Post on 26-May-2019
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ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
Tamar qaraia
mexsierebis politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi
(sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba vardebis revoluciis Semdeg)
disertacia
Ppolitikis mecnierebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
xelmZRvaneli: malxaz macaberiZe
politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
Tbilisi 2015
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sarCevi
Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................ 4
kvlevis dizaini, meTodologia da struqtura .............................................................................. 10
Tavi 1. mexsierebis politikis kvlevaSi arsebuli konceptualuri midgomebi
............................................................................................................................................................ 21
§1.1 mexsierebis analizis doneebi......................................................................................................... 24
§1.2 mexsierebis transformacia individualuridan societalur konteqstSi............... 28
§1.3 mexsierebis ganzomilebis cvlileba societaluridan politikur konteqstSi .. 39
§1.4 mexsiereba da gardamavali sazogadoebebi ........................................................................... 48
§2.1 warsulis gadafaseba da aRmoCena ............................................................................................ 53
§ 2.1.1 sabWoTa warsulis gadafaseba institucionalur doneze ........................................... 57
§2.2 dekomunizaciis da lustraciis sakiTxi postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi ....................... 60
Tavi III . mexsierebis politikis markerebi „vardebis revoluciis“ sawyis
etapze ............................................................................................................................................... 69
§ 3. 1 axali saxelmwifos mSenebloba identobis transformaciis gziT .......................... 71
§ 3.2 sagareo politika, rogorc mexsierebis politikis markeri ......................................... 78
Tavi IV. sabWoTa okupacia, rogorc mexsierebis „proeqti“...................................................... 85
§ 4.1 okupaciis muzeumi, rogorc mexsierebis adgili ................................................................ 88
§4.2 media, rogorc sabWoTa okupaciis „proeqtis“ resursi .................................................. 92
Tavi V. lustracia, rogorc manipulaciis iaraRi ........................................................ 96
§5.1 arasruli saarqivo monacemebis sakiTxi ................................................................................... 97
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§ 5.2 lustraciis kanonproeqtebi ....................................................................................................... 99
Tavi VI ............................................................................................................................................... 110
stalinis sakiTxi politikur diskursSi ......................................................................... 110
§ 6.1 sabWoTa monumenturi Zeglebi .................................................................................................... 111
§6.2. faSizmze gamarjvebis dRe 9 maisi Tu 8 maisi ................................................................... 121
§6.3. warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis fedraciaSi ......................................... 125
§6.4 warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis federaciaSi ........................................ 130
§6.4.1 sabWoTa istoriis sadao sakiTxebi ......................................................................................... 133
§6.4.2 sabWoTa warulis aRqma da istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis sakiTxi ....................... 135
§6.5. saqarTvelos istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisia ............................................... 137
daskvna ............................................................................................................................................... 141
gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................... 148
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Sesavali
„saqarTvelo agrZelebs Tavis did istoriul svlas Tavisuflebisa da
demokratiisaken. es aris welgamarTuli da amayi svla, Cveni nabiji
gamyarebulia winaprebis TavdadebiTa da axali saqarTvelos energiT,
istoriuli pasuxismgeblobiTa da momavlis rwmeniT“ (saakaSvili m. 20.01.2008).
es sityva prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma 2008 wels inauguraciaze
warmoTqva da masSi gmiruli warsuliT siamaye, winaparTa winaSe
pasuxismgebloba da momavlis gamowvevis idea gaaerTiana. aRniSnuli
gamosvla istoriis gamoyenebis da koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebis
mcdelobis magaliTs warmoadgens da asaxavs mexsierebis politikis ZiriTad
tendenciebs vardebis revoluciis Semdgom saqarTveloSi.
istoriis, rogorc politikis resursis gamoyeneba araerT saukunes
iTvlis. droTa ganmavlobaSi gafarTovda da daixvewa misi gamoyenebis
strategia. Sesabamisad, gaZlierda misi sazogadoebaze zegavlenac. is
SesaZlebelia CarTul iqnas, rogorc mmarTveli Zalis legitimaciis, an
piriqiT - aralegitimurad gamocxadebis, eris konsolidaciisa, mtris
winaaRmdeg brZolis da sxva araerT procesSi. xolo politikosebis
Zalisxmeva, sazogadoebaSi Seqmnan konkretuli movlenis xsovna an xeli
Seuwyon mis daviwyebas sxvadasxva resursebis gamoyenebiT, aris is, rasac
mexsierebis politikas uwodeben.
mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom evropis kontinentze mexsierebis
politikis, rogorc politikis dRis wesrigis ucvleli nawilis gaCena 1945
wels meore msoflio omis dasrulebas, axali msoflio politikuri
wesrigis Seqmnas da evropaSi axali identobebis warmoSoba-
damkvidrebisaTvis saxelmwifoebs Soris gamarTul brZolas ukavSirdeba
(Lebow R. 2006).
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sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, civi omis dasasrulma, axali damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoebis warmoSobam da Sedegad, warsulis axleburad gazrebis
saWiroebam, axali sicocxle SesZina mexsierebis kvlevebs, romelic
aqtualurobas arc manamde kargavda. postsabWoTa sivrcis axalma
damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Seecadnen ra
sabWoTa kavSiris koleqtiuri mexsierebisagan ganTavisuflebas, uari Tqves
istoriuli faqtebis Sefasebis sabWour versiaze da axali, nacionaluri
interpretacia SemogvTavazes. rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezi hqonda da ara
mxolod sabWoTa kavSirisgan gamijvnis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli,
aramed istoriis axali versia saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi
mniSvnelovan damxmare resursad moiazreboda.
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesi eris
konsolidacias, axali identobis formirebas da mosaxleobaSi
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Sesabamisi ganwyobebis da Rirebulebebis
formirebas moiTxovda. amitomac warsulis Sefaseba, da umetes SemTxvevaSi
gadafaseba swored saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesis Semadgeneli nawili
gaxda. xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTma mcdelobam didi vnebaTa-Relva gamoiwvia.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ziari istoriuli gamocdilebis gansxvavebulma
interpretaciam axal konfliqtebs daudo saTave da ara mxolod saSinao,
aramed sagareo politikis ganmapirobebel (an mxardamWer) faqtorad iqca,
aliansebis Seqmnis da mowinaaRmdegeTa blokad dayofis mizezic ki gaxda.
yofili sabWoTa saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi pretenziebi sabWoTa
kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis da misi istoriuli narativis
winaaRmdeg iyo da dResac aris mimarTuli, romlis Tanaxmad sabWoTa
kavSiris istoriis gansxvavebuli interpretacia istoriis falsifikaciad
aRiqmeba. yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi sabWoTa warsulis „falsifikaciis
aRkveTa“ da faqtebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciisadmi brZola erovnuli
interesebis doneze aris ayvanili da usafrTxoebis koncefciaSic ki hpova
asaxva (internet wyaro # 26). garda amisa Seiqmna komisia, romlis umTavresi
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misia, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriuli faqtebis falsifikaciis aRkveTa iyo,
ramac Tavis mxriv asaxva hpova yofili sabWoTa saxelmwifoebis mexsierebis
politikis ZiriTad tendenciebze.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mexsierebis politikis CarTva da misi
mniSvnelobis gazrdac didwilad ziari istoriis gansxvavebuli versiebiT
aris ganpirobebuli. rac am sakiTxis aqtualurobis axsnas kidev erTi
gansxvavebuli rakursiT gvTavazobs. ramdenadac saxelmwifoTa
xelmZRvanelebi sul ufro xSirad ganixilaven istorias, rogorc
politikis dRiswesrigis nawils cdiloben ra erovnuli identobis
rekonstruirebas da sazogadoebis gaerTianebas. amdros aqcenti keTdeba
warsulis danaSaulebebze da bodiSis moxdis aucileblobaze, rac Tavis
mxriv, gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaSi „Cven“ da „sxvebis“ aRqmaze da
yovelive es, arc Tu ise iSviaTad, sagareo orientaciis prioritetebis
gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba.
kiTxvaze, Tu, konkretulad ram ganapiroba koleqtiuri mexsierebis
formirebis, istoriis gamoyenebis da am fenomenis kvlevis aseTi didi
daintereseba, araerTi pasuxi arsebobs, Tumca mraval axsnas Soris
dominirebs Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli komemoraciuli
ceremoniebis siuxve, gansxvavebuli da xSir SemTxvevaSi dapirispirebuli
mexsierebebis arseboba, romelic msoflio omebma, dapyrobili
saxelmwifoebis ganTavisuflebam, sabWoTa sivrcis rRvevam da a.S warmoSva.
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa mesveurebma gaanalizes, rom saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis procesSi warsulis magaliTebis gamoyenebas SeuZlia
sazogadoebis konsolidacia, saerTo miznisaTvis darazmva. Sedegad
warmoiSva e.w. „mexsierebis bumi“ (Winter, J. 2000), an “mexsierebis industria”
(Rosenfeld, G,S. 2003. p.123) 1 rodesac istoriuli personaJebis, movlenebis
1 ix. Kammen, M. 1991. Huyssen, A. 1995. Barkan, E. 2000. Rosenberg, E.2003
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Sefaseba, memoralizacia an daviwyeba sazogadoebaTa damaxasiaTebeli niSani
gaxda.
maikl kamennma (Kammen, M. 1991) gamoyo ramdenime mizezi, riTac Seecada
aexsna mexsierebis kvlevebis popularobis ganmapirobebeli mizezi aSS-is
magaliTze. esenia dResaswaulebi, romelic qveyanaSi aRiniSneba 1980 wlis
Semdeg, multikulturalizmi, holokostis uaryofa, mexsiereba vietnamis
omis Sesaxeb, „mexsierebis industriis“ gamoCena 1 , da civi omis dasasruli.
CamonaTvali uCvenebs, rom am fenomenis mxolod erTi mizeziT axsna rTulia.
Tumca rogorc erli aRniSnavs am kriteriumebis mxolod nawili SeiZleba
Seesabamebodes magaliTad, Tanamedrove germanias an amerikas da, rom
TiToeul kulturas da TiToeul sazogadoebas SesaZlebelia moeZebnos
sakuTari axsna mexsierebiT dainteresebas (Earl, A. 2011. p.5) an rogorc mas
uwodeben „mexsierebis bums“.
erli saubrobs, rom mexsierebam gadalaxa saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi,
gascda sagareo politikis farglebs da ukve globalur fenomens
warmoadgens. iqmneba mexsierebis kvlevis saerTaSoriso qselebi, travmuli
mexsierebis Senaxvis mizniT agroveben e.w. „zepir istoriebs“, xolo
cifruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam mexsierebis gavlenis SesaZleblobas
axali sicocxle SesZina.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevevaSi koleqtiuri mexsiereba erT-erTi
aqtualuri Temaa, ramdenadac istoriul movlenebs politikur diskursSi
mudmivad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. gmirebs, moRalateebs, warsuli
didebis da Znelbedobis dReebs mudmivad axseneben sazogadoebas, rasac zog
SemTxvevaSi sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs da gvaZlevs saSualebas vimsjeloT
mexsierebis politikis xasiaTze. saqarTveloSi istoriuli mexsierebis
1 termini „mexsierebis industria“ pirvelad gamoiyena maikl kamenma (Kammen M. 1991 p.3), rodesac Seexo holokostis komemoraciis politikas israelSi, xolo am terminis
ufro aqtiuri gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia gavriel rozenfeldis saxelTan (Rosenfeld G.
2009 pp.122-158)
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rogorc politikis dRis wesrigis nawilis gamoyenebisadmi interesis zrda
SeimCneva 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg. marTalia XX saukunis 80-
90-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis da damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
Semdeg, garkveuli Zvrebi SeimCneoda sabWoTa warsulis gaazrebis kuTxiT,
magram es ZiriTadad mkvlevarTa saqmianobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da
saxelmwifo politikis formiT naklebi TanmimdevrulobiT xorcieldeboda.
es ufro metad Seexo konkretul istoriul movlenebs, romlebic uSualod
sabWoTa kavSiris rolis pozitiurad warmoCenas cdilobda (wiTeli armiis
Semosvla, 30-iani wlebis represiebi, winaaRmdegobis moZraobebi da sxv.) da
umTavresad istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi hpova asaxva. sazogadoebis
koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebis sakiTxiT am periodSi politikosebi
naklebad interesdebodnen.
gamonakliss warmoadgens lustraciisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxi,
radgan is damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samive xelisuflebis (gamsaxurdia,
SevardnaZe, saakaSvili) pirobebSi iyo aqtualuri da sagareo Tu saSinao
politikis zegavleniT icvlida simwvavis fazebs. rac Seexeba istoriuli
movlenebis damaxsovreba/daviwyebis saxelmwifo politikis doneze ayvanas
is swored vardebis revoluciis Semdgom periods ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad,
post revoluciuri xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli politikuri kursi
SesaZloa definicirebul iqnas, rogorc „oficialuri mexsierebis
politika“, romelic SeiZleba Sesabamisad ganvmartoT: Zalauflebis
gamoyenebis saSualebiT warsulis Sesaxeb koleqtiuri Sexedulebis
konstruireba, romelic seleqciuria da moicavs mxolod im movlenebs,
romelic am konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis aris xelsayreli (Jovi, D. 2004). es
erTgvari politikuri procesia “romelsac aqvs sawyisi, magram ara
dasasruli” (Connerton 1989, p.14).
saqarTveloSi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis
gaaqtiurebis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saxelmwifos “xelaxla”
mSeneblobis mcdeloba, romelsac winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaze eris
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konsolidacia da Rirebulebebis gadafaseba/ axliT Canacvleba sWirdeboda.
amave dros angariSgasawevia saqarTveloSi warsulisadmi arsebuli
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba, rac mravalsaukuniani istoriis qoniT
aris ganpirobebuli (internet wyaro #13). aseve umniSvnelovanesi
maformirebeli faqtoria SiSi sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidris, ruseTis
mxridan momdinare agresiisa da gavlenis aqtorebisadmi. Sesabamisad
koleqtiuri mexsiereba aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli komponenti.
mocemuli naSromi orientirebulia Seiswavlos mexsierebis politika,
romelic vertikalurad, zemodan qvemoT (xelisuflebidan sazogadoebisken)
aris mimarTuli da rogorc wesi mmarTvelTa mxridan mexsierebis
oficialuri politikuri kursis SemuSavebas emsaxureba. naSromi
fokusirebulia mexsierebis politikis, rogorc identobis Semadgeneli da
umTavresi maformirebeli nawilis kvlevaze. mocemuli kvlevis Teoriul
CarCos warmoadgens socialuri konstruqcionizmis Teoria, romlis
Tanaxmadac mexsierebis politikis xasiaTis da Sinaarsis ZiriTadi
ganmapirobebeli faqtori swored mmarTveli elitaa, romelsac
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebaze zegavlenisTvis araerTi
berketis gamoyeneba SeuZlia.
kvleva aseve miznad isaxavs 2003 wlidan 2013 wlamde mexsierebis
politikis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlenas, rac ganpirobebulia
aRniSnuli periodis mizanmimarTuli da specifiuri xasiaTiT, cvalebadi
strategiebiT da maformirebeli faqtorebiT. ramdenadac am periodis
mexsierebis politika moicavda gmirul warsulze aqcentirebis periods da
mogvianebiT is msxverplis koncefciis konstruirebis procesSi gadaizarda
da araerTi mkveTri nabiji gadaidga oficialuri mexsierebis politikis
gasatareblad.
saqarTveloSi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis
tendenciebis ganalizebisas SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi etapi:
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pirveli grZeldeba vardebis revoluciidan qarTvelebis ruseTis
federaciidan deportaciis dawyebamde (2006w.), rodesac oficialuri
mexsierebis politika eris konsolidacias axali simboloebis SeqmniT
da Zvelis CanacvlebiT, gmiruli warsulis win wamoweviT da maTze
apelirebiT cdilobda (prezidentis mier daviT aRmaSeneblis
saflavze ficis dadeba, qaquca ColoyaSvilis Camosveneba da a.S.)
meore etapi ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvasTan erTad iwyeba,
romlis erT-erTi pirvel nabijad qarTvelebis ruseTis federaciidan
deportacia SeiZleba CavTvaloT. es procesi gansakuTrebiT
gaaqtiurda 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg, rodesac sabWoTa
warsulis Sefaseba da tragikuli movlenebis gaxseneba oficialuri
diskursis nawili gaxda da Sesabamis aqtivobebSic gamoixata,
rogoricaa sabWoTa monumentebis da memorialebis Camoxsna/gadatana,
quCebis saxelwodebebis Secvlis sakiTxis dasma, istoriuli
WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisiis daarseba Tu lustraciis Sesaxeb
kanonis miReba. garda amisa aqtiurad daiwyo termin
„okupaciis“ gamoyeneba, rac adreul periodSi ar gvxvdeba da rac
Tavis mxriv mexsierebis politikis tendenciebis cvlilebaze
miuTiTebs.
kvlevis dizaini, meTodologia da struqtura
mexsierebis politikis analizisas SesaZlebelia ori donis gamoyofa,
oficialuri da araoficialuri, romelic Tavismxriv SesaZlebelia davyoT
qvedoneebad. araoficialuri politikuri mexsiereba asaxvas xelovnebaSi,
axal mediaSi, gaerTianebebsa Tu aqciebSi hpovebs, xolo, oficialuri
politikuri mexsiereba moicavs politikur aqtorebs da maT mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs da aseve im diskurss, romelic implementaciis procesSi
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iqmneboda. swored es ukanaskneli iqna arCeuli mocemuli kvlevis analizis
doned.
kvleva moicavs mexsierebis politikas 2003 wlidan (vardebis
revoluciidan) 2012 wlis oqtombramde. sakvlevi periodis gansazRvras
safuZvlad udevs vardebis revoluciis sedegad mosuli xelisuflebis
gamokveTili politikuri kursi mexsierebis formirebis sferoSi. 2012 wlis
oqtombris Semdgomi periodis CarTva am kvlevaSi arasworad CavTvaleT,
radganac axali xelisuflebis diskursi gansxvavebulia da Sesabamisad,
kvlevaSi axali indikatorebis CarTvas moiTxovda.
mocemuli kvleva orientirebulia ara imdenad narativis Sinarsobriv
analizze, aramed mexsierebis adgilebis Seswavlaze, ra informaciis
matarebelia da ris Sesaxeb apirebs xsovnis damkvidrebas. amasTan
aRniSnuli naSromi ufro metad cdilobs gaanalizos Tu ramdenad axdenda
drois konkretuli momentSi arsebuli politikuri dRis wesrigi
zegavlenas movlenis interpretaciis cvlilebaze, rogor xdeba am
cvlilebis miwodeba sazogadoebisTvis, faqtebis gaxsenebiT Tu piriqiT,
daviwyebiT.
kvlevis aseT fokusze arCevani ganapiroba im faqtma, rom vardebis
revoluciis Semdeg erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi strategia
simboloebze, movlenaTa damTxvevaze aqcentireba iyo, rodesac
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi xSirad avlebdnen paralelebs
Tanamedroveobasa da warsuls Soris. aRniSnulma tendenciam asaxva
komemoraciuli ritualebis raodenobazec hpova, romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda maTi popularizaciis zrdis kvaldakval. 2006
wlidan ufro metad gaaqtiurda politikuri kursi, romelic pier noras
„mexsierebis adgilebis“ Sesaxeb TeoriiT SeZleba gaanalizdes (Nora, P. 1989).
rodesac ara mxolod saxelisuflebo diskursi Seicvala, aramed
transformirda eris aRqma gmiridan msxverplamde, rac Sesabamisi Sinaarsis
mqone mexsierebis adgilebis SeqmnaSi aisaxa.
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mocemuli kvleva aseve aanalizebs sabWoTa kavSiris gaazrebis
procesis mexsierebis politikis Semadgenel nawilad qcevas da cdilobs
axsnas mexsierebis strategiaTa transformaciis ganmapirobebli mizezebi. is
aseve Seecdeba gaarkvios, Tu rogor xdeboda mexsierebis politikis
dRis wesrigis formireba, romel konkretul nabijebSi poulobs
gamoxatulebas aRniSnuli politika da amave dros, visTvis aris
gankuTvnili Seqmnili „produqti“ saSinao Tu sagareo moxmarebisTvis, ra
aris misi daniSnuleba, romeli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas emsaxureba,
ra „faruli“ gzavnilis gavrcelebas isaxavs miznad esa Tu is
„mexsierebis adgili“.
Sesabamisad, es kvleva siaxles warmoadgens, ramdenadac miznad
isaxavs mexsierebis politika gaanalizos saqarTvlosTvis axali, Tumca
saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis aprobirebuli rakusiT,
rogorc axali identobis mSeneblobis procesis Semadgeneli nawili.
dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad gamovyaviT ramdenime amocana.
empiriuli masalis gaanalizebis safuZvelze gavaanalizeT, Tu rogori
aris axali identobis maxasiaTeblebi; ra tipis gadawyvetilebebze
asaxa mexsierebis politika; ra viTareba uZRoda win konkretuli
mexsierebis „adgilebis“ Seqmnis inicirebas da Sesabamisi
gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebas, ra qveteqstebi igulisxmeboda
miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi.
kvlevis miznebidan da amocanidan gamomdinare obieqtad
SevarCieT saxelisuflebo diskursis gaanalizeba. Tuki gamoviyenebT pier
noras „mexsierebis adgilebis“ kategorizacias (Nora, P. 1989) obieqtebi
SesaZlebelia davajgufoT Semdegnairad:
ü simboluri: dResaswaulebi (kalendari), ritualebi,iubileebi;
ü monumentebi: saflavebi, arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, biustebi;
ü tipografiuli: arqivebi, muzeumebi;
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analizisas gamovyofT or aspeqts, pirveli, TavisuflebisaTvis
brZolis didi tradiciis „gaxsenebis“ oficialuri politika
gamoixateba simboloebis, istoriuli personaJebis, monumentebisadmi
damokidebulebaSi da erovnuli dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis sakiTxSi.
xolo „msxverplis“ da „damnaSavis“ koncefciis agebis Sesaxeb
monacemebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia gadawyvetilebebSi: sabWoTa okupaciis
muzeumis da istoriuli WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisiis Seqmnis, aseve
„Tavisuflebis qartiis“ miRebasa da sabWoTa kavSiris driondeli
saarqivo masalebis gansajaroebis sakiTxis analizisas. garda amisa,
ganvixilavT meore msoflio omis (Tu didi samamulo omis) dasrulebis
TariRis da sabWoTa periodis Zeglebis Camogdebis da quCebis
saxelwodebebis cvlilebis sakiTxebs.
saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis analizisas
kvlevis kiTxvebi CamovayalibeT Semdegnairad:
1. rogoria mexsierebis politikis formirebis procesi, zemodan
qvemoT mimarTuli, Tu piriqiT;
2. mexsierebis politikis romeli strategia dominirebs
saqarTveloSi;
3. ra gavlenas axdens politikis dRis wesrigi mexsierebis
politikis formirebaze;
4. ramdenad xsnis socialuri konstruqcionizmi saqarTveloSi
mexsierebis politikis tendenciebs
Sesabamisad, hipoTeza SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:
1. mexsierebis politika saqarTveloSi aqvs vertikaluri xasiaTi da
mimarTulia zemodan qvemoT;
2. mexsierebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas hegemonuri nartivis danergvis
mcdeloba warmoadgens;
SerCeuli hegemonuri narativi ar aris ucvleli. misi
Sinaarsi cvalebadia da axasiaTebs ori ZiriTadi tendencia.
14
2006 wlamde ZiriTadi tendencia simboloebze aqcentirebaa,
xolo 2007 wlidan eris, rogorc msxverplis narativis
damkvidrebas cdilobs;
3. mexsierebis strategiis arCevanze zegavlenas axdens sagareo
politikis orientirebi;
ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobis normalizaciis
mcdelobis kvaldakval saqarTvelos xelisufleba irCevs
sazogadoebis konsolidaciaze gaakeTos, moqalaqeobis,
rogorc Rirebulebis damkvidrebisaTvis aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi magaliTebi warsulidan;
ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvasTan erTad aqtiurdeba
ruseT-saqarTvelos negatiuri istoriuli gamocdileba.
Cndeba mtris koncefcia, romelzedac aegeba axali
koleqtiuri mexsiereba;
mexsierebis politika xdeba evropuli sagareo orientaciis
damadasturebeli faqti, risi dadasturebac xdeba
mexsierebis adgilebis aRmosavleT evropuli gamocdilebis
gadmotaniT;
4. socialuri konstruqcionizmi warmoadgens ZiriTad amxsnels,
ramdenadac am Teoriis Tanaxmad sazogadoeba erTgvar
konstruqcias warmoadgens da SesaZlebelia interpretaciebis
Sesabamisad Sinaarsis cvlileba, rac didwilad damokidebulia
politikis dRis wesrigze, faqtebis SerCeviTobiT aris
ganapirobebuli, rom mexsierebis konstruireba da marTva
SeuZliaT maT, visac sazogadoebis darwmunebis meqanizmebze
wvdoma exelmwifeba
monacemebis mopovebisa da damuSavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba kvlevis
Tvisebrivi meTodebi. meTodis arCevani misma Sinaarsze da siRrmiseuli
analizze orientirebam ganapiroba, ramdenadac ratom da rogor
15
kiTxvebze aqcentirebiT mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, gamoavlinos
gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi sakvlevi movlenis Sesaxeb.
gamoviyenebT Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodologiis ramdenime teqnikas,
kerZod siRrmisuli interviuebi sajaro moxeleebTan, politikosebTan
da eqspertebTan, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen politikis SemuSavebis,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da implementaciis procesSi saSualebas
mogvcems uSualod pirvelwyarodan miviRoT detaluri informacia
sakvlevi sakiTxis Sesaxeb. amasTanave aRniSnuli teqnika gvaZlevs
saSualebas SeviswavloT realobis sxvadasxva versiebi (Silverman 2006 pp. 127-
133). 1 realobaTa versiebi gansxvavdebian gamokiTxuli individebis
CarTulobis maCveneblis, konkretul sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebis
mixedviT (Mihelj, S. 2013. p. 62.) aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebSi 2013-2014 ww-Si
Catarda 9 siRrmiseuli interviu, istorikosebTan da politikosebTan
romlebic uSualod iyvnen CarTuli sakvlev periodSi saqarTveloSi
mexsirebis politikis mimarTulebebis formirebis procesSi.
garda amisa gamoviyeneT Tvisebrivi kontent analizi, romelic
oficialuri dokumentebis da teqsturi, video da audio masalebis
Sinaarsis gaanalizebis saSualebas iZleva. kvlevis farglebSi damuSavda
mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTvebi 2004-dan 2012 wlamde. monacemTa damuSavebisas
aqcenti gakeTda ara raodenobriv maCvenebelze, Tu ramdenad xSirad
mimarTavda saakaSvili istoriuli faqtebs, aramed SevecadeT gamogvekveTa
tendencia, Tu ra Sinaarsis matarebeli iyo es mimarTvebi. ramdenad
Tanmimdevruli iyo da rogor xdeboda erTi da imave movlenaTa
interpretaciasxvadasxva dros. garda amisa, Seswavlil iqna sxvadasxva
saxelmwifo komisiebis mier momzadebuli angariSebi.
1 ix. KKeightley, E. & Pickering, M. 2013
16
Tvisebrivi kvleva aris mexsierebis kvlevebisas aprobirebuli
meTodologia, ramdenadac is saSualebas iZleva gaanalizdes mexsierebis
oficialuri politika da gairkves Tu ra tipis identobis formirebisaken
aris mimarTuli institucionaluri mexsiereba. kvlevis procesSi aseve
gamoyenebul iqna araerTi meoradi wyaro, romelic saqarTveloSi
mexsierebis politikis Sesaxeb iZleva informacias.
kvlevisas analizis erTeulebia oficialuri „mexsierebis proeqtebi“,
romlebic qmnian da kraven sakvlev periodis saqarTveloSi koleqtiuri
mexsierebis Sinaarss. esenia:
“axali saqarTvelos” da “axali qarTvelis” koncefcia.
xelisuflebam ganacxada, rom saxelmwifos “axlidan” aSenebs.
aseve cdilobs amtkicobs movlenis gardauvaloba da istoriuli
faqtebis moSveliebiT gazardos am kursis legitimizacia da
sazogadoebis mxardaWera.
“rusuli okupacia”, rogorc proeqti da “sabWoTa okupaciis
muzeumi”. es ukanaskneli 2006 wels Seiqmna da SeiZleba CavTvaloT
erT-erT pirvel nabijad sabWoTa warsulis Sefasebis procesSi;
„Tavisuflebis aqti“ (lustraciis kanoni). sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg erT erT yvelaze xSirad ganxilvad da mtkivneul
Temas warmoadgens, ramdenadac exeba sabWoTa uSiSroebis
samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis Sesaxeb monacemebis
gansajaroebis sakiTxs. sakvlev periodSi am Temam transformacia
ganicada da daukavSirda mimdinare politikas da
kolaboracionistuli moZraobebisgan prevenciis sakiTxs;
stalini da meore msoflio omi. stalinis qarTuli warmoSoba,
misi mmarTvis stilis Sefaseba da meore msoflio omis qarTveli
gmirebis Sefaseba mexsierebis strategiis Sesabamisad ganicdida
cvlilebas.
17
istoriuli simarTlis damdgeni komisia. ruseTTan urTierTobis
200 wliani gamocdilebis Sefasebis mizniT Seiqmna komisia
romlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo Seeswavala aRniSnuli periodi da
gamoeqveynebina daskvnebi;
saxelisuflebo diskursis da aRniSnuli proeqtebis gaanalizebis
safuZvelze SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, Tu rogori iyo 2003-2012 ww-Si
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli mexsierebis oficialuri
politikis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da aRniSnuli politikis ganxorcielebis
strategiebi.
naSromi Sedgeba eqvsi Tavisgan. kerZod:
pirveli Tavi moicavs mexsierebis politikis konceptualur midgomebs.
kerZod, is cdilobs axsnas individualuri da koleqtiuri mexsierebis
urTierTzegavlenis meqanizmebi da misi institucionalizebis
SesaZleblobebi. Sesabamisad, naSromi orientirebulia koleqtiuri
mexsierebis halbvaqsiseuli gagebis gamoyenebaze, (Halbwachs, M. 1992.) romelic
mas socialurad ganpirobebulad aRiqvams da aqcents koleqtivis individze
zegavlenis SesaZleblobaze akeTebs. lebous (Lebow R. 2006) mexsierebis
institucionalizebis daSveba misi konstruqciuli bunebis axsnis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. garda amisa, aRniSnul TavSi TavSi naCvenebia Tu
rogor xdeba socialuri mexsiereba politikuri mexsierebis nawili da ra
resursi da strategia SeZleba gamoiyenos xelisuflebam aRniSnuli miznis
misaRwevad.
naSromis meore TavSi gaanalizebulia mexsierebis politikis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan 2003 wlamde. kerZod, prezident
zviad gamsaxurdias mcirexniani mmarTvelobis procesSi gadadmuli nabijebi
romelic mimarTuli iyo axali saxelmwifos gamijvnisken sabWoTa
kavSirisgan, rogorc sakanonmdeblo doneze aseve araformalurad. aseve
xelisuflebaSi eduard SevardnaZis mosvlis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis
mkveTri cvlileba da ruseTTan lavirebis politikis zegavlena
18
oficialur narativze. meore Tavi erTgvar safuZvels amzadebs kvlevis
Semdegi nawilisaTvis, radganac swored saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis
sawyis etapze dekomunizaciisa da lustraciis politikis argatarebas
emyareboda is argumentebi, romlebzedac 2003-2012 ww-Si mexsierebis
politika iyo dafuZnebuli.
mesame Tavi exeba „vardebis revoluciis“ Sedegad xelisuflebaSi
mosuli Zalis mier pirvel etapze (2003 -2005ww) gatarebuli mexsierebis
politikis analizs, sadac SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba, kerZod, simboloebze aqcentireba, rac Zveli simboloebis
axliT Canacvlebas gulisxmobs, aseve istoriuli gmirebis gamoyeneba
sazogadoebis suliskveTebis asmaRleblad da ganwyobebis Sesacvlelad da
aseve Cveni drois gmirebis gamovlena, raTa sazogadoeba darwmunebuliyo,
rom cvlilebis procesi daiwyo da am mimarTulebiT garkveuli warmatebebi
ukve miRweulia.
naSromis meoTxe Tavi exeba ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis
aRqmas da sazogadoebisaTvis am Tematikis sxvadasxva WrilSi wardgenas.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobis daZabvis Semdeg
gaaqtiurda iqca erTgvar proeqtad, romelic moicavda kompleqsur
RonisZiebebs, raTa sazogadoebis koleqtiur mexsierebaSi asaxuliyo ara
mxolod sabWoTa, aramed mefis ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis sakiTxi.
warsulis gaazrebis mniSvnelobaze saubrisas, xazgasmuli iyo is faqti, rom
koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmna iyo erTgvari prevencia, raTa ar ganmeordes
warsuli Secdomebi.
naSromis mexuTe TavSi gaanalizebulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis lustraciis sakiTxi,
romelic XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan erT-erT yvelaze mwvave da amave
dros, xSirad manipulirebad sakiTxs warmoadgens, romelic, rogorc wesi,
politikis dRis wesrigSi ruseTis federaciidan momdinare impulsebis
gaZlierebis Sesabamisad aqtiurdeboda.
19
meeqvse Tavi moicavs xelisuflebis damokidebulebis gaanalizebas
stalinis, sabWoTa da gansakuTrebiT meor msoflio omis droindeli
gmirebisa da monumentebisadmi, romlis adgili oficialur narativSi aRar
aRmoCnda. magaram miuxedavad oficialuri diskursisa, sazogadoebis nawili
mainc mtkivneulad aRiqvams saxelmwifos mier am mimarTulebiT gatarebul
politikas. aseve gaanalizebulia istoriuli sinamdvilis Semswavleli
komisiis muSaoba romelic 2010 wels prezident mixeil saakaSvilis
brZanebis safuZvelze Seiqmna da romelic miznad ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
orgzis okupaciis Sesaxeb WeSmariti istoriis daweras isaxavda. msgavsi
komisiis Seqmna SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes, rogorc mexsierebis
politikis erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli strategia, romlis
saSualebiTac xdeba hegemonuri anu oficialuri istoriis interpretaciis
damkvidreba.
kvlevis Sedegad garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli.
pirveli is, rom vardebis revoluciis Semdgomma xelisuflebam gaanaliza,
Tu ra mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgenda koleqtiuri mexsierebis
konstruireba da gamoyeneba, miTumetes im qveyanaSi, sadac istoriisadmi
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba arsebobs da mudmivad masze xdeba
apelireba. garda amisa, mexsierebis politika am periodSi ar yofila
Tanmimdevruli da masze saSinao da sagareo politikis prioritetebi did
zegavlenas axdenda. sawyis etapze umTavresi iyo Zveli xelisuflebisagan
distancireba da saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis Tavidan dawyeba, rac
swored simboloebis CanacvlebiTa da axali simboloebis SeqmniT moxerxda,
amasTanave, qarTveli eris gamZleobaze aqcentireba sazogadoebis
gaerTianebas emsaxureboda.
ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvis Semdeg Seicvala mexsierebis
strategia da igi msxverplis poziciidan warsulis Sefasebas daukavSirda.
Seiqmna mTeli rigi „mexsierebis adgilebi“, romelic mizanmimarTulad
amkvidrebda sazogadoebaSi okupaciis Temas. amasTanave mexsiereba aRqmul
20
iqna, rogorc usafrTxoebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili, romlis
realurobis dadastureba 2008 wlis ruseT- saqarTvelos omis moSveliebiT
xdeboda.
amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevis mizani ar aris istoriuli
WeSmaritebis dadgena, an marTali mxaris warmoCena, aramed Cveneba imisa, Tu
rogor xdeba mexsierebis politikis SemuSaveba da ramdenads axdens masze
zegavlenas politikuri dRis wesrigi. da yovelive es dafuZnebulia
saxelisuflebo diskursis analizze.
kvleva aseve ar moicavs istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis analizs,
radganac am SemTxvevaSi es gamoiwvevda damatebiTi cvladebis gaCenas da
Sesabamisad kvlevis sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTvas.
21
Tavi 1. mexsierebis politikis kvlevaSi arsebuli
konceptualuri midgomebi
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis da eris identobis gansazRvris procesSi
SesaZlebelia ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris gamoyofa da maT Soris
erT-erTi istoriuli mexsierebaa. mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, „civi
omis“ Semdgomma eTnikurma konfliqtebma aCvena, rom problemuri mexsierebis
sakiTxi dominirebs iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac identobis problema
aqtualuria 1 da xelisuflebas uwevs am mimarTulebiT mizanmimarTuli
politikis ganxorcieleba.
zemoT aRniSnuli daSveba Seesabameba postsabWoTa sazogadoebebs,
romelTa identobas sabWoTa reJimis mravalwlianma mmarTvelobam Tavisi
kvali daatyo. 2 erovnuli erTobis gasagebad gamoviyenebT entonis smitis
cnebas „eTnie“ -s romelic yalibdeba ara STamomavlobis, aramed
gangrZnobiTobis grZnobiT 3 , Sesabamisad „saerTo istoriuli mexsierebis
1 Kansteiner, Megill, Olick, Robbins dawvrilebiT ganixilaven identobisa da mexsierebis
politikis urTierTgavlenis sakiTxs.
2 es umTavresad gamoixateboda sabWoTa sistemis mier “sabWoTa adamianis” aRzrdis
mcdelobaSi.
3 aRniSnuli cnebas iyenebs cnobili ingliseli sociologis entoni smiti. romlis
Tanaxmad, eTnie igivea rac eTnikuri jgufi, magram eTnied Cveulebriv, ufro did
erTobebs moixsenieben. naciisa da eTnies mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSania naciis
damokidebuleba politikisadmi. nacia flobs an iswrafis saxelmwifoebriobis
statusis miRebisaken. eTnie ki erTgvar wina formas wrmoadgens, sadac eri kulturul
erTeulad aRiqmeba.
