njhptpj;jdH.
fy;Kidapy; Kd;dndLf;fgltpUe;j JiwKf mgptpUj;jpahdJ ,g; gpuNjr kf;fspd;
kPd;gpb njhopYf;Fk; Njitahd fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; mw;Wg;Nghff;$Lk; vd;w gaj;jpd;
fhuzkhf. ,j; jpl;lk; mtHfsJ ftdj;ij <Hj;jJ.
tdg;ghJfhg;Gj;; jpizf;fsk; fpuhd;> Nfhkhup> k[Pj;Guk;> fdfhH fpuhkk; (nghj;Jtpy;
gpuNjr nrayhsH gphpT)> ghyd;ltl;il (mk;ghiw ,wf;fhkk; gpuNjr nrayhsH gphpT)
Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspYs;s fhzpfis Mf;fpukpj;jNjhL Kd;dH ,f; fhzpfis fhzp
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w tptrhapfsplkpUe;J ,uhZtj;jpdH ifafg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH.
Ntfhkk; (nghj;Jtpy;) mk;ghiwapy; 1990 ,y; tptrha r%fk; Aj;jk; fhuzkhf
,lk;ngaHe;J 2010-2011 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; kPz;Lk; FbNaWk;NghJ
mf;fhzpfs; yhFfy Njrpa tdtpyq;Ff;nfd Rw;wptisf;fgl;bUe;jJ. ,jaGuk;>
fuq;Nfhit Nkw;F> mkNtl;ld;> kJud;ntsp (mk;ghiw) Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J
Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf 1987 ,y; ,lk;ngaHe;J kPz;Lk; FbNaWk; NghJ mtw;iw
tdg;ghJfg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ifafg;gLj;jpapUe;jij mwpe;Jnfhz;ldH.
tdghJfhg;Gj;; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; fhzpfs; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiyapy; nghj;Jtpy;
gpuNjrr; nrayhsH gphptpd; J}f;Fnty;y> nrk;Gntsp kw;Wk; nty;Nthp (jpUNfhzkiy)
fpuhkq;fisr; NrHe;j kf;fs; jq;fsJ tptrha tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tJ rpukkhfpAs;sJ. mk;ghiw khtl;l Njhzpf;fy; njw;F fz;lk;
(jpUf;Nfhtpy; gpuNjr nrayhsH gphpT) tl;lkL (jpUf;Nfhtpy; gpuNjr nrayhsH gphpT)
kw;Wk; Nfhkhhp (nghj;Jtpy; gpuNjr nrayhsH gphpT) Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; 80 tUl
fhykhf Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ $l tptrha eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;Lte;j kf;fis
tdg;ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdUk; nghyp]hUk; xd;wpize;J fhzpfspypUe;J
46 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
ntspNaw;wp mtHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;Js;sdH. Rz;bf;Fsk; gpuNjrj;jpy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w Njrpag; G+q;fhtpdhy; mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; tptrhak; nra;Jte;j
kf;fSf;F jw;NghJ mg;gpuNjrj;jpw;F nry;yKbahj epyik Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fSf;F 2 Vf;fH fhzp toq;fg;gLk; vd
cWjpaspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk; ntypkl> Cth kw;Wk; gz;lhutisg; gpuNjrj;ijr;
NrHe;j kf;fs; jq;fs; fhzpfs; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Jiwfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w tPo;r;rp
kw;Wk; fzprkhf epyf;fPo; ePhpd; Fiwtpdhy; fpzWfs; tw;Wtjd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gLnkd
mwpe;Jnfhz;ldH. mj;Jld; gz;lhutis gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Gtpapay; khw;wq;
fhuzkhf nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Nrjq;fs; Vw;glf;$ba tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gLtjhf
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l el;l<lhdJ xJf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J
xU gFjp khj;jpuNk toq;fg;gl;lNjhL> tPjp mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk;
Njhl;lq;fspypUe;J fhzpfisg; ngw;W Njhl;lj;jpw;F el;l <l;il toq;fpdhYk;>
mtw;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F vijAk; toq;ftpy;iy. mjpYk; murpaypy;
njhlHGfisg; NgzptUfpd;w xU rhuhH mg;gpuNjr r%fj;jpd; gFjpahf ,y;yhjNghjpYk;
jhq;fs; filfis mikj;J gpuNjr tHj;jf epiyaq;fSf;F rthyhf nraw;gl;L
tUfpd;wdH. kz; rhptpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; fhzp cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jpdhy; mtHfSf;F el;l<L toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; el;l<l;Lg;
nghwpKiwahdJ ePz;l fhyk; vLf;fpd;w fbdkhd mjpfhuj;Jtk;kpf;f xU Kiwahff;
fhzg;gLtjhy; kf;fs; mtw;wpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mjpf Neuj;ijAk; gzj;ijAk;
nrytspf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,g;gFjp kf;fSf;fhd khw;W epyq;fs; FFs;nghy
(Kuhulpola) vd;w ,lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l NghJ nry;thf;Fs;stHfs; nghpa fhzpfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldH.
efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigapdhy; nfhOk;G efu kPs; cUthf;fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;
fPo; njkl;lnfhilapy; mikf;fg;gl;l rprpu cad mLf;Fkhb tPl;Lj; njhFjpapy; tho;e;J
tUfpd;w efug;Gw Vio kf;fSf;F cj;jpNahfG+Htkw;w tpjj;jpy; mtHfsJ tPl;by;
tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mDkjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy. Muk;gj;jpy;
Kfhikj;Jtk; mLf;Fkhb tPl;Lj; njhFjpapDs; tho;thjhu eltbf;iffSf;F
Kw;whfj; jil tpjpj;jpUe;jhYk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; FbakHj;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jq;fsJ
njhopy;fSf;fhd ,ltrjp ,d;ikahy; ,t;tpjpKiwfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy
FbapUg;ghsHfs; ,j; njhlHkhb tPl;Lj; njhFjpapy; FbNaWtjw;F Kd;dH gy;NtWgl;l
cj;jpNahfG+Htkw;w tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; jw;NghJ mtHfs;
njhiytpypUg;gjdhy; mNj tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ mjpf
nrythFnkdf; Fwpg;gpl;lUe;jdH. (cjhuzkhf filfSf;F czT rikj;J toq;fy;).
47kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2.2.4 ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs;
Njapiyr; nra;if kw;Wk; fUk;Gr; nra;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy;
tho;fpd;w kf;fsplkpUe;J Mizf;FOtpdH fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;jdH.
gphpj;jhdpaHfshy; $ypj; njhopypd; epkpj;jk; njd; ,e;epahtpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpiar; NrHe;j jkpo; kf;fNs Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fspy; FbapUf;fpd;wdH.
mtHfs; gue;Jgl;l ghFghL> Ruz;ly;;fs; kw;Wk; td;KiwfSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gtHfs;.
,r; r%fj;jpdhpy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH 1948 ,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l FbAhpikr; rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; FbAhpikia ,oe;jNjhL chpikaw;wth;fshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;ldh;> gpd;dh; 2009
,Ny; FbAhpikia ,tHfs kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldH. ehl;bd; Kf;fpa gpujhdkhd xU
nghUshjhu cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; gq;fhsHfshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,tHfs; guk;giuahf
ViofshfTk; xJf;fg;gl;ltHfshfTk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH.
`pq;Fuhiz kw;Wk; ngy;tj;ijapYs;s fUk;Gj; Njhl;lq;fs; murpw;F nrhe;jkhdit.
,q;Fs;s fhzpfspypUe;J murpdhy; kf;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lNjhL xU rpy gFjp mur
rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy; kf;fSf;F gapHnra;aTk; thoTk; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,k;kf;fs; jq;fsJ tho;f;if vt;thW $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L
Msg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> vt;thW jq;fspd; FbAhpik mD$yq;fis
mgfhpj;Js;sJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jdH.
ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfspd; tPnlhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhdJ mtHfs; njhopy;GhpAk;
Njhl;lj;jpNy jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ xU nghJg;gilahd tplakhFk;. tUkhdk; Fiwe;j
epiyapy; tWikg; gpbf;Fs; rpf;Fz;L fk;gdpfspy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w epiyapy; jdpahH
fk;gdpfs; my;yJ murhq;fNk fhzpfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wd. jdpahH
fk;gdpfs; murplkpUe;J ePz;l fhy Fj;jiff;F fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. Ra-
njhopy;> Vida tUkhdkPl;Lk; njhopy;fspy; rpyNtisfspy; gaphply; Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l
ghtidf;fhf fhzp kw;Wk; tPLfisg; ghtpg;gJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;
,f;fhzpfis flDf;fhd ghJfhg;ghf ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
fhuzk; ,f;fhzpfs; cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf kf;fSf;F chpj;Jilajy;y.
,r; rKfq;fs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w gpur;ridfs; fPNo tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
r%fg;ghJfhg;G mD$yq;fis mZFjypYs;s rthy;fs;
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; kf;fs; thOfpd;w gFjpfs; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspd; tpahghu myfpd;
jdpg;gl;l fhzpfshfNt fUjg;gLtjhy; cs;@uhl;rp rigfs; vt;thW ,;g;gpuNjrq;fspy;
nraw;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlHgpy; njspthd topfhl;ly;fs; ,y;iy. mj;Jld;
cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;F ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy;; tho;fpd;w Njhl;l kf;fsplkpUe;J kw;Wk;
mq;Fs;s FbapUg;Gf;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; nghUe;Njhl;lj;jpd; tpahghuj;jpd; gFjpfshf;
fzpf;fg;gLtjhy; mtw;wpypUe;J thpfis mwtpLtjw;fhd Mizaw;w epiyapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; Njhl;lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs; fhzp thp kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wf;
fl;lzq;fspd; %ykhf jq;fsJ gq;fspg;ig toq;Ffpd;wdH.
Jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s cs;@uhl;rp rl;lkhdJ 1871 ,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
Ke;ija fpuhk rig rl;lj;ijg; Nghd;Nw mjd; epjpapypUe;J Njhl;l kf;fSf;F
48 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
Nritfis toq;fg;glKbahj epiy fhzg;gLtNjhL jw;NghJk; $l ,tHfs; cs;@
uhl;rp rigfspypUe;J gy;NtWgl;l mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj ntWkNd
thf;fhsHfshfg; ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
fhzpia ifafg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mD$yq;fspd;wp Ruz;Ljy;
ngy;tj;j rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpw;nfd nkhduhfiy gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j tptrhapfs;
fUk;Gfis tsHf;Fk; NghJ mtHfs; epWtdj;jpdhy; Rfhjhu Nritfs; cl;gl;l
gy;NtW mD$yq;fisj; jUtjhff; $wpdhYk; mit ,tHfSf;F toq;fg;glhky;
Ruz;lg;gLtjhf GfhH nra;jdH. NkYk; tptrhapfis ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspd; NghJk;
mtHfsJ gapu;fSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shky; mtHfisj;
jz;bf;fpd;wdH.
mk;ghiwg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fy;Xah fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis itj;jpUe;j kf;fspd;
fhzpfis `pq;Fuhiz rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy;> ,j;jpl;lkhdJ ntw;wpngwhj
gl;rj;jpy; ,f;fhzpfs; kPs toq;fg;gLk; vd;w cWjpAiuapd; fPo; ngwg;gl;lJ.
nts;isf;fy;Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; tz;zhj;Jntl;il MfpadNt ,t;thwhfg; ngwg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fshFk;. nts;isf;fy;Njhl;lj;jpy; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;l fhzpfs;
tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLfpd;w rpq;fs tptrhapfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fdl;bad; Kd;khhp
(mk;ghiw) Kanattiyan Munmari (Ampara)> mq;F tho;e;Jte;j kf;fspd; tptrha
eltbf;iffSf;Fj; Njitahd ePiu jLj;J fl;lhakhf mtHfis fhzpfspypUe;J
ntspNaw;wp Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ. rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; jw;Nghija epyikapy; mNefkhd
fhzpfspy; mtHfNs fUk;Gr; nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL Vida gFjpapd;
chpikia gy;NtW tptrhaf; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; gphpj;J toq;fpAs;sdH. ngy;tj;j
rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; vd cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l mD$yq;fshd
,ytr Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp> tho;thjhuf; nfhLg;gdTfs;> fUk;Gr; nra;if njhlHghd
gapw;rp> khdpa tpiyapy; cuk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; kf;fs;
nrd;W Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;F xj;Jf;nfhz;ldH ,Ug;gpDk; mtHfSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l cWjpnkhopfs; vJTk; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy.
ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fs; jhq;fs; thOfpd;w fhzpapd; chpj;jpid cWjp nra;tjw;F
epHthff; fl;;likg;gpd;gb khfhz rigapypUe;Jk; ngUe;Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfspypUe;Jk;
mDkjp ngwNtz;bAs;sJ. NgUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; fk;gdpf;F chpj;jhd jhq;fs;
thOfpd;w fhzpfspy; mgptpUj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ tuNtw;fg;glhkYk; Njhl;l
fk;gdpfspd; Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwahdJ rHthjpfhuj;JtkhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf fhzpia mstPL nra;tjhapDk; fk;gdpaplkpUe;J mDkjp ngw;w fbjj;jpy;
epy kPl;G cj;jpNahfj;jhpd; ghpe;Jiuf;Fg; gpd;dNu fhzp mstPl;il eilKiwg;gLj;j
KbAk;. Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfs; kf;fs; tho;fpd;w fhzpfs; kw;Wk; tho;f;if njhlHgpy;
fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; gyj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njhl;lj;jpd; KfhikahsHfNs kf;fs; fhzp
njhlHgpyhd mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wj;jUtjpy; Kf;fpa tfpgq;iff; nfhz;bUj;jy;
,jw;F xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
49kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfspd; njhopy;epkpj;j MSikapd; ( epWtdj;jpd;) Nkyjpf
tiuaiwfs;
fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUf;Fk; epyj;jpd; msT gJisapYs;s kf;fSf;F gapHr;nra;iff;F
NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;w epiyapy;> ghhpa jdpahH epWtdq;fs; jq;fSila
tHj;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhf fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. fUj;Jf;fzpg;G
nrtpkLg;gpy; gq;Fgw;wpa kf;fs;> kuq;fs; Nghd;w tsq;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L vt;thW nfhOk;ig
Nehf;fp efHj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; ,jdhy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;glf;$ba kz;
rhpT mghak; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzp xd;wpd; chpik njhlHghd ePjpkd;w tof;Ffspy; ngUe;Njhl;l
njhopyhsHfspd; $w;Wf;fs; my;yJ fUj;Jfs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf fhzp chpikahshpd; Ngug;gps;isfspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l chpikNfhuy;
njhlHgpy; ehtyg;gpl;ba gfuz;l Njhl;lj;jpw;Fk; murpw;Fkpilapy; ,lk;ngw;w
tof;fhdJ mq;Fs;s kf;fSf;Fj; njhpahkNy eilngw;wJ. jPHg;G rhjfkhdjhf
mike;jNghJ gpujpthjpfs; ,uhZtj;jpd; gq;Fgw;WifAld; xOq;Fg; gj;jpuj;jpd;
%yKk; fl;lhakhf fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldH. ,Ug;gpDk; FbapUg;ghsHfs;
,e;jj; jPHg;ig vjpHj;J tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jNghJk;> Njhl;lj;jpYs;s xU gFjpapdH
khj;jpuk; Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiynra;tjhy; mtHfsJ ,Ug;G cWjpaw;wjhf ,Ue;jNjhL
mtHfs; fhzp cWjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F fhzpf; fr;Nrhpia ek;gpapUf;F
Ntz;batHfshfpd;wdH.
YDfy nrrtyd;]; Njhl;lj;jpYs;s gj;jpdp mk;kd; NfhtpYf;Fk; YZfytpYs;s
g];ehaf;f epyNkf;Fkpilapy; Vw;gl;l fhzp chpik NfhUk; gpur;rid Vw;gl;lJ.
Nfhtpy; Njhl;lj;njhopyhsHfis mZfp mtHfs; cz;ikapy; NfhapYf;fhf
Ntiy nra;aNtz;Lk; vdf;$wpdH. mj;Jld; mtHfSf;Fj; njhpAk; Nfhtpypd;
Nfhhpf;ifahdJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd; jq;fSf;F fk;gdpapdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w
midj;J NritfSk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLnkd;W mwpe;jpUe;jdH. ,Ug;gpDk; Njhl;lj;jpy;
njhopy; Ghpfpd;w kf;fsJ tho;thjhukhdJ ghhpa Ruz;lYf;Fs;shfpd;wJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;banjhd;whFk; Vnddpy; fsj;jpy; Fiwe;jsT njhopyhsHfSld;
Ntiyfisr; nra;tJld; mNefkhNdhH jw;fhypf mbg;gilapNyNa Ntiy GhptNjhL
mtHfSf;F CopaH Nrkyhg epjp kw;Wk; CopaH ek;gpf;if epjp> tpgj;Jf;fs;
Vw;gbd; mtw;wpw;fhd el;l<L Mfpad toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jpYk; $l jq;fsJ
epyq;fspy; jhq;fs; vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;w jPHkhdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd
epWtd MSikapd;wpf; fhzg;gLtjhf tprdk; njhptpj;jdH. xU kpd;rhu ,izg;igg;
ngWtjhapDk; mtHfs; fk;gdpapd; mDkjpiag; ngwNtz;batHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
mj;Jld; ,e;j nrhtyd;]; Njhl;lj;ijr; NrHe;j kf;fs; RKJfkitr; NrHe;j kf;fs;
vt;thW jq;fSila fhzpfis mgfhpj;jdH vd;W tpghpj;jdH. YDfytpypUe;J
fye;Jnfhz;l kf;fs; vt;thW gy kdpjts epWtdq;fspy; mNefkhd njhopy;
Ghpfpd;wdH vd;gjidj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. NkYk; Njapiy fk;gdpfs; jq;fsJ ,yhgj;ij
Fiwg;gjw;F xU gFjp epyj;ij Rw;Wyh my;yJ tptrhaj;jpw;F toq;fKbAk;. ,jdhy;
kf;fsJ tho;thjhukhdJ mghafukhd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
50 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2.3 Rw;Wr;#oy; rPuopT
Mizf;FOtpd; fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd;;NghJ gq;Fgw;wpa mNefkhd kf;fSf;F jq;fSila
tho;thjhukhdJ Rw;wpAs;s #oy; mikg;Gld; njhlHGgl;lNjhL> jq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s
,aw;if tsq;fspYk; jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjid mwpe;jpUe;jdH. Mizf;FOthdJ
gy;NtWgl;l re;jHg;gq;fspy; mur nfhs;iffs;> mur KjyPl;L mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;>
mur rhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; fhzp ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;w
Kiwik Nghd;wit Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpid vjpHkiwahfg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid
mwpe;Jnfhz;ldH. Mizf;FOtpd; nrtpkLj;jypw;fpzq;f fPo;tUk; gpujhd
fhzpg;ghtidahdJ Rw;Wr;#oiy nghpJk; ghjpg;gjhfj; njhpate;jJ.
2.3.1 ghhpa mstpyhd fUj;;jpl;lq;fs;
jw;Nghija epiyapy; ePHg;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G Nkk;ghl;L
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; mlq;fyhd gy;NtWgl;l mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;>
efuk; kw;Wk; fpuhkk; Mfpa ,uz;L gpuNjrq;fspYk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mNefkhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshy; Rw;Wr;#oYf;F Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J
fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjpy;iy. kf;fs; jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G
kjpg;gPl;Lg; nghwpKiw Fwpj;J fLikahd tpkHrdq;fis njhptpj;jdH. NkYk;
kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gl;l gpd;dNu fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjhf
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdH.
ehdhtpj gpuNjrq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtWgl;l epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd;
jd;ikfSf;F mikthf ghjpg;G kjpg;gPl;Lg; nghwpKiwapd; msTk; mbg;gilAk;
khw;wkila KbAk;. JiwKf efuk; kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiyapYs;s fdpag;nghUs;
mfo;T Mfpa jpl;lq;fs; fiuNahu kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;Gw flw;fiuia ghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
mNj Nghd;W epyg;gug;G Rw;Wr; #oyhdJ 600 Vf;fH fhzpg;gug;igf; nfhz;l #hpa
fy Ntiyj;jp;;l;lkhdJ `k;ghe;Njhl;iliar; NrHe;j jp];]Gu kw;Wk; GWj;jd;fe;j
(Thissapura and Buruthankanda) ahidfs; Kfhikj;Jt ruzhyaj;jpw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l
fhzpapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;GLfpd;wJ.
Mizf;FO gJisf;Fk;> jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpa Vida Rw;Wg;Gw
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; tp[ak; Nkw;nfhz;;lNghJ ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; vjpHkiwahd
tpisTfs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. tptrha epyq;fSf;F
mj;jpahrpakhd xU njhif ePHepiyfs; Ruq;fg;ghij mikj;j nraw;ghL fhuzkhf
tw;wpg;Nghd epyikfs; cUthdJ. tptrha rPHjpUj;jk; kw;Wk; fhzpfs; njhlHgpyhd
Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w (MONLAR) epWtdj;jpdhy; gJisapYs;s 37 fpuhk
NrtfH gphptpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,j; jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf>
3090 fpzWfSk; 45 ePHepiyfSk; Kw;whf tw;wpg;NghAs;sik njhpate;jJ6. ,t;thwhd
ePHg;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs; (ahd; Xah> nkhwf`fe;j kw;Wk; fS fq;ifj; jpl;lq;fs;)
capHg; gy;tifikj;jd;ikia mopg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
6. Uma Oya, yesterday, today and tomorrow by Sajeewa Chamikara available at: https://monlar.lk/umaoya-disaster-Eng.html
51kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
'vd;Dila tPL ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf Kw;whf Nrjkile;jJ. epyk;
ntbj;J tay;epyq;fSk; $l jho;e;Jtpl;ld. fle;j 3 tUlq;fshf ehq;fs;
new;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. jkpou;> rpq;fstH my;yJ K];yPk; Mfpa
ehq;fs; midtUk; kdpjHfs; ,t;thwhd mePjp ahUf;Fk; eilngwf;$lhJ. mtHfs;
vq;fis tPLfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wp thlif tPl;by; thOkhW gzpj;jpUe;jdH xU
tUlk; fle;j epiyapYk; vq;fsJ tPLfisg; ghh;itapl tutpy;iy. mj;Jld;
kiof; fhyq;fspy; tPl;bDs; ePH frpe;J Kw;whf eidtjdhy; vq;fshy; mq;F
thoKbahJ"
- gJisapUe;J gq;Fgw;wpa xU gq;Fgw;WeH
,jw;fpilapy; `k;ghe;Njhl;il fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOfpd;w tptrhapfs;
Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gl;l JiwKfj;jpd; fhuzkhf ctH ePH CLUty; gpur;ridf;F
Kfq; nfhLj;JtUfpd;wdH. xYtpypy; fl;lg;gl;l JiwKfj;jpd; fhuzkhf mk;ghiw
epe;jt+H Nkl;Lg;gs;is fpuhkj;ijr; NrHe;j tz;zhd;Nrid kw;Wk; flw;fiu ntl;il
Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; flyhpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
52 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2.3.2 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
'#oy; ghjpg;Gf;fs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. flw;fiuapypUe;J 300 kPl;lH
J}uj;jpw;Fs; cs;s epyq;fis tpw;fKbahJ ,Ug;gpDk; mit
gpd;gw;wg;glhky; Rw;Wyh tpLjpfs; mikg;gjw;F tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Rw;Wr;#oy; mjpfhurig ,tw;wpw;F mDkjp toq;fpAs;sJ."
- khj;jiwiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeH xUtH.
Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; mjPj tsHr;rp fhuzkhf gy;NtWgl;l nghpa mstpyhd fl;Lkhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; ngUksthd ghhpa fhzpfis vjpHfhy Rw;Wyh rhHe;j
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLtJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; nghpa mstpyhd
Rw;Wyh Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; ehl;bd; fiuNahu #oy; mikg;gpid ghjpf;fpd;wJ Fwpg;ghf
fw;gpl;b> epyhntsp> Fr;rntsp Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; fz;ly;> KUiff;fy; kw;Wk;
kzy;NkL Nghd;w Vida #oy; mikg;Gf;fisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; mEuhjGuj;jpy;
Mw;wpw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhzpfisAk; mtw;wpw;F mUfpYs;s fhzpfisAk;
ifg;gw;wpapUg;gjdhy; nts;sk; Vw;gLtNjhL tpyq;FfSf;fhd ,aw;if thoplq;fSk;
mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mEuhjGuj;jpYs;s Nghnu];l; nwhf; fhbd; hpNrhl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w #oy; ghjpg;Gf;fs;
gw;wp kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G nraw;ghl;by; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. ,t;tpLjpahdJ
cj;jpNahfG+Htkhd Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G kjpg;gPL xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;shky;
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ khj;jpukd;wp fl;Lkhd nraw;ghLfspd;
NghJ Fiwe;jJ 1 Vf;fH fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;lJ7 vdNt ,jw;F Kd;djhf ,J
njhlHgpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpapUf;fNtz;Lk;. ,f;fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;Fg; gpd;dH
kdpjUf;Fk; ahidfSf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjy;; tYg;ngw;wjhff; $wg;gl;lJ. ahidfs;
fUtyf];thttpw;Fk; tpy;gj;J Njrpa G+q;fhtpw;Fkpilapy; gazpf;fpd;w ghijapNy
tpLjp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sik ,jid NkYk; tYg;ngwr; nra;fpd;wJ.
7. Uma Oya, yesterday, today and tomorrow by Sajeewa Chamikara available at: https://monlar.lk/umaoya-disaster-Eng.html
53kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2.3.3 ghhpa mstpyhd tHj;jf Ntshz;ik
cyHtyaj;jpy; ghhpa mstpyhd Ntshz;ikf; fk;gdpfshd Nlhy; yq;fh (jdpahH)
epWtdk;> gpwTz; kw;Wk; fk;gdp gP.vy;.rP. rP.I.rP N`hy;bq;]; gP.vy;.rP Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w
eltbf;iffs; %yKk; <u tyaj;jpy; gpuhe;jpa ngUe;Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w
eltbf;iffs; mq;Fs;s Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpd; moptpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.
$Ljyhd epyf;fPo; ePiu cwpQ;Rjy;> kw;Wk; tzpf Nehf;fhd Ntshz;ikf;fhf fhLfis
mopj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; epyj;jb ePHepiyfis fzprkhff; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;
khzpf;f fq;if kw;Wk; fphpe;jp fq;if Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Nkw;gb fk;gdpfs; ghhpasT
ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy; YDfk;ntnfu kw;Wk; ahy Mfpa gFjpfspy; thOfpd;w
ahidfs; cl;gl;l kpUfq;fs; ghhpa ePHj;jl;Lg;ghl;il vjpHnfhs;fpd;wd. nghyd;dWit
kw;Wk; mEuhjGuk; khtl;lq;fspy; tptrhaj;jpw;nfd mjpfsthd fpUkpehrpdpfs;
ghtpf;fg;gLtjhy; caphpay; gy;tifikj;jd;ikf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gNjhL kz;
tsj;ijf; Fiwj;J ePHepiyfisAk; khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. Nlhy; yq;fh (jdpahH) epWtdk;
gapHr;nra;iffspd; %yk; ahidfspd tUifia Cf;Ftpj;jjhYk; Ntypaplg;gl;Ls;s
fhuzj;jpdhy; ahidfs; fpuhkq;fSf;Fs; Eiotjhf nts;stha gpuNjrj;jpy;
thOfpd;w kf;fs; tprdk; njhptpj;jdH. mj;Jld; ,f; fk;gdpahdJ mjpfstpyhd
tptrha ,urhadq;fisg; ghtpg;gjhfTk; Fiw $wg;gl;lJ.
54 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2.3.4. ,uhZtkakhjy;
fhzpfs; ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; gy;NtW vjpHkhwhd #oy;
gpur;ridfis Vw;gLj;Jtjhf Mizf;FOtpw;F gy;NtW re;jHg;gq;fspy; njhpate;jJ.
mtHfs; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;glf;$ba gw;whf;Fiwahd tsq;fis VfNghf #oy;
tsq;fshf khw;wpaikj;Js;sik njhpate;jJ. cjhuzkhf fhahd;Fop kw;Wk;
Ks;spf;Fsk; gpuNjrq;fspy; ed;dPH Cw;W flw;gilapdhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s epiyapk;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J kPs;FbNawpa kf;fs; mtHfspy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jd;
tpisthf mtHfs; jpdKk; 20 yPl;lh; ePiuf; nfhs;tdT nra;aNtz;ba epHg;ge;jj;jpw;F
cs;shfpAs;sdH. Ks;spf;Fsk; kw;Wk; ghzk Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ,uhZtk; rl;l
tpNuhjkhf fhzpfis ifafg;gLj;jp mjpy; jw;NghJ Rw;Wyh tpLjpnahd;iw mikj;J
tUtNjhL mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s fz;ly; fhLfis mopj;J ctH ePHepiyfspd; #oy;
mikg;Gf;fisg; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wdH. mj;Jld; Rz;bf;Fsk; ruzhyaKk;
,uhZtj;jpdhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;sjhy; gpuNahrdkw;wjhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.4 ,oe;j milahsq;fs
'vd;Dila Njrpa milahs ml;il vdJ milahsj;jpw;F
mtrpakhdJ Nghy vd;Dila epyKk; vdJ milahskhFk;. ,Jjhd;
ehd; vd;W milahsg;gLj;jy;."
- tl;;Lthiyr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH.
nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;gLk; NghJk; my;yJ ePjpapd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; epyj;Jldhd
njhlHG cWjp> mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs;> cWjpg;gLj;jy; gbtk;. njhiffs; kw;Wk;
thpg;gzk; Mfpa Mtzq;fSf;$lhfNt kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ehLG+uhfTk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G nraw;ghLfspy; kf;fs; gy;NtWgl;l
topfspy; fhzpfSldhd njhlHig njspthf tpghpj;jpUe;jNjhL> ,J vt;thW
jq;fsJ milahsj;ijAk; r%fq;fisAk; tbtikj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk;
ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. mtHfsJ fhzpg; gpur;ridfisj; jPHf;fpd;w nghwpKiwfs;
jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; r%fr; #oypdhy; cUtfpf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ fijfis nrtpkLg;gNjhL
mtHfsJ vjpHghHg;Gf;fisAk; milahsg;gLj;J xg;Gf;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
,Ug;gpDk; epyj;Jldhd kf;fspd; njhlHGfs; vg;nghOJk; jhq;fs; FbapUe;j
fhzpfspNyNa thoNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifahf mHj;jg;gltpy;iy. kf;fs;
tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; gps;isfSf;fhd rpwe;j vjpHfhyj;ij mikj;jy;>
vjpHfhyj;jpw;nfd Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Kd;$l;ba vr;rhpf;iffisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghwpKiwfspd;wp ,Ug;gjhy; ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspypUe;J
ghJfhg;Gg; ngWjiy Nehf;fp Kd;NdWjy; Nghd;wd gw;wpg; NgrpapUe;jdH.
55kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2.4.1 FLk;g milahsk;
'30 tUl fhykhf fhzpfisg; ghtpj;j rpq;fs FbapUg;ghsHfs; vq;fsJ 300 tUl
fhzpg; ghtid gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fNtz;Lk;"
- Ky;iyj;jPT nfhf;Fj;njhLthiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.