22
gareSe ver iarsebebs eTnosi, mexsiereba misi arsebobis gagrZelebis
pirobaa“ (smiti e. 2008).
zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa winaSe dgeba
swored im saerTo makavSireblebis gaaqtiurebis sakiTxi, romelmac
sazogadoebas, rogorc erTobas sicocxlisunarianoba unda SesZinos da
saerTo miznis garSemo gaaerTianos.
mexsierebis politika, miuxedavad mecnierTa mxridan misi Seswavlis
didi interesisa, mainc ganicdis Teoriuli safuZvlebis sagrZnob simcires,
romelic dRemde Seuvsebeli rCeba, (Earl, A. 2011. p.3) da rac gavlenas axdens
Tavis mxriv aRniSnuli Tematikis Teoriuli gaanalizebis perspeqtivaze
(Shmidt, S. 2008).
mexsierebis gagebis tradiciuli modelebi orientirebuli iyo,
mexsierebis, rogorc „sacavis“ gagebaze, sadac Tavs iyrida warsulis
„xatebi“. droTa ganmavlobaSi aRqmis modelebis gadafasebasTan erTad
aqcenti procesze orientirebul midgomebze gamaxvilda. j. olikis Tanaxmad
socialuri mexsierebis kvlevebSi SesamCnevia ramdenime Teoriuli CarCos
upiratesoba. esenia: codnis sociologiiseuli gageba; aseve manheimis
mecnierebis sociologia, romelic ufro metad ideologiis politikur
gagebaze aris orientirebuli da erTi-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli ki aris
p. bergeris da T. lukmanis socialuri konstruqionizmis Teoria (OOlick, J.
1998).
am Teoriis Tanaxmad sazogadoeba ar aris fiqsirebuli realoba, is
erTgvar konstruqcias warmoadgens da yoveli koleqtivi xdeba socialuri
artefaqti, romlis refabrikacia da mobilizacia Zalauflebis zegavlenis
Sedegia. mexsiereba aris konstruirebis Sedegi. aqedan gamomdinare,
SesaZlebelia interpretaciebis Sesabamisad Sinaarsis cvlileba, rac
didwilad damokidebulia politikis dRis wesrigze, faqtebis SerCeviTobiT
aris ganapirobebuli, rom mexsierebis konstruireba da marTva SeuZliaT
23
maT, visac sazogadoebis darwmunebis meqanizmebze wvdoma exelmwifebaT
(Shmidt, S. 2008).
aRmiSnulis sworad aRsaqmelad, p. bergeris da T. lukmanis (Berger, P. L.
Luckmann, T. 1967. p. 129) azriT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT realobis obieqturi da
subieqturi aspeqtebi. amisaTvis, sazogadoeba unda aRviqvaT, rogorc
mimdinare dialeqtikuri procesi, romelic sami ZiriTadi saxiT vlindeba,
esenia: eqsternalizacia, obieqtivacia da internalizacia.
avtoris Tanaxmad arsebobs „institucionalizebuli samyaro“,
institucionalizacia xdeba maSin, rodesac xdeba aqtivobebis gaziareba
sazogadoebis mier da Sedegad is yalibdeba, rogorc Cveuleba, romelsac
yvela misdevs da romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis nawilad iqceva.
eqsternalizacia es aris procesi, rodesac institucionalizebuli samyaro
ukve arsebobs da is „aq aris“, cxovrebis nawilia. misi gageba
„Signidan“ SeuZlebelia, amisaTvis saWiroa realobidan gasvla.
obieqtivizaciisas adamianis mier Seqmnili produqti (mocemuli instituti)
aRiqmeba, rogorc TavisTavad, Semqmnelebisagan damoukideblad arsebuli,
romelsac hyavs momxmareblebi. internalizacia, moicavs socializaciis
elementebs. am dros adamianebi xdebian aqtivobis nawili da masSi pouloben
sakuTar mniSvnelobas.
mocemul naSromSi Teoriuli aspeqtebis ganxilvisas, gamoiyeneba sami
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic farTod gavrcelebulia konceptualuri
midgomebis kvlevisas:
pirvel etapze ganvixilavT koleqtiuri mexsierebis kvlevis
Sesaxeb arsebul koncefciebs;
meore etapze gaanalizebulia, Tu rogor xdeba koleqtiuri
mexsierebis institucionalizacia da Sesabamisad, rogoria
mexsierebis politikis formirebisa da implementaciis procesi;
24
mesame etapze ki ganixileba Tu, rogor zegavlenas axdens
koleqtiur mexsierebaze politikis aqtorebi da piriqiT; romel
strategiebs mimarTaven da ra kriteriumebis saSualebiT aris
SesaZlebeli maTi gazomva1.
§1.1 mexsierebis analizis doneebi
mexsierebis politikis kvlevisas, SesaZlebelia gamoiyos analizis
ramdenime done:
pirveli biologiuri mexsierebaa 2 da swored am saxis analizisas
aRiqmeboda, mexsiereba, rogorc movlenaTa da gamocdilebaTa sacavi, magram
umberto mataranam Secvala aRniSnuli Sexeduleba, ramdenedac mexsiereba
ganmarta, rogorc kognituri struqtura, romelic qmnis erTgvar wesrigs
adamianis tvinSi da zemoqmedebs mis qcevaze (Maturana H R, Varela F J. 1987. p. 62) .
amasTanave, aqcenti gakeTda imaze, rom arc erTi mexsiereba ar aris srulad
individualuri, aramed, masze yovelTvis axdens zegavlenas koleqtiuri
konteqsti. es iqneba adamianebTan urTierToba Tu media saSualebebiT
sargebloba, romlis drosac mudmivad xdeba warsulis axali niuansebis
aRmoCena da mis Sesabamis gamocdilebaSi CarTva3.
1 aRniSnuli CarCo Tavis naSromSi gamoyenebuli aqvs verovSeks (Verovšek, P. 2007.)
2 mexsierebis aRniSnuli done nevrologebis da fsiqologebis kvlevis sagania.
3 individualuridan koleqtiur mexsierebaSi gadasvlis procesi iTvleba erT-erT
daumuSavebel aspeqtad mexsierebis kvlevebSi, radganac xSir SemTxvevaSi individebi
gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen travmas an cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas da is sulac ar
eTanxmeba koleqtivis mier mowonebul versias. (Kansteiner W. & Fogu C. 2006. pp. 102-46, 147-
66)
25
meore done, aris simboluri (an koleqtiuri), rodesac media,
institutebi da sxvadasxva jgufebi individualuri gamocdilebis
zegavleniT qmnian ziar mexsierebas. am SemTxvevaSi mexsierebis metaforuli
gamoyeneba xdeba. swored am dones ukavSirdeba warsulis versiebis Seqmna
misi awmyos gamowvevebisa da saWiroebebis Sesabamisad, is arcTu iSviaTad
gansxvavebuli, metic, sapirispiro Sinaarsis matarebelia, rac xSir
SemTxvevaSi daZabulobis da konfliqtebis warmoSobis mizezi xdeba,
rogorc qveynis SigniT aseve saxelmwifoTa Sorisac (amis magaliTia
sabWoTa warsulis aRqma ruseTSi da misgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli
versiebi baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi, romelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis
aucileblobis sakiTxi ruseTis usafrTxoebis koncefciaSic ki moxvda,
aRniSnuli faqti mexsierebis politikis didi mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs 1 ).
swored am SemTxvevaSi xdeba simboluri mexsierebis mesame,
institucionaluri doneze gadasvla.
garda zemoTaRniSnuli ori tipisa ned lebou amatebs mesame tips,
romelsac is „institucionalur mexsierebas“ uwodebs. institucionaluri
mexsierebas is Semdegnairad ganmartavs “politikuri elitis wevrebis, maTi
momxreebisa da oponentebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan warsulis mniSvneloba,
gaavrcelon isini farTo masebSi da sazogadoebaSi“ (Lebow R. 2006. p.6 ). anu
es aris warsulis erTi konkretuli interpretacia, romlis tiraJireba da
danergva xdeba politikuri dRis wesrigidan gamomdinare. koleqtiuri
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebiT aq aqcenti swored politikurad
ganpirobebulobaze keTdeba.
1 mexsierebis analizis doneebis analizisas erli mxolod or dones gamoyofs. esenia
biologiuri da simboluri (Earl 2008.p.5)
26
n. lebousgan gansxvavebiT aleida asmani (Assmann A. 2006. ) mexsierebis
tipebze saubrisas aqcents akeTebs aramxolod cnebaze da mis subieqtsa da
obieqtze, aramed mis simtkiceze, Tanmimdevrulobaze, sisrulesa da
pirveladobaze.
a. asmanis Tanaxmad individualuri, iseve rogorc socialuri
mexsiereba, aris ufro fragmentuli da dakavSirebuli pirvelad
gamocdilebasTan, vidre politikuri da kulturuli mexsiereba. socialuri
mexsiereba didwilad aris intergeneracionaluri mexsiereba, romelic xdeba
transgeneracionaluri da transformirdeba politikur da kulturul
mexsierebaSi, rac saboloo jamSi SeiZleba misi sisustis gamo miTiT
Canacvldes (Assmann A. 2006. p.19 ). am procesis grafikuli suraTi Seqmna
erik langenbaxerma (Langenbacher E. 2003. p.9) romlis Tanaxmad masSi sul
mcire oTxi saxis mexsiereba aris CarTuli da komunikaciuri mexsierebidan,
aseve moicavs generalizaciur, koleqtiur da kulturul etapebs da bolos
ganicdis miTologizaciis process. (diagrama1)
mexsierebis politikis perspeqtividan ganxilvisas, langenbaxeri am
gzas afasebs, rogorc „ziari mexsierebis operacionalizacias“, romelic
gadadis „gavlenis mqone mdgomareobamde“, radganac politikur
mexsierebas, rogorc wesi naklebad hyavs realuri mowmeebi, igi
sazogadoebis wevrTa Tanxmobazea agebuli, rac dainteresebul pirebs
manipulirebis farTo areals aZlevs.
27
diagrama 1. mexsierebis saxeebi
mkvlevarTa nawili mexsierebis analizis doneTa ufro viwro
diferencirebas axdens, rogoricaa magaliTad: personaluri, koleqtiuri,
lokaluri, regionaluri, institucionaluri, nacionaluri, globaluri.
aseve ganasxvaveben warmoSobis mixedviT: oficialuri; zepiri Tu
komerciuli; statusis mixedviT: ziari, seleqciuri, SeTanxmebuli, sadao; is
aseve SeiZleba iyos istoriuli, politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli da
a.S. (Verovšek, P. 2007.) Tumca CamoTvlili saxeebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia
im sam jgufad, romelic zemoT ganvixileT.
mexsierebis politika, bevri disciplinis sakvlevi dargia, magram maT
Soris unda gamovyoT politikis mecniereba. politikaSi mexsiereba erTveba
ori mimarTulebiT:
1. qvemodan zemoT mimarTebisas sazogadoebis mier warsulis
interpretacia gavlenas axdens politikuri elitis identobasa da
Sexedulebebze, Sesabamisad, mexsierebis politika sazogadoebrivi
azris gavleniT yalibdeba da masSi sazogadoebis moTxovnebi
dominirebs. amis magaliTia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli moTxovna
თანხმობის ხარისხი
დაბალი
კომუნიკაციური გენერალიზებული კოლექტიური კულტურული მითი
მაღალი
28
samarTlianobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, romelic, rogorc wesi,
totalitaruli mmarTvelobidan gadasvlis process axlavs Tan.
lebous Tanaxmad (Lebow R. 2006. p. 25.) civma omma mexsierebis aRniSnuli
politikis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba gamoricxa, rac reJimTa
mizanmimarTuli, konfrontaciuli politikiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
mxolod e.w. „rkinis fardis“ garRvevis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli
politikis dRis wesrigSi misi ganxorcieleba da qvemodan wamosuli
impulsebis CarTva.
2. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piriqiT xdeba, zemodan qvemoT, sajaro
aqtorebi konkretul movlenebs rTaven koleqtiur mexsierebaSi.
TviTon arCeven warsulidan romeli faqti gaaqtiurdes da rogori
tendenciebi dominirebdes sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi. swored es
ukanaskneli midgoma SeimCneva saqarTveloSi mexsierebis oficialuri
politikis analizisas, radganac politikis dRis wesrigi didad
axdens zegavlenas mexsierebis politikis tendenciebze. aseve
SesaZlebelia aqtiuri mexsierebis politikis gadarTva saSinaodan
sagareo politikaSi, iseve rogorc saerTaSoriso impulsebs
SeuZliaT gaaRviZon saSinao politikaSi miCumebuli xsovna (Verovšek, P.
2007.).
§1.2 mexsierebis transformacia individualuridan societalur
konteqstSi
sferos kvlevis mamamTavrebad 1900-iani wlebidan SeiZleba CaiTvalos
zigmund froidi, fridrix nicSe, emil durkheimi, henri bergsoni, ebi
varburgi, karl manhemi, uolter benjamini da a.S. mexsierebis kvlevisa da
gamoyenebis intensiuroba gaizarda faSizmis damarcxebasa da holokostis
29
gaazrebasTan erTad. am procesSi Tavisi mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Sehqonda
postkolonialur, rasobriv Tu genderul mexsierebas, xolo 1980-iani
wlebidan moyolebuli safuZveli Caeyara e.w. „gardamaval samarTals“, am
ukanasknelma ki warmoSva „axal mexsierebis kvlevebi“, romelsac aseve
Tavisi Teoretikosebi gauCnda, rogoricaa pier nora, ian asmani, erik
hobsbaumi da sxv. amave dros teqnologiurma revoluciam da misma miRwevebma
mexsierebis gamoyenebas axali sicocxle SesZina.
Tadapirvelad, mexsierebis kvlevisas, SeimCneoda reduqcionistuli
midgoma, rodesac mexsiereba ganixileba, rogorc sulieri da fizikuri
movlena. mexsierebis gageba dadis sxeulamde da cnobierebis
ganmsazRvrelad nervul sistemas miiCnevs da mexsierebas mxolod sulis
siRrmiseuli struqturebis genetikurad gadacemad idead warmoaCens
(gurCiani q. 2010).
am mimarTulebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli fridrix nicSe saubrobs
„mikuTvnebis mexsierebis“ arsebobis Sesaxeb. es iseTi mexsierebaa, romelic
saWiroa raTa adamianma sakuTari Tavisadmi mikuTvneba SesZlos. is gamoyofs
„nebis mexsierebas“, romlis drosac „garkveul SemTxvevebSi daviwyeba wina
planze gamodis“ gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme exeba pirobas an
garkveul valdebulebas. anu nicSe ayalibebs „kulturuli adamianis“ anu
„saimedo adamianis“, fenomens romelsac axsovs gacemuli dapirebis Sesaxeb.
mexsierebas, rogorc fizikur movlenas ganixilavs aseve zigmund froidi.
rogorc mexsierebis istoriis mkvlevarebi (Olick,NNora) miuTiTeben,
mexsiereba es aris ara statikuri aramed dinamiuri procesi. amis
damadasturebelia is faqti, rom xsovna sxvadasxva drois monakveTSi
icvleba da sxvadasxva saxes Rebulobs.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom mexsierebis politika interdisciplinaruli
kvlevis sagania, is moicavs mravalferovan konceptualur CarCos da aseve
definiciaTa mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. maT Soris yvelaze xSirad
gamoyenebadi terminia „koleqtiuri mexsiereba“, romlis pirveli gamoCena
30
mexsierebis politikis sistematuri kvlevis dawyebasTan erTad 1920-ian
wlebSi ukaSirdeba mauris halbvaqsis saxels1.
misi naSromi „Memorie Collective“ warmoadgens fundamentur teqsts
mexsierebis politikis kvlevaSi. man ara mxolod gamoiyena termini
„koleqtiuri mexsiereba“ 2 , aramed Semoitana mexsierebis socialuri CarCo,
romlis Tanaxmadac individualur mexsierebaze da mis formirebaze did
zegavlenas axdens socialuri da kulturuli garemo 3 ; mexsiereba
1 halbvaqsisgan damoukideblad imave periodSi termini „socialuri mexsiereba“ gamoiyena
ebi varburgma, magram, aRniSnuli termini varburgis SromebSi pirvelad gaCnda 1923 wels
kreuzlingeris leqciaze, rodesac man durkeimis citireba gaakeTa (halbvaqsi durkeimis
mowafea) da aseve rogorc misi gamouqveynebeli naSromebidan Cans, mas hqonda
informacia moris halbvaqsis naSromis Sesaxeb. amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom halbvaqsma
daakavSira mexsiereba da jgufebi, rolo varbugma ki jgufebi kulturis eniT Caanacvla.
varburgis wvlilis Sesaxeb msjelobebi ixileT Confino A. 1997.
2 vulf kansteineri koleqtiur mexsierebis konceptualizaciisas aRniSnavs, rom es aris
sami saxis istoriul faqtors Soris urTierToba. esenia:
1) inteleqtualuri da kulturuli tradicia, romelic qmnis warsulis yvelanair
reprezentacias;
2) mexsierebis Semqmnelebi, vinc avrcelebs da manipulirebs am tradiciebiT
3) mexsierebis mimRebebi, vinc sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad iyenebs, uaryofs an
manipulirebs am tradiciebiT.
3 halbvaqsi iyo durkeimis moswavle da Sesabamisad didwilad ganicdida misi ideebis
da Sexedulebebis zegavlenas. mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs rom koleqtiuri
mexsierebis fenomeni, swored durkeimis SexedulebebSi ikveTeba. aRniSnul Temas is
exeba komemoraciul ritualebze diskusiisas da aseve mis naSromSi religiis
elementaruli formebi. avstralieli aborigenebis religiuri praqtikis ganxilvisas
xazs usvams, Tu ra didi roli miuZRvis warsuls, jgufis wevrebs Soris identobisa
da solidarobis grZnobis gaRvivebaSi. xolo istoriuli gangrZnobadobis
SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia perioduli simboluri procedurebis danergva-
31
cnobierebis, enis da personalurobis msgavsad socialuri fenomenia da
rodesac Cven raRac gvaxsovs, amiT ara mxolod Cveni pirvelyofili
Sinagani cxovrebis siRrmeebSi veSvebiT, aramed am Sinagan cxovrebaSi
wesrigsa da struqturas vqmniT, romlebsac Tavis mxriv sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba ganapirobebs da romlebic socialur garemosTan gvakavSirebs1.
am Teoriis kidev erTi siaxle mexsierebis ara rogorc daarqivebuli,
statikuri simyaris, aramed, rogorc aqtiuri procesis gagebas ukavSirdeba,
sadac xdeba warsulis rekonstruireba da mexsierebad qceva da romelSiac
individi, mxolod monawile ki ar aris, aramed umniSvnelovanesi da yvelaze
kompleqsuri elementia (Halbwachs, M. 1992. p.127). Tumca halbvaqsis am
Sexedulebis susti mxare, mis antiindividualizmSi devs, radganac is
individs koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmnis procesSi koleqtivs mainc
ZiriTadi adgili ukavia, (yovelTvis arsebobs individualuri mexsiereba,
romelic ar eTanxmeba koleqtiur narativs da es gansakuTrebiT
TvalSisacemia, Tu es individi konkretuli movlenis TviTmxilveli an
monawilea).
amitomac jeims iungs (Young, J. 1993.) nacvlad halbvaqsis ternmin
koleqtiuri mexsierebisa (Collective Memory) Semoaqvs cneba “dagrovebuli
mexsiereba” (Collected Memory), romelic Sedgeba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
mexsierebisgan. principuli sxvaoba am Teoriebs Soris aris is, rom Tu
halbvaqsis mosazrebiT koleqtiuri mexsierebis Sedegad formirdeba
ganxorcieleba, raTa sazogadoebam „ganaaxlos is sentimentebi romelic aqvs misi
erTobis Sesaxeb“ (Misztal B. 2003. p.123)
1 koleqtiur mexsierebis muSaobis principze msjelobisas aRniSnavs, rom „swored
koleqtiuri mexsiereba uCvenebs adamianTa jgufs Tu vin aris, saidan modian da rogor
unda iqceodnen awmyosa Tu momavalSi“ (Gillis, J. 1994. P. 7.)
32
individebis mexsiereba, iungis Teoriis Tanaxmad Tavad individTa
mexsierebebi qmnian koleqtiur mexsierebas.
koleqtivis mexsierebas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs fankeSteini
ramdenadac „cnobiereba da mexsiereba SesaZloa hqondes individs, romelic
moqmedebs, imaxsovrebs... damaxsovreba mentaluri aqtia da amasTan sruliad
personaluri“ (Funkenstein, A.1989.p.6). is ar aris jgufuri procesi, radganac
imaxsovrebs individi, jgufi vera. magram mexsierebas namdvilad aqvs
socialuri mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac warsulis versia kravs aRniSnul
erTobas.
SesaZloa, aRniSnuli ganmarteba ukeT asaxavs sazogadoebaSi arsebul
gansxvavebul versiebs, Tumca amave dros rCeba bevri kiTxva, romelzedac
pasuxis gacemas ver axerxebs, magaliTad ver xsnis im kompleqsur
urTierTobas, romelic warmoiSoba sxvadasxva jgufebs (maT mexsierebebs)
da individebs Soris, romelsac sxvadasxva jgufebTan uwevs urTierToba.
aseve rTulia aixsnas mexsierebis transformaciis procesi droSi da misi
TaobebisTvis gadacemis Taviseburebebi.
iungis koncefciis sapirispirod zerubaveli Tvlis, rom ar SeiZleba
koleqtiuri mexsierebis, gageba „rogorc individTa personaluri
mexsierebis agregaciis, radgan aseTi erToba ver moicavs mTeli eris
suraTs“(Zerubavel, E. 2003. p.28). warsulis Seqmnis socialuri aspeqtebi
dakvirvebadia da am dakvirvebisas SesaZlebelia SemCneva Tu rogor xdeba
socialuri Taimlainis Seqmna mnemonikuri sazogadoebebis mier. xolo
kansteinierisaTvis koleqtiuri mexsiereba iqmneba jgufis wevrebis
warsulis Sesaxeb komunikaciis Sedegad. isini Tavad axdenen mis
konstruirebas (Kansteiner, W. 2002. p.188).
individualuri da koleqtiuri mexsierebis urTierTSerwymis axsna
scada ivan havelma (HHavel I.M. 2009.) kognituri perspeqtiviT mexsierebis
axsnisas. misi mosazrebiT: „hibriduli mexsiereba“ es aris adgili sadac
erTmaneTs xvdeba koleqtiuri da individualuri mexsiereba, rodesac
33
ligvisturi da semantikuri mexsiereba erTveba epizoduri mexsierebis saxiT
Semonaxul warsulSi.
halbvaqsis Teoria ganaviTarebis mcdelobisas federik bartletma
(Bartlett F. 1932) daaskvna, rom warsulis aRqmisas da misiT operirebisas
adamianebi eyrdnobian warsulis e.w. sqemebs. magaliTad, rodesac pirovneba
„qmnis mexsierebas“ warsulis romelime movlenis Sesaxeb, is eyrdnoba am
„sqemebs“ da amave dros xSirad umatebs an anacvlebs mis Semadgenel
detalebs, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi, mTlianobaSi iwvevs am movlenis aRqmis
Sefasebas, gadafasebas da SesaZloa mas ararsebuli niSan – Tvisebebic ki
mieweros. es procesi Zalian xSirad warsulis miTologizaciisas gvxvdeba,
rodesac istoriuli personaJebisTvis xdeba im niSan Tvisebebis mimateba,
romelic gmiris an moRalatis „kriteriumebisaTvis“ aris saWiro. es
ukanaskneli koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebis procesSi umniSvnelovanesi
komponentia (iqve gv.12).
istorikosebma da socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebma,
romlebic swavlobdnen meoce saukunis istoriuli mexsierebis praqtikas,
halbvaqsze dayrdnobiT daaskvnes, rom individis mier warsulis
damaxsovreba didad aris damokidebuli socialuri diskursis, praqtikis da
molodinebis cvlilebaze. halbvaqsi iyenebs termins „koleqtiuri
mexsiereba“, magram sxvadasxva disciplinis warmomadgenlebi amave
mniSvnelobiT iyeneben cnebebs „kulturuli mexsiereba“ da „socialuri
mexsiereba“.
gansxvaveba zemoTaRniSnul cnebebSi realurad miuTiTebs ufro metad
definiciur mravalgvarobas, vidre sxvaobas misi swavlis midgomaSi.
halbvaqsis midgoma dafuZnebulia sociologiur kategoriebze: ojaxi, klasi
da religia, „kulturuli mexsierebis“ mimdevrebi (Assman A.) orientirs
mogonebebze, represiebsa Tu qvecnobierze akeTeben SesaZloa
fsiqoanalistikis gavleniT, xolo „socialuri mexsierebis“ gamoyenebisas
fokusi keTdeba mexsierebis socialur garemoze da swavlobs
34
individualuri mexsierebas konkretuli movlenis Sesaxeb. Tu rogor
urTierTobs is ukve arsebul narativebTan da komemoraciis sxvadasxva
formebTan (Dietler M. 1998. pp.72-89). xolo termin „mexsierebis
politikis“ gamoyenebisas (LLebow.R.) ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba politikur
elitaze, partiebsa da saxelmwifo institutebze, anu yvela im institutze
romelic flobs garkveul Zalauflebas da misT manipulireba SeuZlia
(Verovšek, P. 2007.)
halbvaqsis koleqtiuri mexsierebis socialur aspeqts ian da alaeida
asmanebma (Assman A. & Assman I.), „komunikaciuri mexsiereba“ (an yoveldRiuri
mexsiereba) uwodes 1 . es aris koleqtiuri mexsierebis konkretuli saxeoba,
romelic eyrdnoba yoveldRiur urTierTobebs. ian asmanis azriT is, rasac
halbvaqsi „koleqtiur mexsierebas“ uwodebs, iqmneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
e.w zepiri istoriebis saSualebiT. swored komunikaciis saSualebiT
urTierToben jgufebi da individebi. yoveldRiuri urTierTobebi aRsavsea
afeqtebiT, Tematuri arastabilurobiT, konkretuli rolebiT, romlebic
sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi icvlebian, mTxrobeli xdeba msmeneli da piriqiT
(asmani i. 2001. gv.126-127).
i. asmani adarebs kulturul da komunikaciur mexsierebas.
komunkaciuri mexsierebis horizonti maqsimum 80-100 welia rac daaxloebiT
oTx Taobas udris, xolo kulturul mexsierebas limitirebuli periodi ar
aqvs. is moicavs teqstebs, wes-Cveulebebs, Senobebs da monumentebs,
romlebic iqmneba imisaTvis, raTa Seaxsenos sazogadoebas warsulis
konkretuli movlenebi. amis saukeTeso magaliTia e.w. „zepiri
istoriebi“ konkretuli movlenis Sesaxeb (mag.represirebuli qalebis
1 radganac, individualuri mexsierebis gansxvaveba socialurisagan Znelia da
SeuZlebelic ki. individualuri mexsiereba enisa da cnobierebis garda mTlianad
socialuria. individualuri mexsiereba iqneboda ena, romelic mxolod erT adamians
esmis, anu gamonalisi SemTxveva. (asmani i. 2001. gv.126)
35
monaTxrobi) romelic warmoadgens, mowmes da am Canawerebs SeuZliaT
mcirexniani komunikaciuri mexsiereba gardaqmnas da Taobebs Semounaxos
kulturuli mexsierebis saxiT.
asmani aseve erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebs potenciur da aqtualur
kulturul mexsierebas 1 . mexsiereba potenciuria, rodesac warsuli
reprezentirebulia arqivebSi, muzeumebSi, bibloTekebSi. maTi gaaqtualizeba
xdeba axal socialur da istoriul konteqstSi maTTvis axali
mniSvnelobis miniWebiT. amiT asmani xazs usvams Tu ra did potencials
atarebs momavali TaobisTvis kulturuli mexsiereba (Kansteiner W. Fogu C.
2006) da amave dros Tu ra formiT SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba, raTa
potenciuri mexsiereba aqtualizebuli (lebous klasifikatoriT,
institucionalizebuli) gaxdes. kulturuli mexsiereba erTis mxriv
TaobaTa mier dagrovebuli codnaa, romelic icvleba, iTvisebs ra
Rirebulebebs, normebs da a.S. Taobidan Taobaze gadacemisas. paabos (PPaabo,
H. 2010. p.14) Tanaxmad es erTgvari kumulaciuri mexsierebaa, romelic
TaobaTa saWiroebisamebr icvlis formas.
ramdenadac warsulis Sesaxeb mexsiereba jgufis da misi wevrebisaTvis
TviTidentifikaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani safuZvelia, identobisa da
mexsierebis urTierTmimarTeba erT-erTi xSirad kvlevad sakiTxs
warmoadgens da interesi am Temisadmi droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro izrdeba.
identobis araerTi ganmarteba arsebobs, magram maT Soris yvelaze metad
gavrcelebuli da miRebulia doiCis koncefcia identobis, rogorc
„erTobis grZnobis“ da b. andersonis (andersoni b. 2003) Sexeduleba
„erTobis warmosaxviTobis“ Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, eris gansazRvreba SeiZleba,
1 potenciuri da aqtualuri mexsierebis ganxilva SesaZlebelia damasxsovreba daviwyebis
konteqstSi, rac mogvianebiT amave naSromSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli.
36
rogorc „warmosaxviTi politikuri erTobis“ da advili warmosadgenia, Tu
raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs am erTobis Sesakvrelad da kuTvnilebis
grZnobis gasamyareblad ziar warsuls da gamocdilebas.
zerubaveli (Zerubavel, E. 2003.) identobas individualur da socialur
(koleqtiur) fenomenad yofs. is rasac individi imaxsovrebs didwilad
ganicdis ara rogorc individi, aramed, rogorc koleqtivis wevri da
Sesabamisad aRiqvams mas, rogorc misi warsulis nawils. am erTobis
Sesakvrelad araerTi markeri gamoiyeneba. es SeiZleba iyos memorialebis
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gamoyeneba, samosi, medali, ena, nacionaluri himni,
gerbi, tradicia da wesCveulebebi da a.S.
faqtebis damaxsovrebis procesSi dagegmva umniSvnelovanesia,
ramdenadac mas gangrZobadi xasiaTi unda qondes da mxolod erTjeradi
aqtivobiT ar unda Semoifarglos. Sesabamisad, saWiroa iseTi adgilebis
Seqmna, romelic am movlenas sazogadoebas mudmivad Seaxsenebs. Lieux de
mĕmoire anu mexsierebis adgilebis da Milieux de mĕmoire mexsierebis garemos
Sesaxeb pier noras koncefcia xsnis am fenomens. mexsierebis adgili es aris
konkretuli adgili, romelic inaxavs/unaxavs xalxs xsovnas. es movlena
imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom Tavad mexsierebis realuri garemo ar
arsebobs 1 . mexsierebis istoriis premodernuli periodi xasiaTdeba
1 golfi (Le Goff 1992) leroi-goranTan ( Leroi-Gourhan 1993) erTad mexsierebis istoriaSi
gamoyofs xuT etaps. esenia:
1. xalxi damwerlobis gaerSe, romelsac „eTnikur mexsierebas“ uwodebs;
2. preistoriulidan antikurze gadasvla, rodesac Cndeba damwerloba da Sesabamisad
mexsierebis niSnebi: komemoracia da dokumenturi Canawerebi;
3. Suasaukuneebis xana da mexsierebis da mnemoteqnologiebis qristianizacia, rodesac
mexsierebaze did zegavlenas axdens liturgiuli msaxureba da gardacvlilTa,
gansakuTrebiT wmindanTa mexsiereba;
4. renesansidan dRemde, wera-kiTxvis masebSi gavrcelebam, mogvianebiT romantizma
Tavisi simboluri gamovlinebebiT mexsiereba axal etapze aiyvana, rac saboloo
37
bunebrivi gauazrebeli/gaucnobierebeli urTierTobebiT warsulsa da
adamianebs Soris, rodesac mexsierebis garemo Sedgeba tradiciebisa da
ritualebisgan da adamianebi am garemos realur droSi imyofebian1.
mas Semdeg, rac Zvelma tradiciebma dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba,
warsulis rekonstruirebis mcdelobebi noras azriT me-19 saukuneSi
industrializacias da socialur modernizacias ukavSirdeba (first ordered
simulation). elitis warmomadgenlebma daiwyes mexsierebis adgilebis Seqmna
monumentebisa Tu arqivebis saxiT, romlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo
SenarCunebuliyo eri-saxelmwifos Sesaxeb xsovna tradiciebis aRmoCenis
gziT2.
jamSi safuZvlad daedo arqivebis, muzeumebis, bibloTekebis Seqmnas da mmarTvelTa
mcdelobebs SeeqmnaT erTiani identoba, romelic saxelmwifosadmi kuTvnilebis
grZnobas gaaZlierebda.
5. XX saukune da axali namdvili revolucia mexsierebaSi, informaciis Cawerisa da
gavrcelebis teqnologiurma inovaciebma aramxolod Secvala damaxsovrebis gzebi,
aramed Seqmna mexsierebis axali konceptualizacia.
mexsierebis istoriis Sesaxeb msjeloba Olick J. Robbins J. 1998. pp. 114-115
1 mas diqtatorul mexsierebasac ki uwodebs, radganac is integrirebuli da
morCilebiTia
2 kritikosebi noras preistoriul epoqaSi mexsierebis naturalizaciaSi, xolo
Tanamedrove samyaroSi mexsierebis desakralizaciaSi sdeben brals. maTi azriT
mocemuli gansxvaveba Zalzed mkacria da damyarebulia warsulis, rogorc avTenTikuri
mTlianis gagebaze, romelic Tavis mxriv gardaiqmneba araavTenTikur gansxvavebul
mniSvnelobebad, rogorc Tanamedrove aqtorebi aRiqvamen mas da uaryofen misi
siwmindis versias. (Fritsche P. 2001).
38
postmodernizmis epoqaSi, rodesac eri- saxelmwifos idea Sesustda
warsulis reprezentacia daiwyo second ordered simulation is gamoyenebiT,
rodesac am procesSi CaerTo media. Lieux de mĕmoire-s nebismieri magaliTi,
yovelTvis aris matarebeli sami ZiriTadi aspeqtis: pirveli, is yovelTvis
aris materialuri; meore aris simboluri da mesame, yovelTvis aqvs
funqcinaluri datvirTva. magaliTad, arqivi, romelic aris martivi
materialuri adgili, romelisac aqvs Tavisi pirdapiri funqcionaluri
datvirTva, xdeba Lieux de mĕmoire, Tu masSi CarTulia simboluri aura (Nora, P.
1989. p. 13).
noras koncefciis paToss iziarebs devid louensali (Lowenthal, D. 1985.)
naSromSi „warsuli ucxo qveyanaa“, sadac xazs usvams, rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebi gamalebiT cdiloben warsulis aRdgenas, radganac is
cocxali saxiT saxogadoebaSi aRar arsebobs. jerjerobiT, es strategia
amarTlebs, Tumca, Tanamedroveoba aseeve emuqreba koleqtiurobis Zvel
aRqmas, romlis danergvasac is cdilobs.
miuxedavad mexsierebis mravalmxrivi analizisa avtorTa nawili
skeptikurad aris ganwyobili Tavad am terminis gagebis da metic arsebobis
mimarT.
andersonis warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis koncefciis (andersoni b. 2003),
Tanaxmad, swored warsulisadmi gazrdilma interesma Seqmna idea
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, xolo warsulisadmi interesis zrdis maCvenebeli iyo
popularuli istoriebisa da novelebis gamoyeneba, romelsac saerTo
identoba unda Camoeyalibebina da Camoayaliba kidec.
zemoTaRniSnuli TeoriebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda halbvaqsis
kompleqsuri midomis qmedebaSi danaxva da misi yoveldRiur procesamde
dayvana. amasTanave mmarTvelebsa da marTulebs Soris komunikacia, aris is
mediumi, romlis saSualebiTac kulturuli mexsierebis politikaSi CarTva
da misi politikis dRis wesrigisadmi morgeba xdeba.
39
§1.3 mexsierebis ganzomilebis cvlileba societaluridan politikur
konteqstSi
koleqtiuri mexsierebis politikur ganzomilebamde dayvanisas,
SesaZlebelia asmanis mexsierebis xelisuflebidan sazogadoebisken
marTulobis koncefciis gamoyeneba, romelic mis Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier
ganpirovnebulobis SesaZleblobas uSvebs. paloma agilari da karsten
hambelbeki (Aguilar P. & Humbelbek C. 2002. p123.) ganasxvaveben socialur
mexsierebas politikurisgan, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli konkretul
politikur miznebs emsaxureba. Sesabamisad, mexsierebis politikis
analizisas ZiriTadi kiTxva SesaZloa Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: vin qmnis
mexsierebas, visTvis, rogor da ratom (Paabo, H. 2010).
mexsierebis politikis dagegmvisas sazogadoebis moTxovnis
gaTvaliswinebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas gedi da elami (Gedi, N. Elam,Y. 1996.
p39) ramdenadac, mniSvnelovania gaanalizdes, Tu rogor da ra resursebis
gamoyenebiT xdeba aRniSnuli saWiroebis gansazRvra da gamoxatva. isini ar
eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis wevrebs Tanabari
wvdoma hqondeT mexsierebis yvela versiaze, raTa maT safuZvelze
Camoyalibdes/rekonstruirdes saukeTeso. magram dominantur jgufebs
SeuZliaT sakuTari gavlenis wyalobiT gamovidnen sazogadoebis saxeliT
da miiRon monawileoba mexsierebis maTi Sexedulebisamebr konstruirebis
procesSi.
Sesabamisad, politikuri da socialuri elitebi xdebian mexsierebis
agentebi, misi sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad Semqmnelebi. (Paabo, H. 2010.
p.14 ). es aris vertikaluri e.w. zemodan qvemoT mimarTuli mexsierebis
politikis formirebis procesi. Tumca mkvlevarTa azriT arsebobs e.w.
„auridebeli warsuli“ (Olick J. Robbins J. 1998. p.128) romlis gakontrolebac ar
ZalucT dominantur jgufebs. da swored aw Cndeba qvemodan zemoT
40
mimarTuli mexsierebis politika. mexsierebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemis
funqciac am mosazrebis erT-erTi gamamyarebeli argumentia. Tumca
aRniSnuli koncefciac ver uvlis gverds politikuri elitis rols
mexsierebis konstruirebis procesSi. marTalia, maT ar ZalucT arsebuli
mexsierebis waSla da axlis Seqmna, magram aqvT resursi mniSvnelovnad
Secvalon arsebuli.
mexsierebis politikis erT erTi centraluri sakiTxia mexsierebis da
istoriis urTierTmimarTeba. radganac mexsierebis ZiriTad resurss swored
warsulis faqtebi warmoadgens, maTi gansxvavebuli Txrobis safuZvelze
iqmneba gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. pier noras mier warmodgenil
sazogadoebaSi, sadac mexsiereba realurad arsebobda, istoriis saWiroeba
ar Cans, magram damwerlobis Seqmnam dasabami misca warsulis gadmocemis
werilobiT formas, Sesabamisad SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi gansxvavebuli
versiebis Seqmna. yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, mexsiereba da
istoria kontinuumis sxvadasxva boloebze unda ganvaTavsoT1.
mexsiereba konstruirebuli movlenaa, romelic dafuZnebulia
istoriaze, misgan axdens faqtebis seleqcias da warsulis Sesaxeb qmnis
xatebs sazogadoebaSi. amasTanave, noras koncefciis Tanaxmad (Nora, P. 1989.
p.9) mexsiereba aris cocxali movlena, romelic sociumSi arsebobs. is
mudmivad ganicdis evolucias daviwyeba-gaxsenebisa Tu sxvadasxva
strategiebis da manipulaciebis gamoyenebiT. maSin rodesac istoria
mxolod erTia. is inteleqtualebis produqtia da mas obieqturobaze aqvs
pretenzia2.
1 erli ar eTanxmeba mexsierebis da istoriis dapirispirebis Tezas da mas xelovnurad
warmoSobilad miiCnevs. avtori am diqotomiis Canacvlebas warsulis damaxsovrebis
CarCodan cdilobs, kerZod, ras imaxsovreben da rogor imaxsovreben (Earl I. 2011 p. 7).
2 XX saukunis istoriografiaSi dominanturi adgili ekava pozitivistur moZRvrebas,
romelic uSvebda warsulis obieqturi aRweris SesaZleblobas. WeSmaritebis
41
mecnierTa nawilisaTvis istoria faqtebis erTgvari sacavia,
universaluri da pirovnuli zegavlenisgan Tavisufali. Tumca mkvlevarTa
meore nawilis azriT narativis Seqmnis procesSi istorikosebi xSirad
ganicdinian ideologiur zegavlenas, rac qmnis ori tipis istorias,
istoria rogorc kiTxva (es erTgvari akademiuri istoriaa) da istoria,
rogorc pasuxi (Black, J. 2005. p. 3), romelic manipulaciis da Sesabamisad
sazogadoebisTvis mza pasuxis gacemis SeTavazebas isaxavs miznad.
politikaSi istoriis, rogorc Suamavlis, iaraRis an argumentis
gamoyenebis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe SeiZleba gamoiyos, romlic xelmosawvdomia,
rogorc politikuri institutebisaTvis aseve calkeuli aqtorebisaTvis
(Reichel P. 2004. Maier, C. 2007) esenia:
1. qmedebebi politikuri-sakanonmdeblo da politikur-kuturul
sivrceSi, aq igulisxmeba reJimis demontaJis da axali sistemis
formirebisas mimdinare procesebi; samarTlianobis aRdgenis
sakiTxidan dawyebuli damnaSaveTa reintegraciiT dasrulebuli; es
etapi Seesabameba postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebSi da maT Soris
saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs, romelic 90-ian wlebSi sabWoTa
kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg daiwyo;
2. politikuri komemoraciis are; am SemTxvevaSi qmedebebi mimarTulia
reJimis ganmtkicebisaTvis sxvadasxva simboloebis gamoyenebiT. es
SesaZlebelia mimarTuli iyos, aseve eris konsolidaciisaken, rac
safuZveli istorikosebs uSualod pirvel wyaroebSi unda epovaT da istoria maTze
dayrdnobiT unda Seqmniliyo. XX s-Si aRmocenebuli konstruqtivistuli xedvis
Tanaxmad moTxrobili istoriis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi ZiriTadad gamomdinareobda
istorikosis kvlevis miznidan. am periodSi aqcenti mefeTa da didebulTa
cxovrebidan socialur fenomenebze iqna gadatanili. xolo XXI saukuneSi
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia dekonstruqtivistul xedvas, romelic istoriis Seqmnisas
aqcenti mmarTveli wreebis da maTi interesebis did gavlenaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
42
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifos rTuli
periodis daZleva uwevs;
3. Tanamedrove istoriografiis are, es istorikosebis samoqmedo
arealia, magram masSi politika mas Semdeg erTveba, rac movlenebis
gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi Cndeba. es are gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso politikis rakusiT, radganac
gansxvavebuli narativebi did zegavlenas axdens saxelmwifoTa
sagareo politikuri kursis formirebaze.
4. esteTiuri produqciis Seqmnis are moicavs e.w popularuli
istoriis sferos, romelic istoriis mxatvruli versiebis,
filmebis, animaciebis Tu sxva msgavsi produqciis saxiT iqmneba. da
mas gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia koleqtiuri
mexsierebis formirebaSi, rodesac istoria SeiZleba gardaiqmnas
individis da Semdeg jgufis mexsierebad1.
istoriuli TariRebis, ritualebis, gmirebis, moRalateebis da a.S,
simbolizeba da maTi farTo sazogadoebrivi aRniSvna Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSani gaxda. komemoraciuli
RonisZiebebis, rogorc politikuri Zalauflebis meqanizmis Seswavla
1 karlsonma kulturuli da socialuri garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeimuSava
istoriis gamoyenebis tipologizacia; man Semdegi etapebi gamoyo:
1. istoriis mecnieruli gamoyeneba;
2. egzistencialuri gamoyeneba (istoria gamoiyeneba, rogorc maorientirebeli
saSualeba awmyosa da momavals Soris);
3. istoriis, rogorc maswavleblis (moraluri) ganmoyeneba;
4. ideologiuri gamoyeneba;
5. vrceli kategoria- SeiZleba mas istoriis gamouyenebloba vuwodoT.
(Karlsson K.G. Zander U. (eds). 2006. pp.19-20)
43
daiwyes ariesma (Ariès 1974) da agulonma (Agulhon 1981) 1, magram am koncefciis
srulyofa dakavSirebulia erik hobsbaumis (Hobsbawm E. 1983.), „tradiciebis
aRmoCenis“ koncefciasTan. romlis Tanaxmadac xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi xSirad mimarTaven am meTods.
aRniSnuli movlena TvalSi sacemi gansakuTrebiT 1870-iani wlebidan
gaxda, rodesac politikurma liderebma xelaxla aRmoaCines, rom
socialur wesrigis gansazRvravs, aramxolod „racionaluri“ aramed
„iracionaluri“ elementebic. „aRmoCenili tradicia“ SesaZlebelia iyos
daviwyebuli Zveli, magram ararsebulis aRmoCenac , anu gamogonebac aris
SesaZlebeli2.
es procesi rogorc wesi Tan sdevs sazogadoebis mkveTr
transformacias, revolucias, ryevebs, rodesac erTis ngreva misi
Camnacvleblis aRmoCenas an gamogonebas moiTxovs (Hobsbawm E. 1983).
aRniSnuli movlena SesaZlebelia daiyos ramdenime tipad esenia;
1. tradicia, romelic adgens da simbolur xasiaTss sZens tradiciul
erTobas, an am erTobis (es iqneba realuri Tu xelovnurad
konstruirebuli) wevrobas;
2. qmnis an legitimurobas matebs instituts, statuss an avtoritetTa
urTierTobas;
1 ix. Olick J. Robbins J. 1998. p108.
2 aRniSnuli koncefcia gaxda erT erTi yvelaze popularuli, romlis saSualebiTac
mkvlevrebi Seecadnen aexsnaT bolo periodSi gavrcelebuli tradiciebi. mag. Francis D.
1992.
Krech Sh. 1999.
44
3. aqvs socializaciis funqcia. adgens rwmenis, RirebulebaTa sistemis
da qcevis normebs;
saboloo jamSi „aRmoCenili tradiciis“definicireba SesaZlebelia,
rogorc „aRiarebuli qcevis wesi, rituali, simboloebi, an mTlianad
qmedebebi, romelic cdilobs ganmeorebis saSualebiT qcevis normebisa da
Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas da warsulis gangrZobiTobis damkvidrebas“.
sazogadoebis mxridan tradiciis formirebas ganapirobebs is faqti,
rom konkretuli tradicia, adre arsebuli formiT, iyo specifiuri da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili, romelic sazogadoebam amoiRo xmarebidan,
daiviwya, magram, misi axali versia, aris araspecifiuri da adgens erTobis
wevrTaTvis Rirebulebebs, uflebebs da valdebulebebs. is SesaZloa
mocavdes patriotizms, loialurobas, movaleobas, TamaSis SeTanxmebul
wesebs da a.S.
saboloo jamSi, msgavsi koleqtiuri mexsiereba emsgavseba erTgvar
„samoqalaqo religias“, Tavisi simboloebiT, wesebiT da tradiciaTa
erTobiT, sadac „morwmune moRvaweTa“ gaerTianebs sZalucs gaerTianeba da
dabrkolebaTa gadalaxva1. aqedan gamomdinare noras mier aRwerili process
„realms of memory‖ Seqmnisa hatoni tradiciebis damagvirgvinebel moments
uwodebs (Hutton P.H. 1996).
mexsierebis politikis umniSvnelovanesi elementebia istoriuli
faqtebis seleqciis da maTi gansajaroebis procesi 2 . seleqciaSi
vgulisxmobT gadawyvetilebis miRebas, Tu romeli movlena rogori
interpretaciiT iqnas damaxsovrebuli an saerTod daviwyebuli. amis
1 ix. smiti, e. 2010. Carras C. 1983.
2 harold markuzem swored amitom gamoyo sajaro mexsiereba, romelic exeba warsulis
imdagvar aRqmas, romelic dominirebs sajaro sferoSi, romelsac iyenebs masmedia da
mocemuli saxiT aris warmodgenili oficialur ceremoniebze. Marcuse H. 1993.
45
saukeTeso magaliTia oqtombris revoluciamdeli warsulis bedi
revoluciis Semdeg, rodesac pirvel aTwleulSi sabWoTa istoriografia
aSkarad negatiurad iyo ganwyobili sabWoTamdeli warsulisadmi, magram
stalinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis da gansakuTrebiT, meore msoflio omis
warmarTvam saWiro gaxada revoluciamdeli istoriis partiaze morgeba da
warsulidan iseTi gmirebis gamoxmoba, romlebic TavianTi “progresuli” az-
rovnebiT xels Seuwyobda saxelmwifo kursis legitimacias da masebSi aR-
tyinebas gamoiwvevda.
swored seleqciis procesis umTavresi maxasiaTeblebia daviwyeba da
gaxseneba, rodesac „mexsierebis redaqtorebi“, arCeven Tu romeli movlena
gaixsenos da daimaxsovros sazogadoebam da piriqiT.
istoriis gaxsenebis procesSi xdeba ara mxolod pozitiuri faqtebis
wina planze wamoweva, aramed negatiurisac. pirvelis mizani - nebismieri sa-
SualebebiT didebuli warsulis aRdgena, aRorZineba, warsuli Rirebulebe-
bis dRevandelobaSi danergvaa, oRond arsebul viTarebaze morgebiT, Tana-
medrove interpretaciebiT. xolo meore SemTxvevaSi xdeba imis afiSireba,
Tu visi bralia is, rom am mdgomareobaSi varT, ram an vin ganapiroba mdgo-
mareobis ase garTuleba.
mexsierebis politikis Semadgeneli nawilia aseve „daviwyebis“ politi-
ka, romelic, ar aris aucilebeli ganxilul iqnas, rogor mexsierebis
“ marcxi“, fridrix nicSe „moralis genealogia“-Si ganixilavs „aqtiuri
daviwyebis“ process, romelis drosac, goneba axorcielebs garkveul
aqtivobas, raTa gamoaTavisuflos adgili axali movlenis
damaxsovrebisTvis (Nitzsche F. 1989.p.18). swored daviwyeba qmnis safuZvels
ganaxlebisTvis.
mileris Tanaxmad SesaZlebelia „daviwyeba“ or nawilad davyoT: pir-
veli, rodesac sazogadoeba cdilobs daiviwyos uaxloesi mtkivneuli war-
suli, rogoric iyo magaliTad germaniis federaciul respublikaSi nacis-
tur warsulTan damokidebuleba pirvel 15-20 wlebis manZilze, aseve espane-
46
lebis damokidebuleba frankos mmarTvelobis periodTan reJimis Camogdebis
Semdeg. nicSes Tanaxmad es procesi aucilebelia sazogadoebis
ganaxlebisTvis, raTa man warsuli daiviwyos da orientiri momavalze
gaakeTos (Миллер. А, 2009).
meore tipis ”daviwyebas”, xSir SemTxvevaSi uwodeben „uaryo-
fiTs“ (amnezia). es aris situacia, rodesac sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawili
uars ambobs aRiaros danaSauli, romelic misma erma warsulSi, sxva qvey-
nis/qveynebis winaaRmdeg Caidina. amis magaliTia iaponiis damokidebuleba
maTi warsulisa da istoriuli danaSaulisadmi an sabWoTa ruseTis
uSaualo samarTal -memkvidre ruseTis federaciis mier warsulis aRqma da
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba yofili mokavSire respublikebis mier warsulis
gadafasebisadmi.
garda zemoTaRniSnulisa konertonma SeimuSava daviwyebis ufro
diferencirebuli tipologizacia da gamoyo Svidi tipi, romelTac
mexsierebis formirebis procesSi didi wvlili miuZRviT (Connerton, P. 2008. pp
59-71), maTi nawili SesaZlebelia movargoT postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi
mimdinare politikas. magaliTad daviwyeba, romelic axali identobis
Semadgeneli nawilia; am SemTxvevaSi daviwyeba danakargTan ar asocirdeba
(rogorc es ZiriTadad miRebulia), aramed, daviwyeba ufro gagebuli unda
iqnas, rogorc monapovari, romelic Tanadrouli identobis Seqmnis
marTvaSi „gamousadegari mexsierebisgan“ gaTavisuflebis saSualebas iZleva.
an daviwyeba, rogorc represiuli waSla - gulisxmobs RonisZiebebis
gatarebac, warsuli cvlilebebis uarsayofad, Tumca is aucileblad ar
moiTxovs represiul RonisZiebebs; am SemTxvevaSi mTavari aqtori
mmarTveli Zalaa; da aseve mizanmimarTuli daviwyeba, rodesac mimdinareobs
warsulis daviwyebis dagegmili politika, am SemTxvevaSic mis dagegmva-
implementaciis procesSi ganmsazRvreli roli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenelT miuZRviT; garda zemoT aRniSnulebisa avtori aseve
gamoyofs:
47
Ø struqturuli amnezia - procesi, romlis drosac xdeba
mxolod socialurad mniSvnelovani informaciis damaxsovreba,
umniSvnelo ki unda daiviwyon;
Ø daviwyeba, rogorc gauqmeba, romelsac informaciaTa didi
nakadi iwvevs;
Ø daviwyeba, rogorc dagegmili moZveleba, romelic Sedegia
xSiri cvlilebebis, romelic Tanamedrove samyaros axasiaTebs,
da romelic aseve warmoSobs aucileblobas moxdes misi
warsulis rekonstruirebis procesSi CarTva. Sesabamisad, es
miwvevs e.w. „moZvelebuli“ mexsierebis axliT Canacvlebas.
Ø daviwyeba, rogorc damcirebuli siCume, am movlenis
ganapirobebs sircxvilis grZnoba, romelic usiamovno
mexsierebiT aris gamowveuli. rac rasakvirvelia miCqmaluria da
amitomac aris ganwiruli dasaviwyeblad.
Tumca daviwyeba SesaZloa droebiTi movlena iyos, rac sazogadoebaSi
daZabulobis gansamuxtavad aris, saWiro, magram SesaZlebelia garkveuli
periodis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli warsuls kvlav miubrundnen, rogorc
magaliTad frankos Semdgom espaneTSi moxda.
rodesac xelisuflebis mier mexsierebis konstruirebaze da am
miznisTvis istoriis gamoyenebaze vsaubrobT, warsuli gvevlineba erTgvar
“resursebis sacavad“ saidanac mudmivad aris SesaZlebeli sasurveli
faqtis moZieba da Sesabamisi interpretaciis gakeTeba. amasTanave,
aRsaniSnavia, rom istoriis gamoyeneba, yovelTvis ar niSnavs mis
falsifikacias an araWeSmaritebas, aramed maT mizanmimarTul, politikur
miznebze morgebas da amiT maTi politikuri kursis legitimurobis
amaRlebas.
48
§1.4 mexsiereba da gardamavali sazogadoebebi
tranzaciis procesSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs represiuli da
travmuli warsulisagan ganTavisufleba warmoadgens. rogor gadaiWras eris
„tanjulobis problema“ ise, rom xeli Seuwyos demokratiuli reJimis
damkvidrebas (Huntington, S. 1991.), es aris gamowveva, romelic gardamavali
saxelmwifos xelisuflebis winaSe dgas. rogorc wesi, gardamaval etapze
sazogadoebebi aseve dgebian „makoreqtirebeli“ (Ackerman & Bruce. 1992.)
Tu „tranzaciuli“ (Elster J. 1999) samarTlis Ziebisa da gatarebis sakiTxis
winaSe.
stenli koeni (Cohen, S. 1995.) gamoyofs ramdenime fazas, romelsac
gadian gardamavali sazogadoebebi represiuli warsulis gaazrebisas.
esenia:
1. yofili reJimis Sesaxeb simarTlis Zieba da dadgena;
2. warsulis danaSaulebisTvis samarTlis dadgena;
3. gansazRvra Tu vin ar daisjeba warsulSi Cadenili
danaSaulisTvis;
4. monaniebis SesaZleblobis miniWeba;
5. sazogadoebis Serigeba da erTianobis konstruireba;
Tumca sxvadasxva saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi gansxvavebulad aCeven
fazebs da maTi ganxorcielebis Tanmimdevrobas. amasTanave, hornisa da
levis Tanaxmad arsebobs korelacia tranzaciis saxesa da samarTlis Ziebis
formebs Soris. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma samoqalaqo omis
Semdeg patiebis politika airCia, xolo safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg
gamarjvebulebma winamorbedebis devna daiwyes. Tumca, am mimarTulebiT
frankos Semdgomi espaneTi da samxreT afrika gamonakliss warmoadgenen, am
SemTxvevaSi sxva faqtorebis zemoqmedeba gacilebiT sagrZnobia. Tumca
faqtia, rom radikaluri gadasvlis mcdeloba xSir SemTxvevaSi
49
tranzaciuli samarTlis mimarTulebiT radikaluri politikuri kursis
gatarebas iwvevs (Horne, C. Levi, M. 2003. p.5).
post koloniuri da post totalitaruli warsulis gaazrebis da
mexsierebis konstruirebis procesSi lustracia erT-erT meqanizms
warmoadgens. haisis Tanaxmad (Huyse L. 1995.) lustraciaze arCevanis
SeCerebisas misi ganxorcielebis sami SesaZlebloba arsebobs:
samarTlebrivi devna, amnistia da WeSmaritebis dadgena + Serigeba;
pirvelis magaliTi safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg wina mmarTveli
reJimisadmi damokidebulebaa, meore SemTxvevas garkveulwilad pirvel
etapze frankos Semdgomi espaneTi asaxavs, xolo afrikaSi „WeSmaritebis
damdgeni komisiebi“ mesame arCevanis magaliTs warmoadgens. hornis da levis
Tanaxmad (Horne, C. Levi, M. 2003. p.3) zemoTCamoTvlili arCevani erTgvari
kontiniumia, sadac danaSaulisTvis sasjeli meryeobs samarTlebrivi
devnidan sakuTrebis dakargvamde.
postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam lustraciis gza airCia,
Tumca ara erTdroulad. saxelmwifoebis nawilma warsulis gaazreba 90-ian
wlebSive am meqanizmis gamoyenebiT daiwyes, nawilSi mogvianebiT srulad an
nawilobriv ganxorcielda. aRniSnul procesSi umTavresi aqtori
politikosebi iyvnen, romlebic warmarTavdnen gardamavali samarTlis
Ziebis process. zog SemTxvevaSi lustracia iyo safrTxe an muqara, Tumca
es didwilad damokidebuli iyo reJimis xasiaTze. rac ufro mkacri iyo
reJimi, miT ufro mkacri iyo lustraciis politika. Tumca faqti erTia,
rodesac lustraciis kanonis konstituciurobas ixilavda CexeTis
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aRiniSna, rom demokratiul
sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba daicvas Tavi da moaxdinos warsulis
danaSaulebaTa prevencia (internet wyaro #34).
rogorc, araerTxel vaxseneT mexsierebis politika ufro metad
praqtikulad nakvlev sakiTxs warmoadgens da orientirebulia konkretul
SemTxvevaTa analizze, Tumca amass xeli ar SeuSlia e.w „mexsierebis
50
industriis“ warmoSobisTvis. am sakiTxis kvleva gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
iseT gardamaval sazogadoebebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, sadac
totalitaruli warsulis gaazrebis procesi axla iwyeba da amave dros
qveynis warsulisadmi arsebuli sensitiuri ganwyobebi manipulaciebis did
SesaZleblobas qmnis.
51
Tavi II. mexsierebis politikis ZiriTadi tendenciebi
postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi
istoriis, rogorc politikis damxmare resursis SesaZleblobebi
sabWoTa kavSiris mesveurebs kargad esmodaT. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa xalxma
koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebis araerTi etapi gamoiara. oqtombris
revoluciis Semdgomi narativi mefis ruseTis miRwevebs da mis gmirebs
Rirebulad ar Tvlida da bolSevizmis idealizaciiT xdeboda misi
Canacvleba. es iyo erTgvari „mexsierebis proeqti“, romlis formirebaSic
araerTi jgufi iyo CarTuli, maT Soris istorikosebi da inteligenciis
warmomamadgenlebi (Corney F.C. 1998.).
imperiis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis dawyebulma brZolam da Sedegad
stalinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlam Tavad bolSeviki liderebis ierarqiis
gadaxedvac gamoiwvia. trocki, buxarini da sxva bolSevikebi istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebidan gaqrnen, Sesabamisad sazogadoebasac unda miviwyeboda
maTi saxelebi. Tumca meore msoflio omis msvlelobisas saWiro gaxda
sazogadoebaSi mebroli suliskveTebis amaRleba da moaruli gamoTqmis
Tanaxmad „stalinis kabinetSi marqsis da engelsis suraTebi mefis ruseTis
generlebma Caanacvles“.
Semdgomi sabWoTa narativi moicavs pirovnebis kultis sakiTxs da
aseve prestroikis periods, romlis legitimaciis amaRlebis mizniT
analogebis Ziebisas kvlavac mefis ruseTis reformatorebis xsovnis
gacocxlebas Seecadnen. CamoTvlili periodebSi istoriis gansxvavebuli
interpretaciis popularizacias eweodnen, magram maTi saerTo niSani
aRniSnuli interpretaciis politikurad ganpirobebuloba da
sazogadoebaSi mocemuli politikuri arCevanis mxardaWeris amaRleba iyo.
52
sabWoTa istoriis politizirebuloba iyo erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc
sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevisTanave yofilma mokavSire respublikebma
sakuTari warsulis gadafaseba da xSir SemTxvevaSi ga-dawera daiwyes. raTa
istoriis Txroba morgeboda damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis moTxovnebs. es
moTxovnac xSir SemTxvevaSi politikuri iyo, oRond, aw ukve damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoebis interesebs morgebuli.
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo wlebSi, sabWoTa
reJimis liberalizaciis kvaldakval izrdeboda saprotesto moZraoba,
romelsac erovnuli xasiaTi hqonda da ZirTadad, reJimis winaaRmdeg iyo
mimarTuli. is, aramxolod mmarTveli Zalis bneli saqmeebis gamomzeurebas
cdilobda, aramed yofili mmarTvelebisTvis miuRebeli istoriuli
faqtebis gamJRavnebiTac iyo dainteresebuli. aRniSnuli periodisTvis
ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia warsulis „aRmoCenis“ tendencia (Hobsbawm E.
1983), romelic sazogadoebis konsolidacias cdilobs iseTi movlenebis da
faqtebis gamomzeurebis saSualebiT, romelic Seesabameba maT miznebs.
amave dros am strategiis erT-erTi umTavresi mizani aris
sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris mier „movlenaTa axleburad gaazreba“,
RirebulebaTa gadafaseba da saxelmwifos ganviTarebis axali gzis Ziebis
aucileblobis gacnobiereba.
movlenaTa gadafasebis procesi Seuqcevadi 1989 wlis 9 aprilis
tragediis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac sabWoTa sistemas TbilisSi aTeulobiT
udanaSaulo adamiani emsxverpla da sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
darCenis survili ukve sazogadoebaSi miuReblad, arapatriotobad
aRiqmeboda. miuxedavad sabWoTa ideologiis mier „sabWoTa identobis“ Tu
„sabWoTa moqalaqis“ Camoyalibebis mcdelobisa, saqarTveloSi
ideologiuri komunistebis raodenoba Zalian mcire iyo. sazogadoebis
ZiriTadi nawili partiaSi gawevrianebas, rogorc karieruli winsvlis
saSualebas aRiqvamda da is patriotizmis xelSemSlel faqtorad sulac ar
aRiqmeboda. komunistebic SesaZloa iseTive patriorebi iyvnen, rogorc
53
arakomunistebic, „samSoblosadmi“ damokidebulebisa da misi
„siyvarulis“ sakiTxi ucvleli iyo da gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareboda. Tumca
stalinis mmarTvelobisas dawyebuli kulturuli nacionalizmis
waxalisebis politikac SesaZloa am process uwyobda xels (l.
berZeniSvili, siRrmiseuli interviu. 12.11.2014).
patriotizmis qarTul gagebas Taviseburi xasiaTi qonda da mTeli
ZaliT, rogorc wesi kritikul situaciaSi iCenda Tavs, rodesac
“nacionalur siamayesTan” dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS
dgeboda. amis magaliTebia 1956 wlis 9 martis tragedia, romelic didi
beladis Rirsebis dacvis moTxovniT daiwyo da Tavisuflebis moTxovnis
lozunebSi gadaizarda, aseve 1978 wlis gamosvlebi deda enis dasacavad,
romelic aseve patriotuli suliskveTebiT iyo gamsWvaluli. 1989 wlis 9
aprilis tragediiT ki saqarTvelos damoukideblobas Caeyara safuZveli da
es damoukidebloba winaRmdegobis im miviwyebul tradiciebze unda
dafuZnebuliyo, romelsac sazogadoeba nel-nela ixsenebda da, romelic
mitingebze gamotanil transparantebze qaqucasa da sxva Seficulebis,
rogorc qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis mebrZoli gmirebis saxiT isev
Cndeboda1.
§2.1 warsulis gadafaseba da aRmoCena
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls informaciis gavrcelebis erT-
erT umTavres saSualebas presa warmoadgenda. is faqti, rom SesaZlebeli
iyo presis cenzuras gaparvoda oficialuri informaciis alternatiuli
versia, rac televiziasa da radioSi SeuZlebeli iyo, presis popularobas
1 qaquca ColoyaSvili, 1924 wlis ajanyebis erT erTi lideris fotosuraTi bevrisaTvis
ucnobi iyo da mitingebze bevri mas axalgazrda iliad Tvlida.
54
ufro metad zrdida. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos Jurnal gazeTebSi 1988
wlidan ukve iCina Tavi istoriis sabWoTa versiis gadafasebis da axali
koncefciebis sazogadoebisTvis gacnobis mcdelobam.
Tuki SevadarebT 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi or yvelaze gavlenian
gazeTs „saxalxo ganaTlebas“ da „komunists“, aSkarad SeimCneva
saqarTvelos istoriisadmi daintereseba da misi oficialurisgan
gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT gaanalizebis mcdeloba. aseve sainteresoa is
faqti, rom pirveli nabijis gadadgma istorikosebis mier xdeba.
magaliTad, gazeT „komunistSi“ 1988 wels ibeWdeba ori saintereso
statia: pirveli istorikos akaki surgulaZisa (surgulaZe a. 24 aprili, 1988.)
da meore guram yoranaSvili (yoranaSvili g. 12 ivnisi. 1988) sadac avtorebi
cdiloben gadaafason istoriul movlenaTa arsebuli-sabWoTa
interpretacia da amasTanave, gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviT gaacnon
mkiTxvels aRniSnuli faqtebi. es publikaciebi gajerebulia paTosiT, rom
istoriis arsebuli gaazreba Tanamedroveobis (sabWoTa) stereotipebis da
Sexedulebebis zegavlenas didi doziT ganicdis da xSir SemTxvevaSi
politizirebulia, rac misi „axleburad gaazrebis“ da WeSmaritebis
dadgenis saWiroebas warmoSobs.
1989 wels gazeT „saxalxo ganaTlebaSi“ a. surgulaZe agrZelebs
aRniSnul Tematikas da afasebs 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa armiis
saqarTveloSi Semosvlas. misi TqmiT:
“qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografia unda vaRiaroT scodavda am
movlenis SefasebaSi. igi tendenciurad aSuqebda faqtebs. aqcents
akeTebda e.w. ajanyebaze, romelic sinamdvileSi ar yofila da me-11
armiis laSqrobas ganixilavda, rogorc mxolod daxmarebas
saqarTvelos muSebisa da glexebisadmi. aseTi iyo savaldebulo
stereotipi.”
amiT istorikosi xazs usvams, rom maT qondaT garkveuli miTiTebebi
istoriis oficialuri versiis SemuSavebisas.
55
Tu amave gazeTis 1988 wlis maisis nomerSi saerTod ar iyo naxsenebi
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis arseboba, erTi
wlis Semdeg 1989 wlis 24 maisis „saxalxo ganaTlebis“ pirvel gverdze
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSa da gerbia ganTavsebuli, da saerTod
mTeli nomeri 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis faqts eZRvneba. aRniSnuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom warsulis
aRmoCenis procesi Zalian aqtualuri xdeba da amasTanave xelisuflebis
direqtivebi ukve veRar axdens zegavlenas gavrcelebuli informaciis
Sinaarsze.
es magaliTi uCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba mexsierebis politikis
prioritetebi saqarTveloSi. rogor Cndeba Tematika, romelic sazogadoebam
unda icodes da romlis gaxsenebac saWiroa raTa SeZlos im miznis miRweva,
romelic 1988 wlis bolodan sazogadoebaSi aqtiurad trialebs da
safuZvels amzadebs qveynis damoukideblobis gamosacxadeblad.
es ar iyo oficialuri xelisuflebis mxridan momdinare mexsierebis
politika, es ufro metad qvemodan zemoT sazogadoebidan momdinare
tendencia, romelic 1989 wlidan didi gavleniT sargeblobda da romelsac
winaaRmdegobas oficialuri propaganda ver uwevda. saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg mexsierebis tendencia Seicvala da is
ufro metad xelisuflebis mier marTuli gaxda.
rogorc wesi, warsulis aRmoCenisas wina planze gamodis, ara mxolod
epoqa, aramed am epoqaSi moRvawe gmirebic, romlebic axali epoqis
moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare daviwyebulni iyvnen, gamonakliss arc am
periodis saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. magaliTad, 1989 wels, gazeT „saxalxo
ganaTlebaSi” daiwyo gamoqveyneba emigrantuli masalebis da im qarTvelebis
Sesaxeb, romelTa arseboba sabWoTa kavSirSi fardagadafarebuli iyo da
mxolod xalxis mtris epiTetebiT moixsenieboda. am masalebSi xazgasmiT
SeiniSneba arsebuli Sexedulebebis gadafasebis da maTi axali kuTxiT,
rogorc qveynisaTvis davdadebuli gmirebis danaxvis mcdeloba.
56
aRniSnuli masalebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba im TvalsazrisiTac
qonda, rom 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
Sesaxeb xsovnas acocxlebda da amave dros, xels uwyobda 1921 wels
sabWoTa jarebis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis, rogorc okupaciis Sefasebis
damkvidrebas.
amasTanave, mudmivad xdeboda xazgasma im faqtisa, rom 1921 wels
saqarTvelo ZaliT gaasabWoes, magram usastikesi komunisturi diqtaturis
pirobebSic ki mis mTavrobas xeli ar mouweria kapitulaciaze. respublika
faqtobrivad aneqsirebuli iyo, magram iuridiulad SeinarCuna Tavisi
damoukidebloba, rac suverenuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis konstituciuri
safuZvels warmoadgenda. es saxelmwifoebriobis gangrZobadobis
SesaZleblobas iZleoda (interviu z. gamsaxurdiasTan, 27 Tebervali. 1991.
gv1-2.).
gmirebis samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba iyo magaliTi, rac Tanamedroveebs
pasiurobis uflebas ar utovebda. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kaTalikos -
patriarq ambrosi xelaiaze saubrisas avtori statias Semdegnairad iwyebs:
“nebismieri qarTveli mkiTxveli, romlisTvisac Zvirfasi da
axlobelia mSobliuri eris istoriuli warsuli, SeuZlebelia
sulierad da zneobrivad ar gaamdidros Cveni eris erT-erTi
Rirseuli da saukeTeso Svilis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos
patriarqis ambrosi xelaias pirovnebam. man gamoiara im
TanamemamuleTa tragikuli xvedri, romelTaTvisac umTavresi ”ena,
mamuli, sarwmunoeba” WeSmaritebisa da simarTlis damkvidreba da
dacva gaxlavT.”
xolo statiaSi, romelic damoukidebeli respublikis general
giorgi mazniaSvils exeboda avtori saubrobs, rom misi saxeli marTalia
istoriiT dainteresebuli adamianebisaTvis cnobilia magram sazogadoebis
farTo fenebma am didi moRvawis Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi ician, arada am
adamianebma saqarTvlos Seswires Tavi.
57
rac Seexeba istoriis negatiuri aspeqtebis gamovlenas, is rogorc
wesi wina wyobilebasTan, an reJimTan da mis mier ganxorcielebul
politikur kursTan aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad igive “saxalxo
ganaTlebis“ furclebze 1989 wels masiurad ibeWdeba statiebi, romlebSiac
saubaria sabWoTa sistemis sisastikeze, romelmac:
“qarTveli inteligenciis progresulad moazrovne, gabeduli
jgufis protesti da opoziciuri moRvaweoba partiulma da
sabWoTa biurokratiam savsebiT sworad Tavisi interesis
sawinaRmdego azrovnebad da qmedebad aRiqva. amitomac maT
winaaRmdeg 30-ian wlebSi organizebul iqna sistemuri da
saxelmwifoebriv doneze gaazrebuli Zalmomreoba da politikuri
terori.”
dafaruli faqtebis gamovlenisadmi sazogadoebis interesis da
dadebiTi ganwyobis maCvenebelia is faqti, rom aRniSnuli gazeTebis mTeli
tiraJi gamoqveynebisTanave iyideboda.
§ 2.1.1 sabWoTa warsulis gadafaseba institucionalur doneze
am periodis saqarTveloSi ZiriTadi tendencia warsulis gaxsenebaa.
yvela mcdeloba mimarTulia iqiTken, rom gairkves Tu rogoria “WeSmariti”
istoria, romelic sabWoTa periodis dros gaayalbes.
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg institucionalur doneze dadga
sabWoTa mmarTvelobis Sefasebis da misgan distancirebis sakiTxi. 1990 wlis
14 noembers miRebul iqna kanoni gardamavali periodis Sesaxeb, romelic
iTvaliswinebda RonisZiebaTa kompleqss erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
mSeneblobis da sabWoTa imperiisagan etapobrivi gamoyofis sferoSi. garda
amisa saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos komisiam Seiswavla wiTeli armiis
SemoWris sakiTxi da is ukanonod gamoacxada, riTac gauqmda sabWoTa
58
kavSiris yovelgvari pretenzia saqarTveloze. qveyanas damoukideblad
cxovrebis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda.
1991 wlis arCevnebis Semdgom prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam kidev
ufro ganamtkica kursi, romelic mimarTuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi iZulebiT yofnis periodSi danergili saxelmwifo sistemis
demontaJisaken. upirveles yovlisa, ukanononod gamocxadda ”1921 wlis 21
maisis muSur-glexur samokavSireo xelSekruleba“ saqarTvelos sabWoTa
socialistur respublikasa da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul socialistur
respublikas Soris. aseve gauqmda 1922 wlis 12 martis samokavSireo
xelSekruleba amiekavkasiis sabWoTa socialistur respublikaTa
federaluri kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ (gamsaxurdia, z. 10 aprili, 1991. gv 1-2).
saqarTvelom uari Tqva, rogorc e.w. ruseTis federaciis mier
SemoTavazebul axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis xelmoweraze, iseve axal
neoimperiul struqturaSi „demokratiul saxelmwifoTa
TanamegobrobaSi“ e.w. dsT-Si Sesvlaze (jonsi, s. 2013 gv. 50-51).
sabWoTa kavSirisgan distancirebis kidev erTi nabiji 1991 wlis 15
seqtembers saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWos dadgenileba iyo, romelmac
sabWoTa periodidan moyolebuli qveynis teritoriaze ganlagebuli ruseTis
jarebi okupantTa SeiaraRebul Zalebad gamoacxada da mTavrobas daavala
imperiul centrTan molaparakebebis dawyeba maTi etapobrivi gayvanis
Sesaxeb (iqve gv. 67).
okupantis statusis miniWeba iyo im samarTlebrivi politikis Sedegi,
romelic warmoebul iqna saqarTveloSi 1991 wels da es ara mxolod
xelisuflebis nebis gamoxatuleba iyo, aramed mas sazogadoebisaganac
qonda legitimacia. kerZod, 1991wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi Catarda
referendumi kiTxviT: "gsurT Tu ara saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgena 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze". aRniSnul
kiTxvas mosaxleobis 98 procentma dadebiTad upasuxa da gamoxata Tavisi
neba, rom ar surda saqarTvelo yofiliyo sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.