'fhzpfspypUe;J ,lk;ngaHe;J tajhfp ,we;j gpd;dH ,uz;lhtJ jiyKiw
mjw;fhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lnkd;w ek;gpf;ifiaAk; ,yf;ifAk; nfhz;bUf;fhJ vd
murhq;;fk; ek;Gfpd;wJ"
- aho;g;ghzk; gyhypiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs; fpz;lyhf njhptpj;jpUe;jdH.
kf;fs; guk;giu guk;giuahff; epyq;fspy; tho;e;J mtw;Wld; tYthd gpizg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lik njhlHgpy; NgrpdhHfs;. cjhuzkhf fy;Nyhahtpy; mtHfsJ
KjhijaHfs; fhLfis mopj;J fhzpfspy; tPLfis mikj;jdH vd;gij
epidtgLj;jpaNjhL mtHfs; my;yJ mtHfsJ ngw;NwhHfs; el;l kuq;fs; njhlHgpYk;
njhpag;gLj;jpdH.
epyj;Jld; njhlHGgl;ljhd gy;NtW mq;fPfhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; Kf;fpakhd
tho;f;ifj; jPHkhdq;fisAk; KjyPl;Lj; jPHkhdq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH. nfhOk;gpy;
gy;NtW efug;Gw Viofs; kf;fs; jhq;fs; guk;giu fhykhf tho;e;Jte;j jq;fsJ
fhzpfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;w czHr;rpG+Htkhd kw;Wk; epjp KjyPl;Lg; gpizg;ghdJ
cWjpfs; ,y;yhj epyikiaf; fhl;bYk; tYthdJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdH. mj;Jld;
,j; njhlHghdJ mur mq;fPfhuj;Jldhd gad;ghl;L (kpd;rhuk;> ePH) ,izg;Gf;fisg;
ngwy;> thf;fhsH gjpTfs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfs; ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjpf;fg;gly;
Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; NkYk; tYg;ngw;wJ. ,e;j mq;fPfhukhdJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
tYtile;J kf;fs; jq;fsJ tPLfis Nkk;gLj;jp fzprkhd msT khw;wq;fisAk;
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. ,NjNghd;w njhlHGfs; mEuhjGu khtl;lj;jpy; mur fhzpfspy;
tho;e;JtUk; kf;fsplj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
56 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2.4.2 rka kw;Wk; ,d milahsq;fs;
',uhZtj;jpdH ,lk;ngaHe;J kPsf;FbNawpa kf;fis mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
mtHfsJ tzf;fj;jyq;fSf;F nry;y mDkjpj;jy; mtHfisj;
rkhjhdg;GLj;Jtjw;Fg; ghtpf;fpd;w je;jpNuhghakhFk;> mj;Jld; ,e;
eltbf;iffshdJ fhzp tpLtpg;gpy; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhf
cyfpw;Ff; fhl;Ltjw;NfahFk;"
- aho;g;ghzk;> gyhypiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.
fhzp mike;Js;s mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Gdpjj;jd;ik fhuzkhf kf;fSf;Fk; mtHfs;
FbapUf;Fk; my;yJ FbapUe;j fhzpfSf;Fkpilapy; ey;y gpizg;nghd;W
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. topghLfSf;fhd mZFjy;> topghl;L Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; rlq;Ffs;
Mfpad kf;fis mtHfs; thOk; g+kpAld; gpizg;gNjhL mtw;wpd; ,og;ghdJ kf;fspila
Fog;gfukhd epiyia Vw;gLj;JtNjhL Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLfpd;w fhzpg;gpur;ridfis
NkYk; tphpTngwr; nra;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf nghj;JtpypYs;s Gl;lk;ig-[yhy;Bd;Guk; vd;w xU gioa K];yPk; fpuhkk;
jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy;8 15e; jpfjp Vg;uy; khjk; 1985 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Fog;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf iftplg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh mtHfs; fhzpfis Fiwe;j
tpiyf;F tpw;Wk; rpyH gy;NtW topfspy; mtw;iw ,oe;Jk; tpl;ldH. 3 tUlq;fSf;F
Kd;djhf mtHfs; kPz;Lk; FbNawp gs;spthry; xd;iw mikj;jjd; gpd;dh; mJ
,de;njhpahj rpyuhy; cilf;fg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; Muk;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngaUk;NghJ
el;l<L vJTk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy> mj;Jld; mtHfsJ clikfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
jw;Nghija epyikapy; jkpo; kf;fs; tptrhak; nra;Jnfhz;L Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpy; tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdH. ,dk; rhHe;j ntspNaw;wy;fs;> ghFghLfs;> Fog;gq;fspd; tpisthfj;
Njhd;wp kf;fspd; milahsj;ij ,of;fpd;wdh;> Fwpg;ghf Gl;lk;ig-[yhy;Bd;Guk;>
rpyhtj;Jiw> Ky;iyj;jPT(kwpg;G) kw;Wk; tTdpah. ahd; Xah jpl;lj;jpYk; kf;fs;
kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; vt;tpjkhd trjpfSkpy;iynad Gfhh; nra;jdH.
2.4.3 tho;thjhu milahsk;
'vq;fsJ ney;iy> Fj;jiff;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l epyq;fspy; kioia
ek;gp 3 NghfKk; gapHnra;j ehq;fs; xNu jlitapy; midj;ijAk;
,oe;J fhzpia tpl;L tapw;wpy; grpAld; ntspNaWk;NghJ kdjpy;
Vw;glf;$ba czHTfs; vt;thwpUf;Fk;"
- Ky;iyj;jPT nfhf;Fj;njhLthiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;
mEuhjGuj;jpYs;s jkpo; r%fk; fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;L ghlrhiy trjpfs;
$l ,y;yhj kpff; Fiwthd trjpfs; nfhz;l ,lj;jpy; kPsf;FbakHj;jg;gl;lJ
njhlHgpy; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;jdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf gps;isfspd; ghlrhiy
,iltpyfy;fs; mjpfhpj;jNjhL fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,tHfSf;F ehshe;j $yp
8. fpuhkj;jtHfs; $wpajw;fpzw;f 15e; jpfjp Vg;uy; khjk; 1985 ,y; j.tp.G jq;fsJ fpuhkj;ij
vhpj;J 4 tiuf; nfhd;wNjhL mjd; gpd;dH mf;fpuhkk; iftplg;gl;lJ
57kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2.4.4 milahsq;fs; mfw;wg;gl;lik
xUtUila fhzpapypUe;J milahsj;jpd; epkpj;jk; td;Kiwapdhy; ntspNaw;wy;
my;yJ xUtUila fhzpia mthplkpUe;J NtNwhU milahsj;ijf; nfhz;l xU
FOtpduhy; milahsj;jpd; epkpj;jk; tpyf;fp itj;jpUj;jypd; tpisthf fhzpAld;
njhlHGgl;l milahsj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhd xU epahakw;w Fog;gfukhd epyik
cUthFk;. ,e; epahakw;w epyikahdJ fhzpg; gpur;ridAld; gphpf;fKbahj
msTf;F ,izf;fg;gl;L mit fhzp ,og;gpd;NghJk; Ngrg;gLk;. ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shf;$ba
epyikapYs;s kf;fs;> me;epakhdtHfs; kw;Wk; chpikaw;wtHfisAk; gy;NtW
ngah;fisf; nfhz;L miof;fpd;wdH. mjhtJ Mjpthrp> Nghbq; Ml;fs;> Ntw;Wfpuhk
thrpfs;> gaq;futhjpfs;> me;j GNyhf; gps;isfs\block lamai|.Nghd;w gy;NtW
ngaHfshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
,lj;jpd; ntspg;Gwg; (ngsjPfg;) gz;Gfis khw;wpaikg;gjw;F Kaw;rpj;J mtw;wpd;
milahsq;fs; khw;wg;gl;lik Fwpj;J kf;fs; fhag;gLj;jg;gl;L tpuf;jpAk; mile;Js;sdH.
,J mtHfsJ epyj;Jldhd cwit ghjpg;gNjhL mtHfs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l
czHitg; ngw;wNjhL \jq;fSf;Fhpajy;y| my;yJ \jq;fSf;F Ntz;lhk;| vd;w
epiyf;Fs;shfpd;wdH. Gjpjhf tzf;fj;jyq;fs; cUthjy; my;yJ rkak; rhH
fl;blq;fs;> rkaQ; rhHe;j rpiyfs; kw;Wk; tPjp kw;Wk; ,lq;fSf;F jkpopypUe;J
rpq;fsj;jpw;F my;yJ njhlHNg ,y;yhj egHfspd; ngaHfs; nfhz;L khw;wg;gly;
Fwpj;J kf;fs; mjpUg;jpia ntspg;gLj;jpdH.
ehl;bd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; epHthf myFfs; ntspg;gilahfNt jkpopYk;
rpq;fsj;jpYk; gphpj;Jg; ngahplg;gl;Ls;sjhf kf;fs; njhptpj;jdH. ,e; eilKiwahdJ
Vida r%fq;fspilNaAk; gutp mtHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; khj;jpuk;
FbapUg;gjw;F mDkjp ,Ug;gJ Nghd;wjhd ek;gpf;ifAld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH.
K];yPk; r%fj;jpd; rdj;njhifiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shjJ epHthf hPjpahf mtHfis
vy;iyg;gLj;jYf;Fs;shf;fpAs;sJ vd czug;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; : fhj;jhd;Fb
cjtpj; njhopy;fis khj;jpuNk ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbe;;jJ. ,e;j fhzpfspypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;gly; nraw;ghlhdJ> Neubahf xU Fwpg;gpl;l tifj; njhopYld; mtHfspd;
milahsj;ijj; njhlHGgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. gyhypapy; ghuk;ghpa
njhopy;fshd gdk;nghUs; cw;gj;jpfs;> kPd;gpb> tptrhak; Mfpad ,isQHfspd;
tpUg;gkpd;ik fhuzkhf Fiwtile;J mw;Wg;Nghfpd;w epyikf;Fs;shfpd;wik Fwpj;J
nghJkf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd;NghJ njhpate;eJ.
58 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2.4.5 mur epjpAjtpAld; nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;w fhydpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; milahsk;
mur epjpAjtpAld; nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;w fhydpj;JtkhdJ murpd; ,dthj epfo;r;rp
epuy;fis tYg;gLj;Jk; vz;zj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf jkpo; kw;Wk; K];yPk; gFjpfspd;
rdj;njhifg; guk;giy khw;wp mikg;gjw;nfd tuyhw;W hPjpahf Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l nghwpKiwahFk;. Fwpg;ghf ntyp Xah9 (Kjypy; 'kzyhW||10 vd;w
ngaH nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;lJ) kw;Wk; fy; Xah. Mfpad ,d;Wtiu fhydpj;Jtk;
,lk;ngw;WtUfpd;w rpy goq;fhy jpl;lq;fshFk;. ,d;W tiu rhpahfj; jPHf;fg;glhky;
,Uf;fpd;w ,yq;ifapd; 30 tUl ,dg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xU %y fhuzkhf mike;j
fhzpg;gpur;rid> xU ePz;l fhy rHr;irf;Fhpa11 tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (ghuk;ghpa
jhaff; fUj;Jf;fs;)
fhzp cs;she;j hPjpapy; milahsj;Jld; gpize;Js;sNjhL ehl;bw;F nrhe;jkhdJkhFk;.
MfNt gy;NtWgl;l efu my;yJ efHg;Gw FbapUg;ghsHfs; fhzp kw;Wk; mjd; chpik
njhlHgpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gpizg;G fpuhkj;jtHfspd; vz;zg;ghl;bypUe;J Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf rpWghd;ik r%fj;jpdhpilapy; fhzp vd;gJ
mtHfsJ xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l tuyhW kw;Wk; milahsq;fSld; xd;wpize;j xU
tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; Njrpa fhzpf; nfhs;ifia tiuAk; NghJ kpf
Kf;fpakhd rpy fUj;Js;sPLfs; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
vjpHfhy ePHg;ghrd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis tbtikj;J jpl;lkpLk; NghJ Kf;fpakhd
njspit mjpfhpf;fpd;w topfhl;ly;fshtd>
Nfs;tpf;FwpapYs;s kf;fs; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gl;L mtHfsJ cs;sPLfs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;tpUf;fpd;w mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs;
Fwpj;J ngwg;glNtz;Lk;.
kPs; FbNaw;wj;jpl;lq;fspy; ntspaplj;jpYs;s jpl;lj;jpw;fhd msTNfhy;fis jpUg;jp
nra;fpd;w kf;fisf; fhl;bYk; jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w cs;ShpYs;s
fhzpaw;w twpa kf;fSf;F> Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;F ntspNa cs;s gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j (Fwpg;ghf mUfpYs;s
khtl;lq;fspypUe;J) kf;fisf; nfhz;LtUk;NghJk; ,d tpfpjhrhuk; Fwpj;J
Kf;fpa ftdQ; nrYj;jg;glNtz;baNjhL FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; Vw;fdNt cs;s
kf;fSf;Fkpilapy; Fog;gq;fs; Vw;glhkYk;> mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; ,d tpfpjhrhuj;jpy;
Fog;gk; Vw;glhj tpjj;jpYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
9. Ajit Kanagasundram, The Gal Oya Project 60 years on - Part II - http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=152657
10. University Teachers for Huma Rights Jaffna (UTHR(J)), Special Report 5 - From Manal Aaru to Weli Oya and the Spirit of July 1983, 15th September, 1993 - http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm#_Toc512569422
11. University Teachers for Huma Rights Jaffna (UTHR(J)), Report 11, APPENDIX II - Colonisation & Demographic Changes in the Trincomalee District and its effects on the Tamil Speaking People - http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report11/appendix2.htm
59kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
cs;@H my;yJ khfhz mur jpizf;fsq;fspdJk; kj;jpa my;yJ Njrpa mur
jpizf;fsq;fspdJk; tfpgq;Ffis njspthf tiuaiw nra;J mtHfsJ nghWg;Gf;fs;
mjw;Nfw;g toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. (kPs; FbNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w r%fq;fSf;fpzq;f
jPHkhdq;fs; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.)
1990 fspy; j.tp.G fshy; tl khfhzj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l K];yPk; FbapUg;ghsHfs;
10 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dUk; mtHfspd; ghjq;fs; ,lk;ngaHe;Js;s ,lj;jpw;Fk; nrhe;j
epyj;jpw;Fkpilappy; fhzg;gLtNjhL mtHfSf;F thf;fspf;Fk; chpikAk; ,d;wp
,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpur;ridahFk;. mtHfs; thf;fspg;gjw;fhd tpNrl nghwpKiwfs;
fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; xt;nthU jlitAk; Gj;jsj;jpypUe;J NgUe;Jfs; %yk; mtHfsJ
nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L thf;fspj;jdH. Xd;W my;yJ kw;iwa murpaw;
fl;rpfspd; Fz;lHfshy; mNefk; fy; tPr;rpw;Fk; cs;shfpAs;sdH. kd;dhH kw;Wk;
Ky;iyj;jPitr; NrHe;j K];yPk;fs; ,lk;ngaHtpd; gpd;dH Gj;jsj;jpy; midj;ijAk;
KjypypUe;J Muk;gpf;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH jq;fsJ nrhe;jf;
fhzpfSf;F kPSk; NghJ jkpo; kf;fs; mtw;wpy; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. jq;fsJ nrhe;j
,lq;fspypUe;J midj;Jk; ,of;fgl;l epiyapy; K];yPk;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lNjhL>
mtHfs; FbNawpa ,lq;fspy; mg;gFjp kf;fshy; ||mfjp eha;fs;|| vd;w mtJ}whd
ngaHnfhz;L miof;fg;gl;ldH. ,t;thwhf ePz;l fhykhf ,lk;ngaHe;J tho;e;Jte;j
K];yPk;fSf;F murhq;fj;jpdhy; tPLfs; toq;fg;glhkYk; vt;tpjkhd cjtpfSkpd;wp
jhq;fNs jq;fshy; Kbe;j mstpw;F fhzpfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Js;sdH.
fhzpr; rl;lq;fshdJ ,t;thwhf ,lk;ngaHe;j K];yPk; kf;fSf;F mtHfsJ
fhzpfSf;F kPz;Lk; nry;y mDkjp toq;fNtz;L;k; ,y;yhtpbd; mtHfSf;fhd
el;l <l;Lj; njhifAld; khw;W ,lj;jpy; mtHfSf;Fg;; nghUj;jkhd fhzpfis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s toptFf;fNtz;Lk;.
60 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
2.5 fhzpfis clikahf;fy;> fhzp chpik kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
njhlHghd ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; mkHTfspy; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYKs;s gy
ngz;fSld; fye;JiuahbapUe;Njhk;. ngz;fs; fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gq;fhspfshfTk;
gy;NtWgl;l fhzpg;Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jiytHfshfTk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sdH> Fwpg;ghf
,uhZtj;jplkpUe;J fhzpfis kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Ky;iyj;jPtpYs;s
Nfg;ghg;gpsT kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpypUe;J mf;fiug;gw;W Eiur;Nrhiy K];yPk;
kf;fspd; Rdhkp kPs;FbNaw;w tPl;Lj;jpl;lk; njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fs; tiu. jq;fsJ
r%fj;jpd; fhzp chpik njhlHghd gpur;ridfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhd tha;g;igAk;
gyj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rpy Ntisfspy; ngz;fs; murpaypYk;
,ize;Js;sdH. fhzp ngz;fspd; milahsj;jpYk; r%f nghUshjhu ghJfhg;gpYk;
neUf;fkhfj; njhlHGgl;Ls;sJ vdj; njspthfpd;wJ. gy;NtWgl;l mkHTfspy;
MizahsHfs; ngz;fSld; Ntwhff; fye;Jiuahbajhy; mtHfs; gakpd;wp
ruskhff; fye;Jiuahlf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ
ghy;epiy rhHe;j mDgtkhf ,yq;ifapy; khj;jpuky;y Vida ehLfspYk;12
tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfspYk; fy;tpapay; Mtzq;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs;
fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gf;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjkhdJ Mokhd tprhuiz kl;lj;jpy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;> ghy;epiyrhh; gFg;gha;T> ngz;fspd;
rhl;rpaq;fs; Mfpa ntspg;gilahd ,e;j mDgtq;fs; ngw;Wj;je;jJ.
12. A study on Women’s Land Rights in the Post-Tsunami Resettlement Process in Batticaloa documents through in depth case studies, women’s experience of domestic violence in relation to loss of land and property in the post tsunami rettlemment process. Not only did women lose their claims to dowry land in the resettlement process but women spoke of violence in the home as they were trying to negotiate the power relations in the households as the new post-tsunami housing were given in the man’s name. Maunaguru, Sitralega & Emmanuel Sarala (2010), in Penkalin Nilam: A study on Women’s Land Rights in the Post-Tsunami Resettlement Process in Batti-caloa, published by Suriya Women’s Development Centre Batticaloa.
2.5.1 ,lk;ngaHT ntspNaw;wk; kw;Wk; milahsk;
ngz;fs; jq;fs; ,lk;ngaHt kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wg;gly; Fwpj;j mDgtq;fisg; gfpUk;
NghJ me;epakhdtHfisg;; Nghd;W fzpf;fg;gLfpd;w fsq;fg;gl;l jd;ik Fwpj;J
mjpfk; NgrpdH. ,lk;ngaHe;j my;yJ ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; \mfjp| mjhtJ
,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs; Nghd;w juq;Fiwe;j ngaHfs; nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;ldH. ngz;fs;
mur Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJk;> cs;@H r%fj;Jld; goFk; NghJk;
r%fj;jpd;; ,fo;r;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL> ghlrhiyfspy;
ghFghLfis vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w jq;fsJ Foe;ijfshYk; fhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; xU ,sk; ngz; jdJ mDgtj;ijg; gfpUk; NghJ. vt;thW mtuJ rf
khztHfs; ghlrhiyf;fhyk; KbAk; tiuf;Fk; jdJ tPL Jg;gutw;wJ> Rfhjhukw;wJ
kw;Wk; Fg;ig $oq;fs; vq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd vz;zp jd;Dila gpwe;j
ehspw;Ff;$l tuhkypUe;jik Fwpj;Jf; $wpdhH. ,e;j r%fkhdJ ,lk;ngaHe;J 30
tUl fhykhf ,t;thwhd jw;fhypff; FbapUg;Gf;fspy; tho;e;Jte;jdH. xU guk;giuNa
,t;thwhd mikg;gpy; tsHe;Js;sdH. tFg;giwfspy; ,lk;ngaHej FLk;gq;fisr;
61kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
NrHe;j gps;isfs; jdpahf mkHj;jg;gl;lik Fwpj;Jk; njhptpj;jdH. ,lk;ngaHe;j
my;yJ mfjpahf thOk; kf;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;tJ Fwpj;J ,fo;r;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lk;;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ mJTk; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSf;F ,e; epyik mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtjhf
mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. ,fo;r;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lk;
rhjp mbg;gilapyhd kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapyhd milahsk; rhHe;j ghFghl;Lld;
njhlHGl;lnjd;gij NeubahfTk; ntspg;gilahfTk; Fwpg;gplhtpl;lhYk; mit
njspthfj; njd;gl;lJ. Mzhjpf;f rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ r%fQ;rhHe;j
milahsq;fis ,ay;ghfNt jhq;fpf;nfhs;tjhy; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,fo;r;rpapd;
ghjpg;gpidAk; jhq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;batHfshfpd;wdH. ,e;j ,fo;r;rpj; jd;ikahdJ
rpyNtis td;Kiwahfj; Njhw;wk;ngw;W ngz;fspy; ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
clw;gFjpfspd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.5.2 jpUkzk; kw;Wk; rPjdk;
'fjT cile;J mirfpd;wJ> ehd; mjidf; fl;lNtz;Lk;. vd;dplk;
ve;jnthU MtzKk; ,y;yhjjhy; vd;dhy; tPl;il jpUj;jKbahJ. ehd;
& 18>000 toq;fpNa vd;Dila fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngwNtz;Lk;
vdpDk; vd;dplk; gzk; fpilahJ. ehd; ,e;j tPPl;il vd;Dila nghpa
kfSf;F rPjdkhf toq;fptpl;Nld; ,Ug;gpDk; vd;dplk; ve;j MtzKk;
fpilahJ".
- fz;zfpGuk; gpuNjj;jpy; 1983 ,y; gpNukjh] tPl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gl;;l
tPl;bYs;s xU gq;Fgw;WeH.
Mzhjpf;f r%fj;jpy; rPjdnkd;gJ FLk;gj;jpYs;s midj;J mq;fj;jtHfSf;Fk;
ghjpg;ghd xd;whf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; Mz;fs; mhpjhfNt rPjdk; gw;wpa gpur;ridfis
Kd;itj;jdH vdpDk; ngz;fs; jq;fSila Foe;ijfSf;F jpUkzj;jpw;F
toq;fNtz;ba rPjdk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;> r%f me;j];J kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w
jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; gutyhff; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;jpUe;jhHfs;. ,e; epyikahdJ
Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapy; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; Gfpjpfspy; ngz;fs; epyj;ij rPjdkhff;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghJthd eilKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; fz;zpak; Nghd;wtw;iw jq;fsJ ngz; gps;isfSf;F toq;fKbahj epiyapy;
jpUkzg; Ngr;Rf;fspd; NghJ Njitahd msT rPjdj;ij toq;Fjy; xU jpwTNfhyhf
mikfpd;wnjd;gJ ftiyf;Fhpa tplakhFk;.
,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fSf;Fk; mur fhzpfNs toq;fg;gLfpd;w #o;epiyapy;> Gjpjhf
toq;fg;gLfpd;w fhzpfs; rpwpajhff; fhzg;gLtNjhL mit xU FLk;gj;jpw;Nf
NghJkhdjhFk;. mj;Jld; ,J xU Foe;ijf;F khj;jpuNk toq;fg;glf;$baJ vdNt
VidatHfSf;fhd jukhd jpUkzg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Mgj;jhdjhf khWfpd;wJ. NkYk;
mur fhzpfshdJ fhzp mgptpUj;jp rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLfpd;w epiyapy; mJ
Mz; FLk;gj; jiytiu khj;jpuk; mq;fPfhpg;gNjhL mLj;jjhf mJ %j;j kfDf;Nf
toq;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd midj;J tplaq;fSk; Kf;fpakhff; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;bAs;sJ fhuzk; ,f; FLk;gq;fs; tprhykhf fhzpj; Jz;lq;fisAk; taw;
fhzpfisAk; nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk; ,lk;ngaHT kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wg;glypd; NghJ
mtHfs; mtw;iw ,oe;Js;sdH.
62 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
'vd;Dila jfg;gd; kPs; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhH> ehq;fs; mthpd;
Kjw; Foe;ijfs; MdhYk; ngz;fs;. mtUila ,uz;lhtJ
jpUkzj;jpy; mtUf;F xU Mz; Foe;ij gpwe;jJ MfNt rl;l hPjpahf
fhzp mtUf;Nf nry;Yk;"
- Ks;spf;Fsj;ijr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH.
'xU Mzpd; ,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dH me;jf; fhzp jhdhfNt %j;j Mz;
gps;isf;F khw;wg;gl;L tpLk;. mJ jha;f;F toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,wg;gpd;
gpd;dH Kf;fpa FbapUg;ghsuhy; chpik NfhuyhdJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ.
,e;j mjpfhuj;JtkhdJ tpidj;jpwdw;wJ"
- mEuhjGuj;ijr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH.
fhzp chpik njhlHghd Mzhjpf;f eilKiwfs; gw;wp kj;jpa];jk; nra;Ak;NghJ>
Ky;iyj;jPtpy; elhj;jg;gl;l nghJ kf;fs; tprhuizapy;> xU ngz; gps;isf;F
chpj;jhd midj;J nrhj;Jf;fSk; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd;
gpd;dH FLk;g nrhj;Jf;fspy; my;yJ fhzpapy; mtuhy; vt;tpjkhd Nfhhpf;iffisAk;
Kd;itf;f KbahJ. FOtpw;fpilapy; rpy fye;Jiuahly;fs; ,J njhlHgpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; ,JNt nghJthd eilKiwnad;w njspT Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
MfNt ,uhZtj;jpw;nfjpuhd kw;Wk; kf;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w tYthd fhzp
chpikg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; fhzp chpik njhlHghd ghy;epiy rhHe;j ghFghl;L
eilKiwfs; tPLfspYk; r%fq;fspYk; njhlHr;rpahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Lf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,g; ghFghLfshdJ gue;Jgl;l fhzp chpik njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fspy;
milahsg;gLj;jg;glhky; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpUNfhzkiyiar; NrHe;j ngz; xUtH jdJ mDgtq;fisg; gfpHe;Jnfhs;Sk;NghJ>
jd;Dila kfspd; fztu; fhzpia jd;Dila ngaUf;F khw;wQ;nra;ahtpbd;
jpUkzj;ij Kbj;Jf;nfhs;tjhff;$wp gaKWj;jp mf;fhzpiaAk; tPl;ilAk; jdJ
ngaUf;F khw;wp vOJkhW Nfl;ljhff; $wpapUe;jhH. ,J xU cjhuzk; khj;jpuNk khwhf
gy;NtW re;jHg;gq;fspy; nrhe;jtPLfspy; fhzp njhlHghd gpur;ridfs; fhuzkhfg;
ngz;fs; gaKWj;jg;gl;Lk; td;KiwfSf;Fs;shfpa re;jHg;gq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Xf;NlhgH 2019 ,y; rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f epWtfk; kw;Wk; ghHy; tiyaikg;Gk; ,ize;J '10
tUl kf;fspd; fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;: gpujpgypg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mLj;jfl;l eltbf;iffs;"
vd;w jiyg;gpy; nfhOk;gpy; elhj;jpa nghJkf;fs; fUj;juq;fpy; tl gFjpapypUe;J
te;j kf;fs; fhzhky; Mf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; FLk;gq;fisr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; jhq;fs;
tho;e;J tUfpd;w fhzpia Njrtoikr;rl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf fztH ,we;jhNyad;wp
fhzp njhlHgpy; ngz;fs; RahjPdkhf jPHkhdq;fis vLf;f Kbahj epiyapy;> mlF
itf;ff;$l Kbahj rpf;fyhd epiyf;Fs;shfpAs;sik Fwpj;J fUj;J ntspapl;ldH.
,jdhy; rl;lhPjpahfTk; r%f hPjpahfTk; ngz;fspd; fhzp chpikahdJ Jujpu;~;ltrkhf
mePjpahd eilKiwahd rPjdk; kw;Wk; jpUkzj;Jld; njhlHGgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
eilKiwahdJ jpUkztPLfspy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd Mjhukhf fzpf;fg;gl;L ngz;fspdhy;
czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j rpf;fyhd epyikahdJ ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; fhzp
chpikahdJ Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. jpUkzj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhd fhzp kw;Wk;
nrhj;J njhlHgpyhd fye;Jiuahly;fspy; r%fj;jpy; fhzp chpikapd; jhf;fj;ijf;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
63kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2.5.3 fhzp kw;Wk; FLk;gey nraw;ghLfs;
mNefkhd ngz;fs; epyj;jpw;fhd ,og;gPL njhlHgpy; mtHfspd; ghHitapy; mbg;gilj;
Njitfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpg; NgrpdH. mJ ntWkNd jq;fsJ fhzpfisj;
jpUg;gpj;juNtz;Lk; vd;w miog;G khj;jpukd;wp mtHfspd; ghJfhg;G> tPjpfs;> jukhd
fy;tp trjpfs; kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G Nritfs; mUfpypUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w
gue;Jgl;l tplaq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; epkpj;jk; jq;fsJ tPl;L Ntiy kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G NtiyfSld;
njhlHGgl;ljhd nraw;glf;$ba jq;fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fPl;il NfhUfpd;wdH.
rpyNtisfspy; ngz;fs; jhq;fs; Nkyjpf tFg;Gf;fs;> re;ij kw;Wk; Vida
Nritfis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tpjj;jpy; efuj;jpw;F mUfhikapy;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Kd;itg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ldH. mtHfs; jq;fSila nrhe;jf;
fhzpfis kPsg;ngWfpd;w ghhpa Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;fhsHfshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;
epyj;ij ikag;gL;j;jpajhd jq;fsJ tho;f;if njhlHgpy; mikjpahfTk; jplkhfTk;
NgrpdH.
nfhOk;gpy; gyte;ejkhf mLf;Fkhbj; njhFjpfsp;y; efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapdhy;
kPs;FbakHj;jg;gl;l ngz;fs; jhq;fs; tPL rhHe;J czT jahhpj;J tpw;wy; kw;Wk;
ijay; Nghd;w tho;thjhuq;fis ,oe;Js;sjhff; $wpdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtHfsJ
FLk;g tUkhdq; Fiwtile;jNjhL mtHfsJ tho;f;ifr; nryTk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
Jzpfis Jitg;gjpypUe;J gps;isfisg; guhkhpj;jy; tiuahd Ntiyfis
Kd;dH gfpHe;J nra;jNghjpYk; jw;NghJs;s #o;epiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf r%f
tiyaikg;Gf;fis ,oe;Js;s epiyapy; jdpj;J nra;aNtz;bAs;sjhfj; njhptpj;jdH.