59
swored am referendumis SedegebiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis
damoukideblobis ara xelaxla gamocxadebiT, aramed aRdgeniT, saqarTvelom
iuridiuli kavSiri daamyara 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtTan.
da amiT kidev erTxel mianiSna warsulisadmi gansakuTrebuli
damokidebulebis faqtze.
Sesabamisad, 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis okupacia iuridiulad iqna aRiarebuli.
gamomdinare aqedan, 1991 wlis oqtomberSi sabWoTa jarebisaTvis okupantis
statusis miniWeba iyo absoluturad logikuri, samarTliani da
politikurad gamarTuli aqti. miTumetes, im etapze, rodesac dasaSlelad
gamzadebuli sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre gaxda ruseTis federacia,
xolo saqarTveloSi dislocirebuli sabWoTa jarebi ruseTis federaciis
jarebi.
magram, aRniSnuli politika saqarTveloSi Tanmimdevrulad ver
gagrZelda, radganac 1992 wlis 6 ianvars, rodesac samxedro sabWom (j.
ioseliani, T. kitovani, T. sigua) daamxo zviad gamsaxurdias xelisufleba,
ruseTis federaciis jarebs okupantis statusi moexsna, ramac gadamwyveti
roli Seasrula saqarTveloSi mogvianebiT datrialebul movlenebSi.
kerZod samoqalaqo omsa da afxazeTSi konfliqturi movlenebis
ganviTarebaSi.
morigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi represirebul pirTa reabilitacias
exeboda. aRniSnuli sakiTxis daregulireba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave
ver moxerxda, mxolod 1997 wlis noemberSi amoqmedda kanoni "saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa politikuri represiebis msxverplad aRiarebisa da
represiebulTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb", aRniSnuli kanoni vrceldeba im
adamianebze da maT ojaxis wevrebze, romelTac represia ganicades
saqarTvelos teritoriaze 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan 1990 wlis 28
oqtombramde (saqarTvelos kanoni moqalaqeTa politikuri represiebis
msxverplad aRiarebisa da represirebulTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb, 11
60
dekemberi 1997). aRniSnuli kanonis miRebas win uZRoda sabWoTa kavSirSi
represirebulTa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis sarCeli strasburgis
sasamarTloSi, romliTac isini saxelmwifosgan moraluri zianis
anazRaurebas iTxovdnen. Tumca, vidre evrosasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas mii-
Rebda, qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi cvlileba Sevida, sadac dafiqsirebulia,
rom sabWoTa imperiis dros represirebul pirebs da maTi pirveli rigis mem-
kvidreebs moraluri zianisTvis erTjeradi daxmareba miecemaT (internet
wyaro #11).
Sesabamisad, instutucionalur doneze damoukideblobis pirvelive
etapze saqarTvelos xelisuflebam SeZlo gamijvnoda sabWoTa sistemas da
xazi gaesva sabWoTa kavSirSi yofnis iZulebiT xasiaTze. es erTgvari
signali iyo imisa, rom sabWoTa kavSiris gaazrebis da misi koleqtiur
mexsierebaSi asaxvis procesi daiwyeboda. magram, samwuxarod, samxedro
gadatrialebam da samoqalaqo omma movlenebis sxvanairad ganviTareba
gamoiwvia.
§2.2 dekomunizaciis da lustraciis sakiTxi postsabWoTa
saqarTveloSi
totalitaruli saxelmwifos daSlisTanave mwvaved dadga sabWoTa
uSiSroebis samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis lustraciis da
politikuri sistemis dekomunizaciis sakiTxi1. am sakiTxis simwvaves sabWoTa
1 lustracia da dekomunizacia xSir SemTxvevaSi sinonimebad gamoiyeneba, magram maria
losi maT Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xedavs, kerZod misi TqmiT dekomunizacia
ukavSirdeba sajaro sivrcis da gansakuTrebiT politikis yofili sabWoTa
nomenklaturis warmomadgenlebisgan ganwmendas. mas ar aqvs Sexeba Cveulebriv
moqalaqeebTan, maSin rodesac lustracia gacilebiT didi masStabisaa da SesaZloa
masSi mTeli sazogadoeba CaerTos. Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli samizne jgufebi, moiTxovs
ganonSi gansxvavebuli normis gaTvaliswinebas, Sesabamis dasabuTebas da maT
61
mmarTvelobis umkacresi xasiaTi da represiaTa talRebi ganapirobebda,
romelic sazogadoebam saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dRidan gamoiara. magram
lustraciis procesi Tavis mxriv did sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli da
am moTxovnilebas Tan sazogadoebis mxridan didi SiSi da politikosebis
sifrTxile axlda.
lustracia, rogorc politikuri meqanizms gamoyenebis xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs. lustraciis kanoni ar aris sisxlis samarTlis nawili, is
garkveulwilad Sromis kodeqsis gagrZelebas warmoadgens, is ar
iTvaliswinebs saidumlo samsaxurebTan TanamSromlobasa da danaSaulSi
mxilebul adamianebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemas, aramed
garkveuli vadiT an uvadod ekrZalebaT mxilebul pirebs politikuri,
akademiuri da sxva kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili Tanamdebobis dakaveba.
rogorc wesi, lustraciis momxreebs gacilebiT meti argumenti aqvT,
vidre mowinaaRmdegebs.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi argumentia, rom:
üwina reJimi iyo cudi (boroti) da saWiroa misi Sefaseba. misi
momxreebis gamovlena da mmarTvelobioTi procesebisTvis
CamoSoreba;
üaxal saxelmwifos sWirdeba mofrTxileba, raTa Zvelma reJimma
ver moaxerxos Zalebis mokreba da dabruneba;
üistoriuli gamocdileba, rogoricaa magaliTad orad gayofili
germania, romelmac SeerTebis Semdeg am procesis gavla moaxerxa
ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad orive maTganis ganxorcielebis Sedegad gaweuli sazRauri
da miRebuli Sedegebic gansxvavebulia. (Los M. 1995. p121)
62
da lustraciis da denacifikaciisa da dekomunizciis erT-erT
saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens.
rac Seexeba negatiur mxares, lustraciis kanons yvela SemTxvevaSi
aqvs ukuZala. is iwvevs adamianebis dadanaSaulebas warsulSi ararsebuli
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad da sazogadoebaSi mtkivneulad xdeba misi
gadalaxva. miuxedavad imisa, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi idea didi
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.
lustraciis process, rogorc wesi, Tan sdevs xolme totalitaruli
da avtoritaruli reJimebis ngrevas. aRniSnulis Tanamedrove magaliTia
eraySi 2003 wels dawyebuli e.w. „de-baaTifikaciis“ procesi, rodesac
yofili mmarTveli partia “baaTis” wevrebs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi dasaqmeba
aekrZala. am kanonma sakmaod mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia da SeiaraRebul
winaaRmdegobebSic ki gadaizarda. Sedegad, erayis axali xelisufleba
iZulebuli gaxda Seerbilebina gadawyvetileba da partiis zogierT wevrs
sajaro samsaxurSi dabrunebis neba darTo (internet wyaro #36).
sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg aRniSnuli procedura
saxelmwifoTan nawilma met-naklebi warmatebiT gaiara. nawili mogvianebiT
miubrunda am sakiTxs, Tumca diskusiebi lustraciis aucileblobaze
mudmivad mimdinareobs sazogadoebaSi. am process yvelgan Tansdevda
sazogadoebrivi mwvave ganxilva da diskusia, xSirad Civili sakonstitucio
sasamarTloSi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis da antikonstituciurobis
motiviT.
lustraciis procesis ganxilvisas SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, kerZod:
lustracia gulisxmobs politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebis da
sajaro moxeleebis gadamowmebas da maTi saidumlo samsaxurTan
Tu reJimTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxis garkvevas. am konteqstSi
xSirad gamoiyeneba termini dekomunizacia, romelic Tavis mxriv
63
sabWoTa mmarTvelobis Sefasebas da am mimarTulebiT
saxelmwifo politikas moiazrebs.
miuxedavad sxvaobisa, lustracis da dekomunizaciis procesebis
moqceva erT kanonproeqtSi SesaZlebelia da amis magaliTia
Cexoslovakia 1993 wlamde da CexeTis respublika 1993 wlis
Semdeg. rodesac dekomunizacia da lustracia daukavSires
erTmaneTs da kanonproeqtma SeZlo gadalaxa yvela SesaZlo
instituciuri barieri, romelsac vetos dadeba SeeZlo 1 .
bulgareTsa da albaneTSic dekomunizacia da lustraciis
procesi erTad daiwyo, magram am qveynebSi CexeTis precendenti
ver ganxorcielda, radganac ver moxerxda pirvel SemTxvevaSi
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, xolo meoreSi przidentis vetos
daZleva (biolis fondi. 29 ivnisi, 2011)
Teoretikosebis Tanaxmad arCevani liberalur da radikalur
politikas Soris arCevanze reJimTan urTierTobis da winaaRmdegobis
gamocdileba axdens. magaliTad, CexeTis magaliTi SeiZleba aixsnas
winaaRmdegobis moZraobis SedarebiT susti xasiaTiT vidre poloneTTan,
sadac reJimTan dapirispirebam lamis nacionaluri xasiaTi miiRo.
xolo kiTxvaze, ratom airCies postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebma
lustracia, rogorc warsulis gaazrebis erT-erTi umTavresi gza haisis
Tanaxmad (Huyse, L. 1995) SesaZlebelia sabWoTa reJimis funqcionirebaSi
sazogadoebis CarTulobis xarisxSi veZeboT. kerZod, laTinur amerikasa da
samxreT afrikaSi zRvari represiis momwyobebsa da represirebuliTa Soris
aSkara iyo da amas laTinuri amerikis samxedro mmarTveloba Tu afrikaSi
rasobrivi gansxvaveba miuTiTebda. magram post sabWoTa saxelmwifoebSi
1 gavrcelebuli informaciis Tanaxmad CexeTis lustraciis kanonis mkacri xasiaTi
imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom "xaverdovani revoluciis" Semdeg, 10 dReSi praRaSi
gavrcelda proklamaciebi, rom komunistebs unda daebrunebinaT Zalaufleba.
64
rTuli iyo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis represiebSi Setanili wvlilis
garkveva. rogorc adam mixniki da vaclav haveli 1993 wels ambobdnen: „Cven
aq yvelani erTad varT, radenadac yvelam pirdapir metnaklebad SevqmeniT
reJimi, yvelam vinc Cumad viyaviT, aseve yvelam vinc SeveCvieT mas” (haveli, v.
2003). da Tuki sazogadoebis didi nawili CarTuli iyo aRniSnul procesSi,
maSin Zalian rTuli iyo gansazRvra Tu vin iyo damnaSave da vin msxverpli,
vin dasjiliyo da vin ara, vin iyo CarTuli e.w. „aqtiur“ an
„pasiur“ kolaboraciaSi. es iyo is kiTxvebi, romlis winaSec dadgnen
postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebi lustraciis procesis ganxorcielebisas.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi lustraciis procesis aRwerad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos didident adam mixnikis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba „diax
amnistias, ara amnezias“ (Auer, F. 2004. p.90) romelic man 1989 wels
lustraciis Sesaxeb debatebisas warmoTqva. Sesabamisad lustraciis
sakiTxi aseve ukavSirdeba amnistiis an amneziis sakiTxis. Tu romels irCevs
saxelmwifo warsulTan urTierTobis mosagvareblad.
saqarTveloSi lustraciiis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba 1990-ian wlebSi ver
moxerxda, amis mizezad eqspertebi asaxeleben arqivebis mouwesrigeblobis
sakiTxs1
1 90-ian wlebSi arqivis didi nawili gatanil iqna ruseTSi (uSiSroebis arqivis
monacemebiT 1990 wels sabWoTa uSiSroebis arqivi gaitanes qalaq smolenskSi), xolo
darCenili nawilis TiTqmis 80 % 1991-1992 ww samoqalaqo omis dros daiwva daaxloebiT
48000 piradi saqme. gadarCa mxolod 20%.
Sss arqivis xelmZRvanelis omar TuSuraSvilis gancxadebiT xanZris Sedegad
daaxloebiT 22 aTasi saqme ganadgurda, romelTa Soris iyo: saidumlo saqmiswarmoebis
masalebi - 7 aTasamde saqme. aseve iaponuri dazvervis, TurqeTis, iranis, italiis,
germaniis sakonsuloebis saidumlo saqmiswarmoebebi, samamulo omis periodis tyveTa
filtraciis da saxelmwifo Semowmebis 45 aTasi saqme, sisxlis samarTlis warmoebiT
Sewyvetili saqme reabilitirebul pirebze - 48 aTasi saqme. eseni iyvnen pirebi,
romlebmac reabilitacia miiRes 1989 wlis [ssrk umaRlesi sabWos] prezidiumis mier
65
gadarCenilebs Sorisaa sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis fondi 1921-dan
1990 wlamde. aseve SemorCenilia cekas arqivi, romelic Seicavs daaxloebiT
2.5 milion erTeuls. es arqivi 2007 wels prezidentis brZanebulebiT
gadmoeca Sss-s da is nebismieri msurvelisTis xelmisawvdomia),
xelmZRvanelTa SiSs maTi an maTi axloblebis piradi saqmeebis
gansajaroebisadmi da asev SiSi imisa, rom masalebis gamomzeureba
SurisZiebis mizezi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo.
saqarTvelos yvela mTavroba xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave pirobas
sdebda rom aucileblad moxdeboda lustracia, Tumca aRniSnuli sakiTxis
mowesrigeba zviad gamsaxurdiasa da eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis
dros sakanonmdeblo doneze ver moxerxda. magram qarTuli presis
furclebze araerTxel gamoCnda saidumlo masalebi da statiebi, sadac
konkretul pirebs sabWoTa kavSiris saidumlo specsamsaxurebTan
TanamSromlobaSi sdebdnen brals. (amis magaliTia 1993w. gazeT
„iberiaSi“ gamoqveynebuli masalebi qarTul eklesiaSi moRvawe sasuliero
pirebis kavSiris Sesaxeb KGB-sTan an 2010 w. gazeT „versiaSi“ gamoqveynebuli
statia inteligenciis agenturul saqmianobis Sesaxeb. masalebi erT-erTi
rusuli forumidan iyo aRebuli (internet wyaro # 15).
zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobis dros dekomunizaciis procesis
daseruleba da lustraciis kanonis miReba ver moxerxda. mizezTa Soris
dominirebs mmarTvelobis mcire periodi da aseve popularobis dakargvis
SiSi, romelsac aucileblad gamoiwvevda lustraciis kanonis miReba
(xoStaria g. siRrmiseuli interviu. 10 oqtomberi, 2013).
1998 wels saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebiT Seiqmna
lustraciis meqanizmis SemuSavebis droebiTi saxelmwifo komisia, romlis
gamocemuli kanonis [dadgenilebis] mixedviT. aseve agenturis samuSaosa da piradi
saqmeebis didi nawili. (biolis fondi, 12 ivlisi, 2012).
66
mizanic iyo „saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi, demokratiuli saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis procesSi saxelmwifo uSiSroebis interesebis dacvis,
xelisuflebis umaRles struqturebSi ucxo qveynis agenturis SeRwevisa da
saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis mimarT teroristuli aqtebis
aRkveTis, sajaroobisa da lustraciis principebis ganxorcielebis mizniT ...
Seswavlil iqnes da politikur-samarTlebrivi Sefaseba mieces
saqarTveloSi arsebuli yofili ssrk-is, saqarTvelos ssr-is da
saqarTvelos uSiSroebis organoTa arqivebSi dacul, sabWoTa suk-is
agenturasTan dakavSirebul dokumentebs” (saqarTvelos parlamentis
dadgenileba lustraciis meqanizmis SemuSavebis droebiTi saxelmwifo
komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 20 Tebervali,1998).
lustraciis kanonis miRebis Sesaxeb msjelobis gaaqtiureba droSi
daemTxva sabWoTa uSiSroebis generlebis gaaqtiurebas da amave dros 9
Tebervlis teraqts, romelic mouwyves prezident SevardnaZes da romlis
organizebaSic swored maT sdebdnen brals.
2001 wels, rodesac valeri xaburZania dainiSna uSiSroebis ministrad,
misi erT-erTi upirvelesi gancxadeba iyo, rom is aucileblad miiRebda
lustraciis Sesaxeb kanons (internetwyaro # 10). Tumca 2 wlis Semdeg 2003
wels, presasTan interviuSi xaburZaniam ganacxada, rom:
„aRniSnuli kanonis miReba mxolod gardamaval etapze myofi
qveynebisaTvis aris aucilebeli, am stadiis uaxloesi aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi... lustraciis erT-erTi mTavari mizani isaa, rom
yofil agentebs Tanamdebobebze aRar emuSavaT, amjerad ki,
lustraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba sasurvel Sedegs veRar gamoiRebs,
radgan uSiSroebis saministrodan ukve gatanilia sabWoTa
droindeli arqivebi da kanonis miRebis SemTxvevaSi konkretuli
pirebis agenturuli saqmianobis dasadastureblad mtkicebulebebi
aRar arsebobs“.
67
aRniSnuli gancxadeba miuTiTebs, rom am etapze safrTxem Caiara,
radganac braldebulebma qveyana datoves da Sesabamisad kanoniT
manipulireba saWiro aRar iyo.
Tumca eqspertebi miiCneven, rom am perioSi lustraciis kanonisadmi
frTxili damokidebuleba im faqtiT iyo gamowveuli, rom xelisuflebis
eSelonebSi didi raodenobiT imyofebodnen politikosebi, romelTac didi
albaTobiT kavSiri hqondaT saidumlo samsaxurebTan. Sesabamisad ar iyvnen
dainteresebuli mieRoT aRniSnuli kanonproeqti (l. berZeniSvili,
siRrmiseuli interviu. 12.11.2014).
stalinisadmi damokidebuleba iyo kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli, riTac
pirveli ori prezidentis pozicia gansxvavdeboda. zviad gamsaxurdias
prezidentobis periodSi sabWoTa beladis da saerTod partiis aRqma
calsaxad negatiuri iyo. erT- erT interviuSi prezidenti gamsaxurdia
xazs usvams gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mcdarobas imis Sesaxeb, rom
saqarTveloSi Zalian bevr adamians uyvars stalini, „isini gacilebiT
cotani arian vidre gvgonia“ (gamsaxurdia z. 27 Tebervali 1991.). prezident
eduard SevardnaZis stalinisadmi damokidebuleba gacilebiT pozitiuri
iyo. magaliTad, man 2010 wels yvavilebiT Seamko q. goris centralur
moedanze stalinis Zegli da xazi gausva, rom is didi adamiani iyo1.
bunebrivia, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis ganwyoba aisaxeboda maT
mier gatarebul politikur kursze. Tumca koleqtiuri mexsierebis
formirebis dagegmil politikaze am periodSi ver visaubrebT, rac
prezident gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis mcire xniT, xolo eduard
SevardnaZis sabWoTa kavSirTan asocirebiT SeiZleba aixsnas. Sesabamisad,
1 1995 wlis 9 maisis dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom Tavis valad Tvlis,
moinaxulos gorSi stalinis saxl-muzeumi da pativi miagos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis
xsovnas, romlis damsaxureba (miuxedavad mravali naklovani mxarisa) - udavoa
faSizmis damarcxebaSi.
68
saqarTvelos pirveli ori prezidentis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, sabWoTa
warsulis gadafaseba da misgan distancireba ufro metad aqtualuri zviad
gamsaxurdias periodSi iyo, es gansakuTrebiT institucionalur doneze
SeimCneoda. rac Seexeba axali identobis formirebis process, am
mimarTulebiT koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebis samuSao ar
gatarebula (SesaZloa, mxolod mmarTvelobis mcire periodis gamo ver
moeswro), rac Seexeba prezident SevardnaZis periods aq SeimCneva
lustraciis sakiTxis usafrTxoebis WrilSi ganxilvis mcdeloba.
69
Tavi III . mexsierebis politikis markerebi „vardebis
revoluciis“ sawyis etapze
Cveni revoluciis istoria warsulis istoriaa, magram amavdroulad es
gambedaobis, simamacis, imedisa da momavlis istoriaa.
(mixeil saakaSvili. 23 noemberi 2005w. )
eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis winaSe ori umTavresi problema
idga. pirveli, legitimaciis, rac kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobas
ukavSirdeboda. xelisuflebis gadacemis procesSi wyveta da samxedro
Zalis Careva mmarTvelobis memkvidreobiTobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda.
meore problema iyo sazogadoebis konsolidaciis rRveva, romelic saTaves
aseve 90-iani wlebis movlenebidan iRebda, rodesac mosaxleoba daiyo
prezident gamsaxurdis momxreebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad, rac samoqalaqo
omSi gadaizarda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanam ori SeiaraRebuli konfliqti gamoiara,
romelic Tilis (Tilly, Ch. 2008) 1 Teoriis Tanaxmad eris konsolidaciisTvis
unda Seewyo xeli, mainc omis Semdgomi sazogadoebis gaTiSuloba jerac
sagrZnobi iyo. yovelive zemoTTqmuls emateboda arcTu ise saxarbielo
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, romliTac saqarTvelo avtorTa
nawilis mier arSemdgar saxelmwifod iyo daxasiaTebuli.
yovelive amis fonze „vardebis revoluciiT“ mosul xelisuflebas
hqonda saukeTeso sastarto pirobebi, kerZod:
1 ix. jonsi s. 1993
70
1. is Tavis SemadgenlobaSi moicavda rogorc e.w. „zviadistebs“ aseve
„antizviadistebs“, rogorc politikosebis aseve mxardamWerebis
saxiT;
2. sazogadoebaSi sargeblobda ndobis Zalian didi votumiT da
mxardaWeriT. leegitimaciis sakiTxi miuxedavad revoluciiT
mosvlisa axal xelisuflebas ar qonia.
xelisuflebas rTuli memkvidreoba xvda wilad. erT-erT umTavres
gamowvevas mis winaSe warsulis negatiuri memkvidreobis daZleva
warmoadgenda. is aseve idga arCevanis winaSe - iqneboda saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis axali etapi, rac Zvelis memkvidreobas gulisxmobda Tu
saxelmwifos mSenebloba Tavidan daiwyeboda.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi martivad, “warsulze sazRvris gavlebis”
strategiis arCeviT mogvarda, kerZod oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad
daiwyo saxelmwifos mSeneblobis axali etapi, rac Tvisobrivad niSnavda
urTierTobebis xelaxla damyarebas, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis
gareT, instituciebis reformirebasa da Seqmnas, Rirebulebebis gadafasebas,
sazogadoebis wevrebSi axali mentalitetis formirebis xelSewyobas da a.S.
saxelmwifo ar gvqonda. es iyo xelisuflebidan momdinare oficialuri
diskursi, “ (sabWoTa) ...sistemis ngrevis Semdeg erTaderT realur
saxelmwifos ruseTi warmoadgenda... postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva qveynebi
mxolod teritoriebs warmoadgendnen, sadac Zalaufleba xelSi yofilma
sabWoTa liderebma Caigdes...” (4 agvisto, 2005).
2003-2012 wlebSi mexsierebis politikis analizisas SesaZloa gamoiyos
ramdenime Tema, romelic dominanturia mixeil saakaSvilis diskursSi.
aRniSnuli Temebi SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas, rogorc erTgvari
indikatori, romelTa Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems gavaanalizoT
mexsierebis politika „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgom saqarTveloSi. es
Temebia: simboloebis gamoyenebiT axali identobis konstriurebis mcdeloba,
warsulis konkretuli faqtebis gaxseneba da maTi interpretacia, ruseTis
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damokidebulebis da aRqmis transformacia partnioridan istoriul
mowinaaRmdegemde.
§ 3. 1 axali saxelmwifos mSenebloba identobis transformaciis
gziT
„axali epoqis“ sastarto pirobebis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi faqtori
xelisuflebis erTgvari mesianisturi aRqma iyo, romlis Tanaxmadac
qveyanaSi yvelaze rTul situaciaSi gamoCnda axali Zala, romelsac unda
exsna saxelmwifo im mZime mdgomareobidan, romelSic is TiTqmis
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda1. sazogadoebis ganwyobas Tan erTvoda
prezident mixeil saakaSvilis qarizmatuli Tvisebebi da TviTaRqmac. Tavad
prezidentis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, am etapze ers hqonda unikaluri Sansi
Sesuliyo istoriaSi, rogorc „Taoba, romlis ZalisxmeviTa da uSualo
monawileobiT, pirvelad, daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis Semdeg, saqarTvelo
xelaxla gaerTianda“ (20 noemberi, 2005). amasTan axali aTvlis wertilis
dawyeba saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi sruliad logikuri iyo, radganac
“axalgazrda demokratiis pirobebSi saWiroa axali azrovnebisa da
gamocdilebis, aseve, Zveli kompleqsebisagan Tavisufali adamianebis
xelisuflebaSi mosvla, rac wina mTavrobisaTvis ucxo iyo” (23 Tebervali,
2004), axals ki hqonda.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom is asociaciur dakavSirebas ufro metad
cdilobda daviT aRmaSenebelTan, vidre saqarTvelos damoukidebeli
1 es ar iyo mxolod sazogadoebis ganwyoba Tavad xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic
TavianT gamosvlebSi xels uwyobdnen am grZnobis ganviTarebas. mag. mogvianebiT Tavis
erT erT gamosvlaSi prezidentma saakaSvilma aRniSna „...darwmunebuli viyavi, rom
dRevandeli msoflios istoriaSi saqarTvelo, misi simciris miuxedavad, sulier misias
aiRebda da axla am istoriuli misiis Sesrulebis dro dadga“. (25 maisi, 2005)
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respublikis pirvel xelisuflebasTan, rac SesaZloa am ukanasknelis
social-demokratiuli ideologiisadmi kuTvnilebiT da ufro metad
daviTis warmatebuli, xSir SemTxvevaSi radikaluri, reformatoruli,
mmarTvelobis stiliT iyo ganpirobebuli. amasTan sazogadoeba ufro metad
icnobda daviT aRmaSenebels vidre saqarTvlos demokratiuli respubliskis
mTavrobis warmomadgenelebs.
sazogadoebis xelisuflebisadmi pozitiuri ganwyobis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob faqtors warmoadgenda, aseve xelisuflebis
politika, romelic simbolisturi da komemoraciuli RonisZiebebisadmi did
miswrafebas ganicdida. Tuki gamoviyenebT asmanis koncefcias mexsierebis
potenciuridan aqtualurSi transformirebis Sesaxeb (Assman A. 2006),
postrevoluciuri mTavroba, swored msgavsi politikis gatarebaze iyo
orietirebuli.
warsulisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis xazgasma xdeboda
TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, yvel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. saqarTvelos
„gmiruli“, „mebrZoli“, „Seupovari“, “daumorCilebeli”,
„mtergamouleveli“ warsuli iZleoda nebismieri gadawyvetilebis axsnis
saSualebas. Sesabamisad, am magaliTebis iyeneben aRlumze gamosvlilsas,
studentebTan Sexvedrisas Tu ucxoel stumrebTan Sexvedrisas. am qmedebis
daniSnuleba, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, sazogadoebis konsolidacia da
mmarTvelTa legitimurobis arsebuli niSnulis SenarCuneba iyo. amasTanave,
SesamCnevia „axali qarTuli“ identobis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba, risTvisac
gamoiyeneboda ori ZiriTadi strategia: simboloebze aqcentireba da
warsulis gaxseneba.
swored rTuli xanis daZlevis da Zveli didebis dabrunebisaTvis
brZolis dawyebis alegoria SesaZloa veZeboT mixeil saakaSvilis mier
inauraciisas ficis daviT aRamaSeneblis saflavze dadebiT.
„...dRes saqarTvelo danawevrebulia, dRes qarTveli xalxi
damcirebulia! ... saqarTvelo arsebobda, saqarTvelo arsebobs da yovelTvis
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iarsebebs. saqarTvelo ar momkvdara. Cven yvelam erTad unda vTqvaT, ermac
da bermac, mTavrobamac da yvela adamianma, Cvenma moqalaqem, yvelam...
yvelaferi unda gadavdoT gverdze, unda movemzadoT, unda gaverTiandeT,
gavZlierdeT da aRvadginoT saqarTvelos erTianoba da mTlianoba. es aris
Cemi cxovrebis mizani.“ (25 ianvari, 2004) am sityvebiT mixeil saakaSvili
miuTiTebda im gamowvevebze, romelic axali xelisuflebis winaSe idga da
amave dros mizanze, romlis gansaxorcieleblad is xelisuflebaSi
modioda.
amasTanave ficis saflavze dadeba iyo maCvnebeli imisa, rom, rogorc
daviT aRmaSenebeli iyo yvelas mefe, miuxedavad sarwmunoebisa, qonebisa,
erovnebisa, aseve saqarTvelos prezidenti iqneboda yvelas prezidenti da
Tavismxriv mouwodebda yvelas, visac qveyanaze guli Sestkioda
gaerTianebuliyvnen samSoblos siyvaruliT da gaegrZelebinaT is estafeta,
romelic gmirma winaprebma datives. „ ... daviTis saflavze Cven yvelam erTad
unda vTqvaT, saqarTvelo moemzadeba, saqarTvelo gaerTiandeba, saqarTvelo
gaZlierdeba da saqarTvelo gamTliandeba. saqarTvelo Seikvreba erT Zlier
saxelmwifod. me minda, Tqveni daxmareba viTxovo am saqmis ganxorcielebaSi.
me minda, yvelani erTad davdgeT da yvelani erTmaneTs davudgeT
gverdiT...“ (25 ianvari, 2004).
daviTis saflavze ficis dadebis ceremonia sazogadoebaSic Sesabamisi,
dadebiTi reqcia gamoiwvia da aseve gamokveTa molodinebi romelic
axalgazrda prezidentis mimarT hqondaT. paralelebi daviT aRmaSeneblis
adreul asakSi gamefebasTan da saqarTvelosTvis uCveulo axalgazrda
piris prezidentad arCevasTanac ki gaivlo, quTaisis (sadac prezidentma
fici dado) Teatris fasadze gamofenili baneri xalxs Seaxsenebda, rom
gelaTSi prezident mizeil saakaSvilis inauguracia iyo „daviT
aRmaSeneblis gza- rwmenisa da mamulis xsnisaTvis“.
prezidentis dalocvisas patriarqma xazi gausva, Tu raoden
„ ...iavarqmnili saqarTvelo Caibara 16 wlis daviT aRmaSenebelma, magram
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RvTiT SeZlo eris sulieri amaRleba da misi ganmtkiceba; amasTan, qveynis
ganvrcoba nikofsiidan darubandamde. Tqvenc SeWirvebuli qveynis
mmarTveloba gbardebaT. mZimea es tvirTi, magram uflis wyalobiT didi
gamarjvebis mopoveba realuria. RmerTma SegaZlebinoT Cveni qveynis
gamTlianeba da suliT Zlieri, didi saqarTvelos aRdgena, "raiTa iyos erT
samwyso da erT mwyems". Tqveni warmatebis didi garanti aris xalxis ndoba”
í(geokeria, 2004. gv.298-290) Sesabamisad, axali xelisufleba aerTianebda did
imeds da molodins, rom SeZlebda „arSemdgari“ qveynis fexze dayenebas,
rogorc es saukuneebis win daviT aRmasenebelma SeZlo.
saxelmwifis mSeneblobis procesSi erovnuli mgrZnobelobis gaRviZeba
da amis saSualebiT identobis konstruirebis mcdeloba saxelmwifoTaTvis
TiTqmis gardauvali procesia. blumis identifikaciis Teoriis Tanaxmad
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi qveynis teritoriaze mcxovrebi
adamianebi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad iqcevian. transformaciis procesi
dakavSirebulia arsebulis gadafasebasTan da axali midentificirebeli
simboloebis miRebasTan (Bloom, W. 1990. p.55). saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi,
Zvelisadmi Zireulad gamijvnis kidev erT simbolur gamoxatulebas
saxelmwifos axali simbolikebis Seqmna warmoadgenda. axali gerbi, droSa
da himni xazgasmiT miuTiTebda saqarTvelos gmirul warsulze, diad
brZolaze, maTdami memkvidreobiTobaze. amave dros saxelwifo simbolikebi
erTi ZiriTadi lozungis garSemo gaerTianda, romlis Tanaxmadac „Zala
erTobaSi“ iyo 1 , swored am miznis garSemo unda momxdariyo sazogadoebis
konsolidacia. simbolikis SecvlasTan erTad mimdinareobda piar aqciebi,
romelic maT popularizaciis, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebisken iyo
1 garda axali simbolikis miRebisa aseve didi aqcenti keTdeboda sazogadoebaSi maT
popularizaciaze, ramac Sedegs miaRwia „am droSas sxvadasxva dResaswaulis dros
xalxi Tavad fens, rac komunistebis periodisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli
movlenaa... dRes saqarTveloSi, erovnebis miuxedavad, arc erTi bavSvi ar aris,
romelmac sakuTari qveynis himni ar icis. სააკაშვილი მ. 22.11,.2005
75
mimarTuli (gerbis da droSis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze datana, himnis
sportul Sejibrebebze xalxis mier Sesruleba, aseve himnis musikaluri pop
versiis momzadeba da a.S.).
garda saxelmwifo simboloebis Secvlisa xelisufleba Tavad qmnida
axal simbolos, romelic gamoxatavda im ideas, romliTac revoluciis
Semdeg movidnen xelisuflebaSi Tanac mesianuri suliskveTebis matarebeli
iqneboda. aseT simbolos vardebis revoluciidan sami wlis Tavze
Tavisuflebis moedanze sazeimod aRmarTuli Tavisuflebis monumenti
(wminda giorgis qandakeba) ganasaxierebda, romelic sazogadoebis
nawilisaTvis wmindanad aRiqmeboda, nawilisaTvis erTgvari kitCi iyo, Tumca
alegoriulad is uCvenebda, rom giorgobas (23 moembers, vardebis
revoluciis dRes, aseve 6 maiss aslan abaSiZis mier baTumis datovebis dRes
aseve giorgobas) saqarTvelom daamarcxa boroteba, warsulSi datova
rTuli periodi da axla gamarjvebebis da winsvlis dro iyo.
meore tendencia, romelic SeimCneva xelisuflebis politikaSi
istoriuli gmirebisadmi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebaa, xdeba erTgvari
„warsulis aRmoCena“, romelsac erik hobsbaumis Teoriis farglebSi Tuki
ganvixilavT miznad sazogadoebaSi rwmenis gaRviveba, misi konsolidacia
edo. Tuki gadavxedavT mexsierebis strategiebs es erTgvarad damfuZnebeli
mamebis Sesaxeb miTebis Seqmnas uaxlovdeba, ramdenadac am gmirebis
gaxsenebiT sazogadoebas mouTxrobdnen Tu rogor SeZlo saqarTvelom
gamoiara amdeni Znelbedobis Jami da gadarCeniliyo, amasTanave amave
gmirebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT aseve usaxaven awmyosa da momavlis
samoqmedo gegmas, Tu maSin gadavrCiT, axlac gadavrCebiT. iseve rogorc
dRes saqarTvelos aqvs uamravi problema, mteric arasodes gamolevia, „...am
qalaqs (Tbiliss) araerTi zesaxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli unaxavs, magram
isini saqarTveloSi modiodnen rogorc dampyroblebi sakuTar koloniaSi.
maTi aq mosvla ngrevis, sisxlisa da cremlis mizezi da Sedegi
iyo“ (saakaSvili m. 10 maisi, 2005) .
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dResac saqarTvelos araerTi gamowveva aqvs esenia teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgena, saxelmwifo aparatis gajansaReba da rac mTavaria
sazogadoebisaTvis rwmenis dabruneba, rom: „Cven istoriuli procesis
momswreni varT. unda gvesmordes, rom praqtikulad axali qarTuli
saxelmwifo iqmneba. Tavisi institutebiT, mentalitetiT, unar-CvevebiT,
gansakuTrebuli tradiciebiT...” (saakaSvili m. 3 maisi, 2005.) da am fonze
umniSvnelovanesia istoriuli gmirebis gaxseneba, romelTa umTavresi
damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom isini qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis
ibrZodnen (daviT aRmaSenebeli, vaxtang gorgasali da sxv). amasTanave
samSoblo ixsenebs da pativs scems maT da amis gamoxatuleba iyo
magaliTad, 1924 wlis ajanyebis gmiris qaquca ColoyaSvilis neStis
gadmosveneba 2005 wels, romelic saxalxo dResaswaulad iqca da romliTac
xazi gaesva im faqts, rom samSoblo ibrunebda gmirebs romelnic qveynis
ganTavisuflebis ideas Seewirnen. es iyo ertgvari komemoraciuli aqcia,
romliTac sazogadoebisTvis erTdroulad xdeboda daviwyebuli warsulis
moTxroba da amave dros Cveneba Tu rogori unda iyos sanimuSo qarTveli.
qaquca mniSvnelovania qarTul istoriul narativSi, ramdenadac misi
saxe qarTuli valutis kupiurazec aisaxa da saxelisuflebo diskurssic
araerTxel iqna gamoyenebuli, rogorc magaliTi winaaRmegobis moZraobisa,
romelic warumateblad dasrulda, magram datova anderZi, rac axalma
Taobam unda Seasrulos. (mogvianebiT mexsierebis strategiis cvlilebasTan
erTad qaqucas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa).
mexsierebis zemoTaRniSnuli strategiebi xelisuflebis saubarSi
xSirad Cndeboda da exeboda TiTqmis yvela Temas. maT Soris teritoriuli
konfliqtebis analizis drosac ki xazi esmeoda qarTul-afxazuri da
qarTul-osuri urTierTobis mravalsaukunian istorias, rodesac maTi
winaprebi “qarTvelebTan erTad ibrZodnen saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad
da dasacavad” (saakaSvili m. 10 ivlisi, 2005). saqarTvelo qarTvelebTan
erTad osebis da afxazebis saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac es faqti axsovda da
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maTac unda gaxsenebodaT. swored aRniSnuli ganwyobis gaRvivebisaken iyo
mimarTuli axali xelisuflebis politikuri kursi, romelic afxazebs da
osebs megobrobis xels uwvdida.
garda istoriuli gmirebis, rogorc simboloebis gamoyenebisa aseve
sainteresoa strategia, romelic ukavSirdeba Tanamedroveobis gmirebis,
rogorc sanimuSo qarTvelebis warmoCenas.
mxolod istoriul warsulze apelireba ar iyo sakmarisi
sazogadoebis konsolidaciisa da mentalitetis cvlilebisTvis, maT
sWirdebodaT magaliTebi Tanamedroveobidan, romelTac mibaZavdnen da
romelTa qcevac mowonebuli da dafasebuli iqneboda. amasTanave Cveni
drois gmirebis Cveneba iqneboda erTgvari progresis maCvenebeli, rom
sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis yinuli daiZra da saWiroa yvelani CaverToT am
procesebSi. „axali saqarTvelos namdvili gmirebi“ (saakaSvili m. 24
Tebervali, 2005), SesaZloa yofiliyvnen rogorc rigiTi adamianebi,
arakorumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi, mSoblebi, romelTac Svilebi
jarSi gauSves (saakaSvili m. 26 maisi, 2005), an aseve namdvili gmirebi,
romelTac saqarTvelos erTianobas Seswires Tavi, Sesabamisad saqarTvelos
yvela moqalaqe unda Cabmuliyo qveynis mSeneblobis saqmeSi, unda
gamxdariyo Cveni drois gmiri an moxalise, radganac „pirvelad, mas Semdeg,
rac daviTis, Tamaris, giorgi brwyinvalis dros saqarTvelos hyavda
moxaliseTa jari,“ (saakaSvili m. 29 seqtemberi, 2005) axla gaCnda
SesZlebloba saqarTvelom aRadginos istoriuli warsuli da isev hyavdes
msgavsi jari. aRniSnulis realizeba rezervistebis programis SemuSaveba
iyo, rodesac TiToeuli moqalaqes unda gaevlo samxedro wvrTnebi, SeeZina
garkveuli samxedro unarCvevebi raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamxdariyo
samSoblos rigiTi jariskaci. rogorc cnobilia eris mSeneblobis
procesSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba solidarobis grZnobis gaRvivebas
moqalaqeebs Soris, riTac „warmosaxviTi erTobis“ gancda aqtiurdeba da
Sesabamisad matulobs masebis mobilizaciis politikis zegavlena (Spainer-
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Halev J. 2008 p. 606). saakaSvilis mcdelobac swored erTobis, solidarobis
grZnobis gaRvivebas emsaxureboda, rac yvelaze metad aklda qveynis
mosaxleobas.
politikur diskursSi aseve gaCnda termini „pirvelad saqarTveloSi“,
rac kidev ufro aZlierebda ganwyobas, rom saxelmwifo axla dgeboda fexze
da iwyebda saxelmwiforbriobis mSeneblobas („pirvelad Tanamedrove
istoriaSi saqarTvelo namdvili saxelmwifo gaxda...).
Tumca gmiruli warsulis paralelurad diskursSi aseve Cndebian
personaJebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebriobas safrTxes uqmnidnen, romelTa
„razmelebi sofel-sofel dadiodnen da xalxs eubnebodnen: qarTvelebo, ar
gamoxvideT, mteri asjer Zlieria da is arafers dagviSavebs, - magram movida
mteri, romelmac miwasTan gaaswora, gadawva Tbilisi, namusi axada qveyanas
da qarTvelebis Ralatis gamo saqarTvelos damoukideblobas wertili
dausva“,(saakaSvili m. 11 seqtemberi, 2005) da romlebic gvaxsovdes,
gardamaval etapze saWiroa sifrTxile, radganac msgavsi precedentebi ar
gameordes. amasTanave safrTxis SegrZneba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 2005
wlisTvis, rodesac politikur arenaze gamoCnden adamianebi, romelnic
sabWoTa samxedro samsaxurebTan asocirdebodnen (igor giorgaZe) da
romelTac xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod daiwyes aqtiuroba, amas emateba
urTierTobis daZabva ruseTis federaciasTan. amis fonze mexsierebis
politika ufro metad gaaqtiurda da is saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis
politikis nawili gaxda.
§ 3.2 sagareo politika, rogorc mexsierebis politikis markeri
xelisuflebis winaSe arsebul ZiriTad gamoyvevaTa didi nawili
swored ruseTis faqtorTan iyo dakavSirebuli, kerZod qarTul-afxazur da
qarTul osur konfliqtebis gaRvivebaSi ruseTi iyo CarTuli, saqarTvelos
kidev erT-erTi umTavresi problema, mZime socialur ukonomikuri
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mdgomareoba iyo. am fonze saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqciis ZiriTad
bazars ruseTi warmoagenda. amas emateboda saqarTvelodan ruseTis
federaciaSi wasuli emigrantebis raodenoba, romlebic iqidan arCendnen
ojaxis wevrebs da Sesabamisad qveynis ekonomikasac aZlierebdnen.
energetikuli resursebis erT-erT umTavres momwodebelsac ruseTi
warmoadgenda da mTlianobaSi CamoTvlil faqtebs rusuli bazebis
saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofna emateboda 1 . yovelive zemoTTqmulidan
gamomdinare ruseTTan urTierTobis daregulireba da saerTo enis gamonaxva
saxelmwifo politikis erT erT umTavres mimarTulebas warmoadgenda.
Sesabamisad, saxelisuflebo diskursSi ruseTTan urTierTobis
gamocdilebis sakiTxis gaxmovaneba SeZlebisdagvarad neitraluri fomebiT
xdeboda. marTalia gverds ver uvlidnen im faqts, rom ruseTis politikur
elitaSi iyvnen politikosebi, romlebic saqarTvelosadmi
arakeTilganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen, magram aqcenti mainc sazogadoebis
progresuli nawilis arsebobaze keTdeboda, romelTac esmodaT Tu raoden
mniSvnelovani iyo mezobelTan mSvidobiani urTierToba.
pirveli sakiTxi, ramac rusul qarTuli urTierTobis daregulirebis
perspeqtiva gaaCina rusuli bazebis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gayvanis
SesaZlebloba iyo.
„saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaSi erT-erTi mtkivneuli
sakiTxis moxsniT, Cven SevZlebT bevrad ufro konstruqciuli
urTierTobis awyobas, SevZlebT davaaxlovoT poziciebi,
1 es bazebi sabWoTa kavSiris droidan imyofebodnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg isini ruseTis federaciis bazebad gadakeTdnen.
rogorc wina TavebSi avRniSneT prezidentma gamsaxurdian isini okupantTa jarad
gamoacxada, magram misi xelisulebidan CamoSorebis Semdeg maT okupantis statusi
moexsnaT da kvlavac saqarTvelos teritoriaze imyofebodnen.
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daviviwyoT warsuli wyena da momavalze orientirebuli, orive
xalxis interesebSi Semavali politika vawarmooT“ ( saakaSvili
m, 31 maisi 2005).
saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobda am pozitiur movlenaze
aqcentirebiT xazi gadaesva warsulis cud gamocdilebaze da momavali
SeZklebisdagvarad sufTa furclidan daewyo. es damokidebuleba
garkveulwilad uaxlovdeba strategias, romelic saSinao politikaSi
SevardnaZis periodis Sefasebisas gamoiyeneboda, im gansxvavebiT rom
xelisufleba marTalia orive SemTxvevaSi warsulisgan distancirebas
cdilobda, SevardnaZis moRvaweoba xazgasmiT negatiurad iyo Sefasebuli,
xolo mefis ruseTis da sabWoTa kavSiris Sefasebas an saerTod aridebdnen
Tavs Tu arada Sezlebisdagvarad neitraluri formiT xdeboda.
amave dros, prezident mixeil saakaSvilis mier araerTxel gaesva xazi,
rom aris sakiTxebi, romelzedac orive qveyanas SeuZlia TanamSromloba da
es upirveles yovlisa terorizmis sakiTxia, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosa da
ruseTis sasazRvro regonebSi. amasTanave saqarTvelos prezidenti mudmivad
yuradRebas amaxvilebda im faqtze, rom is megobrobis xels uwvdis ruseTs
da Tuki Seiqmneba pirobebi, rodesac ruseTi „...bolomde pativs scems
saqarTvelos mTlianobas, darwmunebuli var yvela mixvdeba, rom imperiuli
urTierTobebi aRarasodes aRorZindeba, Tumca damyardeba damoukidebeli,
Tavisufali, megobruli kavSiris, rasac erTad mivaRwevT“ ( saakaSvili m, 26
maisi 2005).
sabWoTa warsulis interpretacia da ruseTis roli konfliqtis
provocirebis sakiTxSi am dros nivelirebulia. sabWoeTis gaxsenebisas
aqcentebi mxolod mankier mentalitetze keTdeba sabWoTa nomeklaturis
gadmonaSTad saxeldeba eTnikuri qarTvelebis dominantoba saxelisuflebo
Tanamdebobebze saqarTveloSi (saakaSvili m. 10 ivlisi, 2005), TiTqmis yvela
sferoSi gavrcelebuli korufciuli garigebebi, maT Soris diplomebis
yidva an arasaxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da a.S. (saakaSvili m. 26 maisi, 2005).
81
ruseTTan urTierTierTobis daZabvis da Sesabamisad ziari warsulis
gansxvavebulad gadafasebis mcdelobebi 2005 wlidan Cndeba. erT- erTi
sawyisi wertili energokrizisi iyo, rodesac saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel
mosaxleobas energomatareblebze ganxorcielebuli diversiis Sedegad
eleqtroenergiisa da gazis mowodeba Seuwyda.
mocemul momentSi ruseTis xelisuflebis demokidebuleba aRniSnuli
diversiisadmi, amasTanave aseve rusi politikosebis mier araerTxel
gaJRerebuli muqara, rom saqarTvelo ruseTze damokidebuli iyo da
SesaZloa ruseTs gamoeyenebina aRniSnuli berketi Tavis sasargeblod,
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier Sefasda, rogorc arakolegialuri qceva
da „ruseTi, rogorc energiis momwodebeli arasaimedo da arasando
partniorad“ ( saakaSvili m, 22 ianvari 2006), iqna Sefasebuli, radganac
misi reaqcia aRniSnul diversiaze saqarTvelos prezidentis SefasebiT
aradamakmayofilebeli da bundovania. garda amisa, xazi gaesva, rom
mezobeli saxelmwifo isev cdilobs saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSi zegavlenis
SenarCunebas da amisTvis energoberketebs aqtiurad iyenebs (saakaSvili m, 19
ianvari 2006). Tumca, saqarTvelos xelisufleba jerac ar kargavs imeds, rom
SesaZlebelia urTierTobis SenarCuneba, amis berketebi jerac arsebobs.
Tumca diskursSi ukve gaCnda termini, mteri, romlis jinazec unda moxdes
sazogadoebis gaerTianeba da qveynis aSeneba.
energokrizisis safuZvelze dawyebuli imedgacruebis ganwyoba kidev
ufro gaamwvava ruseTidan qarTvelebis deportaciam da embargom romelic
qarTul produqcias dauweses. Sesabamisad, warsulis Sefaseba ufo
gamkacrda, magaliTad Tuki afxazeTis konfliqtSi gare Zalebis
CarTulobaze saubrisas saqarTvelos prezidenti 2004 wels aqcents
Crdilokavkasielebze akeTebda, 2005 wlis miwuruls ukve gaCnda termini
aneqsia, romelic afxazeTisa da samxreT-oseTis konfliqtebis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneba.
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amasTanave prezidentis gancxadebiT saqarTvelos am or anklavSi
xorcieldeba „... 30-iani wlebis suk-is ... ocnebis samyaro, sadac yovelgvari
principebis, kanonisa da kontrolis gareSe ZerJinskis, beriasa da
maTnairebis (minda maT ricxvs andropovic davamato, romelic dRes
gaidealebulia erT-erT did saxelmwifoSi) ocneba ...“ ( saakaSvili m, 18
Tebervali, 2006), ruseTis Sefasebisas diskursi neitraluridan
uaryofiTisken Seicvala da daiwyes Txroba ruseTis mier saqarTveloSi
Cadenili borotebebis Sesaxeb.
2006 welis TebervalSi prezidentma pativi miago 1921 wlis
TebervalSi daRupuli iunkreis xsovnas. da swored aq gaJRerda pirvelad
yvelaze mwvave Sefaseba sabWoTa mmarTvelobis, romelmac „saqarTvelo
gaaCanaga, gaanadgura da evropuli ganviTarebis gzas CamoaSora“( saakaSvili
m, 25 Tebervali, 2006),
amasTanave prezidentma xazi gaavlo, rom arseboben adamianebi
romlebic aRniSnaven 23 Tebervals wiTelarmielTa dRes da arian adamianebi
romlebic aRniSnaven gmiri iunkrebis dRes da swored aq gadis zRvari
saqarTvelos momaval ganviTarebas da stagnacias Soris. saqarTvelomac
unda gaakeTos arcevani Tu romel dRes aRniSnavs. am gamosvliT aqcenti
gakeTda ara mxolod simbolur arCevanze, aramed orientaciul arCevanze,
ruseTi Tu evropa.
amave dros gaivlo paraleli warsulsa da awmyos Soris, gaCnda
safrTxis axali wyaros aRqma da rogorc saqarTvelos damoukidebeli
respublikisTvis 1921 wels iyo sabWoTa ruseTi aseve dResac
saqarTvelosTvis umTavresi safrTxe swored CrdiloeTidan modis.
miuxedavad 85 wliani sxvaobisa meTodebic msgavsia. kerZod orjonikiZe
saqarTveloSi me-11 -e armias im sababiT SemouZRva, rom „borCalos
socialuri problemebiT Sewuxebuli proletariati ajanyda (Tumca,
rogorc Semdeg gairkva, im dros borCaloSi mxolod erTi proletari iyo)
da maT dasaxmareblad - qarTveli xalxis socialuri Cagvrisgan
83
gadasarCenad, Semovida me-11 armia, samwuxarod, qarTvelebis
meTaurobiT“ ( saakaSvili m. 25 Tebervali 2006), dRes igive problema dgas,
radganac saubari daiwyo qarTvelebis mZime mdgomareobaze, da SesaZlebelia
„axali orjonikiZis“ gamoCenac.
swored imitom, rom sazogadoebam gaigos, Tu rogori iyo uaxlesi
warsuli, unda gaixsnas ukupaciis muzeumi. aRmosavleT evropis
saxelmwifoebma swored ase moaxerxes iseTi koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmna
romelic ar dauSvebs „axali orjonikiZis gaCenas saqarTveloSi”.
prezidentis am gancxadebiT dafiqsirda, ara mxolod safrTxis axali wyaro,
aramed baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebis, rogorc warmatebuli magaliTis
gamoyenebis aucilebloba. aq ikveTeba ara mxolod koleqtiuri mexsierebis
konturebi, aramed is sagareo orientaciis legitimaciis mcdelobasac
warmoadgens.
ruseTis bazebis saqarTvelodan gayvana cxaddeba, rogorc winaparTa
anderZis Sesruleba, qaquca ColoyaSvilis ocneba:
„misi anderZi iyo, da dRes SesaZlebelia, rom mis suls da
gmiris STamomavlebs movaxseno: anderZis ara marto is nawili
Sesrulda, rom qaqucas neSti Tavisufali saqarTvelos miwas
daubruneboda, aramed isic, rom saqarTvelo ucxouri
SeiaraRebuli struqturebisgan gaTavisuflebuliyo“ ( saakaSvili
m, 20 noemberi, 2005).
partniori, romelsac aqvs megobrobis perspeqtiva da mteri es aris
ori definicia, romelic ruseTTan urTierTobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba
prezident mixeil saakaSvilis diskursSi. orive definiciis arCevani
ganpirobebulia politikis dRis wesrigiT, romelic mocemul etapze iyo
aqtualuri qveyanaSi. aseve ruseTisadmi damokidebuleba zegavlenas
axdenda sagareo partniorebisa da mtrebis Sefasebaze.
84
Crdilokavkasielebi, romlebic xelisuflebis pirvel etapze iyvnen
mtrebi mogvianebiT megobrebad gamocxaddnen, radganac saerTo faqtori,
romelsac SeZlo gaaerTianebina es ori mxare swored ruseTis danaSaulebi
iyo. mogvianebiT saqarTvelom cno Cerqezebis genocidi da Crdilokavkasiis
xalxebTan urTierTobaSi Sorsmimavali gegmebi dasaxa aqcents akeTebda ra
saerTo mterze, romlis winaaRmdeg erTiani ZalebiT gamosvla ufro metis
miRwevis saSualebas iZleoda.
85
Tavi IV. sabWoTa okupacia, rogorc mexsierebis „proeqti“
rogorc wina TavebSi aRiniSna vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi
2005 wlis dasasrulamde SesaZloa Sefasdes, rogorc istoriuli gmirebis
gamovlenis da gmiruli warsulis gaxsenebis periodi. aRniSnul politikas
safuZvlad Crdiloel mezoblebTan urTierTobis daregulirebis survili
edo da sabWoTa kavSiris Sefaseba, mxolod cudi sabWoTa mentalitetis
gaxsenebisas da mis Secvlis saWiroebaze saubrisas xdeboda. Tumca ruseTis
federaciasTan urTierTobis daZabvis Semdeg dadga mexsierebis strategiis
gadaxedvis da axlis SemuSavebis sakiTxi. gamoikveTa konturebi, Tu rogori
unda yofiliyo axali koleqtiuri mexsiereba. rogor unda
gadanawilebuliyo masSi rolebi. sul ufro xSirad xdeba xazgasma, rom
ruseTi arasando partnioria da saqarTvelos mier misTvis gawvdili
megobrebis xeli haerSi rCeba.
garda amisa erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneuli sakiTxi, rac xelisuflebis
winaSe dadga kolaboracionizmis safrTxe iyo. radganac saxelisuflebo
diskursis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoSi iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic ruseTTTan
kavSirSi iyven SemCneuli. garda amisa, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis ruseTis
federaciis teritoriidan deportacia da energokrizisi, qarTuli
produqtebis embargo ruseTis teritoriaze, es arasruli CamonaTvalia im
nusxisa, romelic qarTul, rusuli urTierToba negatiur prizmaSi
gadayavda. yovelive zemoTTqmulma saxelisuflebo diskurze hpova asaxva.
sworedac rom kolaboracionizmi da saqarTveloSi ruseTis
savaraudo dasayrdenis povnis SesaZlebloba iyo is safrTxe, ris gamoc
xelisuflebam axali koleqtiuri mexsierebis mSenebloba daiwyo.
Sesabamisad, es etapi gardamtexia 2003- 2012 wlebis mexsierebis politikis
TavalsazrisiT.
86
dadga periodi, rodesac TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli eris da
damfuZnebeli mamebis Ziebis strategia msxverplad Sewirulis koncefciiT
iqna Canacvlebuli. am ideis mxlod gaJRereba ar iyo sakmarisi, saWiro iyo
Sesabamisi mexsierebis adgilebis Seqmna, romelic mudmivad Seaxsenebda
sazogadoebas, rom is msxverplia da damnaSaves saxeli unda daerqvas.
okupaciis Temis aqtualizacia da misi sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebis
mcdeloba, imdenad aqtiuri iyo, rom mas SesaZlebelia
„hegemonuri“ narativic vuwodoT. sontagis (Sontag S. 2003) Tanaxmad
koleqtiuri mexsiereba ar moicavs mxolod damaxsovrebas is ufro metad
damaxsovrebuli faqtebis yofier gaTvaliswinebas ukavSirdeba, kerZod
„koleqtiuri mexsiereba es aris Txroba, Tu rogor moxda es movlena,
amasTanave am TxrobasTan axlavs suraTebi, romelic aRniSnul Txrobas
afiqsirebs gonebaSi“. swored okupaciis, rogorc suraTis Seqmnis procesi
warimarTa saqarTveloSi aRniSnul periodSi. radganac aRniSnuli Tematika,
marTalia sxadasxva intensivobiT figurirebda sazogadoebaSi, magram misi
Camoyalibebuli, erTiani aRqma ar arsebobda.
„okupaciis“, rogorc proeqtis Seqmna aseve ukavSirdeboda 1918-1921
wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xatis gacocxlebas.
aRniSnuli Tematika damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arc-erTi xelisuflebis
dros aqtiuri ar yofila. zviad gamsaxurdiam marTalia saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba swored 1918 wlis damoukideblobis aqtze dayrdnobiT
gamoacxada, magram, Tavad is periodi, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorc
resursi naklebad iyo gamoyenebuli. SesaZlebelia, es saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis social-demokratiuli
ideologiisadmi kuTvnilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. eduard SevardnaZis
mmarTvelobis drosac aRniSnuli periodi ar xvdeboda politikis dRis
wesrigSi, rac SesaZloa warsulis gamoyenebisadmi arc Tu ise
gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli (xoStaria g.
siRrmiseuli interviu. 10 oqtomberi, 2013).
87
vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, rogorc araerTxel avRniSneT, Seiqmna
gmirebis pleada, romlebic sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis
konstruirebaSi Rebulobdnen monawileobas, magram 1918-1921 wlebi am
SemTxvevaSic ar iyo aqtualuri. es Tematika revoluciidan daaxloebiT sami
wlis Semdeg gacocxlda, rodesac qveynis okupaciis koleqtiuri
mexsierebis nawilad aRqma gaxda aucilebeli.
2006 wels 25 Tebervals, saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dRes prezident
mixeil saakaSvilis mier kojor-tabaxmelaSi me-11-e armiis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi daRupuli iunkrebisaTvis pativis migeba am politikis erT erTi
pirveli nabiji iyo. amasTanave prezidentis mier warmoTqmuli sityva
amxelda, ruseTis politikas rogorc, arasandos, ramdenadac is mudmivad
cdilobda moeZebna qveyanaSi dasayrdeni Zala (dRes SesaZloa es giorgaZe
iyos, xval ki is sxva adamianiT Caanacvlon, m.saakaSvili) amasTanave
prezidenti okupacias ganixilavs, rogorc saqarTvelos xvedrs da
danakargs, rac man TiTqmis 70 wliani morCilebis dros gaiRo.
prezidentis mimarTvaSi aseve gamoCnda erTi mniSvnelovani detali,
rom saWiroa gamocdilebidan swavla, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia,
istora gameordes, kerZod 1921 wels orjonikiZe me-11-e armias mas Semdeg
SemouZRva, rac „...gamoacxades, rom borCalos socialuri problemebiT
Sewuxebuli proletariati ajanyda...“. prezidentis gancxadebiT es safrTxe
realuria, ramdenadac mavanni dResac saubroben saqarTvelos
„xsnis“ aucileblobaze da arc axali, Cveni drois „orjonikiZis„ povna
gaWirdeba (saakaSvili m. 25 Tebervali, 2006).
am dRis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ganacxadi iyo rom 26 maiss
gaixsneboda sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumi, roelic sazogadoebas gaacnobda
Seaxsenebda imperiis mmarTvelobis sisastikes saqarTveloSi.
am gancxadebiT saqarTveloSi daiwyo okupaciis, rogorc proeqtis
sazogadoebaSi popularizacia. Tuki sontagis Teorias mivubrundebiT
daiwyo im „suraTebis“ Seqmna, romelic okupaciis Sesaxeb mexsierebas
88
realuri cxovrebis nawilad aqcevda da yoveldRiurobaSi gamoxatavda. amis
erT-erTi magaliTi okupaciis muzeumi iyo.
§ 4.1 okupaciis muzeumi, rogorc mexsierebis adgili
muzeumisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdakavSireba mas Semdeg daiwyo,
rac eqsponatebi e.w. cabinets de curiosite’-dan romelic elitas ekuTvnoda iqcnen
institutad, romelic sazogadoebis farTo masebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili
(internet wyaro #37). es procesi daaxloebiT XVII-e saukunesi daiwyo,
magram gansakuTrebisT gafarTovda safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg, romlis
dekretis Tanaxmad „kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis floba adamianis
erT-erTi uflebaa“.
muzeumebis funqciurad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba atarebdes
mexsierebas ama Tu im movlenis Sesaxeb aRmoCenil iqna mogvianebiT. am
Tvisebam is politikas daukavSira, radganac mexsiereba identobis
makonstruirebel erT-erT umTavres faqtorad gamoiyeneba da Sesabamisad
muzeumi aRniSnuli procesis nawilad iqca. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
mieniWa muzeumebs, romlebic travmuli istoriis Sesaxeb inaxaven xsovnas.
nacisturma da komunisturma reJimebma daudes safuZveli msgavsi muzeumebis
formirebas. Sesabamisad holokostis da komunizmis muzeumebi, erT-erT
yvelaze gavrcelebul muzeums waermoadgens mTels msoflioSi.
holokostis muzeumebi erT-erTi upirevelesia, romelTac eris
travmuli warsulis Sesaxeb Seunaxes xsovna sazogadoebas. magram am
muzeumebis funqciuri datvirTva TavisTavad maT gaxsniaTanave ar momxdara.
magaliTad ierusalimSi iad vaSemis muzeumi droTa ganmavlobaSi
gaaqtiurda, mas Semdeg, rac israelsa da palestinas Soris daiZaba
urTierToba. aRniSnuli muzeumi sazogadoebisTvis gaxda niSnuli imisa ra
89
gamoiara meore msoflio omis dros da aseve axsenebda Tu ris dakargvis
safrTxes uqadda aRniSnuli omi. eris konstruirebis erT-erTi maCvenebelia
is faqti, rom meore msoflio omSi daRupuli pirebisTvis SeuZliaT
aRniSnul muzeumSi simboluri moqalaqeobis miniWeba, Tuki amas axlobeli
moiTxovs. holokostis muzeumebi gaxda erT-erTi gavleniani adgili,
romelic sazogadoebas axsenebs, Tu ra etapi gamoiara kacobriobam da misi
gamoerebisgan prevencias isaxavs miznad.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, araerTi muzeumi gaixsna da moewyo
eqspoziciebi, romelTa ZiriTadi mizani sabWoTa „memkvidreobis“ kidev
erTxel, gansxvavebuli saxiT danaxva da momavali TaobisTvis am codnis
gadacema iyo. xSir SemTxvevaSi, okupaciis muzeumis Seqmnas ara mxolod
warsulis damaxsovreba, aramed moZaladis misamarTiT bodiSis moxdisa da
finanuri kompensaciis miReba edo safuZvlad. aRmosavleT evropis
saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam okupaciis muzeumis saSualebiT Seecada
Seeqmna xsovna sabWoTa mmarTvelobis bneli mxareebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi, magaliTi swored, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisgan iyo
aRebuli da maTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT okupaciis koleqtiuri
mexsierebis nawilad qcevis mxardaWeras isaxavda miznad.
okupaciis muzeumis Seqmnis idea parlamentar nika ruruas ekuTvnis,
xolo proeqti uSaualod prezidentis administraciis kuratorobiT
ganxorcielda da janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSi ganTavsda.
okupaciis muzeumi aRwers ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacias 1921-1991
wlebSi. miuxedavad ganacxadisa muzeumis koncefcia ar iTvaliswinebs
okupaciis mTeli periodis Cvenebas, aramed gamoyofs calkeul momentebs,
romelic oficialuri diskursidanac ki Cans, rom sabWoTa kavSiris bunebis
maCvenebelia
muzeumis erT-erTi centraluri movlena 1924 wlis ajanyebaa,
romelsac qaquca ColoyaSvili xelmZRvanelobda. es is gmiria, romlis
saqarTveloSi Camosveneba 2005 wels erovnul dResaswaulad iqca da
90
winaaRmdegobis moZraobebis Cvenebisas, mudmivad masze xdeboda aqcentireba.
qaquca im gmirTagania, romelic saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi
aqtiurad iyo CarTuli da SesaZloa proeqt „okupaciis“ nawiladac ki
ganvixiloT.
metic, okupaciis muzeumis gaxsnisas prezidentma saakaSvilma
ganacxada, rom:
„...es muzeumi eZRvneba saqarTvelos did patriotebs qaquca
ColoyaSvils da mis Seficulebs. es muzeumi eZRvneba mraval
iatakqveSa organizaciebs, romlebic iqmneboda mTeli am
wlebis manZilze. es muzeumi eZRvneba qarTvel samRvdeloebas,
romlis saukeTeso nawilic TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda. es
muzeumi eZRvneba qarTvel oficrobas. es muzeumi eZRvneba Cems
did babuas nikuSa wereTels, romlis ojaxSic me gavizarde da
romelic mravali weli iyo cimbirSi, erT-erT
banakSi“ (saakaSvili m. 26 maisi, 2006).
amasTanave, okupaciis muzeumSi warsuli da awmyo kompleqsurad
urTierTdakavSirebulia. aRniSnulis maCvenebeli muzeumSi „vardebis
revoluciis“, rogorc Temis adgili iyo. miuxedavad imisa rom okupaciis
muzeumis narativSi Zalian mwiria masalebi an TiTqmis ar aris 1956 wlis
martis movlenebis, 1978 wlis Tebervlis dedaenis dacvisTvis gamosvlis an
80-iani wlebis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli pirebis monacemebis Sesaxeb,
filmi “vardebis revoluciis” Sesaxeb mudmivad acnobs vizitorebs
aRniSnuli movlenis saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnulis gamarTlebad okupaciis muzeumis erT-erTma avtorma,
irakli zautaSvilma ganacxada, rom 1021 wlidan 1991 wlamde saqarTvelos
okupaciis istoria imdenad mZime da damrTgunvelia, rom saWiro iyo
erTgvari optimisturi ganwyobis Semotana damTvaliereblebSi. „vardebis
revoluciis“ CarTva eqspoziciaSi swored am mizans emsaxureboda (internet
wyaro #6).
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es gancxadeba erTgvari gamoZaxilia prezident saakaSvilis mier ufro
adre gakeTebuli gancxadebis, rom saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan
ToTxmeti wlis Semdeg ganTavisuflda. “ToTxmeti wlis Semdeg, rodesac
Tavisufleba sabolood Cveni qveynis napirebsac moadga, qarTvelma xalxma
udidesi erTsulovneba da Rirseba gamoavlina” (saakaSvili m. 3 Tebervali
2006). amdenad okupaciis muzeumi iyo erTgvari xidi, romelic uCvenebda
warsulSi arsebul sirTulebebs, magram amave dros atarebda imeds rom
warsulSi arsebuli sirTuleebi gadalaxvadia da saWiroa arsebul
miRwevebs gavufrTxildeT. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos okupaciis
muzeumis xedva iad vaSemis (holokostis muzeumi israelSi) koncefcias
SeiZleba davukavSiroT.
garda amisa, mogvianebiT saqarTvelos ruseTis mier okupacia
iuridiul doneze gaformda, ramdenadac 2010 wels saqarTvelos
parlamentma miiRo dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmadac 25 Tebervali
oficialurad sabWoTa okupaciis dRed gamocxadda. parlamentis
dadgenilebiT mTavrobas daevala yovel 25 Tebervals moamzados sxvadasxva
RonisZiebebi am dRis aRsaniSnavad da aseve saqarTvelos mTels
teritoriaze dauSvan saxelmwifo droSebi glovis niSnad (saqarTvelos
parlamentis dadgenileba saqarTvelos sabWoTa okupaciis Sesaxeb
orSabaTi, 26 ivlisi 2010).
am dReebis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebuli aqcenti aRniSnuli dReebis
skolebSi aRniSvnaze keTdeboda, ramdenadac ganTlebis saministros
iniciativiT moswavleebi dayavdaT okupaciis muzeumSi, atarebdnen
sxvadasxva konkursebsa da leqcia/seminarebs. amasTanave aRniSnul kvireuls
Tavisi simbolo aqvs „sisxlisferi yayaCo“ romelic asocirdeba daRvril
sisxlTan,. samSoblosaTvis Tavis SewirvasTan.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia visaubroT, rom okupaciis
muzeumis saSualebiT oficialurad moaxdina distancireba sabWoTa
istoriis rusuli narativisgan, amasTanave aRniSnuli gza arCeuli iqna ori
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mizniT pirveli, okupacia xdeboda sazogadoebis mexsierebis nawili da
meore am gziT saqarTvelos uerTdeboda evropis im nawils, romelic ar
iziarebda ruseTis federaciis Rirebulebebs.
§4.2 media, rogorc sabWoTa okupaciis „proeqtis“ resursi
okupaciaze aqcentireba da saxelisuflebo diskursSi misi didi
doziT gamoyeneba sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstriurebisTvis
ar iyo sakmarisi. saWiro iyo damaxsovrebuli faqtebis aRqma, yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis nawilad qceva. swored amis magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT
teleproeqti „okupacia“, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxTa droebiTi komisis mier ganxorcielda da
Tanamedrove teqnologiuri saSualebebis dagansakuTrebiT mediis gamoyeneis
magaliTs warmoadgens.
aRniSnuliproeqti SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori mimarTulebiT:
1. sontagsis Teoriis Sesabamisad aucilebelia hegemonuri
„mexsierebis vizualizacia“, satelevizio filmi amis saukeTeso
saSualebas warmoadgens;
2. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia, rogorc meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi, aseve 2008 wels ar iyo gamonaklisi, mxolod
saqarTveloSi momxdari SemTxveva. arc kolaboracionistuli
moZraobis magaliTebi xdeboda mxolod saqarTveloSi. msgavsi
praqtika arsebobda aRmosavleT evropaSi. swored am aspeqtze
apelireba saqarTvelos miscemda saSualebas
a) qveynis SigniT ezruna koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebaze;
b) Caweriliyo saerTo evropul ojaxSi, romlebic aqtiurad
cdilobdnen warsulis gaazrebas da saqarTvelos okupacia
warmoedgina, rogorc sistemuri politikis nawili;
93
g) evropis winaaRmdegobis moZraobis da saxelmwifos mexsierebis
politikis warmatebuli magaliTebi warmoadgenda morig
arguments, Tu ratom unda yofiliyo saxelmwifo politika aseTi
radikaluri.
3. proeqti miznad isaxavda ekvlia ara mxolod nacisturi da
komunisturi danaSaulebebi saxelmwifoTa da erebis winaaRmdeg,
aramed okupantTa sias emateboda sabWoTa kavSiris
samarTalmemkvidre ruseTi. Sesabamisad termini „sammagi
okupacia“ miuTiTebda dapyrobiTi politikis memkvidreobiT bunebaze.
Sesabamisad am proeqts ara mxolod warsulis kvleva, aramed awmyos
da realobis Sefasebis funqcia ekisreboda. (saqarTvelos
parlamentis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxTa
droebiTi komisiis sxdomis oqmi # 85 8 agvisto, 2012)
proeqti ganxorcielda telekompania sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis
(“pirveli sainformacio kavkasiuri arxis _ `ПИК”-is) SemoqmedebiTi jgufis
mier. momzadda 17 dokumenturi filmi rusul da inglisur enebze. proeqtis
saboloo daniSnuleba iyo gakeTdes daskvna, rom komunizmi iseTive
danaSaulia kacobriobis winaSe , rogorc nacizmi.
filmebi agebuli iyo saerTo niSan Tvisebebze, romelic axasiaTebda
rusul (sabWoTa Tu postsabWoTa) okupacias. magaliTad :
iseve rogorc dRevandeli ruseTis xelisufleba acxadebs, rom
mas uyvars qarTveli xalxi, magram ar aRsdgeba urTierToba
amJamindel xelisuflebasTan, 1939-1940-ian wlebSi fineTis
misamarTiTac stalini ambobda, rom: mas uyvars fineli xalxi,
magram ar uyvars fineTis burJuaziuli xelisufleba“.
iseve rogorc fineTSi moxda samxedro moqmedebebis provocireba
da Semdeg meore mxaris dadanaSauleba omis dawyebaSi,
saqarTveloSic igive ganmeorda 1921 da 2008 wlebSi. meTodic
saerToa mowinaaRmdegeze araproporciuli samxedro Zalis
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gamoyeneba, qveynis teritoriis nawilis okupacia, sazRvrebis
gadaweva.
dokumentur filmebSi aseve paralelebi iyo gavlebuli faSisturi
germaniis mier 1938 wels Cexoslovakiis da, meore mxriv, ruseTis mier 2008
wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilis okupacias Soris. kerZod,
1938 wlis Cexoslovakiisa da 2008 wlis saqarTveloSi datrialebul
movlenebs saerToa ara mxolod okupaciisa da aneqsiis sababi (sakuTari
moqalaqeebis dacva), aramed am okupaciebis gamarTlebis ideologiuri
mxardaWerac, rasac naTlad adasturebs berlinSi 1938 wlis 5 oqtombers,
naxevradokupirebuli Cexoslovakiidan dabrunebuli faSisturi germaniis
kancleris a. hitlerisa da 2009 wlis 7 agvistos ruseTis mier okupirebul
cxinvalSi myofi ruseTis federaciis prezidentis d. medvedevis sajaro
gamosvlebis Sinaarsis msgavseba (saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxTa droebiTi komisiis sxdomis oqmi # 85 8
agvisto, 2012).
films laitmotivad gasdevda, rogorc sabWoTa ruseTma SeZlo
fineTisTvis waerTmia qveynis teritoriis 10%, maT Soris, strategiuli
mniSvnelobis teritoria, magram ver SeZlo fineli xalxis saboloo
damarcxeba da misi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis xelyofa. aseve ver
moxerxda dasaxuli miznis miRweva 2008 wels saqarTveloSi.
aRniSnul prizmaSi kavkasiis da gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiis
ganxilvis daniSnuleba hqonda komisiis meore proeqts „Cven kavkasielebi“, 12
dokumenturi filmisgan Semdgari serias, romelic miznad isaxavda
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis politikis Sedegebis gacnobas
sazogadoebisaTvis. is moicavda, rogorc carizmis periods aseve sabWoTa
kavSirsa da postsabWoTa ruseTis federaciis mier Cadenili danaSaulis
Sesaxeb.