,jdhy; mtHfsJ nghWg;Gf;fs; mjpfhpj;Js;sNjhL mtHfs; mjpfsthd Neuj;ijAk;
nrytopf;f Ntz;bajhfTs;sJ. kf;fs; gy;NtW tPl;Lj;njhFjpfSf;fpilapy; gphpe;J
nrd;Ws;sjhy; jq;fsJ maytHfs; mwpKfkw;wtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;w epyikapy; tPl;L
Ntiyfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Foe;ij ghuhkhpg;G njhlHgpy; Kd;diu tpl
Nkyjpf rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;batHfshfpAs;sdH. NkYk; mLf;Fkhbf;
FbapUg;Gf;fspy; gps;isfspd; Milfisj; Jitj;J mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghf cyHj;jp
mtHfisg; ghlrhiyf;F ghJfhg;ghf mDg;Gjy; Nghd;w NjitfSf;F jhq;fNs
jPHTfisj; Njbf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rthyhd epyikfis mq;fpUe;jgbNa rkhspj;Jf;
nfhs;sNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F cs;shtNjhL> Foe;ijfsp;d; ghlrhiyapd; gpd;duhd
Neuj;jpy; mtHfisf; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;batHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
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eltbf;iffSld; Mokhfj; njhlHGgl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fs; rKHj;jp Nghd;w r%fg;ghJfhg;G
epfo;r;rpfSf;F gjpit Nkw;nfhs;sKbahkw; Nghdjw;fhd fhuzk; fhzpapypUe;J
,lg;;ngaHT> kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wg;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tpisthfNt vd;w fUj;ij
Mr;rhpakw;w tpjj;jpy; Rl;bf; fhz;gpj;jpUe;jdH. mur kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtHfs;
kj;jpapy; jq;fsJ chpikfis typAWj;Jk; NghJ nghUs; hPjpahd tpisthf
r%fg; ghJfhg;G fhuzpfspd; mDFifapy; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLtNjhL r%fj;jpy;
fsq;fg;gLtJk; Nkyjpf Rikahf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. taJte;jtHfs;> Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk;
Nehahspfisg; guhkhpj;jy; ngz;fspd; gpujhd nghWg;ghFk;. ngz;fspd; r%fg;
ghJfhg;G njhlHghd Nfs;tp vOg;Gfpd;w jd;ikahdJ tPl;by; jq;fp tho;fpd;w mjpfk;
ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shff;$batHfis ghhpa mstpy; ghjpf;Fk;. MfNt> xUth; jq;fsJ
nrhe;e epyj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWk; gl;rj;jpy; Foe;ijfs;> KjpatHfs; kw;Wk; FLk;g
64 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
cWg;gpdHfis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F xU Kf;fpa];jH ,y;iynadpy; mtHfs;
midtUk; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shff;$ba epyikapNy cs;sdH.
ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; ePH gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf jq;fsJ nrhe;j
miktplq;fs; kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fspypUe;J ntspNa nrd;W njhopiyg; ngwNtz;ba
fl;lhaj;jpw;Fs;shfpajhfj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. ,J mtHfsJ Ra ghJfhg;ig ngUkstpy;
Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;w tplakhFk;.. gJisapypUe;J gq;Fgw;wpa xU ngz; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ
ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;ghdJ gpur;ridfspd; NghJ ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhfNt fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mtHfs; jq;fsJ ftdk;> ghJfhg;G> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ey;tho;T njhlHgpy; NgRtJ
njhlh;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;w rthy;fs; Fwpj;J njspTgLj;jpdH. kiyafg; gpuNjrq;fspy;
fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYs;s Mgj;jhd epyikfs; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufHfspd;
tfpgq;F fhuzkhf ngz; njhopyhsHfs; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wNjhL
mtHfs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w Jd;GWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; ,d;Ndhnud;d td;Kiwfs; Fwpj;J
Gfhh; mspg;gJTk; rhj;jpakw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd gpur;ridfs; jq;fsJ
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gpur;ridfSf;Fk; tPl;L td;Kiwf;FKs;s njhlHG kw;Wk; fhzp. ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk;
Ntiyj;jsq;fspYs;s ghypay; td;KiwfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlHGfs; Nghd;wd
ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ajhHj;jg+Htkhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
vdpDk; fhzp kw;Wk; ,lk;ngaHT njhlHghd gpur;ridnad;gJ ntWkNd ngsjPff; fhzp
njhlHgpy; khj;jpukd;wp mtHfsJ epyj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhd g+uzkhd tho;f;ifapd;
mbg;gilapyhdJ. tho;thjhuk; njhlHghd fye;Jiuahly;fspy; nghJthf ntsptuhj
ngz;fspd; tfpgq;F Fwpg;ghf guhkhpg;G nraw;ghLfs; njhlHgpy; ehq;fs; Nfl;lwpe;Njhk;.
Foe;ijg; guhkhpg;gpd; rthy;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Foe;ijfspd;
fy;tp> tajhdtHfs; kw;Wk; tpN~l NjitAilatHfisg; guhkhpj;jy;> rikj;jy;.
ePiu Nrkpj;Jitj;jy; Nghd;wit. ngz;fs; jq;fsJ Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F jhq;fNs
guhkhpg;ghsHfshf nraw;gLfpd;wdH. ePz;lfhy epiyNgwhdjd;ikf;Fj;; Njitahd
guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; czTfis jhq;fNs toq;fp tUfpd;wdH. ngz;fspd; ,t; tho;f;if
Kiwapy; guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; capHtho;jypy; jq;fsJ tfpgq;fpidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
,t; tho;f;if Kiwikia kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F tP;l;bYk; nghJ ,lq;fspYk;
fhzp chpik njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <LgLfpd;wik njhlHghd vz;zg;ghL kpfj;
njspthff; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;lJ.
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fhzp chpik njhlHgpy; Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. mNefkhf ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Mz;fs; fisj;Jg;Ngha; Neha;tha;g;gl;Ls;sdH. ngz;fs; jhq;fs; KjpHr;rpailjy;
kw;Wk; gps;isfspy; jq;fpapUj;jy; njhlHgpy; jq;fsJ ftiyia ntspapl;ldH. mth;fs;
jq;fsJ nrhe;jf;fhzpfis kPs;gngWtnjd;w Mirnad;gJ> jhq;fs; ,wf;Fk; nghJ
fz;zpaj;Jld; ahhpYk; jq;fpapUf;fhky; ,wg;gjw;fhFk;. mEuhjGuj;jpy; tho;fpd;w
tajhd ngz;fs; mur fhzpfspy; tho;tjw;fhd chpikia ,oe;jNjhL jq;fSila
Mz; gps;isfspd; iffSf;F fhzpfs; nrd;wjhYk; tNahjpg epiyaq;fSf;F
nry;yNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;Fs;shfpAs;sdH. Mzhjpf;f r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fspy;
ngz;fspd; fhzp njhlHghd chpikapy; mtHfspd; fz;zpak;> khpahij kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G cWjp nra;ag;glhj epiyapy;> taJ KjpHe;j epiyapYk; ,wg;gpYk;
fz;zpaj;ij cWjpnra;Ak; XNu topahf tho;f;if G+uhfTk; mtHfs; NghuhLtijf;
iff;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
65kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2.5.4 ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fz;zpak; njhlHghd fUj;JUthf;fk;
'vq;fSf;F vq;fsJ cwtpdHfs; mUfpypUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehq;fs;
Neha;tha;g;gLk; NghJ vq;fSf;F cjtNtz;Lk;. vq;fisr; #oTs;s
Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F cjTtjhfTk; mika
Ntz;Lk;. vq;fsJ r%f cwTfis ehq;fs; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;"
- mf;fiug;gw;wpypUe;J gq;Fgw;wpa xUtH
ngz;fs; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gLk; NghJk; jq;fsJ nrhe;j epyq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; nry;Yk;NghJ
vt;thwhd ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W njspthf ghpe;Jiufspy;
fhzg;gl;ld. kf;fsJ fhzpfis mgfhpj;jJ kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; ,Ug;G
Nghd;wtw;wpw;nfjpuhf Ky;iyj;jPtpy; ngz;fs; jplkhff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jdH.
'ehq;fs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;F ,uhZtj;jpdH ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W
mtrpakpy;iy. Njrpa ghJfhg;ghdJ ,uhZtj;jpw;F rkkhfhJ.
mjhtJ ,ytrf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> vq;fsJ fhzpfis
ehq;fs; nfhz;bUj;jy;> xU ehspy; ve;Neuj;jpYk; ngz;fs; ntspapy;
nry;yf;$bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL mtHfs; Rje;jpukhf thoTk; Ntz;Lk;.
,Jjhd; Njrpa ghJfhg;ngd;gjd; mHj;jkhFk;"
,uhZtj;jpdhpd; ,Ug;G> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
Nghd;wit ghJfhg;ngd;W nghUl;glhJ> khwhf ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;ngd;gJ
fz;zpaj;Jld; Rje;jpukhf tho;tnjd epr;rakw;w tpjj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jpdH.
fpspnehr;rp nrQ;Nrhiyapy; Kd;dhs; tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; ngz; NghuhspfSld;
,lk;ngw;w Cf;fkspf;Fk; fye;Jiuahlypy; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; fz;zpak; njhlHgpy;
Jy;ypakhd ntspg;gLj;Jif Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. FLk;gq;fs; ,y;yhj epiyapy; rpWtH
,y;yq;fspy; tho;e;Jte;j ,e;jg; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ epyq;fSf;F kPSk; NghJ jq;fsJ
fhzpfis kPsg;ngWtjpy; gpur;ridfs; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; mtHfs; xd;wpize;J
jq;fsJ fhzp chpikfisAk; tPLfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Ntiy nra;fpd;wdH.
,e;j ,sk; ngz;fspd; jd;ek;gpf;if khj;jpuky;y mtHfSf;F ,t; tPl;ilj;jtpu NtW
FbapUf;Fk; trjpfs; ,y;iy vd;gjhy; mtHfs; ,jw;fhf Kd;dpw;;gJ cw;rhf%l;lf;$ba
nraw;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. ,it tk;rhtsp> cwTfs;> rhjp kw;Wk; r%fk; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w xd;wy;y khwhf mt;tplj;jpy; gpwe;J tsHe;J tho;e;j Mokhd
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ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; fhzp vd;gJ ntWkNd xU nrhj;J my;yJ clik
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guk;giuf;FhpaJ my;yJ fyhr;rhu NtW}d;wYld; njhlHGgl;lJ vd;Wk; RUf;ff;
fUj;Jg;glf; $wKbahJ. fhzp chpik tof;fq;fspy; ,J Mz;fSf;F Kf;fpa
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mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. ngz;fs; ,ay;ghfNt fhzp chpik gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ
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cs;slf;fpajhfTs;sJ. ngz;fs; fhzp ,og;ig ,dk; my;yJ r%fQ; rhHe;j
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66 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
mtHfs; rl;lq;fspYs;s newpaw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa r%f eltbf;iffspd;
%yKk; ghjpg;ig vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH vd;gij ,tw;Wld; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fspd; fhzp chpikahdJ gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wkpd;wpa Kd;Ndhf;Fld; $ba
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l gpur;ridiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
r%fg;ghJfhg;ig toq;fy;
• r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rKh;j;jp Nghd;w Vida eyd;Ghp epfo;TfSf;fhd
tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; nghwpKiwfs; nghJg;gilahfTk; cs;thq;ff;$bajhfTk;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J njhlHghd jfty;fs; kf;fSf;F ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
tpjj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• epue;ju Kfthpia ,oj;jy; Nghd;w fl;likg;G hPjpahd rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;w
ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shff;$ba kf;fSf;F murpdhy; r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyd;Ghp
nraw;;jpl;lq;fspy; ,iztjw;F xOq;Ffs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
,lg;;ngaHT kw;Wk; fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lik Nghd;w fhuzq;fis
Rl;bf;fhl;b epue;ju KfthpAld; njhlHGgl;l r%fg; ghJfhg;G nraw;jpl;lq;fspypUe;J
,k;kf;fis ePf;fptpl KbahJ.
• r%fg; ghJfhg;ngd;gJ fhzpg;gpur;ridfSf;F jPHitg;ngwy;; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifia
kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; ngz;fisAk; mtHfsJ FLk;gq;fspYk;
epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f khw;wj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshFk;. r%fg;
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyd;Ghp nraw;jpl;lq;fshdJ> Aj;jk; kw;Wk; ,og;Gf;fs;
mjhtJ kf;fspd; fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhu ,og;Gf;fspd; ePz;l fhyg;ghjpg;ig
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;..
• NkYk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fshdJ Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fgl;l kf;fspd;
FLk;gq;fis xUq;fpizj;J itj;jy; kw;Wk; fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;NlhUf;F
guhkhpg;G nraw;ghl;bd; %ykhd ngz;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w gq;fspg;ig
fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
67kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
68 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
ghpe;Jiufs;
69kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;:
,yq;ifapy; fhzpf; nfhs;if> fhzpg; ghtid> fhzp cupj;jhz;ik> kf;fspd; fhzp
my;yJ fhzpg; ghtidapidg; ghjpf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpait gpd;tUk; topfhl;ly;
Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> epu;tfpf;fg;gl;Lj; jPu;khdpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
• cs;SH kf;fspd; fhzp chpik njhlHgpYk; ,aw;ifahd #oy; mikg;gpd;
ey;tho;T Fwpj;Jk; fhzpf;nfhs;ifahdJ Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• kf;fisf; nfsutj;JlDk; kupahijAlDk; elj;jy;.
• fhzpfSldhd kf;fspd; cwtpid kjpj;jy;> Fwpg;ghf ,e;j cwTfspd;
ghy;epiyahf;fg;gl;l jd;ikfs;
• cs;SH rKjhaq;fis kjpj;J mtw;Wld; xj;Jioj;jy;
• cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; rhj;jpakhd FWfpa fhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyf;
fhyepiy kw;Wk; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fisg; gw;wpa Gupjiyf; nfhz;L jPu;khdq;fis
tFj;jy;.
• fhzp njhlHgpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w midj;J KjyPLfSk; fhzp kw;Wk; #oy;
mikg;gpd; kPs; cUthf;fj;jpw;F JizNghff; $bajhf ,Uj;jiy cWjpnra;jy;.
• jPu;khdk; tFj;jypy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Vida ghjpg;gpd; tpspk;Gepiyf; FOf;fspd;
Kidg;ghd gq;Fgw;wiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;
• ePjpahd kw;Wk; xg;Guthd jPu;khdk; tFj;jiy ,aYkhf;fy;
• rfy eltbf;iffspYk; ghFghbd;ik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; ,aYkhf;fy;.
• rfy ,yq;ifau;fSk; jw;fhy kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy mf;fiwapidf; nfhz;Ls;s
,yq;ifapy; fhzpapid xU tiuaiwf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njrpa tskhf mq;fPfupj;jy;
• kdpjg; ghJfhg;gpid kjpj;jy;
• nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba ntspg;gilj;jd;ik nfhz;l kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpaJkhd
mur epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; murNritfs; ,Ug;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jy;
,itNa kf;fs; mtu;fspd; mDgtq;fisAk; vjpu;ghu;g;;Gf;fisAk; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahbaNghJ Ngrpa tplaq;fshFk;. kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s vjpu;kiwahd
mDgtq;fspD}lhf gy xj;j tplaq;fs; fhzg;gl;likapid mtjhdpg;gJ
gad;kpf;fjhFk;;. kf;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpa rhjfkhd vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fspYk; xj;j jd;ikfs;
fhzg;gl;ld. xNu gpur;rpid tpj;jpahrkhd tuyhw;W> r%f> Rw;whly;> murpay; kw;Wk;
Vida #oiktpy; ifahsg;gLifapy; ntt;NtW jPu;Tfs; vOtijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F
,J vkf;F cjTfpd;wJ. jPu;Tfs; cs;SH #oypw;F mikthf cs;SH ajhu;j;jq;fspw;Fk;
jdpj;JtkhditahFk;. gpur;rpidfs; xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs;
my;yJ Kd;nkhopag;gLk; jPu;Tfs;; ,lj;jpw;fplk; Vd; Kuz;gLfpd;wd vd;gij ,J
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
70 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
nghJ kf;fspd; gupe;Jiufs;
,e;jg; gupe;Jiufs; khtl;lq;fs; KOtjpYk; fhzpg; gpur;rpidahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
,yq;ifau;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfhupf;iffisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,e;j
mwpf;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fuy;fs; fhzpf; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf xUNghJNk
fye;Jiuahlg;glhjtu;fspd; Fuyhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jq;fsJ nrhe;jf; fhzpfs; Neubahf
ghjpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; $l ,tu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs; nfhs;if tFg;NghupdhYk;> jPu;khdk;
tFg;NghupdhYk; NghjpasT ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy13. rpy gupe;Jiufs; Kd;G
kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fspd; NghJ toq;fg;gl;l gupe;JiufspypUe;J
jftikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; Vidait ,e;j fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l
jdpj;JtkhditahFk;.
13. 2016 etk;gupy; ey;ypzf;fg; nghwpKiwfs; gw;wpa fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrayzpapd; ,Wjp
mwpf;ifapd; mwpf;if> Nk 2016 ,d; murpayikg;G kWrPuhf;fy;fisg; guprPypf;Fk; nghJkf;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FO> 20110 etk;gupd; fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; gw;wpa tprhuizf;
FOtpd; mwpf;if
1. fhzpapid mZFtjw;fhf> cilikahf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd> gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kw;Wk; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd cupik
fhzpapidr; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fk; mZFtjw;Fk; thof;$ba kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;ghd tPlikg;gpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fkhd kf;fspd; cupik ,uhZtkakhf;fk;>
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; nry;te;ju;fspdJk; rf;jpkpf;ftu;fsJk; eyd;fis kl;Lk;
ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwikfs; cs;spl;l gy fhuzpfspdhy; mr;RWj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wd.
jhk; fhzpaw;wtu;fshfTk; tPlw;wtu;fshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;l gy topfisg; gw;wp kf;fs;
tpgupj;jdu;. jkJ nrhe;j epjp kw;Wk; ngsjpfg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; jkJ FLk;gq;fspd;
ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wp kf;fs; mr;rj;jpidAk; tpuf;jpapidAk; ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. rpwe;j
vjpu;fhyj;jpid mtu;fspdhy; mgpyhir nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. fhzp mgptpUj;jp
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis mLj;j re;jjpapdUf;F khw;wp toq;Fk; nghwpKiwapy;
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhff; fhl;lg;gLk; ghFghL xU nghJthd Kiwg;ghlhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
rpyu; CLUtpr; nry;Yk; tWik gw;wpAk; Ntwhf;fg;gLk; Mokhd czu;T gw;wpAk;
Ngrpdu;. mKypYs;s Kiwik kf;fs; jkJ fhzpfspy; FbapUe;j kw;Wk; ,ilaPL
Nkw;nfhz;l ntt;NtW topfis mq;fPfupf;fj; jtwptpl;lJ vd;gJ Mizf;FOTf;Fj;
njspthfj; njupe;jJ. kf;fs; vt;thW fhzpapid mZFfpd;wdu;> gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;
kw;Wk; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu; kw;Wk; vt;thW rpwe;j Kiwapy; ,yq;ifapy;
fhzpapd;ik kw;Wk; tPbd;ik Mfpait jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjw;fhd rl;l kw;Wk; epu;thf
mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; gue;j nfhs;ifg; gupe;Jiufs; Mjupj;J thjhLfpd;wd
1. kf;fs; mtu;fspd; njupTf;Fupa tho;thjhuq;fspy; <LgLtjw;fhd mtu;fspd;
cupikfs;> ehl;bd; rpy ghfq;fspy; epyTk; jha;top thupRupik eilKiwfs;>
jiyKiw jiyKiwahf tuyhw;W uPjpahff; fhzpfis cilikahf
itj;jpUj;jy;> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l fhzpfspd; rka kw;Wk; fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fhzpfSldhd kf;fspd; gpizg;ig mq;fPfupj;J
mtw;wpid kjpj;jy;
71kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
2. fhzpfis cilikahff; nfhz;L gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupik gy;NtW topfspy;
epiyehl;lg;glyhk; vd;gij mq;fPfupj;jy;. rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fs; vd;git
fhzpf;fhd cupikapidf; NfhUtjw;fhd kw;Wk; fhzpapidg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
xU tbtk; khj;jpuNk vd;gjid mq;fPfupj;J> kf;fs; fhzpf;fhd rl;lG+u;tkhd
jd;ikapid Vida topfspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gij mq;fPfupj;jy;. rpy
fl;lisr; rl;lq;fspy; ,J mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; eilKiwapy; fhzpfs;
kPjhd kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa cilikf;Fk; mjd; ghtizf;Fk; ,lkspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
vd;gJld; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,J Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ (cjhuzkhf
RNjr FOf;fspd; fhzpf; Nfhupf;ifapidg; ghu;f;f)
3. rhjp kw;Wk; ghy;epiy Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; r%fuPjpahfg; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLk;
eilKiwfspdhy; fhzpaw;wtu;fshf;fg;gl;L tpspk;Gepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;s
,r;rKjhaq;fis milahsk; fz;L mtu;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fTk;.
4. nghJthd fhzpfs; kw;Wk; rKjhar; nrhj;J (ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; tuyhw;W uPjpahd
cilik kw;Wk; ghtid Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; rKjhaq;fs; cilikahff;
nfhz;bUj;jy;) Mfpatw;Wf;fhf kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa tiutpyf;fzq;fis
cUthf;fTk;.
5. fhzpaw;w kf;fSf;F mur fhzpfspd; rkj;Jtkhd tpepNahfj;jpid muR
jd;Kidg;Gld; cWjpg;gLj;jp Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
6. mur fhzpfspd; cupj;jhz;ik kw;Wk; mur fhzpfspd; tpepNahfr; nrad;Kiw
njhlu;ghfg; ghy; uPjpahf Ntwhf;fg;gl;l juTfis muR mwpKfg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
7. jw;NghJ mur fhzp tpepNahfj;jpy; epyTfpd;w ghy;epiy uPjpahfg;
ghFghLkpf;f eilKiwfs; G+uzkhf mfw;wg;gLtjid muR jd;Kidg;Gld;
cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
8. ghy;epiyg; ghFghLkpf;f thrfq;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhff; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf;
fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpid muR cldbahfj; jpUj;jNtz;Lk;.
9. cs;Su; kf;fisAk; RNjr kf;fisAk; mlf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
tpjj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mur mjpfhupfSk; murhq;f
mikg;Gf;fSk; fhzp tpepNahff; nfhs;iffisj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
fle;j murhq;fq;fs; vt;thW murpay; kw;Wk; ,dthj epfo;r;rpepuYld;
FbNaw;wq;fis Kd;ndLj;jd vd;gJ gw;wp mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
10. nghUj;jkw;w nfhs;ifs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tPlw;wepiyapy; ,Ue;J murhq;fk; kf;fisf; ghJfhf;fNtz;Lk;.
'vdJ je;ij kPz;Lk; jpUkzk; nra;Js;shu;. ehq;fs; mtupd; Kjy;
jpUkzj;jpy; gpwe;j kfs;khu;fs;. mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ jpUkzj;jpy;
mtUf;nfhU kfd; ,Uf;fpd;whu;. rl;lj;jpd;gb kfDf;Nf fhzp
chpj;JilajhFk;."
- Ks;spf;Fsj;ijr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
72 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
'ehk; vkJ cwtpdu;fSf;F mUfpy; tho tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. vdJ
RfaPdj;jpd; NghJ vdf;F cjtp Njit. vq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s
#oy; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;> vkJ tho;thjhuj;Jf;F cjtp
toq;FtjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehq;fs; vq;fsJ r%f cwTfisg;
Ngzf;$batu;fshf ,Uf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;."
- mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
'Rtu;zG+kp my;yJ [aG+kp fhzpfshf ,Uf;fyhk;> ,e;j cWjpfs;
ve;j rf;jpAk; mw;wit. mJ kahdj;jpw;F nry;yf;$ba Xu;
cWjpahff;$l ,Uf;f KbAk;. Vd; ngz;fspdhy; fhzpfisg; ngw
KbahJ? gpNukjhrtpd; fhyj;jpy;; khj;jpuNk ngz;fSf;Ff; fhzpfs;
fpilj;jd. ngz;fspd; ngau;fspy; fhzpfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
mtu;fs; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;"
- nghyd;dWitiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
73kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
'fhzpapid cupj;jhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
njuptbg;gilfis ehq;fs; G+u;j;jpnra;a Ntz;Lk; - mjpy;
thoNtz;Lk;> mij tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;> jpUkzk;
Kbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; Mdhy; ngUepWtdq;fSf;Nfh ,ytrkhff;
fhzpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtu;fs; vd;d njuptbg;gilapidg;
G+u;j;jpnra;fpd;whu;fs;? FLk;gq;fs; tpuptilfpd;wd. Mdhy; fhzpfs;
tpuptiltjpy;iy. fhzpfs; ngUepWtdq;fSf;F tpw;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;du; vq;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;."
- nkhduhfiy nts;sthaitr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
'fhzp cupj;jhz;ik vd;why; vd;d? vq;fsJ ngaupy; fhzp
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ NghJk;. ehq;fs; ,q;Nf tho;e;jikf;F
vkJ Njhl;lq;fNs rhl;rpfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. vq;fsJ fhzpfSf;fhf
ehq;fs; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jNghJ ehq;fs; ,q;Nf xU NghJNk
thotpy;iynad mtu;fs; $wpdu; (,uhZtk;). ehq;fs; mtu;fSld;
thjpl;L ,q;NfAs;s kuq;fs; vy;yhk; ehq;fs; el;lit vdf; $wpNdhk;."
- Ky;iyj;jPT GJf;FbapUg;gpid Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
74 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
14. 2016 Nk jpfjpaplg;gl;l murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FOtpdhy;
murpayikg;G kWrPuhf;fk; gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpa mwpf;ifapd; 66 Mk; gf;fj;jpYs;s
gupe;JiufspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. fhzp MSif
1. Gtpapay; uPjpahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F neUf;fkhf cs;s epWtdq;fspy;
fhzp MSif (fhzp njhlu;ghfj; jPu;khdk; tFj;jy;) nraw;jpwd;kpF Kiwapy;
fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; ,aYkhf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;;;.
2. mur fhzp> fhzp Ntwhf;fy;> fhzpg; ghtid> kdpjf; FbNaw;wq;fs;
kw;Wk; Vida rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slq;fpa fhzp gw;wpa Njrpa
nfhs;ifapid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;l Njrpa fhzp
Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; (NLC). fhzpg; ghtid> FbNaw;wk;
kw;Wk; ,lk;khw;wy; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; cs;Su; kf;fspd; Njitfs; kw;Wk;
mDgtq;fis Kd;Dupikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. NLC jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd;
gpw;Nru;f;if 2 ,y; cs;s Nfhl;ghLfs; 2.4 kw;Wk; 2..5 w;F ,iaGwNtz;Lk;.
NLC fhzp Ntwhf;fy; gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; khfhz rigfs;
kw;Wk; murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; fhzpg;ghtid gw;wpj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fkhd
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khfhz
rigfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd vt;tpj gpzf;FfSk; NLC apdhy; jPu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
NLC apd; jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;ghf jpUg;jpg;glhj vj;jug;Gk; Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ murpayikg;G ePjpgjpfs; Fohkpw;Nfh
Nkd;KiwaPL nra;aKbAk;. mur fhzpfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; murhq;fj;jpd;
Vida kl;lq;fspw;F cl;gLfpd;w cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigfs; mtu;fspd;
nraw;ghLfSf;F fhzpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.14
75kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
3. fhzp epu;thfk;
1. fhzp epu;thfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;>
a. topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfis cd;dpg;ghfg; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk; (NkNy ghu;f;f)
b. mtu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd jifik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
c. kf;fSld; kupahijAld; ele;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Nghjpa gapw;rpapidg; ngw;wpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
d. fhzp njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs;> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf
NghjpasT gapw;rp ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;
e. rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspy; jifik ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;;
f. ,iwikahdJ kf;fsplNk cs;sJ kw;Wk; jhq;fs; R%fkhd tifnghWg;G
kpf;f kw;Wk; jpUg;jpahd nray;tpjpfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,yq;if
kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;Wfpd;Nwhk; vd;fpd;w czu;Tld; jkJ nghWg;Gf;fis
epiwNtw;wNtz;Lk;
g. Coypd; tpisthf murpay;thjpfspd;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; my;yJ NtW
%d;whk; jug;gpd; ed;ikf;fhfr; nraw;glhik> nraw;glj;jtWfpd;wik
my;yJ jPu;khdk; vLf;fhik. mt;thwhd nraw;ghLfs; my;yJ flik
Gwf;fzpg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; rl;lj;jpdhy; Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W
eltbf;iffSf;fhd Vw;ghLfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
2. murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fj; njhopy; ghJfhg;G ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;gJld;
mtu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa rk;gsk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; vt;tpj ghFghLkpd;wp
Vida njhopy; tha;g;G eyd;fisAk; mtu;fshy; mZff;$bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
fhzp tplaq;fspy; rl;luPjpahfTk; epahakhd KiwapYk; elf;fpd;w murhq;;f
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisj; Jd;GWj;Jjy;> my;yJ mtu;fisj; jd;dpr;irahf
khw;wk; nra;jy;> my;yJ NtWtpjkhf Nkhrkhf elj;Jjy; Fw;wtpay; jtwhff;
fUjg;glNtz;Lk;.
3. fhzpapd; cj;Njr mgptpUj;jp (fhzpapid muR ifafg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;)
njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fspd; fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;F Kd;djhf murhq;f epWtdq;fSk;
mjpfhupfSk; jfty;fis toq;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fspy; kf;fSk;
rKjhaq;fSk; <LgLtjw;F Nghjpa Neuk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Neubahf my;yJ
kiwKfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; my;yJ Rw;Wr;#oypy;
Vw;gLfpd;w jhf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;ahky; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk;
mtru mtrukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhfhJ.
4. epahakhdJk; epahag;gLj;jg;glf;$baJkhd nghJNehf;fk; milahsk;
fhzg;gLk;NghJ khj;jpuNk fhzp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd
fhzpahdJ murpdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ mt;thWngw;Wf;nfhz;likf;fhd
kpfr;rupahd Nehf;fk; tu;j;jkhdpapy; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;Lk;. murhq;f epWtdq;fNsh
my;yJ mjpfhupfNsh mt;thwhd nghJNehf;fk; njhlu;ghd rfy mtrpakhd
76 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
jfty;fisAk; epahag;gLj;jy;fisAk; toq;fNtz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l midtUlDk;
mtu;fs; cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; gw;wpj; njspthfj; njhlu;ghly; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fhzpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; el;l<L
njhlu;ghfg; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J vOfpd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspg;gjw;nfd
xU mjpfhup epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mur fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sypdhy;
ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba nghJkf;fs; epr;rakw;wjd;ikf;F Kfk;nfhLf;fyhfhJ.
nrad;Kiwapd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpd; NghJk; mtu;fSf;F cjtp toq;fNtz;Lk;.
5. murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Vida fhzpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;fSf;nfjpuhf
vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpg;gjw;fhd Gjpa mwptpj;jypidAk; fhy mtfhrj;jpidAk; toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
6. gpd;tUk; topfhl;lypd; %ykhf fhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; gfpuq;fkhf gug;gg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
a. fhzp cupikfs;> epu;thfr; nray;tpjpfs;> epWtdq;fs;> fhzpf; nfhs;iffs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fhzp njhlu;ghd VjhtJ jPu;khdq;fs; my;yJ
jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa vspikahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; nray;ghLfSk; tbtikf;fg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
b. gpzf;Fj; jPu;jYf;fhd nghwpKiwfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
c. ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; nghJkf;fs; mjid
mZff;$ba kl;lj;jpid kjpg;gpLtjw;fhfTk; fhzp gw;wpa jfty;fs; kPsha;T
nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid vt;tsT rpwg;ghf mila KbAk; vd;gJ
njhlu;ghd cjtpahdJ murhq;f mikg;Gf;fspy; xj;jpirthd jd;ikapid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpypUe;J
Nfhug;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
7. ,e;j nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fs; cupa fhyj;jpy; ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;fis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F rl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
fhytuk;GfSf;F ,izthf fhzp epu;thfj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;w mur
mjpfhupfs; ,Wf;fkhfr; nraw;glNtz;Lk;. mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis GJg;gpj;jy;>
cupkq;fisg; GJg;gpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpid kf;fSf;F mwptpg;gjpy; mjpfhupfs;
Kidg;Gld; nraw;;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; jq;fsJ Mtzq;fisg; GJg;gpg;gjw;F
nghJkf;fSf;F NghjpasT mwpTk; tha;g;Gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;snjd;gijAk;
mtu;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
8. fhzp epu;thf epWtdq;fs; ghy;uPjpahf Ntwhf;fg;gl;l juTfs; cs;slq;fyhf
fhzp njhlu;ghd Nghjpa jfty;fs; Jy;ypakhfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; Ngzg;gLtij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gk; epWtdq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
9. fhzp njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; ifahSk; rfy mur mjpfhupfSk; fhzpfs;
njhlu;ghd cj;jpNahfG+u;t jfty;fis mZff;$batu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fhzp tplaq;fspy; rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW mur mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mur
77kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; nraw;jpwd;kpF xUq;fpizg;G fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
nghJg;gjpTfs; my;yJ jfty;fspd; rhd;Wg;gLj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd my;yJ
nghJ my;yJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t jfty;fis njspTgLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitg;ghL
kf;fspd; kPJ Rkj;jg;glyhfhJ. ,it nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;GgLfpd;w murhq;f
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. mtu;fNs nghJg;gjpTfisAk;
jfty;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; gpur;rpidfis njspTgLj;jp
Ntz;LNfhs; my;yJ tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhz;L kf;fSf;F cjtNtz;Lk;.
10. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fSk; FOf;fSk; ,yQ;rk;> Coy;> gupT kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G
Nghd;w tplaq;fis mur mjpfhupfs; jkJ fhzp tplaq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;tJ
njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghL nra;tjw;Fr; RahjPdkhd nghwpKiw xd;wpid
mZff;$bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. RahjPdkhd epWtdq;fs; tprhuizfis
elj;Jtjw;Fk; jfty;fisf; NfhUtjw;Fk; gupfhuq;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk;
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;jg; nghwpKiwahdJ jifik tha;e;j
Mszpapdiuf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; Neuk;> nkhop> Gtpapay; kw;Wk;
nryT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; nghJkf;fshYk; rKjhaq;fspdhYk; ,yFthf
mZfg;glf; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. rpyu; vjpu;tpisTfisg; gw;wp
gag;gLfpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; Kiwg;ghLfisg; ngau; Fwpg;gplhky; ghJfhg;ghfr;
nra;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisAk; nghwpKiwfs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11. Coypy; <Lgl;Ls;s murhq;f mjpfhupfs; rl;lj;jpdhy; fLikahd jz;lidf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W)
78 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
4. gpzf;Fj; jPu;TfSk; el;l<LfSk;
1. ePjpkd;wq;fspy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s jdpahu; fhzp tof;Ffs; epahakhd
fhyg;gFjpapDs; jPu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. murhq;fk; fhzp ePjpkd;wq;fis epWTtij
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;; jdpahu; fhzpg;
gpzf;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzp njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisj;
Jupjkhfj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf ,J epiwNtw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rfy
jug;gpdUf;Fk; Nghjpa mwptpj;jypid toq;fp xU tUlj;jpDs; tof;Ffisj;
jPu;g;gNj Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
2. rl;l eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;F Kd;duhf rpwpa mstpyhd jdpahu; fhzp
gpzf;FfSf;F kj;jpa];jk; toq;Ftij murhq;fk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. fhzpg; gpzf;FfSf;fhf jukhd rl;l cjtpapid murhq;fk; ,ytrkhf
toq;fNtz;Lk;.
4. fhzpf; nfhs;is njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; ifahs;tjw;F Miz ngw;w xU
epWtdk; RahjPdkhd> nghUj;jkhd nghwpKiwapD}lhf epWtg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
fhzpf; nfhs;ifg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;J itg;gJ Jauq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F
mtrpakhdJ vd;gJld; ,J epahak; vd;fpd;w xU fyhrhuj;jpid Nghjpf;fpd;wJ.
ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; <LgLtjpd; Xu; mq;fkhfTk; NkYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
rkhjhdj;ij Nehf;fpr; nraw;gLtjw;fhfTk; ,J mtrpakhdjhff;; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
a. mePjp kw;Wk; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj; jhf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Jauq;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghwpKiwfs; tYg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. ,J
,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd rpf;fyhd fhzpg; gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;F Mw;wypidAk;
epGzj;Jtj;jpidAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;
jPu;Tfisg; gupe;Jiug;gjw;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;.
b. fhzpf; nfhs;isf;F cl;gl;l midtUf;Fk; el;l<L toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
el;l<lhf fhzpapidNah my;yJ fhzpAld; Nru;j;J gzj;jpidNah toq;Ftjw;F
khj;jpuk; el;l<L kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhky; mJ ,lg;ngau;tpd; NghJ ,of;fg;gl;l
tho;thjhuj;jpidAk; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. tho;tpid kPz;Lk; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk;
tho;thjhuj;jpidAk; fy;tpapidAk; r%f eyNdhk;GifapidAk; kPsj;
njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; cjtpfs; toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; cl;fl;likg;G
trjpfSk; Vida trjpfSk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
c. ,t;thwhd nghwpKiwf;fhd tbtikg;G rKjhaq;fSld; Nru;e;J
fye;jhNyhrpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; Jiwrhu;e;j epGzu;fs; ,e;jf;
fye;jhNyhrpg;gpy; gq;Fgw;wNtz;Lk;. NkYk; ,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; vLf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;dUk; rKjhaq;fspdhy; ,it kPsha;T nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
d. ,og;gPlhdJ el;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mJ $l;L kw;Wk; milahs el;l<lhfTk;>
FwpaPlhd el;l<lhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;.
79kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
'kioia ek;gp Fj;jiff; fhzpapy; ney;ypidg; gapu;nra;Ak; NghJ
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,oe;J tpLfpd;Nwhk;. grp tapw;Wld;
vq;fsJ fhzpiaf; fle;J nry;Yk; NghJ vq;fsJ kdk; vg;gb
,Uf;Fk; vdf; fw;gid nra;J ghUq;fs;. tUlj;jpw;F %d;W jlit
ehq;fs; gapu; nra;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;."
- nfhf;Fj;njhLtha;> Ky;iyj;jPitr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
80 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
5. ,lk;khw;wpf; FbNaw;Wjy;
1. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;Jjy; filrpj; njupthfNt gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mJ fhzpAldhd kf;fspd; rpf;fyhd njhlu;Gfs; (mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs;>
ghlrhiyfSf;fhd mZfy;> NritfSf;fhd mZfy;> FLk;gk; kw;Wk; rKjhaj;
njhlu;Gfs;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; rkaj; jyq;fs; cs;spl;l) kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w xU
njupthFk;.
2. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;Jtjw;fhd kjpg;gPLfs; vf;fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk;
Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lkplYld; Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,it NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;jpa gpd;dUk; fz;fhzpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld; ,ilkhw;wkhdJ ed;F gydspj;Js;snjd;gJk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
3. mgptpUj;jp mbg;gilapyhd ntspNaw;wy;fs; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngau;T gw;wpa
If;fpa ehLfs; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> topfhl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; jd;dpr;iraw;w
NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;jYf;fhd nray;tpjpfs;14 cs;spl;l ru;tNjr uPjpahf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l juhjuq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fSld;
fye;jhNyhrpj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpdhy; NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;jg;gLjy;
MSif nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;. Njrpa jd;dhu;tkw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifahdJ
vjd; mbg;gilapy; rl;lk; khjpupahf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh mjd; Fiwthd
juhjukhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghFghbd;ik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Mfpa
Nfhl;ghLfs; ,Wf;fkhf gpd;gw;wg;gLtij typAWj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
gpd;tUtd gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
4. kPsf;FbNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; jq;fsJ fhzp ,og;G> tPL kw;Wk; Vida
fl;Lkhdq;fspd; ,og;G. Vida nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk; Nghd;w
midj;jpw;Fkhd el;l<l;il KOikahdjhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NIRP apdhy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fiwe;jgl;r juepHza topfhl;ly;fisg; ghtpj;J
el;l<l;L nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;.
5. tho;thjhuq;fs; (Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuhj) - fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fs; %ykhfTk;
tho;thjhuq;fis trjpg;gLj;jp tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;l jsq;fs;
kw;Wk; tha;g;Gf;fspd; %ykhfTk; rKjhaq;fspd; tho;thjhu tpguq;fs; Gupe;J
nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
• fy;tp> gps;isg; guhkupg;G tha;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopypd;wp tPl;L Ntiyfisg;
ghu;g;gtu;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd mZfy;.
• Kjpatu;fs; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdkhdtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd trjpfSld; $ba
njhopy;uPjpahd kw;Wk; Xa;TNeur; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd mtfhrKk; tha;g;Gf;fSk;
• kPsf;FbNaw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; <LnfhLf;fj;jf;f Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs;
14. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/Guidelines_en.pdf
81kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
6. mLf;Fkhbj; njhFjpfspy; kPsf; FbNaw;Wjy; : jdpj;Jtkhd tbtikg;G
my;yJ Fiwe;j tUkhdk; nfhz;l rKjhaq;fspd; miktplj; NjitfisAk;
Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh tho;thjhuq;fisAk; nghJthd ,lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nrsfupaq;fisAk; kw;Wk; r%f kw;Wk; eyd;Ghp mgptpUj;jpj; NjitfisAk;
tbtikg;gpd; NghJ xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf jpl;lkpLNtUf;Fk; epu;thfpfSf;Fk;
fye;jhNyhrpg;gpd; mbg;gilapyhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.15
7. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;JjyhdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fSld;
elj;jg;gLk; Nghjpastpyhd tpopg;Gzu;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs;
kw;Wk; fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fSld; mKy;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
8. kPsf; Fbaku;j;jg;gLgtu;fs; Jg;guthd #oy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Rfhjhu
NritfSf;fhd mZFjiyAk; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;.
9. kPsf; Fbaku;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs; NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbngau;tjw;F Nghjpa Neuk;
toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
10. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;tjw;F Kd;du; my;yJ kf;fspd; thoplk; ,bf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;du; jkJ tPLfspypUe;J jkJ nghUl;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf mfw;Wtjw;fhd
kf;fspd; cupik kjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; jk;khy; vLj;Jr;nry;y
Kbahky; tplg;gl;l tsq;fSf;fhd el;l<L NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;jg;gLk;
jpl;lq;fspy; cs;slf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhzpapy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s VjhtJ nghJ tsq;fis
kPsg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd (cjhuzkhf kpd;rhuf; fk;gq;fSk;> tau;fSk;) rfy
Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
11. xj;Jiog;GkpF jPu;khdk; tFj;jy; nrad;Kiwapid trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf NtW
,lq;fspy; Fbaku;e;jjd; gpd;duhd fz;fhzpg;Gf;fhd nghwpKiw tbtikf;fg;gl;L
mKy;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; gpur;rpid jPu;j;jYf;fhd nghwpKiwfSk;
NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;e;j gpd;du; epahakhd fhyg;gFjpf;F tbtikj;J
mKy;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
15. njkl;lnfhlapy; cs;s rpwprw caditr; Nru;e;j rKjhaj;jpdu; Fwpg;gpLifapy; jq;fsJ
FbapUg;Gj; njhFjpapy; tpahghuq;fis elj;Jtjw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfs; jq;fsJ tho;thjhuk;
njhlu;ghd nray;ghLfis rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffisg; Nghy; Mf;fpAs;sd vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. (cjhuzkhf thOk; ,lj;jpNyNa filfis elj;JtJ)
82 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
6. ,uhZtj;jpid mfw;WjYk; kdpjg; ghJfhg;Gk;
,uhZtkakhf;fy; cilik mfw;wypd; gpujhd fhuzpahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
jdpegu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gpuNjrq;fis Mf;fpukpj;Js;sjw;F mg;ghy; ,uhZt
Mf;fpukpg;ghdJ kPd; gpbj;jYf;fhd ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; gid kuq;fs; Nghd;w tsq;fis
mZFjypYs;s jil> fhzpg;ghtid kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s ghjpg;G>
cs;SHg; nghUshjhuq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s ghjpg;G vd;git Fwpj;J ,e;j mwpf;if
fye;JiuahLfpd;wJ. jhq;fs; ghjpg;GWk; epiyf;F Mshf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhf nghJkf;fSk;
rKjhaq;fSk; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; fhLfspy; tho;tjw;Fj; jhk;
js;sg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; mq;Nf jkf;F Fiwe;jgl;r ghJfhg;Ng ,Ug;gjhfTk; ,d;Dk;
gyu; jkJ cwtpdu;fSld; tho;tjw;F epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
Fwpg;ghf jkpo; NgRk; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd jd;dpr;irahd eltbf;iffs; kf;fs;
mtu;fspd; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; <LgLtjpy; mr;rj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp tUtJld;
mtu;fs; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjpYk; mr;rj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
,uhZtj;jpd; gpurd;dKk; mtu;fspd; fz;fhzpg;Gk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l elkhl;lq;fis
cUthf;fpAs;sJld; rptpy; r%fj;Jldhd $l;Lr;nraw;ghL kw;Wk; <Lghl;bidAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,uhZt mjpfhupfspd; fuq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghFghl;Lld;
$ba gifAzu;TkpF eltbf;iffSk; jd;dpr;irahd tpjpfspd; jpzpg;Gk; mlf;FKiw
kpf;fitahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd.
muR cldbahf tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fis ,uhZtkakw;w gpuNjrkhf
khw;wNtz;Lk;. ,uhZt kakhf;fypd; vz;zw;w Nkhrkhd jhf;fq;fSk; cj;Njr
gupe;JiufSk; fPNo Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. ,uhZtk; vLj;j fhzpfis kPz;Lk; kf;fsplKk; r%fq;fplKk; toq;Ftjw;F
murhq;fk; cldbahf xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,uhZtkakhf;fk; gy topfspy; fhzp cupikfis ghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ :
kf;fspd; ,lg;ngau;T> jdpahu;fspd; fhzp mgfhpg;G> rKjhak; kw;Wk; nghJf;
fhzpfs;> gapu;r;nra;if Nghd;w kw;Wk; fhzpg; ghtidapy; fl;Lg;ghL> ePH
Nghd;w fhzpg;ghtidAld; njhlu;ghd tsf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
$wKbAk;. ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;gpd; jhf;fj;jpid kPsha;T nra;tjw;F Ntwhd
xU nghwpKiwapid epWTtJ mtrpakhdnjd;gJld; kf;fspd; FiwfisAk;
Nfhupf;iffisAk; jPu;g;gjw;Fk; Ntwhd xU nghwpKiw epWtg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt murhq;fk; mt;thwhd xU nghwpKiwia epWt Ntz;Lk;.
2. el;l<L> kPsspg;Gg; Nghd;wtw;wpw;nfd rkhe;jukhd Mizfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,lg;ngau;tpd; NghJ kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa td;Kiw kw;Wk; mePjp njhlu;ghd
FiwfSk; jPu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
3. ghJfhg;G mr;RWj;jy; (mtu;fspdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l NtW epahakhd fhuzq;fs;)
fhuzkhf kf;fspdhy; mtu;fsJ nrhe;j epyq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; nry;y Kbahky;
,Ue;J mtu;fs; khw;Wf;fhzpfisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s tpUk;ghtpl;lhy; mt;thwhd
khw;Wf;fhzpfs; kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj; Njitfs;> fy;tp> nghJg;Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;
mbg;gilr; NritfSf;fhd mZfy; Mfpatw;wpid fUj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.16
16. Kuz;ghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,lg;ngau;Tf;fhd ePLWjpahd jPu;Tfs; gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;ifapidAk;
ghu;f;fTk;. http://nirmin.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/national-policy-on-durable-solutions.pdf
83kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
4. N`hl;ly;fs;> gz;izfs; kw;Wk; Vida tu;j;jf Kaw;rpfs; Nghd;w
,uhZtj;jpduhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w tHj;jf eltbf;iffs; epWj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
5. kf;fSldhd vt;tpjkhd ,uhZt ,ilaPLfSk; cs;SH rKjhaq;fspd; r%f
kw;Wk; fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; $Uzu;T kpf;fjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
6. Xa;Tngw;w ,uhZtj;jpdUk; flikapYs;s ,uhZtj;jpdUk; rptpy; epWtdq;fshd
mur epWtdq;fSf;Fk; Vida mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; epakpf;fg;glyhfhJ. efu
mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig Nghd;w mur epWtdq;fis ,uhZt kakhf;fypypUe;J
mfw;wNtz;Lk;.
'ehq;fs; ghJfhg;ig czu;tjw;F vq;fSf;F ,uhZtk; Njitapy;iy.
Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;gJ ,uhZtk; gw;wpaJ my;y. mJ vq;fisg;
gw;wpaJ. ,ytrkhf fy;tpapidg; ngWtJ. vq;fsJ fhzpfis ehq;fNs
itj;jpUg;gJ mjpNy ngz;fs; tho;e;J mtu;fs; epidj;j Neuk;
Rje;jpukhf elkhLtNj mJthFk;. mJ jhd; Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;gijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ."
- Ky;iyj;jPitr; Nru;e;j ngz; gq;Fgw;Wdu;
84 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
7. fhzp kw;Wk; milahsk;
1. rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaq;fs; tuyhw;W uPjpahfg; gad;gLj;jp te;j fhzpfspypUe;J
mtu;fs; Ntwhf;fg;glyhfhJ. Nghypahd njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfis my;yJ
tdrPtuhrpfspd; ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fisf; fhl;b> NkYk; tdg; Nghu;itiaf;
fhl;b rKjhaq;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;tJ epWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
2. fhzpfspd; kPjhd gpuj;jpNafkhd Nfhupf;ifapid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf njhy;nghUs;
kw;Wk; tuyhW vd;fpd;w fhuzq;fisj; J~;gpuNahfk; nra;tij epWj;Jtjw;F
murhq;fk; cldbahf eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag;
gd;ikthjj;jpid epiyFiyar; nra;fpd;wJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;fpd;w
rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaj;jpd; r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay; ,Ug;Gf;F mr;RWj;jy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; njhy;nghUs; kw;Wk; tuyhW Mfpatw;wpid #o;r;rpj;jpwDld;
ifahs;tJ jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. ngsj;j kjk; jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,y;yhj gpuNjrq;fspy; Gj;jupd; rpiyapid
itj;jy; cs;slq;fyhd ngsj;j rpd;dq;fis Njhw;Wtpg;gJk; jpzpg;gJk;
epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaq;fsplkpUe;J fle;jfhyq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl;l fhzpfs; mk;
kf;fs; mf;fhzpfis mZfKbahky; ,Ue;j fhyg;gFjpf;fhd nghUj;jkhd
el;l<l;Lld; kPz;Lk; xg;gilf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
5. mur FbNaw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; jkJ fhzpfis ,oe;j mryhd
cupikahsu;fSf;Fk; mNj ngWkjpapidf; nfhz;l khw;Wf;fhzpfs; xJf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf> Fbaku;j;jg;gl;l kf;fis murpdhy; mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;w KbahJ.
6. njw;fpy; thOk;| rpq;fs kf;fs; kw;Wk; ngsj;ju;fis vz;zpf;ifastpy;
rpWghd;ikapdu; fzprkhf thOk; gpuNjrq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf ehl;bd; tlf;F kw;Wk;
fpof;F gpuNjrq;fspy; FbNaw;Wtjd; %ykhf mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Fbrdg; guk;giy
khw;WtJ epWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
7. ntt;NtW ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gpd;Gyd;fisf; nfhz;l rKjhaq;fs;
gpuhe;jpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ePu;%yq;fspd; kPJ tpLf;fpd;w Nghl;bj;jd;ik kpF
cupj;jhz;ikf; Nfhupf;iffs; fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; %yk;
R%fkhd Kiwapy; jPu;f;fg;gl;L Nkyjpf ,dg;gjl;lj;ij gpuNjrj;jpy; jzpf;Fk;
tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
'vd;Dila milahsj;jpw;F vdf;F vt;thW Njrpa milahs ml;il
Kf;fpakhdNjh mNjNghy; vd;Dila fhzpNa vdJ milahskhFk;.
,JNt ehd;."
- Ky;iyj;jPT tl;Lthy; gpuNjrj;ij Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Weu;
85kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
8. fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk;
,yq;ifapYs;s 80% tptrha fhzpfs; rpwpa mstpy; gapu;nra;Ak; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspdhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. vdNt fhzpf;nfhs;iffs; mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fisg;
ghJfhj;J mtw;wpd; epiyNgwhd jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> tptrhak;
kw;Wk; flw;nwhopy; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; fhzpf; nfhs;iffSf;Fr; rhu;ghdjhfTk;
mtw;wpd; mKy;gLj;jYf;Fr; rhu;ghdjhfTk; mikaNtz;Lk;. NkYk; ,f;nfhs;iffs;
gpujhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fshfg; ngz;fis milahsk; fz;L fhzpfSldhd>
ePu;%yq;fSldhd mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fspd; topahd neUf;fkhd njhlu;gpid
milahsg;gLj;jp mtu;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
1. #oypay; uPjpahf cWjpahd kw;Wk; epiyNgwhd Kiwfspd; %ykhf MNuhf;fpakhd
kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPjpahfg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; cztpw;fhd
kf;fspd; cupikapid mq;fPfupj;J gpd;tUtdtw;wpid toq;Fk; Njrpa tptrha
kw;Wk; flw;nwhopy; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy;.
• ,urhad tptrha czT cw;gj;jp KiwfisAk; kw;Wk; Rw;whly; uPjpahfj;
jPq;fhd czTw;gj;jp KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtij Fiwj;jy;
• tptrhapfSf;Fk; flw;nwhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; Nghjpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis
toq;Fjy; (fsQ;rpa trjpfs;> Fsp&l;lg;gl;l fsQ;rpa trjpfs;> rpwe;j
ghijfs; kw;Wk; ePu; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w gad;ghLfs;)
• tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; flw;nwhopyhsu;fSf;fhf xg;Guthd kw;Wk; ePjpahd
re;ijf;fhd mZfy;
• tptrhak; kw;Wk; flw;nwhopYf;fhd Gj;jhf;fk; kpf;f kw;Wk; Rw;whly; uPjpapy;
el;ghd njhopy;El;gk;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mwpT gw;wpa nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk;
mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cjtp
• fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa my;yJ g+HtPfkhd tpij ,dq;fs; kw;Wk;
czTg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; nghwpKiwfis cUthf;Ftij Cf;Ftpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
• tptrhaj;jpYk; gz;izj;njhopYk; <LgLtjd; %yk; Cjpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w #oy; cUthf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;
,isQu;fSf;F mJ cWjpahd tUkhd <l;ly; tha;g;ghf mikAk;.
• ngz;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fSf;fhf Mff;Fiwe;jJ 30% ts xJf;fPl;il
cWjpg;gLj;JjYk;> cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; tFj;jy; mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd
mZfiy cWjpg;gLj;jYk; kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; tFf;Fk; kl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;l
rfy mikg;Gf;fspYk; Fiwe;jJ 30% gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpnra;tJk;
mtrpakhFk;.
2. murhq;fk; kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w tptrhak; kw;Wk;
flw;nwhopy; njhlu;ghd Nritfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.17
17. cjhuzkhf tptrhapfSf;F jw;nghOJ mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; toq;Ffpd;w cjtp
kw;Wk; tpupthf;fy; Nritfs; gw;wp jhk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij nghyd;dWitapy; cs;stu;fs;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdu;.
86 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
3. rpwpa mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsHfs; fhzpf;fhd chpik> ePH kw;Wk; Vida
nghJtplaq;fspy; ghhpa mstpyhd gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;;lq;fisf;
fhl;bYk; Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
4. cs;SH ePu; xOq;FgLj;jy;> ePu;g;ghrd Kfhikj;Jtq;fs; kw;Wk; vt;tifahd
gapu;fs; gapuplg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;fpd;w jPu;khdq;fs; rKjhag; gq;Nfw;Gld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fk;ngdpfspdJk; ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fspdJk;
tu;j;jfj; njhopy;Kaw;rpfspdJk; ePu;j;Njitfs; tptrhapfspd; Njitfis tpl
Kd;Dupikahdjhf Mf;fg;glyhfhJ (ckh Xah kw;Wk; kfhtyp fUj;jpl;lq;fs;
cjhuzq;fshfg; ghu;f;fg;gl;lit)
5. fhyepiy khw;wq;fSf;Fr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; jftikg;gjw;F mtrpakhd jpwd;fs;
tptrhapfSf;F toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; njhlHr;rpahd xw;iw ,dg;
gapu;r;nra;ifapid tpl epiyNgwhd tptrha eilKiwapid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F
mtrpakhd cjtpfSk; tptrhapfSf;F toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
6. ngz;fspd; guhkupg;Gg; gzpfis mq;fPfupj;J guhkupg;Gg; gzpfSf;F cjtp
toq;Ffpd;w Gjpa r%f ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU
nfhs;ifapid muR tbtikf;fNtz;Lk;. ,jpy; gpurt cjtp> Kjpatu;fisg;
guhkupg;gjw;fhd cjtp kw;Wk; tyJFiwe;j FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fisAk; RfaPdkhd
FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fisAk; guhkupg;gjw;fhd cjtp cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
(,tw;wpw;F kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljy;y).
7. Kiwrhuhg; nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w Copau;fspd; njhopy;
cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F muR rl;lq;fis ,aw;wNtz;Lk;. ,jpy;
nfsutkhd tho;f;if Cjpak;> gpurt eyd;fs;> Rfhjhuf; fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; gps;isg;
guhkupg;G cjtp kw;Wk; Xa;t+jpaq;fs; Mfpait cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
8. ,yq;ifapd; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; thOfpd;w tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; Vida kf;fspd;
chpikf;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpufldq;fis muR mtrpakhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
9. tUlj;jpd; xU miug;gFjpapd; NghJ khj;jpuNk gapu;nra;ifapy; <Lgl;L
tUk; cyu;tya tptrhapfs; tUlj;jpd; kw;iwa miug;gFjpapd; NghJ r%f
eyd;Ghpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd mZfy; my;yJ mj;Jld; khw;W tho;thjhuq;fs;
Njitg;gl;ltu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ngz;fspd; tho;thjhuk; njhlHgpYk; tpNrl
ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. gioikahd Mzhjpf;f rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ghFghLkpF
r%f> fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspdhy; jkJ fhzpfspd;
cupj;jhd;ikapid ,of;Fk; Mgj;Js;s epiyapNy ngz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
cjhuzkhf rpyhtj;JiwapYs;s ngz;fs; jq;fsJ tPLfspypUe;J
Kd;ndLf;ff;$ba tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd Njitapid ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ngz;fs;
jyikjhq;Ffpd;w FLk;gq;fSk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; tpjitahf;fg;gl;ltu;fSk;
rhu;e;jpUf;fpd;w tho;thjhuq;fs; Vidatw;wpid tpl mjpf ghjpg;GWepiyapy;
cs;sitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. Vnddpy; Vidait ngz;fs; tPl;L Ntiyahl;fshf
ntspehLfSf;F gazk; nra;tjw;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis NkYk; NkYk;
toq;Ffpd;wd. ngz;fspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;w Ntiyj;jsq;fspy; Nghjpa
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;gpid mtu;fSf;F toq;FtJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
87kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
'ehq;fs; vg;NghJNk jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUe;Njhk;. vq;fSila
gpiog;Gf;fhf ehq;fs; ahupYk; jq;fpapUf;ftpy;iy. ,g;nghOJ murhq;fk;
ckhXa Nghd;w ghupa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis elj;jp vkJ ePupidAk;
kz;zpidAk; mopj;J tpl;lJ. ehq;fs; ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;L vkJ
tho;thjhuq;fs; vk;kplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd."
- gJisiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
'vkf;F Njitahd mgptpUj;jp fpupf;nfl; ];Nlbaq;fNsh> khehl;L
kz;lgq;fNsh my;y. ehq;fs; tptrhapfs;. vq;fsJ gps;isfSk;
tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. ehq;fs; ,UNghfk; gapu;nra;tjw;F
vq;fSf;F NjitahdNjh xU ePu;g;ghrdjjpl;lNk."
- mk;ghe;Njhl;iliar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
88 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
'tl;Lthf;fhypy; gy Vf;fu; fhzpfspy; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; fhzpfSk;
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ,Ue;j fhzpfSk; ,g;nghOJ flw;gilapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; ,Ug;gJld; Kd;G fpuhk kf;fs; kPd; gpbj;J te;j
ee;jpf;fly; fsg;gpw;Fr; nry;tjw;Fk; jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fsg;gpw;Fr;
nry;tjw;F mtu;fs; flw;gilapdupd; mDkjpapidg; ngwNtz;Lk;."
- Ky;iyj;jPitr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
89kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
9. kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; gpujhd tplakhff; fhzp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
mu;j;jkhdJ fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd> cilikahff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd
kw;Wk; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd kf;fspd; cupikahdJ mgptpUj;jp
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspdhy; Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;wnjd;gjhFk;. kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifapid> cilikapid> cupj;jhz;ikapid mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfs;
ghjpf;fpd;w kiwKfkhd topfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,jpNy ePu;kl;lq;fspd;
kPjhd jhf;fk;> jdpg;gl;l thopay; #oy;fspd; kPjhd jhf;fk;> tho;f;ifg; ghq;Ffspd;;
kPjhd jhf;fk;> tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tptrha eltbf;iffs; kPjhd jhf;fk; Mfpait
cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fs; kdpj - tdrPtuhrpfspd; NkhjYf;F
,l;Lr;nrd;W mJ ,Wjpapy; kdpjg; ghJfhg;gpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd mjpfkhd kf;fspd; mDgtk; mtu;fs; mjPjkhd mstpw;F
Ntwhf;fg;gLfpd;wikahf ,Ug;gijf; fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ.
tpopg;Gzu;tpd;ik> fye;jhNyhrpg;gpd;ik> el;l<bd;ik> fhzpfSldhd kf;fspd;
cwTfs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; KjyPLfs; gw;wpa Gupjy; ,y;yhik> cs;SH
r%fq;fspd; tho;f;ifapd; kPjhd jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa fuprid ,y;yhik> cs;SH
r%fq;fs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J gyd; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisf;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;shik Nghd;wit ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdp egu;fspdhYk; FOf;fspdhYk;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l tplaq;fshff; fhzg;gl;ld.
1. ,yq;if kf;fs; Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s
Gtpapay; gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspy;
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gl;L mjpypUe;J ed;ikapidg; ngwNtz;Lk;. jdpahu;
fk;ngdpfs;> ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj; njhopy;;Kaw;rpfs; (mur/jdpahu; njhopy;Kaw;rpfs; cs;slq;fyhf) Nghd;NwhUf;fhd nghUshjhu eyd;fs;
kf;fSf;fhd ,e;j mbg;gil ed;ikfis tpl mjpfhpf;ff;$lhJ. ehl;bw;fhd
eyd;fs; vd;w gue;j fUj;jpaYk; kf;fSf;F mjpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;w ed;ikfs;
vd;w fUj;jpaYk; csSu;r; rKjhaq;fSf;Fk; cs;Su; kf;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fnkd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w cz;ikahd eyd;fspd; jfty;fspidf; nfhz;L gjpyPL
nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
2. mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F Kd;du; mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lq;fs; njhlHgpy; nghJf;fs; tpopg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; cs;SH kf;fspd;
<LghL ,Ug;gjid murhq;fk; cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fis
elhj;Jtjw;Fk; fupridfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J gupfhukpF gupe;Jiufs;
kw;Wk; gjpw;nraw;ghLfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; xj;Jiog;GkpF nghwpKiwfs;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l cs;SH rKjhaq;fSld; epiyehl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
cs;SH rKjhaq;fis <LgLj;Jfpd;w gpd;D}l;ly; nghwpKiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; rKjhaq;fSf;F mu;j;jg+u;tkhf gjpw; nraw;ghlhw;Wtjw;Fg;
gy;Jiwrhu; epGzu;fs; kw;Wk; cs;SH rKjhaq;fs; <LgLj;jg;gl;L Njitg;gLfpd;w
khw;wq;fs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLtJk;> ,g;nghwpKiwapdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
3. mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhff; fhzp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;gly;
gpd;tUtdtw;wpdhy; Mjutspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
a. xU nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp cghakhu;f;fk;
b. kdpj kw;Wk; Rw;whly;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt cghakhu;f;fk;
90 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
18 ghu;f;f.https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Development/DFI/MappingStudyontheHRRiskImplications_MegaInfrastructureInvestment.pdf
19 fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; vz;zw;w Rw;Wyhj;Jiw rhu;e;j fUj;jpl;lq;fspdhy; ,yhgk; ngWgtu;fs;
,e;jf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; rKjha thoplj;jpypUe;J J}uj;jpy; tho;fpd;whu;fs;. cjhuzkhf
KrypapUe;J kz;Zk; gJisapypUe;J kuKk; vLf;fg;gl;L nfhOk;Gf;F nfhz;L tug;gLfp;d;wd.