Sesabamisad „okupaciis“ Sesaxeb saxelmwifo proeqti moicavda ara
mxolod qveynis msxverplad warmodgenis koncefcias, aramed masSi mTeli
95
regionis CarTvas cdilobda. amis erT-erTi magaliTi saqarTvelos mier
CerqezTa genocidis cnobis faqti iyo, rac Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc
saqarTvelos mier sabWoTa kavSiris Sefasebis, misi WeSmariti bunebis
gamovlenis da sazogadoebisaTvis wardgenis sakiTxi.
96
Tavi V. lustracia, rogorc manipulaciis iaraRi
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi
sabWoTa kavSiris saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis
lustraciis Tema iyo. 90-ian wlebidan moyolebuli yofili sabWoTa
saxelmwifoebis umrevlesobam am mimarTulebiT gansxvavebuli politikuri
kursi gaatara, rac rogorc qveynis Sida viTarebiT, aseve saerTaSoriso
mdgomareobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.
rogorc wina Tavidan Cans marTalia 90-ian wlebis dasawyisSi zviad
gamsaxurdias prezidentobis dros sabWoTa warsulis Sefasebis
mimarTulebiT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga, magram xelisuflebis
damxobis Semdeg da eduard SevardnaZis mier gatarebuli politika am
mimarTulebiT gansxvavebuli iyo da is ar agrZelebda wina kurss.
lustraciis da dekomunizaciis argatarebam da aRniSnuli sakiTxi Riad
datovebam mogianebiT gaaCina are am sakiTxiT manipulirebisaTvis.
„vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg xelisuflebaSi mosuli mTavrobis
lustraciis sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebis gaanalizebisas unda gamoiyos
ori ZiriTadi sakiTxi, esenia nakluli saarqivo masalebi, rogorc mizezi
Tu ratom ver moxdeba lustraciis procesi da aRniSnuli sakiTxis
usafrTxoebis formatSi gadayvana, rodesac konformistebi aRqmuli arian,
rogorc gavlenis aqtorebi, romelTac SeuZliaT sazogadoebas iseTive
ziani miayenon, rogorc es SesZlo sergo orjonikiZem meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi.
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§5.1 arasruli saarqivo monacemebis sakiTxi
lustraciis sakiTxis erT-erTi Semaferxebeli faqtori uSiSroebis
arqivebSi sabWoTa kavSiris saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis
arasruli monacemebis sakiTxi iyo, romelzedac apelirebiT 90-iani
wlebidan moyolebuli politikosebi cdilobdnen lustraciis kanonis
miRebidan Tavis aridebas.
aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebma arqivebis gasajaroeba jer kidev
90 ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave daiwyes, magram am
mimarTulebiT sanimuSo SemTxvevas germaniis magaliTi warmoadgens,
rodesac berlinis kedlis dangrevis Semdeg xalxma moaxerxa daecva Stazis
arqivebi, romelic mogvianebiT gansajarovda da sazogadoebas mieca
saSualeba enaxa yvela is informacia, maT Soris piradi saqmeebi romelsac
totalitaruli reJimi dros maT Sesaxeb flobda.
saqarTveloSi samwuxarod msgavsi precedenti ar momxdara da
arqivebis sakiTxi erT erT mougvarebel Temas warmoadgenda saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis pirvel etapidan moyolebuli1.
dResdReobiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi aerTianebs sami
uwyebis saarqivo fonds, esenia: Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, yofili
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis da komunisturi partiis centraluri
komitetis masalebi 2 . oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi
1 arqivis TanamSromlebi saubroben, rom mosaxleobam xanZris Semdeg daitaca piradi
saqmeebi, romelTa nawili qveynidan gaitanes, nawils ki dResac kerZo mflobelobaSi
inaxaven;
2 Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da uSiSroebis arqivebis gaerTianeba moxda 2005 wels
uSiSroebis saministros likvidaciis Semdeg. xolo 2007 wels mas daemata partiuli
arqivi
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arsebuli arqivi moicavs 1919 -1989 wlis masalebs, daaxloebiT 20 000
erTeuls. maT Soris aris uSiSroebis arqivis nawili (rac xanZars gadaurCa)
da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi, romelTa ZiriTadi nawili politikuri
niSniT aris aRZruli1.
saxelmwifo politikis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba aris e.w. arqivebis
gansajaroebis da sazogadoebisaTvis saarqivo masalebis gacnobis sakiTxi.
oficialuri monacebebiT saqarTvelos uSiSroebis arqivi Riaa
moqalaqeTaTvis garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa, romelic
kanonmdeblobiT aris daregulirebuli. rac kidev erT mniSvnelovan nabijs
warmoadgens komunizmis mecnieruli Seswavlis saqmeSi.
aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas 2007 wels win uZRoda prezident
mixeil saakaSvilis gancxadeba, rom mas araerTi saqme aqvs nanaxi iusticiis
ministrobis dros da es saqmeebi sazogadoebam aucileblad unda icodes.
Sesabamisad arqivebis gaxsna erT-erTi im gadawyvetilebaTagania, romelic
SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT, rogorc mexsierebis politikis Semadgeneli
nawili, romelsac sazogadoebis koneqtiur mexsierebaSi kidev erTi Srtixi
Seqonda.
magram arqivi gankuTvnilia akademiuri sazogadoebisaTvis da farto
masebSi iq daculi informaciis popularizacia TavisTavad ver moxdeba.
1 am kategoriis damnaSaveebs uyenebdnen sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Semdeg muxlebs: 58-
10 (agitacia an propaganda, romelic Seicavs sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobis mowodebas),
58-11 (yovelgvari organizebuli qmedoba, mimarTuli danaSaulis momzadebisa da
CatarebisaTvis). asamarTlebdnen aseve samSoblos Ralatis, jaSuSobis, teroristuli
aqtis, sazRvris ukanono gadakveTis, kontrabandis, ukanono savaluto operaciebis, yalbi
dokumentebis damzadebis, masobrivi areulobebis mowyobis, spekulaciis, kriminaluri
danaSaulisa da sxva braldebebis safuZvelze.
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swored am „xarvezis“ gamosworebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos
uSiSroebis arqivis mier gamocemuli specialuri gamoSvebaTa seria
„saarqivo moambe“, romelic sazogadoebas mouTxrobs sabWoTa mmarTvelobis
bneli mxareebis Sesaxeb.
sabWoTa mmarTvelobis konkretuli epizodebis gacocxleba da
istoriis aRdgena aris ZiriTadi devizi, romlis ganxorcielebasac
aRniSnuli perioduli organo cdilobs. amasTanave aRniSnuli proeqti
SesaZloa CaiTvalos popularuli istoriis Seqmnis mcdelobad, romelic
saarqivo masalebis sazogadoebaSi popularizacias eweva, ramdenadac
JurnalSi gamoyenebulia masalebi, romelic aRniSnul arqivebSia daculi,
amasTanave Jurnalis Tematikis speqtri imdenad farToa rom mkiTxvels
eZleva saSualeba gaiazros, Tu ra gardaxdaT Tavs represirebul qalebs,
patriarqebs, disidentebs, rogori iyo sabWoTa terori avtonomiur
respublikebSi da rogor aisaxeboda es teroris Semqmnelebis lavrenti
beriasa da ioseb stalinis mimoweraze.
Sesabamisad aRniSnuli proeqtri SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos koleqtiuri
mexsierebis maformirebeli erT-erTi iaraRi, romelic sazogadoebaSi sakmao
popularobiT sargeblobda da amasTanave sabWoTa okupaciis gansxvavebuli
rakusiT danaxvis saSualebas iZleoda.
§ 5.2 lustraciis kanonproeqtebi
xelisuflebis erT-erTi strategia warsulTan distancireba iyo,
magram erT-erTi dapireba riTac xelisuflebaSi movida, lustraciis
kanonis miReba da sabWoTa saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis
xelisuflebidan CamoSorebis piroba iyo. amasTanave am kaTarzisis pirobas
im imediT iZleoda, rom xelisuflebaSi modiodnen axalgazrdebi,
romelTac wesiT kavSiri maTTan ar unda hqonodaT.
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2003 wels winasaarCevno perioSi 15 arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa
gaerTianebam (erT-erTi iniciatori „Tavisuflebis instituti“ iyo) wamoayena
proeqti „aTi nabiji Tavisuflebisaken“. aRniSnul dokumentSi gaiwera, Tu
risi gakeTeba iyo saWiro, raTa momxdariyo „postkomunisturi saqarTvelos
ganaxleba“. koncefciaSi gawerili punqtebi kompleqsuri iyo da
iTvaliswinebda RirebulebaTa sistemis cvlilebas, sazogadoebis
transformacias, ganTavisuflebas sabWoTa mentalitetisagan.
dokumentis me-5 punqti exeboda lustraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis
aucileblobas da rac mTavaria mis realurad ganxorcielebas. „Suri ki ar
gvinda maTze viZioT, es xalxi imitom gvaSinebs, rom ar varT
darwmunebuli, rom Cveni qveynis interesebia warmodgenili. magaliTad,
parlamentars rom virCev, mainteresebs, avirCio parlamentari, romelmac
mTeli qveynis bedi unda gadawyvitos da uceb rom gairkves, uSiSroebaSi
viRac kapitani an leitenanti mas paikad xmarobs, es yvelam unda
icodes“ (internet wyaro #7). aRniSnuli ganaxleba saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis axal etaps, axal gamowvevebs da SesaZleblobebs
ukavSirdeboda.
xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdeg dapirebisamebr 2004 wels
lustraciis kanonis miRebis SesaZleblobaze saubari daiwyo, da droTa
ganmavlobaSi am sakiTxis ganxilvis intensivoba da interesi icvleboda,
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori iyo Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebi
politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebs Soris. magram faqtia erTsulovani
neba aRniSnuli kanonis miRebis jerac ar arsebobda.
17 Tebervals premier-ministrma zurab Jvaniam gaaxmovana idea, romlis
Tanaxmadac ministrTa axali kabineti mxars dauWerda lustraciis axal
kanons, romlis SemuSavebisTvisac zurab adeiSvils unda exelmZRvanela
(internet wyaro # 21), romelic iyo uSiSroebis ministris postze
kandidatad wardgenili.
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xolo uSualod ministris sazogadoebisTvis wardgenisas, prezidentma
mixeil saakaSvilma ganacxada, rom „axali qarTuli saxelmwifo aranairad
araa valdebuli sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli saqmeebi saidumlod Seinaxos.
arsebobs didi, istoriuli saqmeebi, romelTa gamomzeureba unda moxdes"
romlis Sesaxebac sazogadoebam unda gaigos da axal ministrs sajarod
daavala, rom meore dResve (!) gaexsna yofili sabWoTa suk-is arqivebi 1920-
1930 wlebidan moyolebuli da gamoeqveynebina sabWoTa specsamsaxuris
qarTveli agentebis sia (dilis gazeTi. 19 Tebervali, 2004)
prezidentis aRniSnuli gamosvla sazogadoebaSi ganxilul iqna,
rogorc yviTeli baraTi inteligencias da politikosebs, romlebic ar
iyvnen loialurad ganwyobilebi axali elitis mimarT. miTumetes
saakaSvilma aseve dasZina, rom iusticiis ministrobis dros mas aqvs nanaxi
aRniSnuli siebi da Sesabamisad icis, rom iq sakmaod pativsacemi adamianebi
arian moxseniebulni. am gancxadebiT Canda rom xelisuflebis yvela doneze
arsebobda mzadyofna rTa miRebuliyo aRniSnuli kanonproeqti, magram
miuxedavad amisa, msgavsi dokumenti ar momzadebula.
saakaSvilis es gancxadeba erTis mxriv warmoadgenda misi, lustraciis
kanonis miRebis Sesaxeb winasaarCevno dapirebis, Sesrulebis mcdelobas,
magram amave dros masSi SesaZlebelia politikuri gadawyvetilebis
niSnebis povna, ramdenadac inteligenciis da politikosebis nawili ar
TanaugrZnobda prezidentis mier ganxorcielebul reformebs, Sesabamisad
arqivebis gaxsnis dapireba iyo erTgvari sasjeli am araloialurobisTvis1.
1 masmediis saSualebebSi aRniSnul gancxadebas didi gamoxmaureba moyva, ramdenadac es
Tema kviris erT-erT umTavres siaxles warmoadgenda. mixeil saakaSvilis mier КГБ-s
arqivTa gamoqveyneba aris ukanaskneli lursmani, romelsac igi aWedebs „sabWoTa
qarTuli elitis“ kuboSi, riTac adasturebs, rom qveyanas axali generacia, axali
socialuri talRa epatroneba da mas surs yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvitos im Zvel
„sabWoTa elitasTan“, romlis uniaTobam yvelaferTan erTad, 1988-1993 wlebis sazareli
erovnuli tragedia ganapiroba. „dilis gazeTi“, 19 Tebervali, 2004 weli
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amasTanave, prezidentma daafiqsira, rom is ar iyo winaaRmdegi
lustraciis kanonis miRebis da Tundac kanoni ar momzadebuliyo, arqivebis
gansajaroebiT is aRniSnul process Seuwyobda xels.
uSualod lustraciis kanonproeqti momzadda erTi wlis Semdeg,
magram ara mTavrobam, aramed parlamentis opoziciuri fraqcia
„demokratiuli frontis“ mier. aRniSnuli proeqtis ganxilvas ori weli
dasWirda, Tumca am proeqts ganxilvisas cxare debatebi axlda Tan. TemiT
manipulireba ar dasrulebula, piriqiT ufro gamwvavda, miTumetes
horizontze gamoikveTa axali mtris saxe, romelsac Tavis
„orjonikiZeebi“ hyavda, rogorc qveynis SigniT aseve qveynis gareT.
lustraciis kanonis gamwvaveba droSi emTxveva aseve 2006 wlis
dasawyvisSi gaaqtiurebul ruseTis dedaqalaqs Sefarebuli yofili
uSiSroebis ministris, partia "samarTlianobis“ lideri igor giorgaZis,
gamosvlas, romelic ar faravda Tavis antipaTias, prezident saakaSvilis
mimarT da romelmac 28 noembers "izvestiasTan“ interviuSi ganacxada, rom
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis konsolidaciis gziT apirebs dRevandeli
"vardebis reJimis“ Secvlas da dasZena, rom amisTvis situacia „ukve
momwifda... 2006 weli - es saakaSvilis da misi gundis xelisuflebaSi yofnis
ukanaskneli welia“(internet wyaro #17). lustraciis kanonis amoqmedebis
SemTxvevaSi aucileblad Seexeboda giorgaZes da mis TanamebrZolebs da
aRniSnuli Temis gaaqtiureba maTi gafrTxilebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo.
kanonproeqti sabWoTa specsamsaxuris wevrebsa da partiul
TanamSromlebze Tanamdebobrivi SezRudvas iTvaliswinebda. amasTanave
kanonproeqtis ZiriTadi mxardamWerebi opoziciuri politikuri partiebis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romelTac erTgvari kvlevac ki Caatares Tu
rogori iyo yofilis sabWoTa blokis qveynebis gamocdileba am
mimarTulebiT (siRrmiseuli interviu l. berZeniSvilTan. 12 noemberi 2004).
103
"am kanonis upirvelesi movaleobaa, gawmindos xelisufleba ucxo qveynis
agentebisagan... dRes saqarTvelos dsT-Si yofna-ar yofnis da natoSi
gawevrianebis sakiTxi wydeba. anu dRes dadga dro, roca agentebi, romlebic
saqarTveloSi bevrni arian, qveynis winaaRmdeg unda gaaqtiurdnen", -
ganacxada „respublikelebis" erT-erTma liderma levan berZeniSvilma,
romelic am kanonproeqts mxars uWerda (internet wyaro #17).
berZeniSvilis gancxadebas gamoexmaura giga bokeria gamoexmaura, rom
xelisuflebis dRis wesrigSi lustraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba ar idga.
saboloo jamSi 2007 wels parlamentma 45 xmiT 37-is winaaRmdeg lustraciis
Sesaxeb kanoni Caagdo. sainteresoa, is faqti rom kanonproeqts mxari
aramxolod umravlesobis warmomadgenlebma, aramed Tavad iniciatori
fraqciis „demokratiuli frontis“ wevrebTa nawilmac ar dauWira
(siRrmiseuli interviu g. TorTlaZesTan. 19 noemberi 2014).
mizezad isev srulyofili saarqivo siebis ar arseboba dasaxelda,
ris gadaWris meqanizmsac aRniSnuli kanonproeqti ar iZleoda. (es (kanoni)
migviyvans iseT situaciamde, rodesac isini [yofili agentebi], romelTa
Sesaxebac informacia xelmisawvdomia [TbilisSi] gamovlindebian, xolo
isini, romelTa Sesaxebac informacia miuwvdomelia, ver gamovlindebian)
(internet wyaro #23).
sainteresoa is faqti, rom miuxedavad kanonproeqtis Cagdebisa
sazogadoebriv diskursSi kvlavac SenarCunda moTxovna miiRon lustraciis
kanoni, „radganac ruseTTan gamwvavebuli urTierTobis fonze Zalian
safrTxiloa ar gameordes ukrainuli scenari da Sesabamisad unda moxdes,
iseTi skanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba, rom moxerxdes ruseTis
specsamsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis gamovlena da Sesabamisad
mosalodneli provokaciebis prevencia da aRkveTa. giga bokerias
gancxadebiT opoziciis mier wamoyenebul kanonproeqtma imitom ver moipova
mxardaWera, rom is metad liberaluri, xasiaTis iyo.
104
Tavad xelisufleba Tavad gegmavda axali kanonproeqtis SemuSavebas
2008 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg romelic „‟ufro radikaluri“ xasiaTis iqneboda
(internet wyaro #18).
amave periodSi gamoqveynda „Tavisuflebis institutis“ koncefcia, Tu
rogori unda yofiliyo axali kanoni lustraciis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli
koncefciis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa periodis liderebisa da ideologebis garda,
lustracia aseve unda Sexeboda moqmed saxelmwifo maRalCinosnebs,
deputatebs, kandidatebs da politikuri partiebis xelmZRvanelebsac,
romlebsac piradi satelefono, safosto komunikacia hqondaT im
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan, romelTa „SeiaraRebuli Zalebi saqarTvelos
teritoriaze saxelmwifos nebis sawinaaRmdegod imyofebian da romelTa
mizania konstituciuri wyobilebis damxoba an ZaladobiT Secvla".
am CanarTiT lustraciis kanoni scildeboda lustraciis gagebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac is Sromis kodeqss ukavSirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi kanoni
Seexeboda ara mxolod warsulis danaSaulebs, aramed axlandelsac, rac
arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT isedac isjeba. am CanarTiT lustraciis kanoni
aseve ukavSirdeboda usafrTxoebis aRqmas razedac zemoT visaubreT.
"Tu romelime partiis lideri saqarTvelos neitralitetis Sesaxeb
daelaparakeba modest kolerovs, romelic aris ruseTis prezidentis,
putinis politteqnologi, is valdebulia, amis Sesaxeb ganacxados sajarod,
Tu rodis elaparaka da ra Temaze hqonda es komunikacia", - ganacxada
"Tavisuflebis institutis" warmomadgenelma akaki minaSvilma (internet
wyaro #19).
saboloo kanonproeqti, romelzedac moxerxda SeTanxmebis miRweva da
romelic ori wlis Semdeg damtkicda, parlaments gia TorTlaZem warudgina.
SemoTavazebuli modeli kanonis ganmartebiTi baraTis Tanaxmad efuZneba
CexeTis da litvis gamocdilebas. lustraciis kanoni, romelic miRebul
iqna „Tavisuflebis qartiis“ saxelwodebiT sam ZiriTad princips emyareba
esenia:
105
erovnuli usafrTxoebis gaZliereba,
ü saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis,
terorizmisa da qveynis uSiSroebis safuZvlebis xelyofis
aRkveTa;
üTanamedrove midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis normebis efeqtiani amoqmedeba;
üerovnuli usafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba;
sabWoTa da faSisturi ideologiis akrZalva;
üsabWoTa da faSisturi ideologiebis safuZvlebis gaRvivebis
winaaRmdeg prevenciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba;
üsabWoTa da faSisturi simbolikebis, sakulto nagebobebis,
Zeglebis, monumentebis, bareliefebis, warwerebis, quCebis,
moednebis, soflebisa da dabebis saxelwodebebis aRmofxvra;
Ønebismieri aRniSnul ideologiebTan asocirebuli simbolikis
akrZalva da specialuri komisiis Seqmna, romelic SeimuSavebs ucxo
qveynis specsamsaxurebTan saidumlo TanamSromlobaSi eWvmitanilTa
e.w. „Sav sias“ („Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011. saqarTvelos parlamenti.
muxli 1)
kanonproeqtis iniciatoris Tanaxmad saxelwodeba“Tavisufelbis
qartia“ iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom is gacilebiT meti iyo vidre
lustraciis kanoni. Tavisuflebis qartias unda gaenTavisuflebina
sazogadoeba terorizmis safrTxidan (teroristuli aqtebis seria
ganxorcielda im periodSi gorSi da mimdebare teritoriaze, maTi
gamoZiebisas xelisufleba rusul kvalze alaparakda), ideologiuri
zegavlenisgan da simboloebisgan, romelic sazogadoebas axsenebda da
SesaZloa, „aZlierebda kidevac“ ideologiur ganwyobebs (siRrmiseuli
interviu gia TorTlaZesTan. 12 noemberi, 2014).
lustraciis kanoni iyo kompromisis Sedegi. uSualod kanonproeqtSi
gawerili iyo lustraciis farglebSi gansaxilveli yofili Tabnamdebobis
106
gacilebiT vrceli nusxa, vidre es aris Tavisuflebis qartiaSi. aRniSnuli
siis Semcireba gia TorTlaZem im faqtiT axsna, rom imdroindeli
umravlesobis wevreba mimarTes fraqciis xelmZRvaneli ramdenime poziciis
amoRebis moTxovniT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wauyenes ultimatumi, rom
umravlesobas datovebdnen. „me varCie nawilobriv gasuliyo kanoni, vidre
mTlianad Cavardniliyo “(siRrmiseuli interviu gia TorTlaZesTan. 12
noemberi, 2014).
Tuki SevadarebT lustraciis Sesaxeb qarTul, Cexur da litvur
modelebs SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom:
kanonis Cexuri varianti ar iTvaliswinebs saidumlo samsaxurebTan
kavSirSi mxilebuli pirebisaTvis arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis dakavebis
akrZalvas, mas Semdeg rac isini sazogadoebas gaacnoben sakuTar statuss
am mimarTulebiT, rogoric aris magaliTad adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba
da parlamenti 1 , radganac kanonis Tanaxmad moqalaqem Tavad unda
gadawyvitos airCevs Tu ara msgavsi warsulis mqone pirs. xolo
„Tavisuflebis qartiis Tanaxmad“ mxilebul pirebs arcerTi arCeviTi
Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba ar eniWebaT („Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011.
saqarTvelos parlamenti. muxli 8, 9.).
CexeTis kanonmdeblobiT lustraciis kanoni ar vrceldeba pirebze,
romlebic daibadnen 1971 wlis 1 dekembris Semdeg, xolo qarTuli
kanonmdeblobiT msgavsi SezRudva ar arsebobs, metic es exeba yvelas 1921
wlis 25 Tebervlidan 1991 wlis 9 aprilamde iyvnen dakavSirebuli saidumlo
samsaxurebTan, aqve aris saintereso Canaweri, rom aRniSnuli kanoni
1 miuxedavad amisa 1994 wels 80 aTasamde pirma moisurva gaevlo lustraciis procedura
raTa miscemodaT kenWisyris SesaZlebloba miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebloba amas ar
moiTxovda, rac SeiZleba avxsnaT im paqtiT, rom lustraciis warmatebiT gavla
legitimurobis da warmatebis Sansebs zrdida. ( ix. Williams K. C)
107
gavrceldeba im adamianebzec, romelTac 1991 wlis 9 aprilidan aqvT raime
kavSiri ucxo qveynis specsamsaxurebTan, an uari ganacxades saqarTvelos
spec-samsaxurebTan saidumlo TanamSromelobaze da a.S. (iqve).1
aseve sainteresoa is faqti, rom CexeTis respublikaSi Tanamdebobis
dakavebis akrZalva exebaT pirebs, romlebic uSiSroebis skolebSi
swavlobdnen 3 Tveze meti vadiT, qarTul versia ki msgavs regulacias ar
iTvaliswinebs. eqspertTa azriT am SemTxvevaSi dokumentis morgeba moxda
saqarTvelos konkretul Tanamdebobis pirebze da amiT dokumentis
politikur xasiaTs usvamen xazs (doliZe a. 2010)
1 .a) uari ganacxades damoukidebeli saqarTvelos specialur samsaxurebTan saidumlo
TanamSromlobaze;
a.b) saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, garicxul iqnen saidumlo
TanamSromelTa aparatidan;
a.g) daudgeneli mizezebis gamo gawyvites kavSiri damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
specialur samsaxurebTan;
b) yofili ssrk-is saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis oficrebi, romlebmac
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRidan (1991 wlis 9 aprilidan) uari
ganacxades damoukidebeli saqarTvelos specialur samsaxurebSi muSaobis
gagrZelebaze an romelTac, saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, uari
eTqvaT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos specialur samsaxurebSi muSaobis gagrZelebaze;
g) yofili ssrk-is da saqarTvelos ssr-is komunisturi partiis centraluri
komitetebis wevrebi, raionuli da saqalaqo komitetebis mdivnebi;
d) yofili ssrk-is da saqarTvelos ssr-is axalgazrduli leninuri komunisturi
kavSiris centraluri komitetebis biuroebis wevrebi;
e) saqarTvelos teleradiomauwyeblobis saxelmwifo komitetis Tavmjdomare.
(„Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011.)
108
rac Seexeba litvis kanonTan msgavsebas, litvis lustraciis kanonSi
saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebulma pirebma Tavad unda aRiaron amis
Sesaxeb, rasac qarTuli versiac iTvaliswinebs („Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011.).
litvur variantSi SezRudvis vadad dawesebulia 10 weli, rasac
saqarTvelos kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs da rac mTavaria Tu litvaSi sabWoTa
kavSiris saidumlo samsaxuri kriminalur organizaciad gamocxadda, msgavsi
faqti saqarveloSi ar momxdara.
„Tavisuflebis qartiis“ ganmartebiT baraTSi ar aris dasabuTebuli,
Tu ratom gakeTda arCevani lustraciis Cexur da litvur gamocdilebaze,
romlebic simkacris TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan radikalurad
gansxvavdebian da ra principiT moxda punqtebis SeCeva evropuli
gamocdilebidan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoni jer-jerobiT ar amoqmedebula,
sazogadoebaSi man araerTgvarovani Sefaseba gamoiwvia 1 . erT-erTi sakiTxi
exeboda komisiis Camoyalibebis sakiTxs, romelic Sedis Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros kompetenciaSi da amave dros arqivebic amave saministros
daqvemdebarebaSia. aseve komisiis farTo uflebamosileba, saxelmwifo
saidumloebasTan daSvebis pirveli forma (gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba) da
misi uflebamosileba ramdenad aris safrTxis Semcveli da SesaZloa gaxdes
politikuri manipulaciebis saSualeba2. garda amisa, unda aikrZalos Tu ara
1 2013 wlis 25 dekembris cvlilebiT kanoni ufro metad moqnili gaxda, kerZod Tu
Zveli redaqciiT komisias unda Seeswavla simboloebis racionalurobis sakiTxi da
gadaeca Sesabamisi organosaTvis, amjerad TviTon Rebulobs gadawyvetilebas misi
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. amasTanave komisias mieca rekomendaciis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi
pirTa gafrTxilebis da SemdegSi 1000 lariani dajarimebis ufleba. (IDFI, 4 Tebervali
2014)
2 agrovebs monacemebs da awarmoebs im pirTa reestrs, romlebic saidumlod
TanamSromlobdnen yofili ssrk-is specialur samsaxurebTan an romelTa Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT miRebuli monacemebi miuTiTebs maT
109
simbolikebi, romelic ganTavsebulia magaliTad, komerciul
dawesebulebebze (KGB bari) da a.S.
miuxedavad kanonis miRebisa Tavad am kanons jerjerobiT ar umoqmedia.
erT-erTi Sedegi rac gamoiwvia es saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
Senobidan sabWoTa droidan SemorCenili xuTqimiani varskvlavis moSoreba
iyo.
Tuki SevajamebT lustraciis kanonis misaRebad gaRebul Zalisxmevas
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela mTavrobis warmomadgeneli cdilobda, raime
formiT moeZebna gamosavali da Seesrulebina gacemuli dapireba
lustraciis procesis gatarebisa da yofili agentebis gamoaSkaravebis
Sesaxeb. rogorc wesi aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaaqtiurebas win uZRoda
konkretuli politikuri movlena, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sabWoTa
kavSiris nomeklaturis warmomadgenelTa gaaqtiurebasTan. Sesabamisad
sakiTxis win wamoweva xdeboda ara mxolod sazogadoebis interesebis
Sesabamisad, aramed imisda mixedviT rogori iyo politikuri dRiswesrigis
gamowvevebi
farul kavSirze yofili ssrk-is specialur samsaxurebTan. komisia aseve agrovebs
informacias sabWoTa da faSisturi simbolikebis administraciuli organoebis mier,
agreTve saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakuTrebaze gamoyenebis
Taobaze, aseve sakulto nagebobebis, Zeglebis, monumentebis, bareliefebis, warwerebis
Sesaxeb, quCebis, moednebis, soflebisa da dabebis saxelwodebebis, agreTve masobrivi
TavSeyris sxva adgilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seicavs sabWoTa da faSisturi
ideologiebis da propagandis elementebs Tu am ideologiebis liderTa saxelebs.
„Tavisuflebis qartia“. (2011). saqarTvelos parlamenti. muxli 7.3
110
Tavi VI
stalinis sakiTxi politikur diskursSi
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ruseTis mier okupaciis
Temis win wamowevasa da axali koleqtiuri mexsierebis Camoyalibebis
mcdelobis paralelurad gaaqtiurda stalinis fenomenis Sefasebis sakiTxi.
rogorc wina TavebSi ganvixileT ioseb stalinis mimarT saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva Taobis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs gansxvavebuli
damokidebuleba qondaT. Tu zviad gamsaxurdia mkveTrad negatiurad
afasebda beladis memkvidreobas, eduard SevardnaZis aRqma gacilebiT
pozitiuri iyo, rac man Tavis gamosvlebSi araerTxel gamoxata. kvlevebi Tu
rogori iyo stalinis aRqma sazogadoebaSi am periodSi ar Catarebula,
Tumca Sexeduleba, rom stalini iyo meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis
Semoqmedi sazogadoebaSi dominantobda da rac yoveldRiurobaSic ki iyo
SesamCnevi .
vardebis revoluciis mTavrobis damokidebuleba stalinis
sakiTxisadmi araTanmimdevrulia da msgavsad mexsierebis sxva sakvanZo
sakiTxebisa damokidebuleba politikis dRis wesrigis Sesabamisad icvleba.
Tavdapirvelad, stalinis da saakaSvilis saerTo dabadebis dRe (21
dekemberi) sazogadoebaSi garkveulwilad stalinis rkinis xelTan
asocirdeboda, da mesianizmis ideas kidev ufro amZafrebda. Tavad
xelisuflebac ar clilobda am sakiTxis win wamowevas, Tumca stalini,
rogorc beladi saqarTvelos gmirTa pleadaSi, romelTac qveynis
mSeneblobis procesSi iyenebdnen ar iricxeboda. xelisuflebis strategias
SesaZlebelia erTgvarad siCumis strategia vuwodoT, romelsac ar surs
gaaqtiuros sazogadoebaSi misi xsovna, Tumca arc daviwyebisTvis emeteba.
111
§ 6.1 sabWoTa monumenturi Zeglebi
Tavsapirvelad, xelisuflebis da gansakuTrebiT prezident
saakaSvilis Sefaseba stalinTan mimarTebaSi TavSekavebuli iyo da misi,
rogorc sabWoTa sistemis nawilis aRqma ar xdeboda, magram ruseTTan
urTierTobis daZabvasTan erTad dRis wesrigSi dgeba stalinis, rogorc
sabWoTa diqtatoris gadafasebis sakiTxi. Sesabamisas misi saxeli
politikur diskursSi gamoCnda. oRond am gamoCenas negatiuri datvirTva
qonda da sabWoTa kavSiris represiebis avtorad aRiqmeboda. amasTan
SeimCneva beladis gansxvavebuli aRqmisa da am ideis gavrcelebisadmi
negatiuri damokidebuleba. magaliTad, 2007 wlis TebervalSi telekompania
rusTavi 2 is eTerSi daiwyo serial „stalini LIVE”-is Cveneba, romelSic
naCvenebi iyo ioseb stalinis cxovrebis ukanaskneli Tve, romelSiac beladi
ixsenebs ganvlil gzas da bolos sakuTari qmedebebis monaniebas cdilobs.
telekompaniis generaluri direqtori aRniSnuli serialis reklamirebisas
acxadebda, rom ”es filmi mayurebels saSualebas aZlevs gaigos, raze
fiqrobda stalini, vin sZulda da vin uyvarda; aseve gaigos iyo Tu ara
stalini marTla aseTi cudi rogorc Cven amdeni wlebi TavSi gviWedavdnen
da Turme es yvelaferi ase ar yofila” (internet wyaro # 19).
aRniSnulma gancxadebam, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis mkacri
kritika gamoiwvia. mas samarcxvino da skandaluri Sefaseba uwodes,
radganac sisxliani tiranis miTis Zlieri qarTveli politkosiT
Canacvlebis mcdelobis gansxvavebulad Sefaseba ver moxdeboda. arxis
sapasuxo gancxadebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi jer kidev iyvnen didi
raodenobiT adamianebi, romeliTaTvis ioseb stalinis saxeli mniSvnelovani
iyo, da Sesabamisad produqcia swored maTze iyo gaTvlili.
112
stalinis Sefasebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebulad mwvave 2008 wlis ruseT
saqarTvelos omis Semdeg gaxda da daukavSirda omisgan yvelaze metad
dazaralebuli qalaqis - goris moedanze stalinis monumentis arsebobis
marTebulobis sakiTxis.
saxelisuflebo wreebSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qalaqSi,
romelic omis dros permanentulad da daundoblad ibombeboda rusi
agresorebis mier, ar SeiZleboda mdgariyo sabWoTa beladis qandakeba,
romelsac didi wvlili miuZRoda bolSevikebis mier demokratiuli
saqarTvelos aneqsiaSi da im mZime mdgomarebaSi raSic dResdReobiT qveyana
imyofeboda. amasTanave, sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis
federacia, romelic Tavismxriv cdilobda aRedgina stalinisdroindeli
imperia, kvlavac agrZelebda saqarTvelos okupacias da romelmac
saqarTvelos teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawilis mitacebasTan erTad
aTaseulobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
goris centralur moedanze mdgari Zegli aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda
saxelmwifos oficialur politikas, romelic warsulis Sefasebas da
sazogadoebaSi sabWoTa mentalitetis damsxvrevas iTvaliswinebda.
prezident mixeil saakaSvilis gancxadebiT XXI saukuneSi, rodesac
saqarTvelos aqvs Tavisi damoukidebeli istoria, am qveyanaSi ar SeiZleba
arsebobdes okupaciis muzeumi da okupantTa Zeglebi. radganac safuZvelSive
ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos, rogorc Tavisufali qveynis mentalitets da
saxelmwifoebriv prioritetebs (saakaSvili m. 3 oqtomberi 2008).
aRniSnuli Zeglis qalaqis centridan gadatanis idea 2008 wels
mTavrobis sxdomaze gacxadda, rodesac vice premierma giorgi baramiZem
xazi gausva, rom mudmivad TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli ers ar SeiZleba
Tavisuflebis simbolod okupantis Zegli hqondes, mxolod im argumentze
dayrdnobiT, rom is saqarTveloSi daibada.
113
oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad goris centralur moedanze Zeglis
arseboba „axirebuli da gaugebari daudevroba iyo“ (internet wyaro #10),
romelic saxelmwifos idiotur mdgomareobaSi ayenebda (gia nodia).
aRniSnul iniciativas mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi miesalmnen, magram
sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli reaqcia gamoiwvia. kerZod, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da politikosTa warmoadgenlebi or banakad daiyvnen. nawili
mxars uWerda Zeglis aRebas, meore nawili ki aprotestebda. orive mxare
xazs usvamda, rom aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas politikuri sarCuli hqonda,
rasac Zeglis gadatanis momxreebi dadebiT, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi
uaryofiT mxared miiCnevdnen.
Zeglis gadatanis momxreTa ZiriTadi argumentaciis Tanaxmad stalini
meoce saukunis umTavres borotebaTa sias liderobda. misi mmarTvelobis
peiodSi sabWoTa kavSirma imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myof erebs da maT Soris
stalinis mSobliur qarTvelebsac, mouwyo genocidi. xolo misi personJis
dadebiTi Sefaseba ufro metad miTologiis Temas ganekuTvneba, romelsac
sworedac rom qarTuli warmomavloba kvebavs da realobasTan saerTo
araferi aqvs. qarTvelTa gulubyvilobis kidev erTi gamoxatuleba iyo is
faqti, rom beladis gardacvalebis Semdegac ki 1959 wels misi saxelis
dacvas araerTi qarTveli Seewira. amitomac, droa istoriis Sefasebis da
stalinisTvis patriotis fasaduri saxis Camoxsnis. mis mier gatarebuli
politika iyo ara saqarTvelos aramed ruseTis interesebSi da sworedac
rom imperias emsaxureboda.
radganac, oficaluri diskursis Tanaxmad ruseTi aris mteri,
romelic 200 wlis manZilze ganuwyvetliv gvesxmis Tavs. ar SeiZleba mtris
monumenti qalaqis mTavar moedanze idges (24 saaTi. 29 seqtemberi, 2008. gv.