20 cjhuzkhf ckh Xa fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; epyf;fPo; ePupd; fhuzkhf epyf;fPo; ePu;kl;lk;
Fiwtile;J epyk; jhopwq;fp cs;sJ. Ma;tpid elj;Jtjw;fhf CIC f;F Fj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl;l fhzp mjPj mstpy; gPilf;nfhy;ypfis gad;gLj;jp gz;izr;nra;iff;F tu;j;jfg; gapu;nra;iff;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
c. cWjpahd ghy;epiyf; $Wld; $ba kdpj cupik jhf;f kjpg;gPL18
d. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l cghakhu;f;fq;fisf; ifahSfpd;w ngsjPf uPjpahd mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lkply; Mtzk;.
e. muR mDruiz toq;Fk; RahjPd nrayhf;f Ma;T kw;Wk; mwpf;if
f. muR mDruiz toq;Fk; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPL
g. vjpu;g;Gfs;> khw;W mwpf;iffSf;fhd fUJNfhs;fs;> cghakhu;f;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;nfd NghjpasT fhyk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
4. ,lkhw;wpf; FbNaw;wy; jpl;ltl;lkhfNt mtrpakhf ,Ug;gpd; NkYk; mu;j;jG+u;tkhd
fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrad;Kiwfs; G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; kPsf; FbNaw;Wk;
jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; jdpegu;fisAk; rKjhaq;fisAk; ghjpf;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; ,lg;ngau;Tr; nraw;ghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis
Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Muk;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
5. rfy kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fisAk; mu;j;jG+u;tkhd r%fg; ghJfhg;G
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fs; cs;thq;FtNjhL muR cupa fhyj;jpy; gjpe;J
me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mZff;$ba juk;tha;e;j Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp trjpfis
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,aw;if tsq;fis NtW jpirfis Nehf;fp jpUg;gg;gly; my;yJ mfw;wy;
Mfpatw;wpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ntiyj;;jpl;lq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> mf;fhzpfspy;
tho;gtu;fspd; kPjhd mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf kjpg;gplg;gl;L mg;gpuNjrq;fspy;
tho;gtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; fpilf;ff;$bajhd cs;SH
,aw;if tsq;fspd; kPjhd jhf;fk; gw;wpAk; kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.19
7. cs;SH ePu; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fSf;Fs; ahidfspd;
elkhl;ljijj;; jil nra;Ak; Ntypfis milj;jy; Nghd;w ghupa mstpyhd
tptrhaf; fk;ngdpfspdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.20 Gj;jy kw;Wk; ngy;tj;j gpuNjrq;fspy; Nlhy;
fk;ngdp kw;Wk; rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgd ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzpfspy; kdpj ahid Nkhjy;
mjpfupj;Js;sikiaf; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;.
8. cs;SH rKjhaq;fs;> cs;SH tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;J mtw;Wf;F
ed;ikaspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
91kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
'ckh Xa fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vdJ tPL Kw;WKOjhf mopf;fg;gl;lJ.
epyk; ntbj;J tay;epyKk; RUq;fptpl;lJ. %d;W tUlq;fshf ehq;fs;
new;gapu; nra;atpy;iy. jkpoNuh> rpq;fstNuh> K];ypk;fNsh ehk;
midtUk; kdpju;fs;. ,e;j mePjp ahUf;Fk; elf;ff;$lhJ."
- gJisiar; Nru;e;j Mz;
',e;jg; ngupa fk;ngdpfs; te;J njhopw;rhiyfisf; fl;LtJ jhd;
mgptpUj;jp vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ Mdhy;> ehq;fNsh ,t;thwhd
mgptpUj;jpapdhy; ghjpg;gile;J ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;."
- Fr;rntspiar; Nru;e;j ngz;
92 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
'ehq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;F vjpuhdtu;fs; my;y. mJ Kf;fpakhdJ
vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; Rw;whlYf;F mJ Fiwthd
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,J Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gLgtu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs; %yk;
jPHkhdpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
Kd;;dNu murhq;fk; kf;fisf; fye;jhNyhrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy."
- nghyd;dWitiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;
93kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
10. ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzpfs; - tuyhw;W uPjpahd FiwfSk; Ruz;ly; kpf;fjhd njhopy; eilKiwfSk;
,yq;ifapy; ntt;NtW ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fspd; tho;tpay;
mDgtq;fis ,e;j fUj;Jf;fzpg;G mwpf;if Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fSf;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mePjpfspd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd mDgtKk;
mJ mtu;fspd; tho;tpd; kPJk; vjpu;fhyj;jpd; kPJk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fSk; kWf;f
KbahjitahFk;. mtu;fspd; ciog;igj; jiyKiw jiyKiwahfr; Ruz;b
tUfpd;wikAk; mjDld; Nru;j;J mtu;fspd; thf;Fupikapid mfw;wp mjd; %ykhf
Kiwiktha;e;j tifapy; mtu;fisj; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;KiwapypUe;J
tpyf;fpaJk; mtu;fSf;F mur NritfSf;fhd cjtpNah mZfNyh ,y;yhkypUg;gJk;
mtu;fSf;Fg; nghJthd guhkupg;Ngh my;yJ cjtpNah mtu;fspd; eyNdhk;Giff;F
toq;fg;glhkypUg;gJk; tpNrlkhf cldbf; ftdj;jpid <u;f;Fk; tplaq;fshFk;.
ngy;tj;j kw;Wk; `pq;Fuhd ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy;; Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fs; Ruz;ly;
kpF ciog;gpy;; rpf;fpAs;sJld; fhzpg;ghtid kw;Wk; fhzpAilik Nghd;wtw;wpYk;
mtu;fs; Ruz;lYld; $ba Kiwapy; rpf;fpAs;sdu;. NkYk; mtu;fs; nghUshjhu>
r%f kw;Wk; jiyKiw uPjpahd gpd;tpisTfs; gw;wpAk; Ngrpdu;.
1. 1ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;F ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjd;
tpisthff; Fiwe;jJ ,UgJ \Ngu;r;| fhzp xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,J mtu;fSf;F vOj;J %ykhd cld;gbf;if %yk; toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %ykhf me;jf; fhzpia vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ njhlHghd
jPu;khdj;ijAk; vLf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngwNtz;Lk;.
2. cs;Suhl;rp rigfshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Nritfs; Vida fpuhkq;fisg;Nghd;W
nghUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fSf;Fk; nrd;wiltij cWjp nra;aNtz;Lk;.
3. ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fNtz;ba eyd;fis kPs toq;Fk;NghJ
tuyhw;W uPjpahd FiwfSk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
4. mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fhzpg;ghtid kw;Wk; njhopy; njhlu;ghd mr;RWj;jy;
njhlu;ghfTk; ngUe;Njhl;l Kfhikahsu;fSk; Vida rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhupfSk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jdpegu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa jfty;fis toq;fNtz;Lk;.
kf;fspd; epue;ju kw;Wk; jw;fhypf epthuz eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLifapy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;fhd mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs; tUepiy
epfo;TfisAk; cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpa
mr;RWj;jy;fs; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fSf;fhd topfs;
vd;d vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;.
94 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
midj;Jg; ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzpfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s kf;fSf;fhd gupe;Jiufs;
1. xw;iwg; gapu;fisf; nfhz;l ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;fhfj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l
nfhs;ifapid cUthf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J Fwpg;ghfj; njhopy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
Rfhjhuj; juhjuq;fs; cs;spl;l njhopy; cupikfisj; jPu;f;fNtz;Lk;.
cjhuzkhfj; njhopyhsu;fspd; $l;LwT khjpupapid Vw;W eilKiwg;gLj;jp
Rw;Wr;#oy; fUJNfhs;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. Fiwe;jJ miu Vf;fu; fhzpfis Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfSf;F xJf;Ftjd;
%ykhf #oypay; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;fp czTg;ghJfhg;ig cWjp
nra;tjw;F toptif nra;aNtz;Lk;.
3. Xw;iwg; gapHr;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Njhl;lq;fspy; gy;tifikg;GLj;jg;gl;l
tptrha tdq;fshf khw;Wtjw;F ngUe;Njhl;l njhopyhspfSf;F cjtp mtHfis
rpWNjhl;l chpikahsHfshf caHj;Jtjw;F cjt Ntz;Lk;.
4. ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopy; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L Vida
r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; Gwf;fhuzpfs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf nfhs;ifs;
kPsg; guprPypf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
5. Efu;Tf;fhfg; gapu;fis tsu;j;jy; my;yJ mt;thwhd fhzpfspd; tsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mDkjpapidj; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w
tho;thjhuk; kPjhd ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fspd; tho;f;if kPjhd kw;Wk;
jq;Fkpl trjpfspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; mtu;fspd; fhzpfs; kPjhd
fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; mfw;Wjy;
6. ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; ePu;> kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; Vida trjpfis mZFtijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Nghd;w mtu;fspd; gpu[hTupik kPJ ngUe;Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfspdhy;
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;Lg;ghLfis mfw;Wjy;.
7. ngUe;Njhl;l rKjhak; Kd;te;J fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy;>
fhzpf;fr;Nrhpfspy; gq;Fgw;w;Wtjw;F mtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
95kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
'Vd; vq;fsJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,q;Nf te;jdu;? ,e;j ,yl;rhjpgjpfs;
vq;fshy; jhd; ,t;thW tho Kbfpd;wJ. ehq;fs; mtu;fsJ
tPLfspy; $l Ntiy nra;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; ehq;fNsh mtu;fSf;Fg;
ngWkjpaw;wtu;fs;. ehq;fs; gwpf;fpd;w Njapiyf;nfhOe;J mtu;fSf;Fg;
ngWkjpahdJ. vq;fSf;Nfh ve;jg; ngWkjpAkpy;iy."
'vq;fSf;F Ntnwe;jj; njupTk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ehq;fs; vkJ gps;isfis
fUk;Gj;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;F mDg;g khl;Nlhk;.||
- nkhduhfiyiar; Nru;e;j ngy;tj;j rPdpj;njhopy;rhiyapy; njhopy;GupAk;
ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fsJ f];lq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fg; ghFghl;bidg;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.
96 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
11. Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;
gq;Fgw;wpNahupy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs; vt;thW
Rw;Wr;#oYld; gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sd vd;gijAk; mit vt;thW jk;Kld; ,ilaPL
Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wd vd;gijAk; NkYk; xd;wpy; kw;nwhd;W vt;thW jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. kdpj tdtpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghd kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ ,it
Fwpg;ghf Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. Rw;Wr;#oypd; epiyikahdJ gq;Fgw;Wdu;fspd;
tho;thjhuq;fSf;F Mjukhf ,Ue;jnjd;gJk; gue;jstpy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ghupa
mstpyhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLk; NghJ Rw;Wr;#oy;
kPjhd mtw;wpd; Nkhrkhd jhf;fq;fs; tpupthf tpgupf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;jf; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Miz toq;fg;
gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; (tdj; jpizf;fsk;) mit ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis vy;iy
Fwpf;Fk;NghJ gad;gLj;Jfpd;w mlf;FKiw mZFKiw gw;wp tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.
epUtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilapy; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ ,q;F
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw epu;thf epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; jfty;fs;
toq;fg;glhikahdJ rKjhaq;fisg; ghjpj;Js;sJld; CoYk; jdpegu; eyd;fSk;
Rw;Wr;#oy; fupridfis tpl NkNyhq;fp epw;gJld; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; eyd;fis
fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjw;fhd epWtd uPjpahd Cf;fk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fPNo toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gy gupe;Jiufs; njhlu;ghlypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w FiwghLfs;
fhuzkhf jPu;khdk; tFj;jy; nrad;KiwapypUe;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l rKjhaq;fisj; J}
ukhf;fp itf;fpd;wJ. gupe;Jiufs; NkYk; fhzpg;ghtidf; nfhs;iffSk; rl;lq;fSk;
,aw;wg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gLifapy; Fiwe;jgl;r Rw;Wr;#oy; juhjuq;fs; epWtg;gLjy;
njhlHghfTk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
ghjfkhd fhzpg; gad;gLj;jy; eilKiwfis Fwpg;ghf kpjkpQ;rpa kz; mfo;T>
,aw;if tsq;fisg; ngwy;> kpfmjpfstpyhd tptrha ,urhadg;ghtid> mgptpUj;jp
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf czHjpwd;kpf;f Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;Gf;fis mopj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,Wf;fkhd xOq;Ftpjp Kiwfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Fwpg;ghf tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; Vida
cw;gj;jpahsHfspd; tho;thjhuj;jpy; fhyepiy khw;wj;jhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjfkhd
tpisTfisf; eptHj;jpnra;tnjw;nfd xU gue;Jgl;l xU Njrpa nghwpKiw
cUthf;fg;gl;Ntz;Lk;.
1. tdrPtuhrpfSf;fhd xJf;fq;fs;> td xJf;fq;fs;> njhy;nghUs; xJf;fq;fs;>
kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrk; my;yJ Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrk; Mfpatw;wpid
gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dH gpd;tUk; nray;tpjpfs; fl;lhak; gpd;gw;wg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
a. rk;ge;jg;gl;l fhzpapidg; ifafg;gLj;jpf;;nfhs;tjw;fhd cz;ikahd Njit
,Uf;fpd;wjh? vd;gij milahsk; fhz;gjw;F nrayhf;f Ma;T fl;lhak;
elj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
97kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
b. nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf ifafg;;gLj;jpf;;nfhs;sg;glTs;s fhzpapy; epymsit
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
c. nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf ifafg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sg;glTs;s fhzpapidj; njspthfr;
Rl;bf;fhl;b mjDld; Nru;j;J tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jiyAk; gfpuq;f ,lq;fspy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
d. ,e;j tu;j;jkhd mwptpj;jYf;F vjpuhf tpz;zg;gpg;gjw;nfd kf;fSf;F xU
khj fhy mtfhrk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
e. nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glTs;s fhzpapd; cupj;jhz;ik
kw;Wk; gad;ghL njhlHgpy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ njhlHgpy;
Nkd;KiwaPl;Lr; rig tprhuizfis elhj;j Ntz;Lk;. (,e;jf; FOthdJ
fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; rfy jpizf;fsq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fisAk;
rptpy; r%fj; mq;fj;jtHfisAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fspd; gpujpepjpfisAk;
nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; ,jd; %ykhfj; jPu;khdk; tFj;jy;
nrad;Kiwapy; murpay; nry;thf;Ff; Fiwf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
f. tu;j;jkhdp fl;lhak; gpuRupf;fg;gl jfty;fs; kf;fs; ghHitf;F
gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;;glNtz;Lk;.
2. tdg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd jpl;lkplyhdJ tdg;Nghu;it tpfpjhrhuj;jpidg; NgZ
tjw;fhd cz;ikahd epahag;gLj;jf;$ba juhjuq;fis mbg;gilahff;;
nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf tdg;Nghu;itapd; tpfpjhrhukhdJ ntt;NtW
msTfspy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa mstPl;by;> gpuhe;jpa mstPl;by;>
Fwpg;gpl;l Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpd; mstPl;by;. NkYk; tdq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
jpl;lq;fs; Jz;L Jz;lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ghJfhg;G Kaw;rpfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf
tdkhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis ,izf;Fk; jd;ikapid fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. xJf;fq;fs; cupa nrad;Kiwapd;wp tu;j;jfg; gad;ghl;bw;fhf tdj; jpizf;fsj;jpd;
ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; xg;gilf;fg;glf;$lhJ.
4. kdpj thoplq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; ,Uf;fpd;w ,aw;ifahd thoplq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s
ghJfhg;G tyaq;fSf;fhd xU Gfyplk; my;yJ fpuhk tdg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
5. mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk; Rw;Wr;#oy; uPjpahf
kPSUthf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wnjd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F jpl;lkply;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;l tbtikg;gpd; ghFjpahf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
6. rpwpa mstpyhd kw;Wk; rKjha mbg;gilapyhd Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
Cf;fg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf> Fr;rntsp> epyhntsp kw;Wk; fw;gpl;b Nghd;w
cWjpaw;w Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;igf;nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ,it Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; mj;Jld; ghupastpyhd Rw;Wyhj;Jiw fUj; jpl;lq;fs; Rw;Wr;#oypy;
ghjpg;GkpF jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;JtJ ep&gpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.
98 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
7. tdj;Njhl;lf; fUj;jpay; kw;Wk; fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
(Fwpg;ghf ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;fhf). Vnddpy; ,J tdg;Nghu;itapidg; NgZtJlDk;
capupay; gy;tifikapid Nkk;gLj;JtJlDk; ePNue;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
8. fhlopf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs;> td xJf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkf; fhLfs;
Mfpatw;wpid kPz;Lk; tdkhf khw;Wtjw;F murhq;fk; fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
9. kj;jpa kiy ehl;bNy vz;nza;f;fhf ghk;(Kw;Njq;fha;) kuq;fis tsu;f;fpd;w
tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; tpupthf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F NkYk; ePNue;J
gpuNjrq;fspy; ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy;
,g;gapu;r;nra;ifahdJ epy Nkw;gug;gpy; ghjfkhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;JtJld;
epyf;fPo; ePu; kl;lj;jpidf; Fiwj;J kz;zupg;gpw;Fk; kz; ruptpw;Fk; fhuzkhf
miktJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
10. ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; kz;zupg;G> kz;ruptpdhy; ghjpg;gilaf;$ba Mgj;Jkpf;f
gpuNjrq;fs; Mfpad kj;jpa kiyehl;bNy ghJfhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F mikthf
rhpahd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11. Nghj;jypy; ePu; milf;Fk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;nra;iffs;
Nghd;w tu;j;jf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,aw;if ePu; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F xOq;Ftpjpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
12. cjtpg; nghwpKiwfs; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd rl;lf; fl;likg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjd;
%ykhfj; jpz;kf;fopT Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;if nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13. gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s #w;Wr;#oy; mikg;Gf;fis xd;WNru;g;gjd; %ykhfTk; tdg;ngUe;
Njhl;lq;fs; ,aw;if tdq;fshf khWfpd;w nrad;Kiwia trjpg;gLj;Jtjd;
%ykhfTk; kdpju;fSf;Fk; tdtpyq;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epiyNgwhd rftho;T
trjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
14. kdpjDf;Fk; tdtpyq;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjypd; jhf;fq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F
el;l<l;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; nraw;jpwd;kpF Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F khdpakhf;fg;gl;l fhg;GWjp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fSld; elj;jg;gl;l
fye;Jiuahly;fspy; ,Ue;j jahupf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;bid el;l<l;Lg; nghwpKiwfs;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk; (tptrhapfs;> rq;fq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf)
99kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
'vq;fsJ ePu; kpfTk; J}a;ikahdjhf ,Ue;jJ. mjid vq;fshy;
mUe;jf;$bajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. vq;fsJ Kfq;fisf; fOtTk; KbAk;.
Mdhy; ,g;nghOJ mjid njhLtjw;Ff; $l gakhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
Vnddpy; mJ ,g;NghJ Kw;whf eQ;rhf khwpAs;sJ. gyUf;F me;j
ePupYs;s fpUkpfshy; nrhwpfSk; fhaq;fSk;> Vw;gl;Ls;sd."
- uj;fk fopTnfhl;Lk; ,lj;jpd; tpisTfisg; gw;wp `pf;fLitiar; Nru;e;j ngz;
gq;Fgw;Wdu;
'kf;fSf;F ntWkNd fhzpfis toq;fhky; fhzp vd;gJ
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsk; vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;fpd;w nfhs;iffNs
vq;fSf;Fj; Njit. NkYk; mit Rw;whliyAk; tptrhaj;ijAk;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ehq;fs; vq;fsJ vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhf
vkJ Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;ig ghJfhf;f KbAk;."
- fhypiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Weu;
100 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
,izg;G 1
101kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
ntspaplg;gl;l Mf;fq;fspd; kPsha;tpd; %ykhd #oikTg; gFg;gha;T
fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; mjd; cupj;jhz;ik gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Fk;
rthy;fspd; CLguTk; jd;ikahdJ tuyhw;W uPjpahdjhfTk; rpf;fyhdjhfTk;
cs;sJ. ,J njhlu;r;rpahf muir ikag;gLj;jpa murhq;fq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk;
,dj;Jt tpspk;Gepiyahf;fj;jpd; ru;r;irkpF murpay; kw;Wk; Coy; eilKiwfspd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; Gije;Js;sJ. fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; vd;git milahsk;> tho;thjhuk;>
%yjdk;> Copak;> ePu;> fhyepiy kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.
vdNt fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; mjd; cupj;jhz;ik vd;gJ gy;NtW tifahd rl;lq;fs;>
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; epu;thf eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;wpy; rpf;Fz;Ls;s kpfg; ghupa
tplag; gug;ghFk;.
,e;jr; #oikTg; gFg;gha;T Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mf;fq;fspd; kPsha;tpd;
mbg;gilapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j kPsha;T fhzpg; gpur;rpidAld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;s
kpf Kf;fpakhd Nghf;Ffisg; gw;wpa nrhy;yhliyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs;
kpfTk; rpf;fyhdit vd;gjdhy; mtw;wpidr;; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s gpur;rpid> mjd;
cs;@u; tuyhw;Wr; #oikT kw;Wk; elg;Gr; #oikT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa
Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW r%f - nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; fhuzpfs;
xt;nthU cs;@u;g; gpuNjrj;jpd;; fhzpf; Nfhupf;iffspYk; mq;F epyTk; gjw;wq;fspYk;
tpj;jpahrj;jpid cUthf;fyhk; vDk; Mokhd mq;fPfhuj;JlNdNa ,e;j kPsha;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. xl;Lnkhj;jr; #oikTfisAk; xd;whfr; Nru;j;J Nehf;f
Kaw;rpf;;ifapy; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfspd; Ez;ikahd NtWghLfis mwpe;Jnfhs;s
KbahJ. vdNt Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Mf;fq;fspd; kPsha;tpd; %ykhf xl;Lnkhj;jr;
#oikT uPjpahd Gupjiy Kaw;rpg;gjd; ngWkjp nraw;gLfpd;w mf;fiwfisg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;fpd;wikahf ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;j kPsha;thdJ mur mDruidAld; toq;fg;gl;l fhzp Mizf;FO mwpf;iffs;
kw;Wk; rl;lq;fspd; tpku;rdq;fisAk; fle;j 10 tUlq;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;l fhzpg;
gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa murrhu;gw;w mwpf;iffisAk; guprPypj;Js;sJ. fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs;
njhlu;ghf kf;fSld; elj;jg;gl;l gue;j mbg;gilapyhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Vwf;Fiwa midj;J mwpf;iffSk; Aj;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gilait
vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;tJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jpy; murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G
gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FO tpjptpyf;fhdjhFk;.
mwpKfk;
fhzp vd;gJ xU kpf Kf;fpakhd r%fg; - nghUshjhur; nrhj;jhFk;. Fwpg;ghf>
fhzpapd; kPJs;s fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;L (fhzpf;fhd mZfypdhy;) nry;tKk;
gpioj;J tho;jYk; msf;fg;gLfpd;w tptrha uPjpahfr; rhu;e;Js;s nghUshjuq;fspy;
,e;j epiyik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (nfhu;g; kw;Wk; rpy;th> 2003). ,jd; tpisthf> fhzp
kPjhd Nkhjy;fs; nghJthf cWjpahd nghUshjhu uPjpahd kw;Wk; czu;T uPjpahd
ngWkjpfis ,izj;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. FwpaPl;L uPjpahf my;yJ czu;T
uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; fhzpNah my;yJ nrhj;Njh gpur;rpidf;F cs;shFifapy;
NkhjYf;fhd tha;g;G mjpfupf;fpd;wJ - fhzp kPjhd Nghl;bapd; ikakhff; fhzg;gLtJ
r%f nghUshjhu mjpfhuKk; murpay; mjpfhuKkhFk;.
102 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
fhzp vd;gJ Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPsy; kw;Wk; Gduikg;gpy; xU Kf;fpakhd
tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhzp njhlu;ghd rpf;fyhd Fiwfisj; jPu;f;fj; jtWfpd;w
ve;j eltbf;iffSk; tuyhw;W uPjpahd Fiwfspd; njhlu;r;rpf;Nf ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wd.
'fhzp vd;gJ Xu; mupjhd kw;Wk; mirahj nrhj;jhf ,Uf;fpd;wikNa tuyhW
neLfpYk; r%fq;fspy; Nkhjy; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhd %ykhf mjid Mf;fpAs;sJ
vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;". rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp> efu tpupthf;fk;> fhzpf;fhd cyfshtpa
mjpfupj;j Nfs;tp kw;Wk; kz;zupg;Gg; Nghd;w Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfs; ,t;thwhd gy
Kuz;ghLfSf;Ff; fhuzkhfpAs;sd" (Lindberg and Herath, 2014: 890). Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Fwpg;ghff; fhzp kPsspg;G tplaj;jpidj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfs; gy tbtq;fspy; te;Js;sd. ,jpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; ey;ypzf;f
Mizf;FO (LLRC)> ey;ypzf;fg; nghwpKiw mwpf;iff;fhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrayzp
(CTF)> CTF mwpf;ifapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l miktplq;fisr; Nru;e;j kf;fSldhd
tyar; nrayzp Neu;fhzy; (ZTF)> murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gg; gw;wpa nghJkf;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FO kw;Wk; fy;tpapayhsu;fs;> rptpy; r%fr; nraw;gLdu;fs; kw;Wk;
If;fpa ehLfs; cs;spl;l ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; vz;zw;w gq;fspg;Gf;fs;
Mfpait cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
vt;thwhapDk; fhzpaw;w epiyik> Mzhjpf;ff; fhzp eilKiwfs; kw;Wk;
jdpahupd; mgptpUj;jp mf;fiwfspy; Kjyhspj;Jt cronyism, gy jrhg;j Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ cr;rkile;J ,d;Wtiu njhlu;e;J fhzg;gLk; ,dj;Jtj; Njrpathjj;jpy;
Nt&d;wpAs;s tuyhw;W uPjpahd rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; Nghd;wtw;wpidj; jPu;g;gjw;F ePz;l
J}uk; nry;yNtz;bAs;sJ.
fhzp murpay;
njhlu;r;rpahd fhydpj;Jt mjpfhuq;fs; khWgLfpd;w fhzpf; nfhs;iff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpd. gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rp ,uz;L kbf; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ
- mur fhzp Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ,w;iwtiu ,yq;ifapd; fhzpg; gjptpYk; fhzpapd;
cupj;jhz;ik kw;Wk; ngWkjpapidf; fhl;Lfpd;w nghJg; gjpNtl;L epymsit
KiwikapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w jdpahu; fhzpf; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fSf;fhd
rl;lg; nghwpKiwapd; cUthf;fk; (H Divithure & C Tang, 2013).
mur Mizf;FOf;fs;
1927> 1957 kw;Wk; 1987 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; %d;W fhzp Mizf;FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffspy;
,Ue;J fz;lwpag;gl;litfs; v];.vk;.j.rpy;thtpdhy; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1927 Mk;
Mz;bd; Mizf;FO ney;tptrhaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ftdk; Ftpj;jJ vd;Wk;
,jdhy; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhilfspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; Ntwhf;fk; njhlu;ghf ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;w epge;jidfs;
cUthfpd vd;Wk; mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,J 1840 Mk; Mz;bd; Kbf;Fupa fhzp
mj;JkPwy; fl;lisr; rl;lk; Nghd;w fhydpj;Jt gpupj;jhdpaf; nfhs;iffSf;F
mikthdjhFk;. ,f;fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; gb rfy jupR epyq;fSk; fhl;Lf; fhzpfSk;
kf;fs; tjpahj fhzpfSk; gapu;nra;ag;glhj fhzpfSk; muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdit
vdf; fUjg;gLk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpdhy; ehl;bYs;s fhzpfspy; 82% khdit mur fhzpfs;
vdr; nraw;jpwDld; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ. guhkupg;G muR xd;W njhopyhsu;fSf;fhfg;
ghupa epyg;gug;gpid Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjidAk; (fl;Lg;gLj;JtijAk;) fhzpapidf;
103kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
$l;LwT eLj;ju tFg;G kw;Wk; cau; tFg;G kf;fSf;F ed;ikaspg;gjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;JtjidAk; Njitg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fpajhf ,f;nfhs;if fhzg;gl;lJ
(Whaley Eager, 2008). fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpy; gpur;rpidfs;
,Ug;gjid 1957 Mk; Mz;bd; Mizf;FO milahsk; fz;lJ vd;gijAk; v];.
vk;.j.rpy;th Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspy; fhzpfis xJf;Ftjpy;
nrhw;gkhd fl;Lg;ghLfis Vida tplaq;fspd; kj;jpapy; mJ gupe;Jiuj;jJ. NkYk;
fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Ntwhf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspd; cau; tpfpjhrhuk; jpUg;jpfukhd
Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gijAk; cilikAupikapd; mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk;
gapu;r;nra;iff;Ff; fhzpapd; nghUj;jkpd;ik> tPjpfspd;ik kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
trjpfs; Nghd;w Vida fhuzq;fisAk; mJ mjDld; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $wpapUe;jJ.
1987 Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp Mizf;FO fhzpapy;yhik gw;wpa gue;j gpur;rpidfis
milahsk; fz;ljhfTk; mur fhzpfspd; ghupa mstpyhd mj;JkPwy;fis milahsk;
fz;ljhfTk; fhzpr; re;ijapd; mlf;FKiwkpf;f jd;ikapid milahsk; fz;lhjfTk;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. fhzpf; nfhs;ifahdJ gue;j Njrpa mgptpUj;jp cghakhu;f;fj;jpd;
,d;wpaikahjJk; mbg;gilahdJkhd Mf;ff;$whf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd 1987 Mk;
Mz;bd; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd;nkhope;jJ. 'nfhs;ifapid kl;Lk; jdpNa ifahsf;
$lhJ my;yJ mJ mur fhzpf;F kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glf; $lhJ. khwhf mJ Njrpa
kl;lj;jpy; gupG+uzkhd kPsha;thf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;" vd Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuj;jJ.
1987 mwpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J fhzp Mizf;FO elj;jg;gltpy;iy.
FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspd; nfhs;if
,yq;ifapd; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpq;fstu;fs; FbNaw;wg;gLtJ gw;wpa
Kiwg;ghLfisj; jkpo; murpay;thjpfs; Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtplk; Kd;itj;jdu;. jkpo;
ngluy; fl;rp FbNaw;wj;jpid xU murpay; gpur;rpidahf Kd;itj;jJ. gpuptpidthjj;
jsj;jpy; Nghl;bapl;l jkpou; tpLjiyf; $l;lzp tuyhw;W uPjpahfj; jkpou; gpuNjrq;fshf
,Ue;JtUk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; rpq;fstu;fs; FbNaWtjidj; jdpj; jkpoPoj;jpw;fhd
(tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilj; jPu;khdk;> 14 Nk 1976) xd;gJ epahag;gLj;jy;fspy; xd;whfg;
gl;baypl;lJ. Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikapidf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; cyu; tyaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;
,dg; gjw;wj;jpidj; Fiwf;Fk; vd 1982 ,y; Jupj k`htyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;
Fwpg;gpl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; 'cyu; tyaq;fs; nrOikahd ngsj;j tuyhw;wpidf;
nfhz;lit. mq;Nf jkpo; ,e;Jg; gilnaLg;ghsu;fNs ntWf;fg;gl;l giftu;fs;" vd;W
Kd;ida cyu; tyaf; FbNaw;wq;fspy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapdhy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l
gpk;gj;Jld; Jupj k`htyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; nghUe;jpaJ (Peebles, 1990). tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; jkpou; jhafk; vDk; gpk;gj;Jld; jkpo; Njrpaf; FOf;fspdhy; ,J
vjpu;f;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> fhzpfs;> Fwpg;ghfj; jkJ ghuk;gupaj; jhafk; vdj; jkpou;fSk;
rpq;fstu;fSk; fUJfpd;w cyu; tyag; gpuhe;jpak; ey;ypzf;fk; fhz Kbahj ,dj;Jtj;
Njrpathjj;jpd; xU gpur;rpidahff; fl;likf;fg;gl;lJ. cyu; tyaj;jpd; FbNaw;wj;
jpl;lq;fs; fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; rkj;Jtkpd;ik gw;wpa murhq;ff; nfhs;ifapd;
ghjfkhd tpisTfs; rpytw;wpidg; gpujpgypg;gJld; ,yq;ifapy;; td;Kiwkpf;f Nkhjypd;
vOr;rpAlDk; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. cyu; tyaj;jpw;fhd cs;ehl;Lg; Gyg;ngau;T vt;thW
njd;Nkw;fpd; rpq;fsg; gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fSlDk; (FUzhfy; kw;Wk; Gj;jsj;jpw;F
,ilapy;) fpof;fpNy kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiyf;F ,ilapy; cs;s ,e;J
kw;Wk; K];ypk; ney; tptrhapfSlDk; fye;jpUe;jJ vd 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gjpTfs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd vd gPgps;]; (1990) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. cyu;tya kPs;FbNaw;wq;fs; 20 Mk;
104 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
E}w;whz;by; mjpfupj;J> thf;FfSf;fhfr; rpq;fs murpay;thjpfs; Nghl;bNghlf;$ba
Kf;fpakhd xU tplakhf khwpaJ.
fhzpaw;w rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaq;fis cUthf;fpa nfhs;ifAk; eilKiwAk;
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifg; gj;jpuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj Mdhy; fhzp kw;Wk;
fhzpapd;ikAld; njhlu;Gila murhq;fj;jpd; my;yJ murhq;f epWtdq;fspd;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lf;$ba nraw;ghLfshf my;yJ nraw;glhikfshff; \nfhs;iffs;| vt;thW
,Ue;Js;sd vd;gjw;Fg; gy cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
kiyafj; jkpou;fs; fhzpfSf;F cupikahsu;fshf ,Ug;gjid vjpu;f;Fk; nfhs;ifapid
1920 Mk; Mz;Nl Njrpathjpfspd; vjpu;g;G Mu;g;ghl;lq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ
(rkutPu> 'fhzp> Copak;> %yjdk; kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa murpaypy; gpupTuPjpahd
eyd;fs;"). fhzp cupj;jhz;ikapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fpitf;fg;gl;l ,e;j ,df;FOkj;jpdu;
1948 Mk; Mz;L thf;Fupikapy; ,Ue;Jk; tpyf;fpitf;fg;gl;ldu;. 'fhzp mgptpUj;jpf;
fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJld; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapidg; nghWj;j mstpy; rfy
eilKiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; ,e;jpaj; jkpou;fs; vd;gtu;fspd; ,Ug;G Kbe;j
xd;whf MfptpLfpd;wJ" vdTk; rkutPu Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. 1989 ,y; Muk;gpj;J 2009
,y; Kbtile;j ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwapdhy; ,yq;ifapd; midj;J \,e;jpa tk;rhtopj;
jkpou;fSf;Fk;| ,Wjpapy; gpurhTupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; fhzp cupik
vd;gJ njhlu;e;Jk; ru;r;irf;Fupa xU tplakhf ,Ue;J tUtJld; ,r;rpWghd;ik
,dj;Jtr; rKjhaj;jpidf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; mr;r%fj;jpd; tWikapidg;
NgZtjw;Fkhd xU topahfTk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l
K];ypk;fspd; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gpd;tUkhW tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ '1995 Mk; Mz;L
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpy; ehL KOtJk; cs;s cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; gw;wpa nfhs;if njhlu;ghd khw;wKk; cs;slq;fpapUe;jJ.
,jdhy; rpyu; Kfhk;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspNawp epue;juf; FbNaw;wq;fSf;Fr; nry;tJ
,aYkhf;fg;gl;lJ. Gj;jsj;jpidg; nghWj;j mstpy; Gjpjhff; fhzg;gl;l tplak;
vd;dntd;why; fhzpfis thq;fp mtw;wpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjpy; kf;fs;
jq;fis XOq;fikg;gjpy; tfpj;j Kidg;ghd tfpghj;jpukhFk;. mNjNtis Vida
tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; murhq;fk; fhzpfis toq;fpaJ. Mdhy; Gj;jsj;jpidg;
nghWj;j mstpy; kf;fNs fhzpfis thq;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. Vnddpy; tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J
K];ypk;fs; epue;jukhf ntspNaw murhq;fk; MjuT toq;ftpy;iy. mjpfkhd kf;fs;
kpfr; rpwpa fhzpj;Jz;LfisNa> mjhtJ 10 Ngu;r;fs; (250 rJu kPw;wu;fs;)> thq;fpdu;.
,f;fhzpj; Jz;Lfspd; mstpd; fhuzkhf ,k;kf;fspdhy; gapu;r;nra;if vjidAk;
Nkw;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; jkJ gps;isfSf;F tpl;Lr;nry;y ,k;kf;fsplk;
fhzpfSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,f;fhuzq;fs; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; ePLWjpj;jd;ikapidf;
Fiwj;jd." (Brun and Lund, ',yq;ifapy; Njrpa tPlikg;Gf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fijapd; tpsf;fk;")
,NjNghd;W> Rdhkp tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpYk; rkkhf elj;jg;gly; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdupd;
eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; murhq;fk; jtwpapUe;jJ.
Rdhkp tPlikg;Gg; gpur;rpidapd; kjpg;gPl;bd;gb ,e;j tPlikg;ghdJ rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
fhzp xJf;fPl;Lld; gpizf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ> Fwpg;ghf ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fs; vdf;
105kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;gpatu;fSld;
njhlu;Gw;wpUe;jJ vd;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghbd;ik ,jpy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ. 'Rdhkpapd; gpd;du;> tPlikg;G eilKiwfspy; gyTk; ...
Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; tpspk;Gepiyahf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspd; kPs;epu;khzj;jpy;
murhq;fk; vt;tsT gytPdkhf ,Ue;jJ my;yJ Mu;tkw;W ,Ue;jJ vd;gij
njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;bd. ,yq;if murhq;fk; ru;tNjr murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSld;
Nru;e;J njw;fpid kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; mjd; Kaw;rpapidAk;; njhopy;thz;ik
Mw;wiyAk; jplg;gLj;jpa mNjNtis Rdhkpapdhy; kpfNkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
jdpikahf;fg;gl;l tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpd; gpuhe;jpaq;fis vz;zw;w nfhilahsu;
epWtdq;fsplKk; my;yJ jkpo; my;yJ K];ypk; kf;fs; nrwpe;j cs;Suhl;rp
mjpfhurigfsplKk; tpl;bUe;jJ. ,r;#o;epiyapdhy; tPlikg;Gf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
topfhl;ly;fspYk; mtw;wpd; mKy;gLj;jypYk; njhopy;Kiwahd> ,dj;Jt uPjpahd
kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPjpahd gf;fr;rhu;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld." (Brun and Lund, ',yq;ifapy; Njrpa tPlikg;Gf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fijapd; tpsf;fk;")
mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffs;
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; Jupjkhf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;j epfo;r;rpepuypy; fhzp vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd fupridahf khwpaJ. 2011 – 2030 ,w;fhd Njrpa ngsjpfj; jpl;lj;jpy; Nkw;F> tlf;F> tlfpof;F> fpof;F kw;Wk; njd;
gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; nkl;Nuh efuq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; ftdk; Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;WtUk; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; efuj;J twpakf;fs;
,lk;ngauf; fhuzkhfpaJld; ,tu;fs; gy epahakw;w kw;Wk; ePjpaw;w eilKiwfSf;F
Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ. Vida nkl;Nuh gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fhd ,NjNghd;w
jpl;lq;fs; fye;jhNyhrpg;gpd;ik gw;wpa fupridfisAk; epahakw;w eilKiwfs;
gw;wpa fupridfisAk; ,lg;ngau;T kw;Wk; mjpfupj;j rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; tWik
gw;wpa fupridfis cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapd;ik
,yq;iff;fhd Njrpa fhzpf; nfhs;ifapidg; nghWj;j mstpy; mt;thwhd xU
nfhs;ifapid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gy Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpAw;wpUf;fpd;wd. 1979 Mk;
Mz;by; fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; fhzpg; ghtidf; nfhs;ifj;
jpl;lkply; gpupT cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ve;j Kd;Ndw;wKk;
vl;lg;gltpy;iy.21 1990 Mk; Mz;by; fhzp tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; gad;ghL gw;wpa [dhjpgjp
Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 1995 Mk; Mz;by; fhzp kw;Wk; tptrhak; gw;wpa
nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhf epGzu; Fohk; xd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa fhzpg; ghtidf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; Njrpa fhzpf; nfhs;if Mfpatw;wpd;
tiuGfs; tiuag;gl;lNghjpYk; ,w;iwtiuapy; Njrpa nfhs;iffs; vitANk mKypy;
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk; 2000 Mk; Mz;L mikr;ruit mq;fPfupj;j
Njrpa jd;dhu;tkw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if xd;W cs;sJ. mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw
mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf fhzp nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd;
21. Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; fhzpaw;w epiyAk; fhzp cupikfSk; (nfhOk;G: khw;Wf;
nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak; 2005).
106 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpidj; jpl;lkpl;L mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lfj;jpid ,f;nfhs;if
toq;Ffpd;wJ. fhzp gw;wpa nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nghWg;G Njrpa
fhzp Mizf;FOtpidr; rhu;e;jjhFk; vd;gJld; ,e;j Mizf;FO khfhz rigg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO
$l;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gJld; ,e;j ntw;wplj;jpdhy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; mjd; nrhe;jg;
ngUk;ghd;ikthj eyd;fspdhy; Cf;fk;ngw;w nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk;
jPu;khdpj;J mKy;gLj;JtJ epfo;e;JtUfpd;wJ.
fhzpr; rl;lq;fs;
murpayikg;gpw;fhd gjpd;%d;whtJ jpUj;jk; fhzp mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wpajhFk;. fhzp
vDk; tplag; gug;gpd; mu;j;jk; vd;dntd;why;> \fhzpapy; cs;s cupik my;yJ fhzpapd;
kPjhd cupik> fhzp cilikAupik> fhzp khw;wk; kw;Wk; fhzp Ntwhf;fk;> fhzpg;
ghtid> fhzpf; FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; fhzpapid Nkk;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;
khfhz rigfSf;Fg; gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjhFk;. ,f;fhzp mjpfhuq;fs; ,uz;L
tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd: 1) rk;ge;jg;gl;l khfhz rigfspd; MNyhridapd;
Ngupy; rfy mur fhzpfisAk; Ntwhf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;Nf cz;L 2)
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l khfhzq;fspD}L ghAk; MWfs; my;yJ khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd
ePu;g;ghrdk; kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gLk; ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs;
njhlu;gpy; khfhzj;jpYs;s fhzpfis murhq;fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mur fhzpfs;
njhlu;gpy; khfhz rigfspd; fhzp mjpfhuq;fspd; tiuaiwfs; xU Kf;fpakhd
tiuaiwahFk;. Vnddpy; fhzpfspy; 82% khdit muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhditahFk;.
fhzpapidf; nfhs;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; fhzpf;fhf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
murpayikg;gpd; xj;jpirTg; gl;baypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhYk;
khfhz murhq;fq;fspdhYk; ,e;j mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpw;F ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis ,aYkhf;Ffpd;w gy rl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd -
fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lk;> mur fhzpfs; (cilikapid kPsg; ngwy;) rl;lk;> fhzpf;fhd
Ntz;LNfhs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; fhzpg; GJg;gpg;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk;. vt;thwhapDk; khfhz
rigfs; eilKiwapy; ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jtjhfj; njupatpy;iy.
fhzp epu;thfj;jpw;fhd mj;jpthuj;jpid rl;lr; rl;lfq;fs; cUthf;Ffpd;wd. khfhz
rigf; fhzp mjpfhuq;fspd; kPJ kj;jpa murhq;fk; Neubahd kw;Wk; kiwKfkhd
fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. fhzp mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lq;fs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; tplag; gug;ghf ,Ug;gJld; ,it fhzp Mizahsupdhy;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mur fhzpfs; njhlu;ghf mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F 1992
Mk; Mz;by; gpuNjr nrayhsu;fs; tYT+l;lg;gl;ldu;.22 ,jd; tpisthf> mur fhzpfs;
vDk; tplag; gug;G fhzp Mizahsu; ehafj;jpdJk; gpuNjr nrayhsu;fspdJk;
MSifapDs;Sk; (,U jug;gpdUk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;), khfhzf; fhzp Mizahsupd; MSifapDs;Sk; tUfpd;wd ([dhjpgjpapdhy;
epakpf;fg;gLk; khfhz MSeupdhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;).
22. 1992 Mk; Mz;bd; 58 Mk; ,yf;f mjpfhuq;fis khw;wy; rl;lk; (gpuNjr nrayfq;fs;)
107kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
murpayikg;G uPjpahd rl;lr; rl;lfj;jpd; murpay; rpf;fy;fs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf; $Wk;
g];jpad; (1997 kw;Wk; 2013) NkhjYf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;w ,dg;gjw;wq;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghff;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; ,dj;Jt Mf;ff;$wpid khw;wpa FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; fhzp
mjpfhuq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU njhlu;gpidf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. gutyhf;fg;gl;l fhzp
mjpfhuq;fspy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; jiyapl;lik kw;Wk; mur fhzp tpepNahfj;jpd;
%yk; tptrha Copaj;jpidg; ghJfhg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffspd; gad;ghL Mfpait ,dj;Jt uPjpapy; Nkhjy;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wd
vd;w fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; nraw;ghl;by; cs;s 39 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rl;lq;fspdhy; fhzpfs;
epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. (Mapa et al., ',yq;ifapy; fhzpg;
ghtid.") fhzpg; gpzf;Ffspd; kPJ mjpf jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpa ,uz;L gpujhd
rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd fUj;J fPNo tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1927 Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1935
Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1947 Mk;
Mz;bd; Kbf;Fupa fhzpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;Jld; Nru;j;J ,f;fl;lisr; rl;lk; mur
fhzpfs; Ntwhf;fy; kw;Wk; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspd; gpujhd rl;l Vw;ghLfspy; xd;whfj;
njhlu;e;J fhzg;gLtJld; jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhf mur fhzpfs; vd;d tpjpfspd; fPo;
kPs;tpepNahfpf;fg;glf;$baitahf cs;sdNth mtw;wpid tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;wd
(Lindberg & Herath, 2014). cyu;tyaj;jpy; kpfTk; kWkyu;r;rpkpf;f FbNaw;wq;fis
cUthf;fp <utyaq;fspy; tWikapidAk; njhopy;tha;g;gpd;ikapidAk; mfw;Wtjw;fhf
FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd nghwpKiwfisAk; 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; fl;lisr; rl;lk;
cUthf;fpaJ (Peebles, 1990). 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; fl;lisr; rl;lKk; 1947 Mk; Mz;bd;
fl;lisr; rl;lKk; fhzp mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fspd; tpepNahfj;jpidj; jPu;khdpj;jd. ,e;j
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; nghJthfj; jw;fhypf mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fshff; fhzg;gl;lJld;
gpd;ida fhyg;gFjpapy; epue;ju cupj;jhz;ik toq;fg;gLk; vDk; Cfk; fhzg;gl;lJ
- ,Ug;gpDk; fhzpapy; cs;s vf;fl;blq;fisAk; khw;Wtjpy; ,Ue;Jk; my;yJ ,e;j
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fspd; Ngupy; mtw;wpid tpw;gid nra;tjpy; ,Ue;Jk; tptrhapfs;
jilnra;ag;gl;ldu;. eilKiwapy; tptrhapfspd; fhzpg; gad;ghL mjPjkhff;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. fhzpg; ghtid kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; gy gpur;rpidfis
cUthf;fpd. fhzpf; nfhs;tdTfSf;fhd fWg;Gr; re;ijfspd; tsu;r;rp ,jpy;
cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ (Lindberg & Herath, 2014).
1950 Mk; Mz;bd; 9 Mk; ,yf;ff; fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l nghJ
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mur fhzpfs; vt;thW murhq;fj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;glyhk; vd;gijf;
$Wfpd;wJ. 'fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;w epiyehl;lg;gl;l rl;lr;
nrad;KiwfSf;F mikthfNt nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfj; Njitg;gLk; fhzp
nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;" vd nghd;NrfhTk; mg;Jy; u`PKk; vOJfpd;wdu;. ',Ug;gpDk;>
eilKiwapy; jpl;lkplg;glhj KiwapNyNa nrad;Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
jkJ fhzpfs; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdth NkYk; vd;d Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gij cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fs; mwpahkYs;sdu;. mjpfkhd rk;gtq;fspy;>
nfhs;sg;gl;l fhzpfSf;fhd el;laPL toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ mt;thW
toq;fg;gl;lhYk; mit kpff; Fiwthd mstpNyNa toq;fg;gLfpd;wd" (nghd;Nrfh
kw;Wk; mg;Jy; u`Pk;, 2011). fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; cupj;jhz;;ik njhlu;ghf
108 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
jdpegu;fSf;F vd;d thf;FWjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (murpay;thjpfspdhy;) vd;gjw;Fk;
cz;ikahd fhzpg; ghtidr; rl;lq;fs;> mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd Gupjypy; ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtjhfTk; ,it midj;jpdhYk; Nkyjpf
Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;glyhk; vd;Wk; mtu;fs; NkYk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
Rje;jpur; re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Ff; fhzpapidj; jpwg;gij Nehf;fpa efu;tpidNa
kpf mz;ika rl;lq;fSk; cj;Njr rl;lq;fSk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. 2017 Mk;
Mz;bd; 3 Mk; ,yf;ff; fhzpr; rl;lk; (Ntwhf;fy; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;) (jpUj;jk;)
ntspehl;ltu;fSf;Fk; ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfSf;Fk; Fj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
fhzpfs; kPjhd fhzpf; Fj;jif tupfs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfis mfw;wpAs;sJ.
mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhff; fhzpfis tpLtpg;gjid trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1935
Mk; Mz;bd; 19 Mk; ,yf;ff; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;F
mikr;ruit 2017 etk;gu; 14 Mk; jpfjp ,zf;fk; njuptpj;jJ. new;fhzpfis tptrhak;
rhuhj Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;j mDkjpg;gjw;fhf 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 1 Mk;
,yf;f new;fhzpfs; rl;lj;jpidAk; 1973 Mk; Mz;bd; 42 Mk; ,yf;f tptrhaf;
fhzpfs; rl;lj;jpidAk; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis 2018 Mk; Mz;by; murhq;fj;jpd;
tuTnryTj; jpl;lk; ntspf;fhl;baJ (rkpfhu, S). ntspehl;ltu;fSf;Fk; ntspehl;Lf;
fk;gdpfSf;Fk; fhzpfis tpw;gid nra;tij mDkjpf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf fhzpr;
rl;lj;jpw;F (Ntwhf;fy; gw;wpa fl;Lg;ghLfs;) kw;WnkhU jpUj;jk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.
mur fhzpfis tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;l fhzp tq;fp xd;wpid
epWTtjw;F rl;lthf;fk; xd;W tiuag;glNtz;Lk; vdg; nghUshjhu Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa
mikr;ruitf; FO 2016 Mk; Mz;L Kd;nkhope;jJ. mur fhzpfis Ntwhf;Fk;NghJ
gy;NtW mur epWtdq;fisf; ifahStjpy; rk;ge;jg;gLk; rpf;fw;jd;ikapid ,J
ePf;Fk; vd;w epahag;gLj;jy; ,e;j Kd;nkhopTf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;if
Unruh kw;Wk; tpy;ypak;]; (2013) Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy;> MAj Nkhjypd; KbT nghJthf
NtW xU tifahd Kuz;ghl;bw;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wJ: ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Jupjkhf
fhzp my;yJ fhzpapid ikag;gLj;jpa tsq;fis ehlj; njhlq;Ftu;. cyfk;
KOtjpYk; rz;ilfs; Kbtile;j clNdNa ,J eilngWtjw;fhd vz;zw;w
cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd. rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffspd; NghJ fhzg;gLk; epr;rakw;w
epge;jidfs; my;yJ fhzp cupj;jhz;ik njhlu;ghd Nfhupf;iffs; gw;wpj; njhlu;e;J
fhzg;gLk; ghJfhg;gpd;ik Mfpait vt;thW rptpy; Nkhjiyg; GJg;gpf;fyhk; my;yJ
Gjpa Nkhjiyj; njhlf;fyhk; vd;gjw;fhd rkhe;jukhd cjhuzq;fshf ,it
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
uh[gf;r Ml;rpapd;NghJ ,lk;ngw;w Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd Gdu;epu;khzg; gzpfs;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fg; gy;NtW ed;ikfis gjpyhf toq;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fSlNdNa ,lk;ngw;wd
(Goodhand, 2012). kpfg;ngUk;ghd;ikahfj; jkpou;fs; thOk; gpuNjrq;fs; kPJ murhq;fk;
mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bidj; jplg;gLj;jp mjd; %yk; jkpo;g; Nghuhspfs; ,uhZt uPjpahf
vOr;rp ngWtij mlf;Ftjw;F (thjpl;lthW) ,J mDkjpj;jJ.
fhzpapid kPs toq;fy; cs;spl;l el;laPL toq;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; ePz;lfhyj;jpy;
rkhjhdj;jpid cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd Kiwapy; gq;fspg;G toq;fyhk;
vd;Wk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fs; NkYk; NkYk; tpspk;Gepiyf;Fj;
109kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
js;sg;gLtijj;; jtpu;f;fyhk; vd;Wk; nghd;NrfhTk; mg;Jy; u`PKk; fUj;Jj;
njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. Jujpu;];ltrkhf ,J ,yq;ifapy; elg;gjpy;iy. %d;W jrhg;j fhy
Aj;jj;jpd;NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;@u; murpay; epfo;r;rpepuypy;
fhzp vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd tfpghj;jpuj;jpid tfpj;Js;sJ. fhzp kPsspg;G %yk;
tuyhw;W uPjpahd Jauq;fSf;Fr; rkhjhdkhd rftho;T> ey;ypzf;fk; kw;Wk; ePLWjpahd
jPu;Tfis trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitapid vz;zw;w Mizf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy;
r%ff; FOf;fs; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bAs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; ,lg;ngau;T vd;gJ Nkhjypd;
Fwpg;gpl;l njhdpg;nghUshf ,Ue;Js;sJ. tlf;F fpof;fpy; vz;zw;w ,lq;fspYk;
cau; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fspYk; Vida Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fspYk; my;yJ Rw;Wyh
mgptpUj;jp tyaq;fspYk; Aj;jk; eilngw;wjd; fhuzkhf jkJ tho;thjhuq;fSf;fhfj;
jhk; rhu;e;jpUe;j tPLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; fhzpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;
,lk;ngau epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. jpUk;gp tUtjw;fhd kw;Wk; ,og;Gf;fSf;fhf
el;l<L toq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; Neubaw;witahfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.
khWgLfpd;w r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu #oikTfspy; cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fspd; jpUk;gy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wp rhuh gz;LypahNdh
vOJfpd;whu;. ,J fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO mwpf;ifapy;
Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ: 'fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; nghJthf NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd
fhyg;gFjpapNyNa cUthFfpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; kf;fs; fhzpfis
NfhuTk; kPz;Lk; NfhuTk; ehLfpd;wdu;. NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd #oypy; $l> mfjpfs; tPL
jpUk;GtJ vspikahd nrad;Kiwahf ,y;iy. ,J xU rpf;fyhd nrad;KiwahFk;
vd;gJld; xt;nthU #o;epiyAk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ. Nkhjy; vd;gJ cau; epiykhw;wkpf;f
nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gJld; Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; epytpa epiyikapid> tpUk;gpdhy;
$l> Kw;WKOtJkhf xUNghJk; epiyehl;l KbahJ". (gz;LypahNdh, 2009).
2015 xf;NlhgupNy Avd;vr;rpMupdhYk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhYk; ,iz mDruid
toq;fg;gl;l If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fSf;F ePLWjpahd
jPu;TfSf;fhd Njitapidf; Fwpg;ghfj; jPu;g;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jpy;
ey;ypzf;fk;> tifg;nghWg;G kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; Mfpatw;wpid Nkk;gLj;Jk;
ntspg;gilahd Nehf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,uhZtj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s cau; ghJfhg;G
tyaj;jpdhy; Rkhu; 12500 Vf;fu;fs; fhzp tlkhfhzj;jpy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd -
Mdhy; ,lg;ngau;T vd;gJ rpy FOtpdiug; nghWj;j mstpy; gy jrhg;jq;fshf
,lk;ngWtjhf mike;Js;sJ. ,J rKjha milahsk;> cjtp Kiwikfs; kw;Wk;
FLk;gf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJk; Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fisj; jiyikahff;
nfhz;l FLk;gq;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;l rKjhaq;fspy; ghy;epiy tfpghj;jpuq;fspd;
kPJk; ePz;lfhy tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
fhzp kw;Wk; el;laPl;bw;fhd cupik
'xt;nthU gpuirAk; ,yq;ifapDs; elkhl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupj;jpidAk; jdJ
tjptplj;jpidj; njupTnra;tjw;fhd cupj;jpidAk; ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gptUtjw;fhd
cupj;jpidAk; nfhz;Ls;shu;" vd ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 14
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; mtu;fs; ,oe;j tho;thjhuq;fis kPz;Lk;
epiyehl;bf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;gpidAk; ,Wjpapy; mtu;fspd; tho;Tf;fhd tha;g;gpidAk;
toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fs; tWikapy; ,Ue;J jg;Gtjw;fhd xU topahfNt cupj;jhz;ik
110 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. midtiuAk; Nghy mNj cupikfs; kw;Wk; cupj;Jf;fSld;
rl;lj;jpd; Kd;du; rkkhd gpuirfshfj; jhk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf kf;fs; czu;e;jhy;
mJNt mtu;fs; muR kPJ GJek;gpf;ifapid itf;f toptFf;fyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;
,t;thwhd eilKiw uPjpahd kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahd fupridfisj; jhz;b fhzp
vd;gJ ghupa ngWkjpapidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ: xUtupd; milahsk; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs;
gw;wpa czu;Tfspy; ,J Kf;fpakhd tfpghj;jpuj;jpid tfpf;fpd;wJ. fhzpAldhd
gy njhlu;Gfs; xUtupd; rKjhaj;Jldhd njhlu;GfSld; ,ilkhw;wj;jf;fjhf
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,j;njhlu;Gfis vz;zpf;if nfhz;L mse;Jtpl KbahJ (Brun, 2003). ,t;thwhd r%f cwTfSk; cjtp tiyaikg;Gf;fSk; rPu;Fiytjw;F ,lg;ngau;T
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ vd;gJld; ,g;gpur;rpid ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk;
epWtd uPjpahd kWrPuikg;gpYk; jPu;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
fhzpfis kPs toq;Fjy;> Fwpg;ghf el;l<L nrYj;Jtjd; Kf;fpakhd ghfkhFk;.
el;l<l;bw;fhd cupikfspd; ntspg;ghl;by; ,J Fwpg;gplg;gl;Lg; gpd;tUkhW
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ: 'Rje;jpuk;> rl;l cupikfs;> r%f me;j];J> FLk;g
tho;f;if> kw;Wk; gpurhTupik Mfpatw;wpid kPz;Lk; toq;fy;; xUtu; jd;Dila
tho;tplj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;Gjy; kw;Wk; njhopy;tha;g;gpid kPz;Lk; toq;fy; NkYk;
nrhj;Jf;fisj; jpUk;g xg;gilj;jy;" (CPA mwpf;if> tlkhfhzj;jpy; fhzp, 2016). vt;thwhapDk; ePz;lfhyr; rkhjhd cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Kaw;rpfspy;
fhzpg; ghtidAk; cupikfSk; Kf;fpakhd tfpghj;jpuj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;fhf ePLWjpahd jPu;Tfis cUthf;FtJ
ve;jnthU ek;gj;jFe;j ey;ypzf;ff; nfhs;ifapdJk; ghfkhf epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;Lk;.
kPsspg;G vd;gJ Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjhFk;. Vnddpy; mJ
td;Kiwapd; mDgtj;jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJld; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fspd; my;yJ
jdpegu; FOkq;fspd; cupikfis kPsspf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j cupikfs; elkhl;l Rje;jpuk;>
Raepu;zaj;jpw;fhd cupik (jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; $l;L)> nrhj;jpw;fhd cupik> Nghjpa
thof;ifj; juj;jpw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd cupik Mfpatw;wpid
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd tyaq;fspy; ,lg;ngau;r;rpAk; cilikapog;Gf;fSk; mjpfkhd
ngz;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;w mNjNtis fhzp mZfy; my;yJ cupj;jhz;ikg; ghJfhg;gpd;ik
njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; Gyg;glj;jf;f $Wfshff; fhzg;gLtJld; ,it ePLWjpahd
rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd gue;j tha;g;Gf;fis vLj;J tpsf;fyhk;. rkhjhd cUthf;fj;jpy;
fhzpf;fhd mZfy; vt;thW ghuJ}ukhd gpd;tpisTfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk; vd;gJ
gw;wp Unruh kw;Wk; tpy;ypak;]; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;: kpf Nkhrkhd epiyapy;> fhzp
njhlu;ghd gjw;wq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; jtWfpd;wik fPoWf;fr; nra;Ak; FiwghLfis
cUthf;fyhk; my;yJ mtw;wpidj; njhlu;e;J epiyf;fr; nra;ayhk;. vt;thwhapDk;
fhzpg; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd ntw;wpfukhd mZFKiwfs; ePLWjpahd rkhjhdj;jpid
Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpidj; jplg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJld; ePz;l fhyj;jpy; rkhjhdj;jpid
epiyngwr; nra;tjw;Fk; cjtyhk; (2013:1).
111kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
fhzp kw;Wk; ghy;epiy
fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; ghy;epiy cwTfspy; fzprkhd ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
Fwpg;ghf> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; ghjpg;GW epiyapYs;s
ngz;fis Mzhjpf;fr; rk;gpujhaq;fs; Ntwhf;Ftjhy; my;yJ ,lk;ngau;g;gjhy; epjpg;
ghJfhg;Gr; rPu;Fiye;J> FLk;gq;fs; rPu;Fiye;J> jw;nfhiyfSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
,g;gpur;rpidfspd; ikakhd fhzp kw;Wk; ghy;epiyg; gpur;rpidfspy; mjpfkhdit
mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gilaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd: MSifg; gpur;rpidfspYk; rl;l
kWrPuhf;fy; gpur;rpidfspYk; ngz;fSf;Fj; jPu;khdk; tFf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhikAk;
rkhjhd cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F mjpfhuk; ,y;yhikAk;
Gdu;epu;;khd kw;Wk; Gdu;tho;T Kaw;rpfspy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; Xuplj;jpy; nrwpe;jpUg;gJ ,yq;if murpaypy;
ePz;l fhykhf xU ghjfkhd tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tlkhfhzj;jpy; fhzpg;
ghtid njhlu;ghd rthy;fis Nehf;Fifapy; 'Kf;fpakhd murhq;fr; nraw;ghLfspy;
ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpYk; gpuirfspd; fhzp cupikfs; kPJ ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;
epjpfspYk; rpy Kf;fpakhd jdpegu;fspd; iffspy; mjpfhuk; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjid"
nghd;Nrfh kw;Wk; mg;Jy; u`Pk; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. (nghd;Nrfh kw;Wk; mg;Jy;
u`Pk;, 2011: 38).
vdNt fhzpf; nfhs;if kWrPuhf;fiyf; fl;likj;J mjw;Fg; gq;fspg;G toq;FtjpYk;
cilikafw;wg;gl;ltu;fspd; Fiwfisj; jPu;g;gjpYk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l muRk;
ru;tNjr nraw;gLdu;fSk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy; ghjpg;GWepiyapYs;s
ngz;fs; (tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; tl ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l
K];ypk; rpWghd;ikapdu; Nghd;w cilikafw;wg;gl;l Vida FOkq;fSld;)
tpthjq;fspy; mw;gkhd fl;Lghl;bidNa nfhz;Ls;sdu;. vdNt jkJ vjpu;fhy
tho;thjhuq;fspYk; ,tu;fs; mw;gkhd fl;Lg;ghl;bidNa nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Mzhjpf;f
tpjpfSk; rl;lq;fSk; ,k;kf;fSf;F cupj;jhd fhzpfis kPsf; NfhUtij kpff;
fbdkhdjhf Mf;fp ,tu;fspd; fhzhkw;Nghd fztd;khu;fs;> je;ijkhu;fs; my;yJ
rNfhjuu;fspd; tplaj;jpy; ,tu;fSf;Fg; nghUshjhug; gupkhzj;jpidAk; Nru;f;fpd;wd
(ICG mwpf;if, 2011).