10). amasTanave, Zeglis gadatanis mowinaaRmdegeebs stalinis
sadRegrZeloebis ZaxilSi amxeldnen da beladis, rogorc ze-kompensaciis
saSualebad aRqmaSi sdebdnen brals. (koncefcia: marTalia ruseTma Cven
114
dagvipyro, magram stalinis saSualebiT Cven ruseti davipyariT) (zedania g.
baqraZe l. 2009).
aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba, saxelmwifos mxridan emsaxureboda
xazgasmas, rom is agrZelebda brZolas imperiis winaaRmdeg da ar dauSvebda
mtkivneuli istoriis ganmeorebas. es gadawyvetileba gulisxmobda, rogorc
protests ruseTis imperiuli politikis winaaRmdeg, aseve sazogadoebaSi
aRviZebda eris koleqtiur mexsierebaSi winaaRmdegobis moZraobas, romelic
aTwleulebis ganmalobSi warumatebeli iyo, magram amJamad miznisTvis unda
mieRwia. ideis momxreTa erT-erTi argumentis Tanaxmad, Zeglis arseboba
qalaqis centrSi, aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos da misi
xelisuflebis mier evropuli faseulobebis gaziarebis sakiTxs, ramdenadac
aRniSnuli Zegli mianiSnebda, rom beladis mexsiereba qveyanaSi jerac
cocxali iyo, (amis argumentad moyavdaT, rom evropelebma SeZles
totalitaruli warsulis gadalaxva, ruseTma ki vera. es erT erT evropul
faseulobad aRiqmeboda) Sesabamisad, cocxlobda diadi sabWoeTis
nostalgia da Sansi, rom forsmaJorul situaciaSi mteri konformistulad
ganwyobili adamianebis povnas moaxerxebda.
amasTanave, sabWoTa monumentebis qveyanaSi arseboba xelisuflebas
kidev erTxel axsenebda, rom miuxedavad wamatebul reformebze apeliebisa,
is mainc postsabWoTa saxelmwifo iyo, romelic jer kidev ver gamijvnoda
ruseTs, miuxedavad misi mxridan araerTjeradad Tavdasxmisa.
sazogadoebaSic ki, stalinis Zeglis gadatana ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul qmedebad da erTgvar revanSad aRiqmeboda, ramdenadac
xelisufleba cdilobda istoriis gadaweras da axali versiis Seqmnas,
politikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT.
stalinis Zeglis gadatanis mowinaaRmdegeTa ZiriTadi argumenti,
swored im principze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom xelisufleba miznad ara
totalitaruli warsulis Sefasebas da stalinizmis, rogorc fenomenis
Seswavlas isaxavda miznad, aramad mimdinare politikis dRis wesrigze iyo
115
morgebuli da ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg svlas warmoadgenda. stalinis,
rogorc beladisadmi arsebuli dadebiTi ganwyobis ganeitraleba Zeglis
„CamokvercxlbekebiT“ ver moxdeboda. mentalobis Sescvlelad saWiro iyo
sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc sistemis mecnieruli kvleva, sazogadoebis
cnobierebis amaRleba da mxolod am gziT moxerxdeboda sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli miTebis gadafaseba.
sistemis demontaJi ara Zeglebis moSorebiT, aramed Cvens TavebSi, es
iyo maTi ZiriTadi devizi. warsulis srulad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa
Zeglebi ar warmoadgenda safrTxes arc xelisuflebisTvis da Sesabamisad,
arc sazogadoebisaTvis. mas mxolod turistuli mniSvneloba eqneboda,
rogoric es aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam warmatebiT
ganaxorciela.
aRniSnul sakiTxSi politikis Carevis kidev erT magaliTs
warmoadgenda xelisuflebis mcdeloba nebismieri xerxis gamoyenebiT
moeSorebina Zegli goris moednidan. 2010 wels Sinagan saqmeTa ministri vano
merabiSvili Jurnal „komersantTan“ interviuSi, sadac is rusul-qarTul
urTierTobebze saubriss Seexo stalinis Zeglis gadatanis Tematikas,
aRniSna, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi mimdinareobda molaparakebebi qarTul da
rusul mxarebs Soris stalinis Zeglis rusebis mier afeTqebasTan
dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, am molaparakebebSi qarTul mxares Tavdacvis da
uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare givi TargamaZe warmoadgenda, romelic
rus jariskacebs sTavazobda 50 000 dolars Zeglis afeTqebis sanacvlod,
Tumca rusulma mxareb am garigebaze uari ganacxada. Sinagan saqmeTa
ministris gancxadebiT rusulma mxarem aRniSnuli SemoTavazeba
Seuracyofadac ki miiRes. es im fonze, rodesac „sxva yvelafrisTvis rusebi
fuls aRiebdnen, magram amisTvis ara“ (internet wyaro #25), rac misi TqmiT
116
kidev erTxel uCvenebs, Tu ramxela sxvaobaa Cvensa da ruseTis federaciis
mentalobas Soris1.
Tuki SevafasebT xelisuflebis am ganzraxvas SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT,
rom mTavroba Seecada Tavad ruseTis xeliT gaekeTebinaT maTvis
mniSvnelovani saqme, maTve xeliT moeSorebinaT stalinis Zegli
saqarTvelosTvis. rasac ori mniSvnelovani Sededegi SeiZleboda hqonda:
pirveli, ruseTis, rogorc mtris xats ufro ganamtkicebda,
radganac maT ar daindes TviT stalinic ki, romelmac maT
imperia Seuqmna;
meore, xelisufleba am sakiTxs eqsesebis gareSe moagvarebda,
radganac rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda Zeglis moSorebis
sakiTxma sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki goris raionis
macxovreblebSi didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia.
1 ministr merabiSilis gancxadebis Semdeg saministros pressamsaxurma ganmarta, rom
marTalia gamoqveynebuli interviu realurad asaxavda ministris mier miwodebul
informacias, magram Temebidan, romelic exeboda saqarTvelos interesebs CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi da saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebs konteqstidan iyo amoglejili.
amasTanave pres-samsaxuris ganmarteba ar Sexebia stalinis Zeglis Sesaxeb informacias,
rac SesaZloa misi realurobis adasturebdes.
mogvianebiT, vano merabiSvilma gazeT „24 saaTisTvis“ micemul interviuSi ganacxada, rom
am Temaze xumrobiT saubrobdnen da es cnobili istoriaa, „...rodesac givi TargamaZe
tyveebis gaTavisuflebis Taobaze okupantebTan molaparakebas awarmoebda, uTxra,
samoqalaqo infrastruqturas nu daangrevT, Tu gindaT fuls mogcemT da stalinis
Zegli aafeTqeTo, - aseT konteqstSi iyo naTqvami. TviTon rusi oficrebi ambobdnen,
rogor akadreT es stalins, stalini Cveni idealiao... am ganwyobaze iyo iq saubari -
Cvens miwaze SemoWrili rusi oficrebi da rusuli armia dRes stalinis mimdevrebi,
stalinistebi arian. swored amis Tqma mindoda” merabiSvili ”komersantSi” gamoqveynebul
intervius ganmartavs (sivil jorjia, 10 aprili.'2010)
117
gorSi stalinis Zeglis demontaJis sakiTxi gavrcelda saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva qalaqSi arsebuli Zeglebis saWiroebis sakiTxsac da stalinis
monumentebis saqarTveloSi arsebobis legitimurobis sakiTxis erTian
konteqstSi ganxilva daiwyo. ramac aRniSnul Tematikac goris gfaqtori
Camoacila da ufro metad sistemuri gaxada.
Zeglebis demontaJis procesi goridan dawyo, Zegli RamiT winaswari
gafrTxilebis gareSe goris centridan malulad gadaitanes. analogiurad
warimarTa Zeglebis gadatanis procesi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebSi,
kerZod, tyibulSi, quTaisSi, axmetasa da TelavSi. Tumca, Zeglebis aRebas
miuxedavad RamiT Catarebuli operaciisa eqsesebis gareSe mainc ar Cauvlia.
adgilobrivi telekompania „TrialeTis“ Jurnalistebs ar misces demontaJis
procesis gadaRebis saSualeba, metic Jurnalistebs Seuracyofa miayenes da
kamera waarTves. (mogvianebiT policielebma kamera daaabrunes, magram
JurnalisTebis gancxadebiT gadaRebuli kadrebi waSlili iyo).
saqarTvelos mosaxleobam stalinis „Camokvercxlbekebis„ procesi
policielebis mier gadaRebuli kadrebis saSualebiT naxa, saidanac Canda
Tu rogori ovaciebiT xvdeboda adgilze Sekrebili adamianebis jgufi
Zeglis Camogdebas. oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad mozeime xalxi
gamoxatavda sabWoTa mentalitetTan damSvidobebas da rom, es procesi ara
mxolod xelisuflebis CareviT, aramed TavisTavad xalxis surviliT
xdeboda. miTumetes Zeglis gadatanamde araerTxel gamartula am adgilze
axalgazrdebis aqcia, romlebic, xelisuflebas umoqmedobaSi
adanaSaulebdnen da monumentis saswrafod gadatanas iTxovdnen. es faqti
kidev ufro amtkicebda sxvaobas dasavluri Rirebulebebis aRqmisas
qarTvel da rus ers Soris.
sazogadoebis reaqcia Cumad Zeglis gadatanaze mkveTrad negatiuri
iyo. stalinis RamiT „motacebis“ mizezad oficialuri wyaroebi
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaRizianebis Tavidan acilebis survils
asaxelebdnen. centraluri mTavrobis gancxadebis Tanaxmad beladis Zegli
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stalinis muzeumSi unda aRmarTuliyo, Tumca aRniSnuli dapireba ar
Sesrulebula1.
mogvanebiT, xelisuflebis mier gaxmovanda rom stalinis muzeumis
koncefciis Secvlis idea, romliTac es ukanaskneli stalinizmis muzeumad
unda gadakeTebuliyo. jer kidev 2008 wlis seqtemberSi nika vaCeiSvilma
ganacxada, rom saqartvelos xelisufleba gorSi, stalinis muzeumSi kidev
erTi okupaciis muzeumis gaxsnas gegmavda, romelic sazogadoebas gaacnobda
orsaukunovani rusuli okupaciis Sesaxeb masalas. axali muzeumi unda
daeproeqtebinaT polonel da litvel specialistebs, romelTac aRniSnul
sakiTxze muSaobis didi gamocdileba qondaT (internetwyaro #24).
oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad stalinis muzeumSi ufro metad
komunizmis propaganda mimdinareobda, vidre realobis asaxva, ramdenadac
gidebis teqsti orientirebuli iyo gaamarTlebina sabWoTa xelisuflebis
sisxliani represiebi, amitomac saWiroa muzeumis Sinaarsis da Sesabamisad
eqspoziciis Secvla da misi Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebs morgeba.
kulturis ministrma nika ruruam 2008 wlis agvistos saqarTveloSi
datrialebuli ubedureba, stalinizmis produqtad Seafasa da dasZina, rom
urTierT SeuTavsebelia stalinis muzeumi, sabWoTa beladis gandidebis
leqciebiT, da saqarTvelos swrafva civilizebuli msofliosken
(internetwyaro #4).
Zeglis adgilas unda dadgmuliyo stalinuri sabWoTa represiebis
Sedegad daRupuli adamianebis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili memoriali, romlis
1 Zeglis dabrunebis idea dResac cocxlobs. xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdegac araerTi
politikosi pirdeboda goris macxovreblebs beladis Zeglis dabrunebas, magram
Tavisuflebis qartiaSi 2014 wels Sesuli cvlilebis Tanaxmad kanonmdeblobiT
ikrZaleba komunizmTan da faSizmTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebis dadgma.
119
maketis SesarCevad kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministrom 2010 wels
saerTaSoriso konkursi gamoacxada. namuSevrebi sakonkurso proeqtebi 2011
wlis 21 ianvridan 30 ianvris CaTvliT gamofenili iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademiis sagamofeno darbazSi.
warmodgenili 42 proeqtidan Tamar kvesitaZisa da paata sanaias
skulpturam „amaoebas ar amoeba“ gaimarjva. 5 metriani betonis qandakeba
ganasaxierebs daCexili adamianebis erTobas, romlebic miuxedavad
Wrilobebisa win moiweven. skulpturis saxelwodebad aRebul iqna kote
yubaneiSvilis zemoTaRniSnuli fraza, xolo Zeglis avtorebis Tanaxmad is
gamoxatavs „rom rac amaoebaa, ar unda CaeWido, ar unda a m o e b a. arada,
es xSirad xdeba Cven cxovrebaSi. ZeglTan am frazas saerTo Tundac is aqvs,
rom stalinis kultic amaoeba iyo da es drom ukve gamoaCina. Tumca,
naxevari gori mainc CaWidebulia am amaoebas“(internetwyaro #2).
prezidentma saakaSvilma Zeglze saubrisas xazi gausva, rom es
monumenti saqarTvelos ideas ganasaxierebs, „rogorc ar unda dagvanawevron,
dagvCexon, gvebrZolon, mainc davdgebiT fexze da gavagrZelebT svlas
win“(internetwyaro #3). miuxedavad konkurssi gamarjvebisa, skulptura
stalinis Zeglis adgilas ar aRmarTes.
CamoTvlil mizezTa Soris erT-erTi, Tavad skulpturis vizualuri
mxare iyio, kerZod omgamovlil qalqSi daCexili adamianebis xilva isdac
mZime fsiqologiur mdgomareobas kidev ufro daamZimebda. amitomac
araoficialuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad erTi wlis Semdeg axali konkursis
Catareba daigegma, Tumca xelisuflebis cvlilebis gamo is ar Catarebula.
Zeglis moSorebis sakiTxi kvlavac antirusuli propagandis
gagrZelebis mcdelobad Sefasda sazogadoebis im nawilis mier romelic
Tavidanve ewinaaRmdegeboda stalinis Zeglis aRebis ideas. xelisuflebis
aRniSnuli nabiji Sefasda, rogorc mcdeloba SenarCulebuliyo
aqtualuroba qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis negatiuri gamocdilebis
120
propagandisa, amasTanave waSliliyo nebismieri simboluri gamovlineba
romelic am urTierTobas pozitiuri saxiT Seaxsenebda sazogadoebas.
stalinis rogorc meore msoflio omis erT-erTi umTavresi gmiris
mimarT arsebul politikas daukavSirda meore msoflio omSi daRupulTa
memorialebis sakiTxi, romelic msgavsad beladis Zeglisa sabWoTa
mmarTvelobasTan asocirdeboda da erovnuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli ar
yofila. miuxedavad vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi xelisuflebis
gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebisa gmirebis mimarT, meore msoflio omSi
daRupuli mebrZolebi nacionaluri gmirebis siaSi ar Caewernen, radganac
isini sabWoTa sistemas emsaxrebodnen, romelsac saerTo saqarTvelosTan
araferi ar qonia.
xelisuflebis am politikis gamoxatuleba iyo qalaq quTaisSi
arsebuli didebis memoriali, romelic 2009 wlis 19 dekembers aafeTqes 1 .
memorialis afeTqebis mizezad memorialis adgilas parlamentis
mSeneblobis survili dasaxelda, Tumca opoziciuri partiebisa da
sazogadoebis nawilisaTvis es faqti xelisuflebis antirusuli politikis
gagrZelebas warmoadgenda.
es im fonze rodesac saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris omis Semdeg
urTierToba uaRresad daZabuli iyo. amasTanave albaT arc is faqtia
SemTxveviTi, rom memorialis afeTqebis oficialur TariRad 21 dekemberi
dasaxelda, rac stalinis da saakaSvilis dabadebis dRe iyo. simboluri
TvalsazrisiT swored am dRes monumentis afeTqeba ganasaxierebda sabWoTa
warsulidan kidev erTi nabijis gadadgmas.
aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT ruseTi namdvilad gaRizianda, ramdenedac
jer kidev monumentis demontaJis ideis gaJRerebisTanave, kremlSi es es
mosazreba meore msoflio omis veteranebisadmi upativcemulobis
gamoxatulebad Sefasda. xolo, memorialis afeTqebdan ramdenime kviris
1 gegmis Tanaxmad memoriali 21 dekembers unda afeTqebuliyo
121
Semdeg, quTaisSi dangreuli memorialis aslis moskovSi dadgmis ideas
kenWi ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organoSi eyara da 448 xmiT arc
erTis winaaRmdeg gadawyvetileba iniciativis sasargeblod iqna miRebuli.
mogvianebiT prezidentma putinma marTlac Cauyara safuZveli memorialis
mSeneblobas.
didebis memorialis analogis mSeneblobasac Tavis mxri rusulma
mxareb simboluri datvirTva mianiWa. monumentis avtorma merab
berZeniSvilma aRdgenis procesSi CarTvaze uari ganacxada im principiT,
rom mas eskizebi aRar hqonda. saboloo jamSi moskovSi dadgmul monuments
saxelic ki simboluri datvirtvis matarebelia, mas „faSizmis winaRmdeg
Cven erTad viyaviT‟ uwodes, da monumenti kompoziciurad gamoxatavs fotos
sadac meliton qanTariasa da mixail egorovs raixstagze sabWoTa droSa
aaqvT. xolo quTaisSi afeTqebuli didebis memoriali warmoadgens
kompoziciis ukana xeds. aseve simboluri datvirTav qonda im faqtsac, rom
monumentis gaxsnaze miwvul stumrebs Soris qarTvali politikosebic iyvnen.
(internetwyaro #22).
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom rusi politikosebis sapasuxo Sefasebisas
aRniSnul faqtSi damnaSaved saqarTvelos xelisufleba, rogorc calke
mxare gamoyavdaT da am procesSi Tavad saqarTvelos mosaxleoba aranairad
ar iyo gareuli.
§6.2. faSizmze gamarjvebis dRe 9 maisi Tu 8 maisi
ioseb stalinis erT-erTi umTavres miRwevaTa Soris meore msoflio
omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjveba saxeldeba. Sesabamisad iseve rogorc
sabWoTa kavSirSi Tanamedrove ruseTSi 9 maisi erovnuli siamayis sagans
warmoadgens da erT-erTi im sakvanZo sakiTxTagania, romlis yofil
mokavSire respublikaTa mier gadaxedva did guliswyromas iwvevs.
122
aRniSnul omSi saqarTvelodan daaxloebiT 700 000 adamiani
Rebulobda monawileobas, romelTagan 300 000 -mde Seewira am brZolas.
Sesabamisad veteranTa didi raodebobisa Tu sworedac rom stalinis
qarTvelobis gamo 9 maisi saqarTveloSi erT-erT pompezurad aRniSvnad
dResaswauls warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 9 maisi,
rogorc did samamulo omSi gamarjvebis TariRis sazeimo aRniSvna gauqmda
magram eduard SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg isev aRsdga,
rac SesaZloa vifiqroT rom im lavirebis politikis nawili iyo, romelsac
xelisufleba atarebda Crdiloeli mezoblis misamarTiT.
ruseT saqarTvelos omamde meliton qanTaria erT-erTi im gmirTagani
iyo, romlis qarTuli warmomavloba da gmiroba saamayo tematikas
ganekuTvneboda, magram ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvis da sabWoTa
warsulis gadaxedvisas simbolisturi politikis gaaqtiurebis Semdeg erT-
erTi sakiTxi, romelsac xelisufleba Seexo meore msoflio omis Sefasebis
da masSi monawileobis sakiTxi iyo.
gansxvavebuli TariRebi warmoSva im faqtma, rom germaniam
kapitulacias xeli moawera evropuli droiT 8 maiss 22 saaTsa da 45
wuTze,am dros ki sabWoTa kavSirSi ukve 9 maisi iyo.
meore msoflio oms gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen sabWoTa sivrceSi da
danarCen nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis da dResdReobiT misi
samarTalmemkvidre ruseTisaTvis aRniSnuli brZola Sefasebulia, rogorc
didi samamulo omi, romlis narativi da masSi koaliciis monawileobis
sakiTxi icvleboda sagareo politikis prioritetebTan erTad1.
1 mudmivad aqcentireba imaze, rom sabWoTa kavSirs gars artyia araTu megobrebi da mo-
kavSireebi, aramed mtrebi meore msoflio omis gamocxadebisTanave Sewyda, metic aR-
moCnda, rom sabWoTa kavSirs yavda megobrebic da mokavSireebic, magaliTad, 1941 wels
oqtombris revoluciis iubileze i. stalinma ganacxada, rom inglisma da amerikis Seer-
Tebulma Statebma miaRwies elementarul demokratiul Tavisuflebas “maT aqvT profkav-
123
dasavluri gagebiT is meore msoflio omia, rodesac moxda hitleris
damarcxeba da amiT kacobrioba ufro did katastrofas gadaurCa.
aRniSnuli gansxvavebul aRqmas kidev ufo metad amZafrebs is faqti, rom
evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleam germanuli nacizmi da sabWoTa
stalinizmi erTmaneTs gauTanabra da orive dagmo. totalitarizmis
msxverplTa dRed ki - 23 agvisto, molotov-ribentropis paqtis gaformebis
TariRi daawesa. im fonze, rodesac vladimer putini acxadebs, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris daSla saukunis yvelaze didi geopolitikuri katastrofa iyo,
bunebrivia am ori narativis urTSeTavseba Zalzed rTulia.
saqarTveloSi postsabWoTa narativis gadawerasa da ruseTisagan
distancirebis fonze bunebrivia dris wesrigSi dadga arCevanis gakeTebis
Sirebi .... partiebi…..... parlamenti......…” am Sexedulebam maSin asaxva hpova istoriografiaS-
ic.
1945 wlis pankratovas redaqciiT gamosul ssrk-s istoriaSi stalini normandiis dakave-
bas afasebda, rogorc “brwyinvale miRwevas” da, rom “omebis istoriam ar icis sxva
msgavsi magaliTi samxedro xelovnebis aseTi ostatobis Cvenebisa.”
erTi wlis Semdeg aRniSnuli wigni Canacvlebul iqna axali redaqciiT, romelSic ikiT-
xeboda, rom 1944 wlis 6 ivniss, mokavSireTa Zalebma ganaxorcieles Crdilo safrange-
Tis dakaveba. aRniSnulma teqstma saboloo saxe Sostakovis stalinuri premiis mflo-
bel saxelmZRvaneloSi miiRo, romlis Tanaxmadac inglisi da amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-
tebi omis sami wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveli saSualebiT cdilobdnen meore frontis gax-
snisgan Tavis aridebas, magram sabWoTa armiis grandiozuli gamarjvebebis Semdeg naTe-
li gaxda, rom SeiZleba man martokam daamarcxos mteri, daikavos germaniis teritoria
da gaanTavisuflos dasavleT evropa safrangeTis CaTvliT. 1944 wlis ivlisSi inglisma
da amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma datoves inglisi da dabanakdnen safrangeTis Crdilo-
eT sanapiroze. amrigad sabWoTa narativi mkveTrad pozitiuridan negatiuri Sefasebis-
ken sul ramdenime weliwadSi Seicvala da sabolood mivida daskvnamde: “sabWoTa kav-
Sirma omi martom moigo” (Yakobson, S. 1949. pp.127-128 )
124
sakiTxi, rogor da rodis unda aRiniSnos es dRe, rogorc meore msoflio
omi Tu rogorc didi samamulo omi. arCevani faqtiurad utoldeboda
orientaciis da faseulobebis sakiTxs.
situacia ufro metad gaamwvava im faqtma, rom ruseTis federaciis
prezidentma dimitri medvedevma qarTvel xalxs da veteranebs 2009 wels
miuloca samamulo omSi gamarjvebis 64 wlisTavi da xazi gausva, rom
qarTvel xalxs mSvidobas, sikeTes da Tanxmobas usurvebda.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti ruseTis prezidentis molocvaSi is
iyo, rom saqarTvelos da ruseTis federacias Soris dRes daZabuli
urTierTobis aRdgenis perspeqtivad „saerTo istoriuli warsuli,
keTilmezoblobisa da megobrobis tradiciebi“ esaxebodaT da amasTanave
pirdapiri adamianuri kontaqtebi, kulturul da sazogadoebriv sferoebSi
TanamSromloba qarTul da rusul marTlmadideblur eklesiebs Soris
kavSirebi aRniSnul imedebs kidev aZlierebda (medvedevi d. 8 maisi, 2009).
saqarTvelos arsebuli xelisuflebis aryofnam am diskursSi kidev ufro
gaaZliera arsebuli daZabuloba da sabolood dasva sakiTxi Tu rodis
unda aReniSnaT dResaswauli 8 Tu 9 maiss.
diskurSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi 2009 wlis 8 maiss sagareo saqmeTa
ministrma grigol vaSaZem Semoitana, rodesac saqarTveloSi akreditebul
diplomatiur korpusTan erTad yvavilebiT Seamko, vakis parkSi, ucnobi
jariskacis saflavi. misi TqmiT ruseTi separatiulad iseve rogorc sxva
mravals am TariRsac 9 maiss aRniSnavs. maSin rodesac danarCeni
civilizebuli msofliosaTvis faSizmi 8 maiss damarcxda (internetwyaro #).
sagareo saqmeTa ministris aRniSnuli gancxadebis Semdeg aRniSnuli
kiTxva sazogadoebaSi diskusiis sagani gaxda. aRniSnuls daemata kidev erTi
aspeqti ra iyo saqarTevloSi 8 Tu 9 maisis aRniSvnis mizezi: faSizmze
gamarjvebis aRniSvna Tu saWota dResaswaulisadmi pativis migeba?!
pirveli sakiTxi iyo Tu ramdenad unda aRgveniSna stalinis
koaliciis wevroba da wiTel armiaSi samsaxuri ara Tavisufali, aramed
125
dapyrobili qveynis statusiT, miTumetes qarTvelebi mowinaaRmdege
hitleris armiaSi ibrZodnen; Tuki germanelebTan mebrZol qarTvelebs
hqondaT gaTvla rom nacizmis gamarjvebiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobas
daubrunebdnen, wiTlebis mxares mebrZilebs aranairi nacionaluri mizani
ar qoniaT;
8 Tu 9 maiss gamarvebiT saqarTveloSi totalitarizmi ar
damarcxebula, is kvlavac gagrZelda maSin xom ar ajobebs totalitarizmis
damarcxebasTan erTad komunizmis damarcxebis dRec avRniSnoT Tunda 31
dekembers ssrk-s daSlis dRes;
sazogadoebis meore nawilisTvis meore msoflio omis aRniSvna
civilizebul samyaros wevrobasTan asocirdeboda;
meore msoflio omSi monawileobas daaxloebiT 700 000 adamiani
Rebulobda monawileobas saidanac 300 000 am brZolaSi daiRupa da es is
adamianebi arian romelTac TavianTi sicocxliT Seitanes wvlili nacizmis
damarcxebaSi.
aRniSnuli diskusiidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT rom 8
maisis dawesebis ZiriTadi mizani sabWoTa istoriidan gaqcevis mcdeloba da
civilizebuli samyaros nawilad gaweris mcdeloba iyo.
§6.3. warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis fedraciaSi
istorikosebis roli warsulis Txrobisas umniSvnelovanesia,
ramdenedac is qmnis im narativs, romelsac sazogadoeba imaxsovrebs,
romelic iqceva koleqtiur mexsierebad da ayalibebs ganwyobas movlenaTa
mimarT. istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis sizustis Sesaxeb
urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi arsebobs. Tumca istorikosis, rogorc
WeSmaritebis maZieblis funqcia da misi zegavlenis SesaZleblobebi
126
narativis formirebis procesSi sazogadoebaSi farTod aRiarebul Temas
warmoadgens.
XX saukunis istoriografiaSi dominanturi adgili ekava
pozitivistur moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac warsulis obieqturi
Seswavla da gadmocema SesaZlebeli iyo da cdilobdnen istoriografia
WeSmaritebis Txrobis CarCoSi moeqciaT, ramdenadac WeSmaritebis wyaros
istorikosebi uSualod arqivebSi, dokumentebsa da pirvelad monacemebSi
eZebdnen da maTze dayrdnobiT mouTxrobdnen sazogadoebas warsulis
Sesaxeb (Lopes, C).
XX s-Si aRmocenebulma konstruqtivistulma xedvam istoriis Sinaarsi
istorikosis winaSe dasaxul mizans dauqvemdebara da aqcenti
didgvarovanTa yofis aRweridan, romelic aqamde dominanturi iyo,
socialur-ekonomikur sakiTxebze da ubralo adamianebis cxovrebaze
gadaitanes. xolo XXI saukuneSi mdgomareoba gaimyara
dekonstruqtivistulma xedvam, romelic istoriis Seqmnisas aqcents
mmarTveli wreebis da maTi interesebis did zegavlenaze da hegmonuri
narativebis arsebobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. swored es ukanaskneli
Zleva saSualebas visaubroT politizirebuli istoriis Sesaxeb, romlic,
rogorc wesi, politikur dRiswesrigs aris morgebuli da miznad
gadawyvetilebaTa legitimaciis amaRlebas, sazogadoebis misadmi
mxardaWeras isaxavs miznad.
„WeSmariti“ istoriis gamovlenis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvavea
gardamavali sazogadoebebisTvis, romelmac totalitaruli an
avtoritaruli mmarTveloba gamoiara. sazogadoebis interess
samarTlianobis aRdgena warmoadgens, xolo xelisuflebisaTvis aRniSnuli
sakiTxi erTis mxriv legitimurobis, xolo meores mxriv moraluri
kaTarzisis gavlis saSualebas warmoadgens.
am mimarTulebiT mexsierebis politikis formirebisas erT-erT
gavrcelebul strategias istoriuli WeSaritebis damdgeni komisiebis
127
formireba warmoadgens. aRniSnuli komisia, rogorc wesi miznad isaxavs
gamoikvlios warsuli danaSaulebi, adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi,
romelic rogorc wesi wina mmarTvelobis dros ganxorcielda. aRniSnuli
komisia aseve momavali TaobaTa ganaTlebasac isaxavs miznad raTa gaacnos
warsulis saSinelebebi, rom momavalSi veravin SeZlos adamianis uflebaTa
darRvevis faqtebis uaryofa.
amasTanave komisia miCneuli rogorc politiuri iaraRi, ramdenadac
gadawyvetilebas misi Seqmnis Sesaxeb Rebuloben ara istorikosebi, aramed
politikosebi1, gansxvavebiT istoriis didaqtikuri daniSnulebidan is ufro
metad warsulTan, wina mmarTvelobasTan distancirebas, mis
arademokratiulobis damtkicebas cdilobs.
istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisiebi SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes,
rogorc „oficialuri, droebiTi, arasasamarTlo faqtebis damdgeni organo,
romelic cdilobs adamianis uflebaTa da humanitaruli samarTlis
darRvevis mamxilebeli faqtebis gamovlenas (Amnesty International, 11 June 2007.).
komisiebi, rogorc wesi:
Øorientirebulni arian warsulis Seswavlaze;
Øufro xSirad swavloben ara mxolod erT konkretul movlenas
aramed periods;
Øarian garkveuli vadiT Seqmnili, rogorc wesi es vada meryeobs
eqvsi Tvidan or wlamde da muSaobas asruleben angariSis
SeqmniT;
Øarian oficialurad sanqcionirebulni saxelmwifo instituciis
mier (Hayner, B. Ash, T. 2002. p14);
1 germaniaSi komisia Seiqmna parlamentis mier, xolo estoneTSi, latviaSi, litvasa da
rumineTSi prezidentis brZanebiT.
128
gavrcelebuli tipologizaciis Tanaxmad istoriuli WeSmaritebis
damdgeni komisia miznad isaxavs:
Øavtoritetuli Canawerebis momzadeba Tu ra xdeboda warsuli
reJimis ganmavlobaSi;
ØmsxverplTaTvis iseTi platformis Seqmna, romelic saSualebas
miscems sazogadoebisaTvis sakuTari ideebis gaziarebis
SesaZleblobas;
Øsakanonmdeblo, struqturuli da sxva saxlis cvlilebebi, raTa
moxdes danaSaulebaTa prevencia;
Øgamovlena im pirebisa, romlebic iyvnen pasuxismgeblebi
aRniSnuli danaSaulis CadenaSi (Popkin M. Roht-Arriaza N. 1995. pp 79.);
bolo 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi kerZod 1974 wlidan 30-ze meti
WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisia Seiqmna afrikaSi (samxreT afrika, uganda,
libia, maroko, zimbabve Cadi, burundi nigeria da siera leone), aziaSi (Sri
lanka, nepali da samxreT korea), centralur da laTinur amerikaSi (haiti,
bolivia, urugvai, el salvadori argentina, gvatemala, Cile, ekvadori,
panama da peru) da TviT kanadaSic ki sadac damyarda axali demokratiebi,
xelisuflebaSi movidnen axali mmarTvelebi, romlebic swored istoriuli
WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisiis saSualebiT Seecadnen gaeanalizebinaT
warsuli, epovaT samarTali da ezrunaT dayofili sazogadoebis Serigebaze.
istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisiebi sabWoTa sistemis daSlis
Semdeg ramdenime saxelmwifoSi Seiqmna da miznad sabWoTa danaSaulebis
gamovlenas isaxavda miznad. maT Soris iyo germania, rumineTi da baltiis
saxelwifoebi, mogvianebiT maT saqarTveloc SeuerTda da es ukanaskneli
kvlevis hipoTezis Tanaxmad swored baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebis
magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna.
postsabWoTa komisiebs marTalia TiToeul qveyanaSi garkveuli
Tavisebureba axasiaTebs, magram maTgan SesaZlebelia germanuli da
129
ruminuli magaliTebis gamoyofa, xolo baltiispireTis SemTxvevebi met-
naklebad SesaZlebelia gaerTiandes erT jgufad.
pirveli komponenti, riTac germaniis magaliTi gansxvavdeba sxva
saxelmwifoebisgan da maT Soris qarTuli SemTxvevisganac aris
sazogadoebis informirebulobis sakiTxi. germaniaSi aRniSnuli komisiis
muSaobas Tan axlda saxalxo ganxilvebi 1 Tumca gansxvavebiT samxreT-
afrikis komisiisgan damnaSaveebisa da msxverplTa pirispir Sexvedrebis
organizeba ar momxdara; sxva saxelmwifoebSi komiisiis muSaoba daxurulad
da sazogadoebisgan izolirebulad mimdinareobda; Tumca gansxvavebiT sxva
komisiebisagan latviaSi komisiis Sedeegebis gacnoba sazogadoebisaTvis
konferenciaTa seriis saSualebiT moxda, sadac daswreba Tavisufali iyo
da CarTulobis komponents am etapze garkveulwilad akmayofilebda.
baltiis pireTis saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen SeeswavlaT okupaciis
yvela mimartuleba, romeliv qveyanam gamoiara, kerZod, litvis komisia
swavlobda litvis okupaciis sakiTxs rogorc nacistebis, aseve
komunistebis mier, Sesabamisad komisia moicavda or komitets, romelic
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT muSaobda; estoneTis SemTxvevaSi ikupaciis
sakiTxi qronologiurad iyo dayofili kerZod 1) estoneTis okupacia
sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1940-1941 ww-Si; 2) estoneTis okupacia nacisturi
germaniis mier da 3) xelaxali okupacia sabWoTa kavSiris mier. aseve
latviis SemTxvevaSi komisiis erTi jgufi muSaobda sabWoTa kavSiris mier
1940-1941 ww-Si latviis okupaciaze, ori jgufi holokostisa da kacobriobis
1 komisiis muSaobisas 1992 wlis maisidan 1994 wlis maisamde komisiis muSaobis
farglebSi moewyo 44 sajaro ganxilva, 40 damatebiT daxuruli ganxilva da 150 Sexvedra
komitetebTan, im sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad, romelic sazogadoebasi yvelaze
mtkivneulad aRiqmeboda. komisiis muSaobis Sedegad gamoica 148 akademiuri naSromi,
romelic 95 ZiriTad sakiTxs Seexeboda. (McAdams A. 2001)
130
winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulis sakiTxebze, xolo meoTxe jgufi 1944-1956
wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris mier qveynis xelaxla okupaciis sakiTxs
swavlobda.
istoriuli WeSmaritebis dadgenis sakiTxi ruseTis federaciaSic
daisva da gansxvavebiT zemoTaRniSnuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebic
istoriis sabWoTa kavSiriseuli versiis gadafasebas cdilobdnen, am
SemTxvevaSi piriqiT komisia swored sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis
reinterpretirebis gamovlenac cdilobda da maT winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
radganac saqarTveloSi istoriuli sinamdvilis Semswavleli komisia
garkveuliwilad gamoZaxilsac warmoadgens komisiis gadavwyviteT es
ukanasknelic gagveanalizebina, miTumetes, komisiis wevrTa gancxadebis
Tanaxmad istoriis araswori interpretaciis erT-erT umTavres wyaros
saqarTvelo da misi xelisufleba warmoadgenda.
§6.4 warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis federaciaSi
ruseTis federaciaSi warsulis aRqma politikuri kursis da dRis
wesrigis cvlilebazea damokidebuli. prezident v. putinis prezidentobis
bolo wlebSi da gansakuTrebiT d. medvedevis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
Semdeg centralurma xelisuflebam aqtiurad daiwyo uaxlesi warsulis
Sefasebis gakontroleba da mtkiceba imisa, rom sabWoTa wyobileba sulac
ar iyo cudi. marTalia, mas qonda garkveuli Secdomebi, magram yavda iseTi
geniosi, rogoric ioseb stalinia, romlis Zlierma menejerulma unarma
meore msoflio omis mogeba didwilad ganapiroba. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba
aisaxa a. filipovis redaqtorobiT gamosul ruseTis istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelmac mogvianebiT istoriis oficialuri versiis
saxe miiRo.