2016 Mk; Mz;by; nla;yp kpuu; gj;jpupifapy; vOjpa fhke;jp tpf;ukrpq;f> ,yq;ifapd;
fhzpr; rl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpid cUthf;Ftjpy; vz;zw;w
rthy;fs; ,Ug;gij milahsk; fhz;fpd;whu;. mjd; Kd;Ndw;wk; murpayikg;Gf;
flg;ghl;LlNdh my;yJ ru;tNjrr; rl;lq;fspd; fPohd flg;ghLfSlNdh nghUe;jtpy;iy
vd;gij mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. cjhuzkhf> fhzp cupikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
'jdpegu; xUtu; fhzpapidr; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;;> fhzpapidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy;
kw;Wk; fhzpapid mZFtjpy; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; rthy;fspy; ghy;epiy Kf;fpakhd
tfpghj;jpuj;jpid tfpf;fKbAk;" vd nghd;NrfhTk; mg;Jy; u`PKk; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; ghuk;gupag; ghu;itapy; ngz;fs; FLk;gj; jiytpfshff;
fUjg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJld; Mzhjpf;f kdg;ghq;fpidAk; eilKiwfisAk;
toikahff; fhl;Lfpd;w murhq;f epu;thfpfs; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdUf;F vjpuhfg;
Nghuhlf;$batu;fshfTk; ,tu;fs; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy(2011: 108).
112 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd Mizf;FOf;fspdhy; toq;fg;gl;l gupe;Jiufspd; njhFg;G
Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; fhzp kPsspg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wpa kpf
tpupthd gupe;Jiufspy; gy> fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FOtpd;
mwpf;ifapd; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gupe;Jiufs;:
kPsj;jpUk;GjYk; kPs;FbNaw;wKk; vDk; jiyg;gplg;gl;l 6 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj
tUfpd;wd. ,tw;wpidg; gpd;tUkhW rpy gpujhd njhdpg;nghUl;fshfj; njhFf;f
KbAk;:
1. fhzp mbg;gilapyhd gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;f;Fk; cWjpahd Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;
Fwpf;Nfhshf ,dj;Jt ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; tfpghj;jpuk;. 'kpf ePz;l fhyk;
eilngw;w Nkhjiyj; njhlu;e;J> cldbahf> NkhjYf;F Kd;du; ehl;by; epytpa
epiyikapid kPz;Lk; cUthf;FtJ vd;gJ mt;tsT vspjhd fhupaky;y
vd;whYk; td;Kiw> mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ,dr;Rj;jpfupg;G Mfpatw;wpdhy; J}
z;lg;gl;l rl;ltpNuhj fhzp khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; fhzp Ntwhf;fy;fs; njhlu;e;Jk;
,lk;ngWtjw;Nfh my;yJ epWtdkakhf;fg;gLtjw;Nfh mDkjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij Mizf;FO mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ.
,dey;YwtpidAk; Njrpa ey;YwtpidAk; Ngzpf;fhg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
Vnddpy; gpur;rpidfs; jPu;f;fg;glhky; tplg;gLifapy; mit vjpu;fhy NkhjYf;fhd
fhuzpfshf epiykhwyhk;" (9.121).
2. fhzpf; Nfhupf;iffisj; jPu;g;gjpYs;s epu;thf uPjpahd kw;Wk; ngsjpfts
mbg;gilapyhd rthy;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf; nfhs;ifAlDk; mjd;
kPs;FbNaw;w epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSlDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJld; jPu;tpw;fhf
khw;W Kiwfs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd (cjh: ePjp Kiw rhuhjit). ',lk;ngau;e;j
egu;fspd; kPs;jpUk;gy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; Mfpatw;wpidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;l
murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapid Mizf;FO ghuhl;LtJld; ,lk;ngau;e;j
egu;fspd; fhzp Mtzg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisAk; cupj;jhz;ik kw;Wk;
gadhsu; cupikfspy; cs;s gpzf;FfisAk; jPu;g;gjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;L
2011 [_iyapy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ,ize;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Mizf;FO
nkr;Rfpd;wJ. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Gj;jhf;fkpf;fJ vd;gijAk; nghUj;jkhdtplj;J
mJ epu;thff; nfLgpbfsw;w nghwpKiwapid> mjhtJ gpujhdkhf rpf;fy;kpf;fJk;
Neuj;jpid mjpfk; vLg;gJk; tof;Fj; njhLj;Js;stu;fSf;F mjpf nrytpid
Vw;gLj;jf;$baJkhd Kiwrhu; ePjpkd;w Kiwikapidg; gad;gLj;jNtz;bapUg;gjpy;
,Ue;Jk; kpfg;ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fis tpLtpg;gjw;nfd
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJkhd Kiwrhuhg; nghwpKiwapidg; gad;gLj;j ehLfpd;wJ
vd;gijAk; Mizf;FO mtjhdpf;fpd;wJ" (9.125).
3. ,uhZtj;jpdhy; mur fhzpfs; Ntwhf;fg;gly;> kw;Wk;/jdpahu; fhzpfs;
njhlu;r;rpahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly; vDk; tplak; jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf>
cj;Njr epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuapy;> Vida mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mur fhzpfs; Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; jtpu;e;j NtW
vr;re;j;u;g;gj;jpYk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fs; jtpu;e;j VidNahUf;fhf
mur fhzpfs; Ntwhf;fg;gLtijj; jLg;gjw;F ,Wf;fkhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;" vd MNyhrid Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ... cau;ghJfhg;G
113kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
tyaq;fs; fhuzkhf my;yJ Vida cj;jpNahfG+u;tkw;w my;yJ Kiwahfj;
jpl;lkplg;glhj ghJfhg;Gld; njhlu;Gila Njitfspd; fhuzkhf jkJ
fhzpfis my;yJ tPLfis ,oe;j rfy FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; khw;Wf; fhzpfs;
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; my;yJ gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf el;laPL
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdTk; Mizf;FO tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. khw;Wf; fhzpfis
toq;fy; my;yJ el;laPl;bid toq;fy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhyg;gFjpapDs;
G+u;j;jpnra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd Mizf;FO NkYk; tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ" (9.140-9.142)
tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd nkJthdJk;
fbdkhdJkhd xU nrad;Kiwapd; ,e;j mq;fPfhukhdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fs;
tho;tpy; njhlu;e;J Kd;nry;tjw;fhf kPs;jpUk;Gif kw;Wk; kPsspg;Gg; nghwpKiwapidj;
Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; 1990 ,y; tlf;fpy;
,Ue;J gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l K];ypk;fs; cs;spl;l rpy Fwpg;gpl;l FOtpdUk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l fhzpfspy; ,duPjpahd gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fg;glhJ rfy FOkq;fSk; cz;ikahf kPs;jpUk;Gtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
tl khfhzj;jpy; rpWghd;ikahf cs;s rpq;fsr; rKjhaj;jpidr; Nru;e;jtu;fSk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. vdNt fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO gpd;tUkhW
tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ 'aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; tlf;fpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;
gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l rpq;fsf; FLk;gq;fs; jd;dpr;irahf kPsj;jpUk;g tpUk;Gifapy;
mtu;fs; jq;fspd; nrhe;jf; fhzpfSf;F tpiuthf mDg;gpitf;fg;glNtz;Lk; my;yJ
Ntwhf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspy; kPsf;FbNaw;wg;glNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,J njhlu;gpyhd
Kd;Ndw;wk; jpUg;jpaw;wjhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ." (9.145)
,Wjpahf> mur fhzpfspd; xg;Guthd tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapd; khfhzg;
gutyhf;fk; gw;wpa topfhl;ly;fis cs;slf;Ftjw;fhf Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO
epakpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdf; FO tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ (9.150). khtl;l epu;thfj;jpw;F
topfhl;Ltjw;fhf tlf;F fpof;fpYs;s xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpw;fhfTk; xU fhzpg;
ghtidj; jpl;lk; ,Uf;fNtz;LnkdTk; (9.151) rfy ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;fhfTk;
fhzpfs; kPstoq;fg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ khw;Wf; fhzpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;j ,Ujug;G mZFKiwapidr; rfy murpay; fl;rpfSk; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;
vdTk; Njrpa ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; ftdk; Ftpg;gjw;fhfr; rhj;jpakhdNghJ el;laPL
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdTk; NkYk; MNyhrid toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.(9.152)
murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gg; gw;wpa ehlshtpa kf;fs; fye;jhNyhrpg;gpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fspd; FOtpd;
2016 Nk mwpf;ifAk; kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfspd; rpf;fw;jd;ikapid
Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; gpd;tUtdthFk;:
1. ,aw;if tsq;fs;> cs;ehl;Lj; jhtutiffs; kw;Wk; capupd tiffs;
Mfpatw;wpidg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; murpyaikg;G uPjpahd topfhl;ly;fs;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;..
2. fhzp> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpait mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil cupikfs; gw;wpa gpupT
tpyq;Ffspd; cupikfisAk; tpyq;Ffspd; eydpidAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
Vnddpy; tpyq;FfSk; fhl;Lapu;fSk; Rw;whly; kw;Wk; #opay; Kiwikapd;
114 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
mq;fkhff; fUjg;glNtz;Lk;.
3. ,e;j cupikfis vt;thW nraw;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp tpgupf;Fk; fhzp>
Rw;whly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa Ntwhd mj;jpahaq;fs; murpayikg;Gld;
Nru;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;. tiuGr; nrad;Kiwapy; nfd;a kw;Wk; <FtNlhu; ehLfspd;
murpayikg;Gf;fspd; cjhuzq;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; vd ehk;
MNyhrid toq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. cjhuzkhf> gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;fhd Vw;ghLfis
,e;j mj;jpahaq;fs; fl;lhak; cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;:
• Rw;whly; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fspd; epiyNgwhd ghtid> gad;ghL>
Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpid cWjpg;gLj;jYk; jpuSk;
ed;ikfspd; xg;Guthd gfpu;tpid cWjpg;gLj;jYk;;
• Rw;whly; Jiw epGzu;fSldhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gld; Mff;Fiwthd
tdg;Nghu;itapidj; jPu;khdpj;J> mjid mile;J> mjidg; NgZtjw;fhfg;
gzpahw;wy;;
4. capupay; gy;tifik kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fspd; kugZ tsq;fs; Mfpatw;wpidg;
ghJfhj;J mtw;wpd; rl;lg; ghJfhg;gpid mjpfupj;jYk; mit gw;wpa RNjr
mwptpid mjpfupj;jYk;
• Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYk; ghJfhg;gpYk; NgzypYk; nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;gpid
Cf;Ftpj;jy;;
• kugZ tsq;fs; kw;Wk; capupay; gy;tifik Mfpatw;wpidg; ghJfhj;jy;
• Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd Kiwikapid cUthf;fy;.
5. Rw;whly; Ma;Tk; Rw;whly; fz;fhzpg;Gk;
6. Rw;whlypy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba nrad;KiwfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk;
mfw;wy; NkYk; ,yq;if kf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhfNt Rw;whly; kw;Wk; ,aw;if
tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
7. Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;Jg; Ngzp capupay; uPjpahf ePLWjpahd mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
,aw;if tsq;fspd; ghtid Mfpatw;wpid cWjpg;gLj;j mur mikg;Gf;fSlDk;
Vida egu;fSlDk; xj;Jiog;gjw;fhd flikapid xt;nthUtUk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
8. mgptpUj;jp rhu; Ruz;ly;fs; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngau;T Mfpatw;wpidj; jLg;gjw;Fg;
Nghjpa nghwpKiwfs; cs;sd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpf; Fiwfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F Mizf;FO xd;wpid cUthf;fy;.
9. fhzp> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd mbg;gil cupikfspd; kPwy;fspdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fSf;fhfg; gupfhuk; kw;Wk; el;l<l;bw;fhd Kiwik.
10. Rw;whlYf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;fpd;w my;yJ mgptpUj;jp vDk; ngaupy; kf;fisr;
Ruz;Lfpd;w ve;j xU jdpegUf;F vjpuhfTk; my;yJ epWtdj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk;
eltbf;if vLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhf muR kw;Wk; mur
mjpfhupfisg; nghWg;Gilatu;fshf Mf;f Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
115kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
11. ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba rjtpfpjj;jpy; Mff;Fiwthd
tdg; Nghu;itapidg; NgZtjw;fhd xU Kiwikapid milahsk; fhzy;.
ehl;bw;fhf ePLWjpahd> xg;Guthd kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahf epahakhd r%f -
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpj; jPu;Tfis ehLtjw;fhf murpayikg;gpy; flg;ghLfs;
ey;ypzf;fg; nghwpKiwf;fhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrayzpapd; mwpf;ifapy; xg;gPl;lstpy;
ehL KOtjpy; ,Ue;Jk; 'fhzp njhlu;ghd gy;NtWgl;lJk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJkhd" fupridfs; rku;g;gzq;fshf vOg;gg;gl;ld (143).
gpupT 3.6 (107) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy: 'fhzp vd;gJ xt;nthU tyaj;jpYk;
vOg;gg;gl;l kPz;nlOk; gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;jJ. fhzpapid ,uhZtk; Mf;fpukpj;jpUj;jy;
my;yJ fhzpfisf; Fbkf;fs; ,uz;lhk; cupikahsu;fshf itj;jpUj;jy; Kjw;nfhz;L>
njhiye;JNghd Mtzq;fs;> Mtzq;fs; ,y;yhik my;yJ cupj;jhz;ikf;Fg; Nghjpa
cupikfs; ,y;yhik kw;Wk; fhzp kPjhd mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w NkhjYld; njhlu;gw;w
fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; tiu gpur;rpidfspd; jd;ik gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ".
,uhZtj;jpdhy; my;yJ NtW jug;gpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lg;ngau;tpdhy; ,of;fg;gl;l
fhzpfSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffspy; ,Ue;J vOk; kpfg; nghJthd Nfs;tpahf kPsspg;Gf;
fhzg;gLtJld; jk;Gs;s Gdpjg; gpuNjrk; njhlu;ghd ,yf;Ff; FOf; fye;Jiuahlypy;
Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW Gdpjg; gpuNjrq;fis mikg;gjw;fhfTk; ,f;Nfhupf;iffs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. Kd;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; gyte;jkhf
ntspNaw;wg;gl;l tlGy K];ypk;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l tpNrl NjitapidAila (cjhuzkhf>
ahupd; tho;thjhuq;fs; tptrha uPjpahf tskhd fhzpfisr; rhu;e;jpUe;jdNth
mt;thwhdtu;fSf;F el;l<l;Lld; Nru;j;J mf;fhzpfis kPs toq;fg;gLtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fspd; xU FOtpdu; Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;bdu;) rpy
FOf;fSk; cs;spl;l rpy Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fs; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. mwpf;iffspy;
jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; Kiwg;ghLfNs epiwe;jpUe;jd vDk; gpugykhd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpidj;
jhz;b rpq;fsf; FOf;fSk; Kiwg;ghLfisAk; fupridfisAk; vOg;gpapUe;jd.
mjhtJ> fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpw;F ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;l
rpq;fsr; rKjhaj;jpdu; ,of;fg;gl;l fhzpfSf;fhf el;laPl;bidf; NfhupapUe;jdu; (145).
vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;wr; nray;tpjpfSk; kPsspg;Gr; nray;tpjpfSk;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd vdr; rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;lj; jtwtpy;iy. NkYk; ehL
KOtJk; cs;s fhzpaw;wtu;fspd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l ghjpg;GWepiyikfs;
gw;wpAk; ftdk; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd mit Rl;bf;fhl;bd. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
rku;g;gzq;fs; mur kl;lj;jpYk; epWtd kl;lj;jpYk; r%f kl;lj;jpYk; ,yq;ifapy;
njhlu;e;Jk; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJk; ,ilaPL Njitg;gLfpd;wJkhd
gy;NtW jtWfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bd. jdpj;jdpahfg; gpur;rpidfisf; ifahSk;
mZFKiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lhy; rKjhaq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLk; Mgj;J
Vw;glyhk; vd;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; fhzp tpepNahfk; njhlu;gpy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l
mZFKiw iff;nfhs;sg;glyhk; vDk; MNyhrid ru;tNjr epWtdk; xd;wpdhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; mKyhf;fk; cs;spl;l mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy; ,J khfhzq;fspy; fhzp epu;thfj;jpy; ghupa
tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjpfkhd fhzpfs; ,uhZtj;jpdhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
116 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
fhuzj;jpdhy; ehL KOtJk;> Fwpg;ghf tlf;F fpof;fpy; ,uhZtkakhf;fj;jpid
mfw;wyhdJ fhzpg; gpur;rpidapidj; jPu;f;Fk;. ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fSf;fhff; fhzpfs;
Njitg;glhjNghJ mit cupa cupikahsu;fsplk; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; vd;fpd;w thf;FWjp
mbf;fb toq;fg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy.
gpupT 3.2.2: ,uhZtkakhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfspd; kPJ ftdk; Ftpf;fpd;wJ.
'cupikfis kPz;Lk; toq;FtjpYk; ,ay;Gepiyapid kPz;Lk; cUthf;FtjpYk;
vt;thW ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gjw;fhd cjhuzq;fis fhzp Mf;fpukpg;G
tplaq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ(33)". ,jpy; Nfg;ghgpyT> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk;
nfhf;fpsha; cs;spl;l Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fisr; Nru;e;j FOtpdiu mwpf;if Nkw;Nfhs;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd fhzpg; gpzf;FfspYk; FbNaw;wq;fspYk;
,uhZtk; jiyapLtJk; ,uhZtk; mjd; nrhe;j tu;j;jf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfj;
jdpahupd; fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;JtJk; cs;@u; kf;fspd; tho;thjhu Kaw;rpfSf;Fk;
ey;ypzf;f Kaw;rpfSf;Fk; ghjfkhdjhf ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ vd;gJk; mwpf;ifapy;
vLj;J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.(297-300). ePjp vd;gJ fl;likg;Gf;fspd; epiykhw;wj;jpdhy;
kl;LNk tUfpd;wJ - epiykhw;w ePjpapd; %ykhf ePz;lfhy> mbg;gilahd khw;wq;fs;.
,jd;NghJ nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu epiykhw;wq;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;(316).
gpupT 3.6 NtW ,lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;glhj fhzpg; gpur;rpidapy; ftdk; Ftpf;fpd;wJ.
(cjh: 3.2.2), jhk; kPsf; FbNawpa ,lj;Jf;fhd cupj;jhz;ik cupikfs; ,d;wpj; jkJ
Gjpa tPLfspy; jkJ tho;tpid kPsf; fl;bnaOg;g Kaw;rpf;Fk; ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs;
cs;spl;l ,uhZtk; rhuhj Kftu;fSldhd fhzpg; gpzf;Ffs; (tdj; jpizf;fsk;
my;yJ Gdpjg; gpuNjrq;fs; cs;spl;l) (111); njw;Fr; rKjhaq;fs; mur nfhs;iffspdhy;
fhzpaw;wtu;fshf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;> cjhuzkhf epahakhd el;l<l;bid toq;fhky;
efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig fhzpfisg; gwpj;jy; (112).
ehL KOtjpYKs;s rKjhaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,t;thwhd ghupa Nghuhl;lq;fspd;
#oiktpy; Nehf;Fifapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy rKjhaq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd cjhuzq;fs; %yk;
,g;gpur;rpidfspy; rpy ed;F tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;rKjhaq;fs; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fis
kPl;bf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ,ay;Gepiyapid XusthtJ jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; jkJ
fupridfisj; Jzpr;rYld; vOg;gpaJld; murpd; nraypd;ikf;F vjpuhfTk; Coy;kpf;f
gzpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; NghuhbAs;sd. ,f;Fiwfspd; gy cjhuzq;fis
tyar; nrayzp mwpf;if nfhz;Ls;sJ (ZTF).
117kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
,izg;G 2
118 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
Nfg;ghg;gpyT(kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd; mspf;;fg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy;
r%f epWtdq;fspd; mwpf;if Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lit)
119kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
² miktplk; Nfg;ghg;gpyT fpuhkNritahsu; gpupT> xl;LRl;lhd;
gpuNjr nrayfk;> Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lk;
² ghjpf;fg;gl;l
FLk;gq;fs; / kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
104 FLk;gq;fs; (2020 Vg;uypy; cs;shthwhf)
² gpzf;fpYs;s
fhzpapd; tp];jPuzk;
2009 Mk; Mz;L Vwf;Fiwa 520 Vf;fu; fhzp
,uhZtj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
2020 Vg;uypy; cs;sthwhf ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;gpy;
171 Vf;fu;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; cs;sd
² fhzpg; gpzf;F
Muk;gpj;j tUlk;
2009
2009 Mk; Mz;L> Aj;jj;jpd; filrpf; fl;lj;jpd; NghJ Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpd;
#upaGuk;> rPdpahNkhl;il> Nfg;ghg;gpyT kw;Wk; gpyhf;FbapUg;G Mfpa fpuhkq;fspd;
FbapUg;ghsu;fis ,uhZtk; gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wpaJ. ntspNaw;wg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;
tTdpahtpy; cs;s nkdpf; ghk; Kfhkpw;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;ld.
ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhzpapy; (171 Vf;fu;fs;) Ky;iyj;jPT Nfg;ghg;gpyT murpdu;
jkpo; fytd; ghlrhiyAk; xU NfhapYk; gyNehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fKk; rdr%f
epiyaKk; Ie;J nghJf; fpzWfSk; xU tpisahl;L ikjhdKk; fpwp];jt kahdKk;
,e;J kahdKk; mike;jpUe;jd. fhzp gyte;jkhf vLf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; Ky;iyj;jPT
ghJfhg;Gg; gil jiyik mYtyfKk; tpkhdg; gilj; jiyik mYtyfKk; Vida
Kfhk;fSk; mjpy; epWtg;gl;ld.
ntspNaw;wg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; kj;jpapy; rpy \khtPuu; FLk;gq;fSk;| ,Ue;jd. ,f;FLk;g
cWg;gpdu;fs; rpyu; Aj;jj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l gpd;du; ,f;FLk;gj;jpdu;fis tpLjiyg;
Gypfs; ,f;fhzpfspy; FbNaw;wpdu;. Vida FLk;gq;fs; ,f;fhzpapd; G+u;tPff; Fbfshf
milahsg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; ,tu;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; 100 tUlq;fSf;Fk;
Nky; tho;e;J tUfpd;wd.
2010 Mk; Mz;L fhzpapd; G+u;tPff; Fbfis mioj;j Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp k`pe;j
uh[gf;r> fhzpfs; khtPuu; FLk;gq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; vdj; njuptpj;jhu;. FbapUg;ghsu;fs;
jq;fspd; fhzpfSf;fhd Mjhuq;fshf 60 cWjpfisAk; 20 mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fisAk;
rku;g;gpj;jdu;. ,jd; gpd;du; ,f;fhzp kf;fSf;fhfj; njhlu;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;w fbjk;
nrayfj;jpdhy; mDg;gg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,jidj; njhlu;e;J vJTk; eilngwtpy;iy.
2011 Mk; Mz;by; FbapUg;ghsu;fspdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nkd;KiwaPL xd;W jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
2012 Mk; Mz;by; nkdpf; Kfhk; %lg;gl;L kf;fs; mtru mtrukhf kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;ldu;.
2012 Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; 150 FLk;gq;fs; mtw;wpd; G+u;tPff; fpuhkq;fSf;F
mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s #upaGuk; vd Kd;G mwpag;gl;l Nfg;ghg;gpyT khjpupf;
fpuhkj;jpy; tplg;gl;ldu;. ,J Jg;guT nra;ag;glhj xU fhzp vd;gJld; jk;ik xU
'mj;Jthdf; fhl;by; tpl;Ltpl;ljhf" kf;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;jdu;. ,t;thW tplg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F tjptplq;fis mikf;f cjtpfs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. nkdpf; Kfhkpy; ,Ue;J
nfhz;Lte;j fopTg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Nl ,k;kf;fs; nfhl;by;fis mikj;jdu;.
120 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
Kd;dhs; Ky;iyj;jPT murhq;f mjpgupdhy; 150 FLk;gq;fSk; jhk; Gjpa fhzpfis
Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf gbtk; xd;wpy; ifr;rhj;jpLkhW Ntz;lg;gl;ldu;.
2013 [dtup khjj;jpy; NkYk; 146 FLk;gq;fs; #upaGuj;jpy; FbNaw;wg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;
gpuNjrj;jpy; jkf;Fj; njupe;j FLk;gq;fSlDk; cwtpdu;fSlDk; trpj;Jte;jdu;. 2013
khu;r; khjj;jpy; 16 FLk;gq;fs; rPdpahNkhl;ilapYs;s jkJ G+u;tPff; fhzpfSf;F
kPsj;jpUk;g mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
2017 [dtup 30 Mk; jpfjp vQ;rpa fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; vd muR mwptpj;jJ.
vt;thwhapDk; ,t;thW fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;glhj fhuzj;jpdhy; Nfg;ghg;gpytpidr;
Nru;e;j 138 FLk;gq;fs; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdupd; jiyik mYtyfj;jpw;F Kd;dhy;>
mtu;fspd; fhzpfspd; Eiothapypy;> njhlu;r;rpahd ju;zh Nghuhl;lj;jpid Muk;gpj;jdu;.
,f;FLk;gq;fs; jkJ rKjhaf; fl;blq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf 428 Vf;fu; fhzpfis
tpLtpf;fNtz;Lk; vdf; Nfhupdu;.
2017 Vg;upy; khjj;jpy; Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fSld; jkpo; murpay;thjpfSk; Nru;e;Jnfhz;ldu;.
,jidj; njhlu;e;J ,tu;fisr; re;jpj;j ,uhZtk; 100 Vf;fu; fhzpapid tpLtpg;gjhf
tha;%y ,zf;fj;jpw;F te;jJ. tpLtpg;Gj; jpfjp kPz;Lk; gpw;Nghlg;gl;lJ.
2017 Mf];by;> Nfg;ghg;gpytpy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;bUe;j 243 Vf;fu; fhzpapid mjd;
cupikahsu;fSf;F ,uhZtk; tpLtpj;jJ. gpd;du; mNj khjk; tpLtpf;fg;glTs;s 111
Vf;fu; fhzpapy; mike;Js;s ,uhZtf; fl;blq;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; NtW
,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;fhf ,uhZtj; jsgjpf;F 148 kpy;ypad; &ghtpidj;
jdJ mikr;rpdhy; nrYj;Jtjw;F mikr;ruit mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpAs;sjhf
mg;Nghija kPs;FbNaw;w mikr;ruhd b. vk;. Rthkpehjd; kf;fsplk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
kf;fspd; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gzkhd 148 kpy;ypad; &gh
vjw;fhf kf;fsplk; fhzpfis kPs xg;gilg;gjw;fhf ,uhZtj;jpw;F ed;nfhilahf
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd kf;fs; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdu;.
[Pd; 2018 ,y; Nfg;ghg;gpytpidr; Nru;e;j 55 jdpahu; fhzp (Rkhu; 60 Vf;fu;fs;)
cupikahsu;fSld; fiuj;Jiwg;gw;W gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; $l;lk; xd;W eilngw;wJ.
,tu;fspd; fhzpfisr; rl;lG+u;tkhfg; ngw;W el;l<L toq;Ftjw;fhfNt ,g;Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
eilngw;wJ. ,f;FLk;gq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; el;l<l;bid Vw;f kWj;J jkJ
fhzpfSf;Fj; jpUk;gNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifapid Kd;itj;J te;jhYk; Ie;J
FLk;gq;fs; jkJ fhzpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf gz el;l<l;bidg; ngw ,zq;fpdu;. VidNahu;
njhlu;e;Jk; jkJ fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdg; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdu;.
[dtup 26 Mk; jpfjp Nfg;ghg;gpyT kf;fs;> gpujhdkhfg; ngz;fs;> ,uhZtk;
Mf;fpukpj;Js;s jkJ fhzpfis tpLtpf;ff; Nfhup mf;fhzpfis Nehf;fp ,uz;L
fpNyh kPw;wu;fs; elf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,uhZt Kfhkpd; gpujhd Eiothapiy Nehf;fp
mtu;fs; elf;fj; njhlq;fpaJk; Kfhkpd; thapypd; Kd; ngUksT nghyprhu; (Rkhu;
45 Ngu;) fhzg;gl;lJld; Fiwe;jJ Ie;J nghyp]; thfdq;fSk; (g];> nyhwp> [Pg;>
fhu;) mq;Nf fhzg;gl;ld. ,g;ngz;fSld; NkYk; gy ,lk;ngau;e;j fpuhkj;jtu;fs;
,ize;Jnfhz;L ,tu;fspd; ghijapid Ntz;Lnkd;W kwpg;gjw;fhf epWj;jg;gl;bUe;j
nghyp]; thfdq;fspd; Kd;Nd epd;wdu;. jkJ fhzp tpLtpg;Gj; njhlu;ghf jpl;ltl;lkhd
cj;juthj;jpid mjpfhupfs; toq;Fk; tiuapy; Kfhkpd; Kd;dhy; mku;e;Jnfhs;tJ
121kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
vd;gNj Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fspd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. [dtup 27 Mk; jpfjp> ,uhZt
Kfhk; mike;Js;s tstpw;Fk; Mu;g;ghl;lk; elj;jg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; 75 kPw;wu;fs; J}uj;jpidg; NgzNtz;Lk; vd;W ePjpkd;wf; fl;lis
gpwg;gpj;jJ. ,jid Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.
10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; jq;fsplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l fhzpfSf;fhf ,e;j kf;fs;
njhlu;e;Jk; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdu;. mu;j;jG+u;tkhd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspy; murhq;fk;
,k;kf;fis <LgLj;jj; jtwptUfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,k;kf;fspd; vjpu;fhyk; epr;rakw;wjhf
cs;sJ. ,k;kf;fspd; tho;T mtu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; mePjpfspdhy; epiwe;Js;sJ.
Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhu;fshfg; gpujhdkhfg; ngz;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. nfhSj;Jk; ntapypYk;
nfhl;Lk; kioapYk; Mu;g;ghl;lk; ,lk;ngWk; nfhl;by;fspDs; mku;e;jpUg;gJ ,g;ngz;fNs.
cyu;tyaq;fspy; ,uT Neuq;fspy; epyTk; fLk; FspupidAk; ,g;ngz;fs; jhq;fpathW
jk; Nghuhl;lj;jpid elj;jptUfpd;wdu;. nfhLg;gdTld; ,g;ngz;fs; nra;Ak; Copak;
kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdT ,d;wp ,g;ngz;fs; Mw;wptUk; guhkupg;Gg; gzpfs; Mfpait
,g;ngz;fs; fopf;Fk; ehl;fspDs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,g;ngz;fs; elj;Jk; Nghuhl;lk;
,tu;fspd; MNuhf;fpaj;jpYk; eyNdhk;GifapYk; ghupa jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
122 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
ckh Xa gy;Nehf;Ff; fUj;jpl;lk; (rKjha cWg;gpdu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fisg; gpujhdkhff; nfhz;L
jahupf;fg;gl;l rptpy; r%f mwpf;iffspy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lJ)
123kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
² miktplk; Cth khfhzj;jpd; gJis khtl;lj;jpd;
gz;lhutis> `hypnay> ntypkl> Cthguzfk
kw;Wk; vy;y gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; kw;Wk; nkhduhfy
khtl;lj;jpd; nts;stha
² ghjpf;fg;gl;l
FLk;gq;fs; / kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Rkhu; 7500 FLk;gq;fSf;F Nky; (Vg;uy; 2020 ,y;
cs;sthwhf)
² gpzf;fpYs;s
fhzpapd; tp];jPuzk;
fpl;lj;jl;l 2200 Vf;fu;; gz;iz epyq;fs; Neubahfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
fpl;lj;jl;l 7100 tPLfs; KOtJkhf my;yJ
gFjpahfr; Nrjkile;Js;sd
fpl;lj;jl;l 3090 fpzWfs; tw;wptpl;ld
fpl;lj;jl;l 45 ,aw;if ePu; %yq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
² fhzpg; gpzf;F
Muk;gpj;j tUlk;
2008 Kjy; ,w;iwtiu
ckh Xa fUj;jpl;lk; 1950 fspy; ,Ue;J njhlq;Fk; ePz;l tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
epjpaply; fhuzkhf my;yJ Rw;Wr; #oy; gpur;rpid fhuzkhff; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk;
gy;NtW Kd;nkhopTfs; iftplg;gl;ld. 1991 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; njw;Fg; gFjpf;F
ePupidj; jpirjpUg;Gk; Kd;nkhoptpw;fhd Kd; rhj;jpats Ma;tpid kj;jpa nghwpapay;
MNyhridg; gzpafk; (CECB) Nkw;nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; kf;fspd; ePu; cupikfs;
kPwg;gLfpd;wd vd;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; Kd;nkhoptpid Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp
epuhfupj;jJ. 2000 Mk; Mz;L fUj;jpl;lk; kPz;Lk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;L 2008 Mk; Mz;by;
ckh Xa gy;Nehf;Ff; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F <uhd; murhq;fk; epjpAjtp toq;fpaJ. epu;khz
xg;ge;jKk; <uhdpa epu;khdf; fk;gdpahd FARAB ,w;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. fUj;jpl;lkhdJ
gpujhdkhf ePu;kpd;rhuj;jpid mjpfupj;J `k;ghe;Njhl;ilapd; cyu;tyaj;jpd;
ePu;g;ghrd Mw;wiy mjpfupf;Fk; vdf; $wg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; fUj;jpl;lkhdJ
kj;js tpkhdepiyak;> `k;ghe;Njhl;il ifj;njhopy; tyak; kw;Wk; `k;ghe;Njhl;il
JiwKfk; kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G Miy Mfpatw;wpw;F ePu; tpepNahfpg;gij
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jk; vd;fpd;w fuprizfs; vOg;gg;gl;ld.
fUj;jpl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW epu;khz Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf murhq;fj;jpdhy;
ntypkl> Cth guzfk> vy;y kw;Wk; nts;stha gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfspy; ,Ue;J
Rkhu; 5022 Vf;fu; fhzpfs; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; nkhj;j epu;khzr; nryT
60842 kpy;ypad; &gh vd kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epjpapy; 85% ,id <uhd; Vw;Wkjp mgptpUj;jp tq;fp 20 tUlf; fldhf toq;fpaJ. vQ;rpa 15% epu;khzr; nrytpid
,yq;if Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf fhzp nfhs;sy;> kPs;FbNaw;wk;> Rw;whly;
jhf;fj; jzpg;G> ePu;g;ghrd tiyaikg;gpid kPsikj;jy;> fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; kjpAiur; Nrit Mfpatw;Wf;F Vw;gLk; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;l 15475 kpy;ypad; &gh
nrytpidAk; murhq;fk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSk; epGzu;fSk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F ghupa
vjpu;g;gpid ntspapl;ldu;. fUj;jpl;lk; 2008 Vg;uypy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kd;rhj;jpa
ts Ma;T 2008 [_iyapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;bd; 3 mj;jpahaq;fs; 2010 brk;gupy;
124 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf 30 ehl;fSf;F fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;bw;F nghJkf;fs; Mff;$Ljyhd rku;g;gzq;fis toq;fpdu;.
Rw;whly; mikg;Gf;fs;> tptrhapfspd; rq;fq;fs;> rKjhaf; FOf;fs; kw;Wk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fs; vjpu;g;Gf;fisg; gjpTnra;jdu;. kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig
epge;jidAld; mwpf;ifapid 2012 Vg;uypy; mq;fPfupj;jJ. Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPL
kz;zpid kPs;tYg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpYk; epyf;fPo; ePUf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fk; njhlu;gpYk;
ePu; %yq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; vLf;fg;glNtz;ba eltbf;iffs;
njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jj; jtwpAs;sJ vd;Wk; epyj;Jf;Ff; fPNo Ruq;fk;
Njhz;Ltjdhy; Vw;gLk; kz;zupg;G njhlu;gpYk; Vw;glf;$ba kz;rupT njhlu;gpYk;
epyf;fPo; ePu; mw;Wg;NghtJ njhlu;gpYk; mwpf;if ftdk; nrYj;jj; jtwpAs;sJ
vd;Wk; ru;r;irfs; ntbj;jd. mjpfupj;J te;j fz;ldq;fisj; njhlu;e;J 2017 Mk;
Mz;by epGzu;fs; mlq;fpa Fohk; Clfq;fSf;F mwpf;ifapLifapy; epu;khzf;
fl;lj;jpd;NghJ epyf;fPo; ePu;kl;lk; FiwtilAk; rhj;jpaj;jpid Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;L
mwpf;if Rl;bf;fhl;baJ vd;Wk; epyf;fPo; ePu;kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Vw;w ,wf;fq;fis
kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig fz;fhzpf;Fk; nghWg;gpidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;Wk;
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; mtruepiy eltbf;iffSf;fhd nghWg;gpidAk; fz;fhzpg;Gj;
jpl;lj;jpidAk; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig ePu;g;ghrd kw;Wk; ePu;tsq;fs; mikr;rplk;
ifaspj;Js;sJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpid mq;fPfupj;j mikr;ruitg;
gj;jpuk;> 1995 [_d; 15 ,w;F Kd;gpUe;J mur fhzpfspy; tho;e;JtUgtu;fSk; thlif
tPLfspy; trpj;J tUgtu;fSk; thlif nrYj;Jk; tptrhapfSk; [PtNdhghak; elj;Jk;
FLk;gq;fSk; xU tPl;bidAk; fhzpapidAk; el;l<lhfg; ngWtjw;fhd jFjpapidf;
nfhz;Ls;sd vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ljhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ ntw;wpfukhf
mKy;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhff; fhzpfs; vLf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; mjw;fhf
vt;tpj el;l<l;bidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;shjtu;fs; Kiwg;ghLfisr; nra;Js;sdu;.
2013 ,y; fhzpfis ,oe;jtu;fSf;F Xu; mWtilf; fhyj;jpw;fhf kl;LNk el;l<L
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,tu;fs; 12 mWtilf; fhyq;fis ,oe;Js;sdu;. gz;iz
epyq;fis itj;jpUe;jtu;fSf;F khw;W epyq;fs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; rpyu;
Kd;G Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fshf ,Ue;j fhzpfspy; FbNaw;wg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,f;fhzpfs;
Mokhd ruptpidf; nfhz;l fhzpfshFk; vd;gJld; ,f;fhzpfspy; Gjpa tPLfis
epu;khzpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. fhzp cupj;jhz;ik re;Njfj;Jf;FupajhfTs;s
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s FLk;gq;fSf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s el;l<L ePjpkd;wpy; ifaspf;fg;gLk;
vdg; gpuNjr nrayhsu;fs; ,f;FLk;gq;fSf;F mwptpj;Js;sdu;. vt;thwhapDk;
el;l<l;bid vt;thW NfhUtJ vd;gJ gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fs; vitAk; kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gltpy;iy. cupj;jhz;ikapid ep&gpf;ff;$ba kf;fs; mtu;fspd; el;l<l;bidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jhkjk; epyTtjhf Kiwg;ghL nra;Js;sJld; rpy mjpfhupfspd;
jdpg;gl;l gifikNa ,jw;fhd fhuzk; vdj; jhk; ek;GtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
el;l<l;bidr; nrYj;JtjpYk; ngWkjp fzpj;jypYk; FiwghLfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rpy
tpahghupfSf;Fg; gy yl;rf;fzf;fhd &gha;fs; el;l<L toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mNjNtis
gapu;nra; tptrhapfSf;F kpff;Fiwthd el;l<Nl toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf>
jtwhd eilKiwfis tprhupj;J ePjpapid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; gpur;rpidfisj;
jPu;g;gjw;fhfTk; xU RahjPdkhd Mizf;FO mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w cWjpahd
kw;Wk; mtrukhd Nfhupf;if Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePu;f;frpT: fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; ghuJ}ukhd gpur;rpid ePu;f;frpthFk;. 2015 Mk; Mz;by;
ePu;f;frpT xd;W njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2019 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; ePu;f;frpT
epkplj;jpw;F 800 yPw;wu;fs; vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. tptrhaj;jpw;F mtrpakhd ePu;
%yq;fSk; rpW fpuhkq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa ePu; %yq;fSk; ePu;f;frptpdhy; tw;wptpl;ld.
125kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fpzWfs; tw;wptpl;ld. NkYk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd tptrhaf; fhzpfs;
gadw;wjhfptpl;ld. rpwpa ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ePu; tpepNahfj;jpy; ghjpg;G
Vw;gl;Ls;sikNa ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa ePu;g;gw;whf;Fiwf;fhd
el;l<lhf kf;fSf;F cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. xU Nghfg; gapu;r;nra;iff;fhf kl;LNk
cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; mJTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSs; kpfr; nrhw;gkhdtu;fSf;F
khj;jpuNk toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; Kiwg;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. khrhf;fg;gl;l
ePu;epiyfSf;F mUfpy; kPsf; FbNaw;wg;gl;ltu;fSf;F ePu;j;Jg;guthf;f trjpfs;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,w;iwtiuapy; Kiwiktha;e;j tifapy; ePu; tpepNahfk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fspy; thOk; ngz;fs; jkJ tPLfspd;
ePu;j;Njitf;fhf ePz;l J}uk; nrd;W ePiug; ngWk; Nkyjpf RikapidAk; Rkf;Fk; epiy
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
Jisaplypdhy; epyj;jpd; cWjpj;jd;ik ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Jisaplyhy;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd fl;blq;fSf;Fr; Nrjk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; 7500 ,w;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 7100 tPLfs; trpf;f
Kbahjitahf khwpAs;sd. gz;lhutis gpuNjr nrayfg; gpuptpYs;s 12 tPLfSk;
vy;y gpuNjr nrayfg; gpuptpYs;s 15 tPLfSk; Kw;WKOtJkhf mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kw;WKOtJk; tPLfs; mopf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F thlifahfg; gad;gLj;j epjpAjtp
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gyUf;Fk; vt;tpjj;jpYk;
el;l<L toq;fg;gltpy;iy. Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jq;fspd; tPLfSf;F Vw;gl;l
Nrjq;fSf;fhfj; njhlu;e;Jk; el;l<L NfhuptUfpd;wdu;. rpyUf;F el;l<L fpilj;Js;sJ.
murpay; njhlu;GfSk; Vida njhlu;GfSk; ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhfNt
mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ.
2017 [_d; 27 Mk; jpfjp> ghjpf;fg;gl;l Mapuf;fzf;fhd egu;fs; Mu;g;ghl;lk;
elj;jpa gpd;du; mg;Nghija [dhjpgjp rpwpNrdtpidr; re;jpf;Fk;; tha;g;gpidg;
ngw;wdu;. tpisthff; fUj;jpl;lk; epWj;jg;gl;L Ruq;fq;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gf; fhuzkhf
FbapUg;ghsu;fs; vjpuNehf;Ffpd;w rpukq;fis Muha;e;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhf
mikr;ruit cgFO xd;W mikr;ruitapdhy; epakpf;fg;;gl;lJ. FOtpd; mwpf;if
2017 [_iy 18 Mk; jpfjp rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mwpf;ifahdJ FbePu; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd
gupe;JiufisAk; tPLfs;> ghlrhiyfs;> Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; Vida ,lq;fs; cs;spl;l
ntbg;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; kPs;FbNaw;wk;> el;l<L gw;wpa
jfty;fisAk; kf;fisf; FbNaw;Wtjw;fhf fpnua;f; Njhl;lj;jplkpUe;J 50 Vf;fu;
fhzpapid muR vLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpd;w gupe;JiuapidAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
fUj;jpl;lkhdJ kf;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs; kPJk; kf;fspd; tPLfspd; kPJk; jdpg;gl;l
epjpfspd; kPJk; gue;Jgl;l Nkhrkhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJld; Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fk;
eyNdhk;Giff;Fk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifg; ghq;Nf khwpAs;sJ. NkYk; ePupidg; ngw Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s FLk;gq;fs; ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; nropg;ghd vjpu;fhyj;jpid
cUthf;FtJk; fbdkhdjhf khwpAs;sJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; Rw;whlYf;Fk; fzprkhd
jhf;fk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lkplypYk; ,J gpd;tpisTfisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gupfhuj;jpw;fhfTk; Nghjpa el;l<l;bw;fhfTk;
jq;fspd; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPu;tpw;fhfTk; ePjpf;fhfTk; fhj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;.
126 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
guz;l Njhl;lk;; (kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd; ele;j tprhuizfspd;NghJ
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;ltw;wpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lJ)
127kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
² miktplk; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpd; fz;b khtl;lj;jpd; fbad;Nyd>
g];gNf NfhuNy gpuNjr nrayfk;
² ghjpf;fg;gl;l
FLk;gq;fs; / kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
139 FLk;gq;fs;
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fhzpapd; tp];jPuzk;
100 Vf;fu;fs;
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Muk;gpj;j tUlk;
2012
2006 Mk; Mz;L 384982.36 &ghtpw;F fhzp kPl;G Mizf;FOtplkpUe;J (LRC) 100 Vf;fu;fs; Njapiyj; Njhl;lj;jpidf; nfhs;tdT nra;jjhf ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mf;fhyfl;lj;jpNy> nfhs;tdT nra;jjhff; $wg;gLk; Njapiyj;
Njhl;lj;jpy; Rkhu; 100 iyd; tPLfSk; ngUe;Njhl;l kdpj mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;if
epjpaj;jplkpUe;J ngw;w fldpdhy; fl;lg;gl;l 25 tPLfisf; nfhz;l tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lKk;
- ,f;fld; njhopyhsu;fspd; khjr; rk;gsj;jpy;; ,Ue;J fopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ – xU NfhapYk;
xU $l;LwTr; rq;fKk; xU tpisahl;L ikjhdKk; ,Ue;jd. ,j;Njhl;lj;jpy; 760
Ngu; nfhz;l 115 FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. ,tu;fSs; ghlrhiy nry;Yk; taJila 450
rpwhu;fSk; cs;sdu;. ,j;Njhl;lj;jpy; thOk; FLk;gj;jpdu; jhq;fs; 150 tUlq;fshfg;
guk;giu guk;giuahf ,e;jf; fhzpapNyNa tho;e;J tUtjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
2006 Mk; Mz;L ,y;yg;ngUk ePjpkd;wj;jpy tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;j fhuzj;jpdhy; jhk;
tho;e;JtUk; fhzp ,y;yg;ngUkTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ vdj; jPu;g;G toq;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ
vd ,k;kf;fs; 2012 Mk; Mz;bNy mwpe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpdu;
tof;fpd; jug;ghf Mf;fg;gltpy;iy. my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,g;gb xU tof;Fj; jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik gw;wp ,k;kf;fSf;F xUNghJk; mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy. tof;fpd;
jug;Gf;fshf fhzp kPl;G Mizf;FOTk; kf;fs; ngUe;Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rigAk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; njhopy; toq;FdUk; ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gKk; cs;sdu;
vd ,k;kf;fs; ,jd; gpd;dNu mwpe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l
gj;jpuq;fspy; ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gk; nfhs;tdT nra;j Njhl;lj;jpy; 8 FLk;gq;fs;
trpj;j 5 iyd; tPLfs; khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jjhf ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ vd
,k;kf;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fpuhkNritahsUk; ePjpkd;w cj;jpNahfj;jUk; murhq;f mjpgupd; mYtyfj;jpidr;
Nru;e;j mjpfhup xUtUk; FbapUg;ghsu;fis ntspNaWkhW $Wk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l ePjpkd;w cj;juTld; Njhl;lj;jpw;F 2012 Mk; Mz;L te;jNghNj
ePjpkd;w tof;fpidg; gw;wp ,e;j kf;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;ldu;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l 86 FLk;gq;fs;
,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU tof;fpidj; jhf;fy; nra;jdu;. Mdhy; Kd;ida
ePjpkd;wf; fl;lisapid kPsha;T nra;a KbahJ vd ,tu;fSf;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L 5 tUlq;fs; fle;j gpd;dUk; gpujpthjpfspy; 4 Ngu;
,we;j gpd;dUNk jPu;g;G 2019 Mf];by; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpdu; ,e;j
tplaj;jpid ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;Jf;F tpsf;fp Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j tpUk;gpdu;. Mdhy;
mtu;fSf;Fr; re;jpg;gjw;F mDkjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy. jkf;Fr; rhu;ghf toq;fg;gl;l
ePjpkd;wj; jPu;khdj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FLk;gq;fis ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd
128 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
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Njhl;lj;jpy; cs;s jkJ tPLfspy; ,Ue;J ,f;FLk;gq;fs; ntspNawhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
,f;FLk;gq;fspd; njhopy;toq;Fduhd kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rigapdhy;
(JEDB) ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;jpw;F khjhe;jk; 500000 &gh nrYj;jg;gl;LtUtjhf
,f;FLk;gq;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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cupj;jhz;ikapid toq;Ftjw;fhd mur epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; Xuq;fkhf mg;Nghija mur
njhopy;Kaw;rpahz;ik kw;Wk; fz;b mgptpUj;jp mikr;ruhd yf;~;kd; fpupvy;ytpdhy;
tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;j 86 FLk;gq;fSf;F '`upj G+kp nfhilfs;" toq;fg;gl;ld.
'nfhil" MtzkhdJ fhzpg; ghtid njhlu;ghf gy tpjpfisf; Fwpj;Jiug;gJld;
fhzpapd; vy;iyfs; gw;wpNah my;yJ tp];jPuzk; gw;wpNah vjidAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
jq;fis ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd ePjpkd;wr; nrad;Kiwapy; 2020 khu;r; 12 Mk; jpfjpa
tprhuizapd; gpd;du; guz;lh Njhl;lk; nrhe;jkhf tUfpd;w Ngh`py; Njhl;lj;jpDs;
N[<bgpf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd NtW 100 Vf;fu;fis ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;jpw;F toq;Ftjw;fhff;
fhzpapidj; njupTnra;tjw;F N[<bgpf;F ,uz;L khjq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sij
ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; 2020 Mk; Mz;by; mwpe;Jnfhz;ld. mLj;j ePjpkd;w tprhuiz
2020 Nk 28 Mk; jpfjp eilngWk;; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gy jiyKiwfshfj; jkJ cilikahf ,Ue;J tUk; tPL kw;Wk; fhzp
Mfpatw;wpidNa jkJ Nfhupf;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; ,e;j cilik
kjpf;fg;gl;L rl;lG+u;tkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,f;FLk;gq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
ajhu;j;jj;jpy; ,k;kf;fs; mtu;fsplk; jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; fhzpj; Jz;LfisNa mtu;fspd;
gps;isfSf;fhfg; gpupj;Js;sdu;. Vnddpy; jq;fspd; gps;isfSf;F ,tu;fspdhy;
toq;fg;glf;$ba xNu nrhj;J ,f;fhzpj; Jz;Lfs;jhd;. ,k;kf;fspd; tho;tpid
epr;rakpd;ik #o;e;Js;sJ. jkf;Fj; njupe;j xNu fhzpapYk; tPLfspYk; tho;tJ
rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vdj; jkf;F mwptpf;fhkYk; my;yJ jkJ epiyg;ghl;bid vLj;J
tpsf;f vt;tpj tha;g;gpidAk; toq;fhkYk; rl;l Kiwik KbntLj;jpUg;gJ mePjpahdJ
vd;fpd;w Xu; Mokhd czu;T ,k;kf;fspd; kdjpy; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ,k;kf;fspy;
rpyUf;F VNjh xU tifapy; mtu;fspd; fhzpfspd; kPJ cupj;jhz;ikapid toq;fp
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r%f epWtdq;fspd; mwpf;if Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lit)
130 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
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tptrhapfspd; fhzpfis ,yq;if muR vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. 1980 fspd; Muk;gg;
gFjpapy; ngy;tj;j rPdpf; fk;gdpf;F 84000 Vf;fu; tp];jPuzkhd fhzp 30 tUlf;
Fj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. rpy jlitfs; cupikahsu;fis khw;wpa fk;gdpapid
2011 Mk; Mz;by; \nraY}f;fkw;w njhopy;Kaw;rpahz;ikfs; kw;Wk; nraY}f;fkw;w
nrhj;Jf;fs;| vDk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murhq;fk; jd;trk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
fUk;G gapu;nra;J mjidf; fk;gdpf;F tpw;fNtz;Lk; vDk; epge;jidapid Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
G+u;tPfkhd ghuk;gupa tptrhapfspy; rpyu; fhzpapy; njhlu;e;J tho mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
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nra;tjw;fhf ngy;tj;japy; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;ldu;. xt;nthU gapu;r;nra;ifahsUf;Fk;
Rkhu; 4.5 Vf;fu; fhzp toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; miu Vf;fu; fhzpj; Jz;L tjptplg;
ghtidf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;lJ. FbapUg;ghsu;fs; fhzpj; Jz;by; tPL fl;l KbAk;
Mdhy; fhzpf;F my;yJ nrhj;jpw;F mtu;fspdhy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpidNah my;yJ
cupj;jhz;ikapidNah ngwKbatpy;iy. fk;gdpAld; gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fs; nra;j
xg;ge;jk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; mike;jpUe;jJ. FbNaw;wq;fspd; epu;thfk; fk;gdpapdhy;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLtJld; ,f;fhzpfspy; thOk; FLk;gq;fs; cs;@u; epu;thfr; Nritfisg;
ngw Kbahjhtu;fshf cs;sdu;. ngUe;Njhl;lj;jpy; 2700 FLk;gq;fs; tho;tjhf
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gy tUlq;fs; tho;e;j NghjpYk; - rpyu; 30 tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nky; tho;e;JtUfpd;wdu; -
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,e;j el;lhw;Wepiyapy; ,Ue;J FLk;gj;jpidf; fhf;Fk; nghWg;G jk;KilaJ vd
epidf;fpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; RftPdk; fhuzkhfj; jk;khy; gapu;nra;a KbahJ Nghdhy;
my;yJ %g;gpd; fhuzkhf my;yJ NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; xOq;fhf Ntiy nra;a
KbahJ Nghdhy; jkJ xl;Lnkhj;jf; FLk;gKk; tUkhdj;jpid ,oe;JtpLk; vd;gJ
mtu;fSf;Fj; njupAk;.
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fl;bAs;s fhzpfs; cs;slq;fpa fhzpfis muR epymsit nra;a Muk;gpj;Js;sJ.
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fzpg;gPl;bid Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. FbNaw;wq;fspy; xd;wpy; fhzpf; fr;Nrup xd;W elj;jg;gl;L
gapu;;r;nra;ifahsu; FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J 90 tpz;zg;gq;fs; mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;ld.
tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspy; 84 NgUf;F mtu;fs; cupj;jhz;ikf;Fj; jFjpahdtu;fs; vd;W
gjpy; toq;fg;gl;L tpz;zg;gpj;J ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; gpd;du; 2019 ,y; cWjpfs;
toq;fg;gl;ld. jhk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Mtzq;fspy; fhzp cupj;jhz;ik gw;wpf;
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toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W ngz; jiyikf; FLk;gq;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;Js;sd. NkYk; capu;
thOk; tho;f;ifj; Jiz fhzpf;fhd cupj;jhz;ikapidj; njhlu;e;J mDgtpf;fyhk;
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; $l;L cupj;jhz;ik mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy. 9 kw;Wk;; 11
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gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;ltu;fspy; rpyu; fk;gdpapd; mq;fPfhuf; fbjk; ,d;wpj; jq;fshy;
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132 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
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trpf;Fk; fhzpapy; $l ,Nj epiyjhd;;. ,tu;fs; trpf;Fk; fhzpj; Jz;by; njd;id
kuNkh my;yJ jq;fspd; nrhe;j Efu;tpw;fhf kuf;fwpfNsh my;yJ NtW gapu;fNsh
tsu;f;ff; $lhJ vDk; vr;rupf;iff; fbjj;jpid fk;gdp ,k;;kf;fSf;F mDg;gpAs;sJ.
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gj;jpuq;ifsf; NfhupaNghJ 'Mtzq;fspd; jahu;gLj;jYf;F" vd;W ,k;kf;fspy;
rpyuplkpUe;J fl;lzk; mwtplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ve;j mbg;gilAk; mw;wJ vd;gij
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Vw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. Mdhy; 2000 Mk; Mz;L fk;gdpapd; cupj;jhz;ikapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;l
gpd;dNu Nritfs; epd;WNghapd vdr; rpyu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;
kpf Nkhrkhditahff; fhzg;gLtJld; xU nfhydpapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU nfhydpf;Fr;
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gy ,wg;Gf;fs; rk;gtpj;J tpisthfg; ngz; jiyikf; FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
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mur epu;thf Nritfspy; ,Ue;J Jz;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf czu;fpd;wd. ,f;FLk;gq;fs;
jkJ fhzpfspd; kPJk; tPLfspd; kPJk; mw;gkhd fl;Lg;ghl;bidNa nfhz;Ls;sd.
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspDs; fUk;Gr; nra;ifapd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; Ruz;ly;kpf;f epge;jidfspd;;
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nfhz;Ls;sdu;. NkYk; ,tu;fspdhy; jq;fspd; gps;isfSf;fhd vjpu;fhyj;jpidj;
jpl;lkpl KbahkYs;sJ. jhk; mbikfshf tho;tjhfj; jkJ epiyapid xU
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r%f epWtdq;fspd; mwpf;if Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lit)
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epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW cau; khbf; fl;blj; njhFjpfspy; Rkhu; 15000 FLk;gq;fs;
kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. rprpw cadtpy; thOk; kf;fs; mtu;fspd; tho;tplq;fshf ,Ue;j
nfhl;lh tPjp> 168 Njhl;lk;> mg;gps;Njhl;lk;> khspfhtj;ij> 43 Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; Ngf;fupj;
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jrhg;jq;fshf tho;e;J te;jtu;fs;. FbapUg;ghsu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; ehl;$yp
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Njhl;lf;fhuu;fshfTk; Jg;guTj; njhopyhsu;fshfTk; tPl;L Ntiyahl;fshfTk;
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fye;jhNyhrpf;fhJ ,f;nfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,k;kf;fs; Kd;G tho;e;j tPLfspd;
mstpidNah my;yJ mt;tPl;by; tho;e;j FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapidNah
,f;nfhs;if fUj;;jpw;nfhs;stpy;iy. mjhtJ> gy FLk;gq;fs; xd;whf tho;e;j 500
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tho;e;j FLk;gq;fs; ,g;NghJ ntWk; 400 rJu mbfisf; nfhz;l – xt;nthU tPl;Lj; njhFjpapd; msTk; ,Jjhd; - xU tPl;by; xd;whf thOk; epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW
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czTg; nghUl;fisj; jahupj;J tpw;gid nra;jy;> irf;fps; fil elj;jy; kw;Wk;
rpy;yiwf; fil elj;jy; Nghd;w Kiwrhuh tho;thjhuq;fspy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; ,t;tPLfspy;
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epiyikf;Ff; fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.
135kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020
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mit cau;khbj; njhFjpfshf ,Uf;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhYk; FLk;gj;jpDs;Sk;
FLk;gq;fSf;fpilapYk; me;juq;fk; vd;gJ ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; FLk;g
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Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jg; Gjpa mikg;gpy; nfhOk;gpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; tho;e;j kf;fs;
,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;L mtu;fspd; Kd;ida r%f tiyaikg;Gf;F ntspNa mtu;fs;
Kd;du; mwpe;jpuhj kf;fSld; neUf;fkhf tho epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,jdhy; Kd;G
r%fq;fspd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;l r%fg; ghJfhg;G> md;dpNahd;akhd cwT kw;Wk;
el;Gkpf;f #oy; rPu;Fiye;Js;sJld; ngz;fSf;Fk; rpWtu;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;gw;w #oy;
,e;jr; Rw;whlypy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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vt;tpjkhd rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fSk; toq;fg;glhky; ,Ug;gJkhFk;. FbapUg;ghsu;fspy;
rpyUf;F mtu;fspd; Kd;ida nrhj;jpw;F cWjpfs; ,Ue;Js;sd. Mdhy; ,tu;fSf;F
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ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F xt;nthU FLk;gKk; efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigf;F gj;Jyl;rk; &gh
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fzprkhff; Fiwtile;Js;sd.
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fPo; ,Ue;j NghNj kPsf; FbNaw;wg;gl;ldu;. vdNt ,tu;fis ,tu;fspd; Kd;ida
tPLfspy; ,Ue;J: ntspNaw;wpaJ ,uhZtNkad;wp NtW murhq;f mjpfhupfNsh
my;yJ tPlikg;G mjpfhurigfNsh my;y. ,uhZtkakhf;fg;gl;l efu mgptpUj;jp
mjpfhurigapd; fPo; ,k;kf;fs; kPs;FbNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lNghJ njhy;iyfSf;Fk;
mr;RWj;jy;fSf;Fk; gaKWj;jy;fSf;Fk; cs;shdhu;fs;. ,t;tplaj;jpy; ,uhZtk;
jiyapl;likahy; ,k;kf;fs; jq;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
tha;g;gpid ,oe;Js;sJld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhupfsplj;jpy; jkJ gpur;rpidfisr;
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Ngzg;glhky; fhzg;gLtjhfTk; tPLfspd; Rtu;fspy; ntbg;Gf;fs; Njhd;WtjhfTk;
fl;lblq;fspy; Gwhf;fs; ngUfpf; fhzg;gLtjhfTk; 12 khbfisf; nfhz;l ,j;njhFjpapd;
kpd;J}f;fpfs; nraypoe;Js;sikapdhy; kf;fs; gbfspy; Vwpr; nry;yNtz;ba epu;g;ge;jk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; FbapUg;ghsu;fs; tprdk; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. fle;j rpy tUlq;fspy;
Fw;wr;nray;fs;> Nghijg; nghUs; J~;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUs; tpw;gid
Mfpait ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;WtUtjhfTk; Kiwg;ghLfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
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NghjpYk; efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig Nghjpa Kiwapy; fl;blj;jpidg; guhkupg;gjpy;iy
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njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghLfs; nra;ag;gLifapy; mupjhfNt eltbf;if vLg;gjhfTk;
FbapUg;ghsu;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;fpd;wdu;.
136 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"
References
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Agarwal, Bina. 1994. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
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