131
yvelaze xmamaRali ganacxadi, romelmac, rogorc ruseTSi aseve mis
farglebs gareTac didi rezonansi gamoiwvia „ruseTis interesebis
sawinaaRmdegod istoriis falsifikaciasTan mebrZoli komisiis“ Seqmna iyo,
romelic uSualod prezident medvedevis brZanebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. misi
TqmiT am komisiis Seqmnis aucilebloba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom “istoriis
falsifikaciis mcdeloba sul ufro mkacri, boroti da agresiuli xdeba”.
komisias daevala Seiswavlos da gaanalizos informacia, istoriuli
faqtebisa da movlenebis falsifikaciis Sesaxeb, romelic mimarTulia,
saerTaSoriso arenaze ruseTis prestiJis Semcirebisken, aseve saxelmwifo
organoTa qmedebebis koordinacia. aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi da
adekvaturi reagirebisaTvis Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. rac
Seexeba “adekvatur reagirebas”, komisiis TiToeuli wevri erTxmad
amtkicebda, rom darRvevis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi, aranairi sadamsjelo
zomebi ar miiReboda, Tumca 2009 wlis gazafxulze sazogadoebam ‟‟Новая
газета‟‟-s saSualebiT Seityo, rom mecnierebaTa akademiam gasca instruqcia
regionaluri institutebisadmi, raTa SeedginaT istoriis
falsifikatorTa siebi. aRniSnuli faqtis gaxmaurebis Semdeg komisiaSi
ganacxades, rom es mecnierebaTa akademiis iniciativa iyo, xolo, Tavis
mxriv, akademiaSi Tavi imiT imarTles, rom siebi dasjis ki ara,
sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis dgindeboda.
aRniSnuli komisia 28 wevrisgan Sedgeboda da mas saTaveSi
prezidentis administraciis xelmZRvaneli sergei nariSkini edga, romelmac
komisiis muSaobis mizani Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: istorikosTa muSaobis
organizeba da ara koniuqturidan gamomdinare daskvnebis gakeTeba.
aseve garkveva Tu konkretulad, romeli falsificirebuli faqtebi
ayeneben ruseTis interesebs zians. manve daakonkreta falsificirebuli
istoriis kerebi, rogoric, magaliTad, mezobeli saxelmwifoebia, sadac
nacvlad keTilmezobluri damokidebulebis damyarebis mcdelobisa,
dakavebulni arian sxvadasxva saxis pretenziebis wamoyenebiT. maT Soris
132
teritoriuli, ekonomikuri, materialuri da a.S.. misi TqmiT „falsifikaciis
winaaRmdeg“ brZolis efeqtur saSualebad axali masalebis, maT Soris
gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis moZieba-damuSaveba esaxebaT.
komisiis wevrma s. markovma kidev ufro daazusta da gamyalbebelTa
Soris “ukraina, saakaSvilis reJimi, estoneTisa da latviis xelisufleba”
moixsenia. komisiis ZiriTad miznad ki “istorikosebisaTvis normaluri
pirobebis Seqmna” daasaxela, raTa normaluri muSaobis da Sesabamisi
interpretirebis saSualeba mieceT“, Tu ras gulisxmobda istorikosebis
samuSao pirobebSi ar daukonkretebia. eqspertebi saubroben xelisuflebis
mxridan momaval signalze, romelic ruseTis federaciis sinamdvileSi
“kargad muSaobs”. sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi istorikosTa naSromebi an ar
daibeWdeba, an, uares SemTxvevaSi, moxvdeba im “Sav siaSi”, romelTa Seqmnis
mcdelobaze zemoT visaubreT. amasTan, komisis moRvaweoba eqspertTa
nawilis azriT, SesaZlebelia aRviqvaT, rogorc saxelmwifo ideologiis
Camoyalibeba, rac ruseTis federaciis konstituciiT akrZalulia.
Tumca s. markovis gancxadeba ori tipis istoriis arsebobis Taobaze,
sadac pirveli-gankuTvnilia mxolod profesionali istorikosebisaTvis,
sadac SesaZlebelia saubari nebismieri simwvavis faqtebze da igi dafaruli
unda iyos sazogadoebisaTvis, meore istoriaSi ki romelic gankuTvnilia
publikisaTvis aqcenti keTdeba pozitiur urTierTobaze, erTa Soris
megobrobaze, mimaniSnebelia sadiskusio sivrcis daxurvis SesaZleblobaze,
romelic istoriis instrumentalizaciis erT-erTi niSania.
sazogadoebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobis safuZveli SesaZloa TviT
komisiis Semadgenlobamac warmoSva. 28 wevridan 6-ia mxolod istorikosi,
danarCeni nawili dakompleqtebulia sagareo dazvervis, uSiSroebis sabWos
sxvadasxva saministroebis warmomadgenlebiT da ruseTis armiis generaluri
Stabis ufrosic ki. komisiis mdivania isaak kalinini, romelic aqtiuri
lobisti iyo a. filipovis saxelmZRvanelosi “ruseTis istoria”, sadac
stalini moxseniebulia, XX saukunis efeqturi menejeris saxeliT, xolo
133
represiebi ki ganxilulia, rogorc “izderJka”. amasTamnave am
saxelmZRvaneloSi mTeli paragrafi eTmoba v. putinis “suverenuli
demokratiis koncefcias.
§6.4.1 sabWoTa istoriis sadao sakiTxebi
komisia muSaobs sami mimarTulebiT: ukraina, baltiis qveynebi da
saqarTvelo. xolo gansaxilveli movlenebi ki ZiriTadad XX saukunes exeba.
esaa meore msoflio omi da misi Sedegebi. aseve ialtis konferenciis
Semdeg Seqmnili viTareba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba meore
msoflio omis dawyebis mizezs da stalinis politikas. gavrcelebuli
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, omis dawyebaSi germanias, italias da iaponias
edeboda brali. magram bolo dros aqtiurad daiwyo saubari masSi sabWoTa
kavSiris, rogorc erT-erTi agresoris rolze. rac, bunebrivia, ruseTisTvis,
rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris uSualo memkvidrisTvis, miuRebelia.
Sesabamisad komisias zemoT aRniSnuli faqtebis ganxilva evaleba.
garda amisa SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime konkretuli sadao sakiTxi:
poltavis brZola; golodomori 1932-1933ww.; 1938 wlis 29 seqtembris
miunxenis SeTanxmeba; molotov-ribentropis paqti; katinis saqme; dava
represiis masStabebis Sesaxeb; msxverpli samxedro da samoqalaqo pirTa
Soris; lend-lizi; II msoflio omis periodSi arsebuli ss dajufebebis
legitimaciis procesi da a.S.
falsifikaciasTan brZolaSi aseve aqtiurad Cabmulia ruseTis
Tavdacvis saministro, sadac gamodis internet Jurnali saxelwodebiT:
“Военно-Исторический Журнал”, mudmivad ibeWdeba msgavsi sakiTxebi rubrikiT:
“Против Лжи и Фальсификасий”. amave JurnalSi daibeWda samxedro
institutis TanamSromel polikovnik s. kovalovis statia “Вымыслы и
Фальсификасии в Оценках Роли СССР Накануне и с Началом Второй Мировой
134
Войны” avtori meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi brals sdebda poloneTs,
romelmac ar daakmayofila germaniis teritoriuli pretenzia da
iZulebuli gaxada Tavs dasxmoda poloneTs (internet wyaro #22).. am
statiam didi rezonansi gamoiwvia da saministro iZulebuli gaxda
ganecxadebina, rom maRalCinosani avtoris mosazreba ar iyo saministros
oficialuri Sexeduleba, amis sapasuxod poloneTis sagareo uwyebam
mosTxova ruseTis federaciis elCs poloneTSi aexsna Tu ratom xvdeba
msgavsi Sinaarsis statiebi uwyebis oficialur beWdviT organoSi (internet
wyaro #21)..
garda komisiis Seqmnisa ruseTSi momzadda agreTve sakanonmdeblo
bazac, kerZod, ruseTis dumam miiRo kanoni "axal damoukidebel
respublikebSi yofil ssrk-s teritoriaze nacizmis da misi mimdevrebis
reabilitaciis Sesaxeb”. konstantine zatulini saubrobs aseve sanqciebis
aucileblobaze da, misi TqmiT, aRniSnuli aucileblad Seexeba ukrainas
litvas da estoneTs, „sadac aqtiurad mimdinareobs, antisabWoTa politika“.
fizikuri pirebisTvis kanonproeqti gulisxmobs fulad jarimas 300 aTas
rublamde, aseve patimrobis sam wlian vadas mZime SemTxvevebSi (internet23
wyaro #21).. xolo saxelmwifoebis doneze diplomatiuri kavSiris gawyvetis
doneze gadawydeba.
ruseTisaTvis erT-erT mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgens maTive
sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT „sokosaviT momravlebuli“ sabWoTa okupaciis
muzeumebi romlebic sxva araferia Tu ara rusofobiis da siZulvilis
danergva adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi 1.
1 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ruseTi ara aris is gamonaklisi sadac msgavsi kanonebi
funqcionirebs. magaliTad: safrangeTSi ikrZaleba frangul koloniebSi safrangeTis pozitiuri rolis uaryofa, aseve Turqebis mier somxebis genocidis da holokostis uaryofa. am ukanasknelis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba ikrZaleba germaniaSi da avstriaSi.
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§6.4.2 sabWoTa warulis aRqma da istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis
sakiTxi
ruseTis mTavroba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebs. istoriis oficialuri versia, romelic
saxelmZRvaneloSi unda aisaxos 2003 wels v. putinma, gaaxmovana rodesac
axalgazrda istorikosebTan Sexvedrisas xazi gausva, rom istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebi axalgazrdebSi unda iwvevdes “siamayis grZnobas Tavisi
qveynis istoriisadmi, samSoblosadmi”. aseve 2007 wels erT-erT
konferenciaze isurva, rom istoriis maswavleblebma stalinis periodi
dadebiTi mxriT warmoadginon, radganac man Seqmna sabWoTa kavSiris sidiade
da mougo omi hitlers, xolo misi Secdomebi, sulac ar yofila
gansakuTrebuli da gansxvavebuli. swored msgavsi Sinarsisaa a. filipovis
“ruseTis uaxlesi istoria”, romelic 1945-2006 wlebs moicavs.
saxelmZRvaneloSi stalinis roli calke qveTavadaa ganxiluli da
xazgasmiTaa saubari, rom stalinis mTeli moRvaweoba ruseTis imperiis,
rogorc teritoriuli, aseve politikuri niSniT aRdgenas emsaxureboda
(internet wyaro #12).
zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, komisiac ar uvlis gverds mocemul
sakiTxs. s. nariSkinma gansakuTrebiT yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze, rom
ukanaskneli 15 wlis manZilze Seiqmna araerTi skolis saxelmZRvanelo,
romelTa done da Sinaarsi sadaoa, radganac Seicavs cdomilebebs faqtebsa
da qveynis rolTan msoflio politikasTan mimarTebaSi da komisiis erT-
erTi umTavresi mizani swored specialistebis daxmarebiT
saxelmZRvaneloebis donis amaRleba da istoriis politikuri sicruisgan
gawmenda iqneba.
yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba aseve post-sabWoTa qveynebis istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebi, romelTa Seswavlis mizniT araerTi kvleva Catarda,
136
raTa gaegoT rogor aRiqvamen aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi sakuTar warsuls.
magaliTad “sazogadoebrivi teqnologiebis centrma“ da “evraziis
monitorma” Seiswavla 12 yofili sabWoTa saxelmwifos 187 saskolo
saxelmZRvanelo da maTi TqmiT “mravali axali ram Seityves ruseTis
Sesaxeb”. gamonakliss mxolod somxeTisa da belorusis saxelmZRvaneloebi
warmoadgenda. danarCenSi istoriuli faqtebi da movlenebi gayalbebuli da
„nacionalur interesebze iyo morgebuli“. magaliTad azerbaijanis me-6
klasis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi weria, rom azerbaijanelTa winaprebi
Sumerebis Tanamedroveni arian, radganac Tavdapirveli cnobebi maT Sesaxeb
Sumerul eposebSi moipoveba. xolo saqarTvelos istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebis rukebSi saqarTvelos farglebSi moxseniebulia
Tanamedrove azerbaijanis, ruseTis da TurqeTis teritoriebi. maTi daskvniT
istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi ruseTs brals sdeben genocidSi. magaliTad,
yirgizeTSi, ukrainaSi, xolo azerbaijanSi ssrk-s da ruseTis mTeli
politika amgvaradaa Sefasebuli.
rac Seexeba meore msoflio omis Sefasebas, TiTqmis yvela,
gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos, moldaveTis da uzbekeTis
saxelmZRvaneloebi sabWoTa ruseTs agresorad racxaven da faSistur
germaniasTan erTad Tanabar brals sdeben omis dawyebaSi.
„saqarTveloSi ukve pirveli klasis saxelmZRvanelodanve
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aqtzea saubari, romelic 1991
wlis 9 aprils miiRes. iq konkretulad naTqvamia: 1921 wlis Teberval-
martSi sabWoTa ruseTma SeiaraRebuli agresiis gziT saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos okupacia ganaxorciela, rasac Semdgom fizikuri aneqsia mohyva.
saqarTvelos mTels yofnas sabWoTa kavSirSi Tan sdevda sisxliani terori
da represiebi... kvlevis avtorebis TqmiT saxelmZRvaneloebSi saerTod ar
aris naxsenebi Tu ra sargebeli miiRes yofili ssrk-s respublikebma.
metic gamokveTilia “absoluturi borotebis” Teoriisken mibrunebis
procesi, romelsac ruseTi ganasaxierebs (internet wyaro #13).
137
amrigad, ruseTis federaciaSi warsuli aRiqmeba rogorc oficialuri
ideologiis nawili da morgebulia qveynis Tanamedrove gamowvevebs.
romelic, Tavis mxriv ruseTis, rogorc zesaxelmwifos adgilis
dabrunebas isaxavs miznad saerTaSoriso arenaze. ruseTis SemTxvevaSi
problemas sadiskusio sivrcis ar arseboba, arqivebis daxurva da
saxelisuflebo wreebis mier miRebuli versiis arseboba qmnis.
saqarTvelos rogorc istoriis falsifikaciis erT-erTi wyaros aRqma
dapirispirebuli narativebis warmoSobis da maTi rogorc politikuri
faqtoris gamoyenebisTvis qmnis safuZvels.
§6.5. saqarTvelos istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisia
omis damTavrebidan ramdenime TveSi saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa
dacvis da sportis ministrad dainiSna nikoloz rurua, romelic cnobili
iyo, rogorc Zalovani struqturebis warmomadgeneli. aRniSnul cvlileba
xelisuflebis argumentaciiT swored kulturis politikis didma
mniSvnelobam ganapiroba. mogvianebiT ki Tavad ministrma qarTul
kulturaze saubrisas mas „saxelmwifoebriobisa da identobis
safuZveli“ uwoda. saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenlobis
aRniSnuli cvlileba eqspertebis mier realuri omis qaRaldze gadatanad
iqna Sefasebuli.
sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia kentis universitetis (aSS)
doqtorant vasil ruxaZis statiam, (internet wyaro #14) romelSiac is
ruseTis 200 wliani mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg koleqtiuri mexsierebis
Seqmnis aucileblobaze saubrobda da am procesSi gadamwyvet rols swored
xelisuflebas aniWebda. misi TqmiT: koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmnas erebi
da sazogadoebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi tragikuli da sisxliani okupaciebis
Semdeg iwyeben, raTa okupaciiT Seryeuli erovnuli identoba da erovnuli
138
erTianobis Camoyalibebas Seuwyon xeli... rac saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda
da amis Sedegia rom dResac arsebobs kolaboracionistebis warmoSobis
safrTxe. am gamowvevis sapasuxo erT erT aucilebel nabijad avtors
istoriuli simarTlis damdgeni komisiis Camoyalibeba miaCnda. ruxaZis
statiis gamoqveyneba win uswrebda komisiis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb
prezidentis gancxadebas, rac misi gancxadebiT SemTxveviTi iyo
(siRrmiseuli interviu v. ruxaZesTan 4 ivlisi, 2014).
istoriuli simarTlis saxelmwifo komisiiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma sazogadoebas 2010 wlis 9
aprils okupaciis muzeumidan ganucxada „dRes rogorc arasdros saWiroa
am istoriis Seswavla, rac aucilebelia brZolis gasagrZeleblad da
movlenaTa uaresi ganviTarebis Tavidan asacileblad“. miuxedavad imisa rom
maSinve gacxadda rom aRniSnuli komisiis xelmZRvaneli vasil ruxaZe
iqneboda, xolo mdivani Tornike SaraSeniZe, uSualod komisis Seqmnis
oficialuri aqtis xelmoweras ramdenime Tve dasWirda da igi oficialurad
2010 wlis 5 agvistos swored 9 aprilis gancxadebis safuZvelze gamocxadda
Seqmnilad.
komisiis debulebis Tanaxmad misi ZiriTadi mizania saqarTvelos XIX-
XX saukuneebis istoriuli mexsierebis, saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis 200-
wliani politikisa da misi Sedegebis Seswavla da safuZvlian samecniero-
istoriul kvleva-Ziebaze damyarebuli daskvna-reportis momzadeba, romelic
srulad aRwers saqarTvelos mier caristuli da sabWoTa ruseTis
okupaciis periodSi gadatanili istoriuli Zaladobis faqtebs. komisiam
aRniSnuli naSromi 2010 wlis 15 dekembramde unda waredgina. aRniSnuli
faqti sazogadoebis mxridan momdinare kritikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi
gaxda.
eqspertebis nawilis azriT drois aseT mokle monakveTSi Rirebuli
naSromis Seqmna, romelic asaxavs ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis 200
wlian periods, SeuZlebelia. magram mogvianebiT T. SaraseniZem ganmarta,
139
rom dokumenti ar iqneboda sqeltaniani samecniero naSromi aramed 40-50
gverdiani naSromi, romelic „mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom waikiTxos
Cveulebrivma adamianma, romelic SesaZloa saerTod ar icnobs saqarTvelos
istorias, an ucxoelebma, romlebmac araferi ician saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
dokumenti unda iyos mokle da datvirTuli da iTargmnos rusul da
inglisur enebze anu, naSromi farTo auditoriisTvis iqneba gankuTvnili da
ara imdenad istorikosebisTvis, vinc saqarTvelos istoria isedac kargad
icis. SemdgomSi Tu vinmes CaRrmaveba moundeba, SeuZlia gaecnos moxsenebebs,
romlebic daweres Cvenma istorikosebma da romlebic edeba safuZvlad am
Cvens saboloo moxsenebas“ (internet wyaro #20)
komisiis xelmZRvanelis TqmiT Seiqmna 105 gverdiani naSromi, romelic
aRwerda me-18 saukunidan sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde saqarTvelos istorias.
miuxedavad imisa komisiis xelmZRvanelis gancxadebiT xelisuflebam
dadebiTad Seafasa organos muSaoba, Tavad dokumenti jerjerobiT sajaro
ar gamxdara. Tumca komisiis wevrebis diskursidan ikveTeboda ramdenime
sintereso tendencia:
1. qarTvelebis wvlili okupaciis procesSi; komisiis musaobis
Sedegad unda gaamalizdes ara mxolod rogoriiyo qarTul
rusuli urTierTobebi, aramed rogori iyo TiToeuli mxaris
roli im politikis formirebaSi rac saboloo jamSi miviReT.
(Tornike SaraSeniZis gancxadebiT georgievskis traqtatis
dadebaSi, romelsac Tavad negatiurad afasebs, didi wvlili
miuZRvis erekle meoris karis garemocvas, romlebic aqtiurad
lobirebdnen aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis dadebas (sabWoTa
kavSiris kvlevis laboratoria. 2010);
2. sazogadoeba ar icnobs istorias amitomac unda gavacnoT. adre
arsebuli istoria xazgasmiT dadebiTad warmoaCenda ruseTis
rols saqarTveloSi, magaliTad ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
teritoriebis dabrunebas, marTalia saqarTvelosTvis dadebiTi
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Sedegebi qonda, magram ruseTs ufro metad adardebda
SavisRvispireTSi Tavisi strategiuli mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba
vidre saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, miTumetes
baTumis SemoerTebis Semdeg ruseTna aqtiurad daiwyo
demografiul mdgomareobis cvlileba regionSi;
3. warsulidan garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis auilebloba, raTa
momavalSi ar gavimeoroT; komisiis muSaobis Sedegi unda
yofiliyo istoriis, rogorc maswavleblis daniSnulebis
matarebeli. 200 wlis manZilze ruseTTan urTierTobis yvela
mcdeloba saqarTvelosTvis sazianod dasrulda. Sesabamisad
droa garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis da momvavalSi
urTierTobebis swored warsulis gamocdilebis safuZvelze
dagegmvis;
Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis diskursi da damokidebulebebi ruseTis
federaciisa da kolaboracionistebis mimarT am dokumentiT Rebulobda
legitomaciis ufro maRal, xarisxs, ramdenadac aw ukve wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT, mecnierul safuZvelze iqneboda naCvenebi is suraTi, rac
Sedegad moyva qarTul rusul 200 wlian urTierTobas.
141
daskvna
mexsierebis aqtualizacia da misi gamoyeneba saxelmwifos mSeneblobis
procesSi uaRresad aqtualur Temas warmoadgens. mis aqtualurobas
gansakuTrebiT xels uwyobs is faqti Tuki qveyanas aqvs igive gamowvevebi,
rac wlebis win awuxebda sazogadoebas da aseve gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli
damokidebulebiT sakuTari warsulis misamarTiT.
saqarTvelos SemTxveva yvela zemoTCamoTvlil kriteriums
akmayofilebs. ramdenadac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg darRveuli
identobis da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sakiTxi Tavidan dadga dRis
wesrigSi. saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi Tavisebureba
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aramemkvidreobiToba iyo, kerZod,
damoukideblobis aRdgenidan moyolebuli TiToeuli prezidenti qveyanaSi
mSeneblobis process xelaxla iwyebda, rac TavisTavad zegavlenas axdenda
warsulis memkvidreobis gaazrebisa da mexsierebis politikis formirebis
procesze, mis xasiaTsa Tu strategiaze.
zviad gamsaxurdias da mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis dros
gamokveTilia sabWoTa warsulis gadafasebis, rogorc saxelmwifo
politikis nawilad qcevis mcdeloba, magram am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi,
tendenciebi cvalebadia da is gamokveTilad aris morgebuli sagareo
politikis prioritetebs.
mocemuli kvleva miznad isaxavda arsebul monacemebis gaanalizebis
safuZvelze Seemowmebina oTxi ZiriTadi hipoTeza, romelic cdilobda
aexsna saqarTveloSi mexsierebis politikis xasiaTi, strategiebi,
ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi da aseve misi mimarTuleba.
142
hipoTeza #1: mexsierebis politika saqarTveloSi mimarTulia zemodan
qvemoT;
mexsierebis politikis zemodan qvemoT mimarTebaSi igulisxmeba misi
formirebis da gavrcelebis mimarTuleba. saqarTveloSi mexsierebis
politikis tendenciis analizisas ikveTeba, rom ZiriTadi iniciativebi
rogorc wesi zemodan qvemoT aris mimarTuli. ZiriTadad saxelisuflebo
wreebSi formirdeboda is ZiriTadi tendenciebi, romlis ZiriTadi
daniSnuleba sazogadoebrivi azris konkretuli miznis garSemo
gaerTianebaa.
vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mesierebis politikaSi ori ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba gamoikveTa, romelTa periodizaciac gansxvavdeba. pirveli
mimarTuleba saqarTvelos gmiruli warsulis gaxseneba da misi, rogorc
magaliTis gamoyenebaa, meore ki exeba 200 wliani warsulis (1801-1991 ww),
Tavisuflebis dakargvis da okupaciis da okupantebis damaxsovrebas.
pirveli mimarTuleba 2003-2006 ww-Si xorcieldeboda da am dros
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa diskursi orientirebuli iyo
saqarTvelos diadi warsulis gaxsenebaze am narativSi saqarTvelos
okupaciis da okupantebis Sesaxeb adgili ar aRmoCnda. 2006 wlidan ki
mexsierebis politikis orientiri saqarTvelos ruseTTan urTierTobis
negatoiuri gamocdilebis aspeqtebze xazgasma iyo.
hipoTeza #2: mexsierebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas hegemonuri nartivis
danergvis mcdeloba warmoadgens, romelic xorcieldeba simbolizaciisa da
viqtimizaciis strategiebiT;
zemoT naxsenebi mexsierebis mimarTulebebis dagegmvisas gansxvvebuli
strategiebi gamoiyeneboda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gmiruli warsulis
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warmoCenisas aqcenti simboloebze da sazogadoebaSi maT danergvaze
xdeboda aqcentireba.
post vardebis revoluciuri saqarTvelos axali saxelmwifoebrivi
simboloebi sWirdeboda, Sesabamisad Seicvala qveynis droSa, gerbi da himni.
Tavad vardebis revolucia (aseve baTumis „ganTavisufleba“) simbolurad
daukavSirda giorgobis TariRs (23 noemberi da 6 maisi) da Tavisuflebis
moedanze aRmarTul wminda giorgis qandakebas, rogorc borotebasTan
mebrZolis da am brZolaSi gamarjvebulis.
saxelisuflebo diskursSi aqtiurad Cndebian Tanamedrove gmirebi,
romlebic axal, modernizebul saqarTvelos qmnian, maT adareben daviT
aRmaSenebels, Tamar mefes saqarTvelos istoriul personaJebs, romelTac
Seqmnes saqarTvelos oqros xana. Tavad mixeil saakaSvilma inauguraciamde
fici daviT aRmaSeneblis saflavze dado, riTac saqarTveloSi diadi
aRmSeneblobis epoqis dasawyisi gamoacxada. qveynis modernizaciis da
ganviTarebisken swrafvis Cvenebisas aqtiurad gamoiyeneba wina
xelisuflebis droindeli mdgomareobis, rogorc cudis da
„damyayebulis“ Sefaseba, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli iqca simbolod,
saiTkenac saqarTvelos arasodes ar unda dabrundes.
simboluria aseve erovnuli gmirebis dafaseba da maTi samSobloSi
Camosvenebis erovnul dResaswaulad qceva, rogoric iyo qaquca
ColoyaSvilis da zviad gamsaxurdias SemTxvevaSi.
mexsierebis politikis meore mimarTulebis analizisas ZiriTadi
strategia viqtimizacia da damnaSavis Ziebaa. Tuki 2006 wlamde
saxelisuflebo diskursSi ar gamoiyeneba termini „okupanti“,
„agresori“ 2006 wlis Semdeg is aqtiurad Cndeba. metic iqmneba mexsierebis
adgilebi, romelibic qmnian xsovnas msxverplis Sesaxeb. esenia okupaciis
muzeumi, aqtiuluri xdeba kojor tabaxmelaSi iunkrebis memoriali,
Tebervlis bolo kvira cxaddeba okupaciis kvireulad da mis aRsaniSnavad
144
skolebSi ewyoba RonisZiebebi, icvleba iwyeba meore msoflio omis aRniSvna
(8 maiss) nacvlad didi samamulo omisa (9 maisi), goris centraluri
moednidan gadaaqvT stalinis Zegli da cxaddeba konkursi, rom mis nacvlad
Zeglis pedestalze daidgas erTianobis memoriali. iqmneba WeSmaritebis
damdgeni komisia romelmac unda Seiswavlos ruseT-saqarTvelos
urTierTobis 200 wliani istoria da amiT xeli Seuwyos koleqtiuri
mexsierebis Seqmnas, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelo araerTxel gamxdara
ruseTis msxverpli. am SemTxvevaSi mexsierebis politika ukavSirdeba
erovnul usafrTxoebas da cdilobs aRmofxvras qveyanaSi
kolaboracionistuli ganwyobebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba
hipoTeza #3: mexsierebis strategiis arCevanze zegavlenas axdens
sagareo politikis orientirebi;
zemoT naxsenebi mexsierebis politikis ori mimarTulebis arseboba
sagareo politikuri kursiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod, vardebis
revoluciis Semdeg prezidentma saakaSvilma megobrobis xeli gauwoda
ruseTis federaciis pezidents da SesTavaza urTierTobebis axlidan,
rogorc Tanabaruflebiani partniorebis doneze dawyeba.
am mimarTulebiT garkveuli warmatebebis miRweva, rac gamoixateboda
rusuli samSvidobeobis axalqalaqis bazidan gasvlaSi, aisaxeboda
politikur diskursSi, sadac aqcenti warsul da Tanamedrove miRwevebze da
Sesabamisad maT Semoqmedebze keTdeboda. Rirebulebebis gadafaseba,
mentalobis cvlileba es is Temebia, romelic farulad mianiSnebda
negatiuri gamocdilebis qonaze.
rusul -qarTuli urTierTobis gauareseba, rac saqarTvelo-ruseTis
damakavSirebel energomatareblebze diversiiT da qarTvelebis ruseTis
federaciidan masobrivi deportaciiT daiwyo saxelisuflebo diskursSic
aisaxa. 2007 wlis TebervalSi, pirvelad, prezidentma sakaSvilma pativi
miago kojor-tabaxmelaze 1921 wlis TebervalSi me 11-e armiis winaaRmdeg
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daRupul gmirTa memorials da xazi gausva rom isini saqarTvelos
okupantebTan brZolaSi daRupnen. am periodidan moyolebuli saqarTvelo -
ruseTis urTierTobebi sul ufro metd mwvavdeba, rac Tavis mxriv asaxvas
poulobs mexsierebis politikis xasiaTze. is ufro metad radikaluri xdeba
da ukavSirdeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxs, ramdenadac, 1921 wels
kolaboracionistuli moZraobis wvlili saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
dakargvaSi sakmaod didi iyo. qarTveli politikosTa nawilis mier
gakeTebuli gancxadebebi da maTi vizitebi moskovSi swored msgavs
moZraobTan asocirdeboda xelisuflebisaTvis.
sagareo safrTxe aris erT-erTi amxsneli Tu ratom moxerxda e.w.
Tavisuflebis qartiis (lustraciis kanonis) miReba, rac verc erTma
xelisuflebam 1991 wlidam moyolebuli ver SeZlo. es kanoni unda
gamxdariyo erT-erTi Semakavebeli faqtori msgavsi tipis aqtivobebisa.
hipoTeza #4: socialuri konstruqcionizmi warmoadgens ZiriTad
amxsnels, ramdenadac am Teoriis Tanaxmad sazogadoeba erTgvar
konstruqcias warmoadgens da SesaZlebelia interpretaciebis Sesabamisad
Sinaarsis cvlileba, rac didwilad damokidebulia politikis dRis
wesrigze, faqtebis SerCeviTobiT aris ganapirobebuli, rom mexsierebis
konstruireba da marTva SeuZliaT maT, visac sazogadoebis darwmunebis
meqanizmebze wvdoma exelmwifeba.
zemoTaRniSnuli oTxi hipoTezidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia
visaubroT mexuTe hipoTezis damtkicebis SesaZleblobaze, ramdenadac
saqarTveloSi mexsierebis politika 2003-2012 wlebSi dafuZnebuli iyo
warsulidan faqtebis politikuri dRis wesrigis Sesabamisad SerCevaze, mis
Sesabamis interpretirebasa da sazogadoebisaTvis sxvadasxva produqtis
saxiT miwodebaze. am periodisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia e.w. hegemonuri
narativi, romlis sazogadoebaSi popularizaciisaTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba
informaciis gavrcelebis yvela saSualeba monumentebidan kinofilmebamde.
146
zemoT aRniSnuli debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia
garkveuli daskvenebis gakeTeba . kerZod:
Tavdapirvelad apelireba axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobaze axal
SesaZleblobebze, axal adamianebze, moiTxovda warsulidan faqtebis
gamoTxovas, romelic orientirebuli iqneboda sazogadoebis gaerTianebaze,
Sedakonfliqtebis aRmofxvraze, mankieri Cvevebis daviwyebaze. am procesSi
umniSvnelovanesi iyo diadi brZolebis, gamarjvebebis da maTi avtorebis
memoralizacia.
saqarTveloSi Seiqmna gmirebis „panTeoni“, romelTaTvis unda miebaZaT,
amasTan es gmirebi moicavda ara mxolod istoriul gmirebs, aramed
Tanamedrovedac, moqalaqeebs, romlebic keTilsindisierad asrulebdnen,
maTze dakisrebul movaleobas. es ukanaskneli miuTiTebda, rom qveyanaSi
mdgomareoba ar aris statikuri, aramed dinamiuria, mudmivad progresirebs.
ruseTis federaciidan saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis deportacia,
inergodiversia, embargo qarTul produqtebze. es is faqtorebia, romelTac
saqarTveloSi mexsierebis politikis strategiis radikaluri cvlileba
gamoiwvia.
Tumca gamowvevebis cvlilebTa fonze Seicvala gmirebis panTeoni.
arsebuli „gantevebis vacis Ziebisa“ da „ damfuZnebeli mamebis“ Ziebis
procesi Canacvlda „viqtimizaciis“ strategiiT, rodesac aqcenti gadatanil
iqna Tu ras ver miaRwia qveyanam, ra dakarga mas Semdeg, rac Zaladobis
gamoyenebiT Camoaciles ganiviTarebis arCeul kurss. amasTan msxverplis
mexsiereba moicavda SiSs, rom SesaZloa istoria ganmeordes da
„mterma“ qveyanaSi moeZebnos dasayrdeni, rac man warsulSi moaxerxa.
miTumetes qveyanaSi dResac moiZebnebodnen adamianebi, romelTa xedva
radikalurad gansxvavdeboda arsebuli saxelisuflebo diskursisagan.
147
agvistos omis Semdeg viqtimizaciis procesi SesaZlebelia Sefasdes,
rogorc erTgvari proeqti, romelic kompleqsuri aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT
miznad isaxavda axali koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebas. amasTanave
surda aRniSnuli mexsierebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad qcevas.
amasTanave mexsierebis politikas aramxolod saSinao daniSnuleba,
aramed sagareo gaTvlebic qonda, kerZod, am politikiT saqarTvelos
xelisufleba miznad isaxavda erTian evropul ojaxis wevrad gaxdomas,
ramdenadac misi narativi iqneboda msgavsi aRmosavleT evropuli narativisa,
romelic daupirispirdeboda ruseTs, romelic am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
sabWoTa kavSiris uSualo memkvidre da misi politikuri kursis
gamgrZelebeli gamodioda.
148
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video/audio masalebi
1. kvlevis laboratoria sabWoTa warsulis, warsulis rekonstruqcia:
istoriografiis roli sabWoTa warsulis gaazrebaSi
http://sovlab.ge/ka/news/discussion-reconstruction-of-past
2. Видеоблог Дмитрия Медведева http://blog.kremlin.ru/post/11
siRrmiseuli interviuebi:
1. farnaoz lomaSvili- istorikosi 15.10.2013
2. gogi gegeWkori- 1992 w. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri
10.10.2013
3. levan berZeniSvili- parlamentari, lustraciis kanonis
iniciatori 12.11.2014
4. gia TorTlaZe- „Tavisuflebis qartiis“ iniciatori 19.11.2014
158
5. levan uruSaZe- okupaciis muzeumis direqtori 10.02.2013
6. oTar janeliZe -istorikosi 05.09.2013
7. vasil ruxaZe - istoriuli WeSmaritebisdamdgeni komisiis
xelmZRvaneli 04.07.2014
8. nika rurua - yofili kulturis ministri 20.12.2014
9. omar TuSuriSvili, Sss arqivis direqtori 20.12.2014
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164
mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTvebi
1. 10.09.2004 saqarTvelos prezidentis sajaro gamosvla afxazeTis
umaRlesi sabWos wevrebTan Sexvedraze
2. 26.05.2004 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro
gamosvla saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRisadmi miZRvnil
aRlumze
3. 23.02.2004 saqarTvelos prezidentis sajaro gamosvla jorj
vaSingtonis saxelobis universitetSi
4. 26.05.2005 mixeil sakaSvilis sajaro gamosvla saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisadmi miZRvnil aRlumze
5. 24.02.2005 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili parlamentSi
wlis saangariSo moxsenebiT gamovida
6. 23.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTva
forumze ”evropis gaTavisuflebis axali talRa, demokratia da
transformacia”
7. 22.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma
saerTaSoriso forumi ”evropis gaTavisuflebis axali talRa,
demokratia da transformacia” gaxsna
8. 10.07.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
baTumSi saerTaSoriso konferenciaze - “saqarTvelos mTavrobis
iniciativa samxreT oseTis konfliqtis mSvidobian
daregulirebasTan dakavSirebiT”
165
9. 29.10.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
biznesmenTa forumze
10. 26.05.2005 25 maiss saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma
wlis Semajamebeli brifingi gamarTa
10.05.2005 prezident mixeil saakaSvilis misalmeba amerikis SeerTebul
Statebis prezidentisadmi
11. 15.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis gamosvla gaeros generaluri
asambleis mesamoce sesiaze
12. 03.06.2005 Выступление Президента Грузии Михаила Саакашвили на
саммите СНГ в Тбилиси
13. 10.10.2005saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilisa da litvis
prezidentis valdas adamkusis erToblivi preskonferencia
14. 20.11.2005saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
zugdidSi
15. 21.04.2005saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
iuridiul fakultetze
16. 01.04.2005saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saxelmwifo
kancelariaSi brifingi gamarTa
17. 26.07.2005 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili
konstituciuri usafrTxoebis departamentSi samarTaldamcavi
sruqturebis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda
18. 25.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma
pervelkurselebs sityviT mimarTa
166
19. 03.05.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTva
qarTveli erisadmi. Tbilisis sakrebuloSi saqarTvelos
prezidenti umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebs Sexvda
20. 11.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
patriotTa pirvel erovnul forumze
21. 04.07.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saxelmwifo
teqnikur universitetSi Jani kalandaZis saxelobis auditoria
gaxsna
22. 09.12.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
quTaisSi zurab Jvanias saxelobis administraciuli skolis
gaxsnaze
23. 31.05.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saqarTvelos
teritoriidan ruseTis samxedro bazebis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT
or qveyanas Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis Taobaze brifingi gamarTa
24. 28.12.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
biznesmenebTan erTad gamarTul saqvelmoqmedo vaxSamze
25. 16.02.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis sajaro gamosvla ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
26. 23.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze
27. 21.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
samebis sakaTedro taZarSi
28. 31.12.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma sazogado
moRvaweebi Rirsebis ordenebiTa da medlebiT daajildova
167
29. 04.08.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
SvedeTSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso forumze
30. 04.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma gia
xeviaSvili ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ministrad waradgina
31. 23.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma axali
airturbinuli eleqtrosadguri gaxsna
32. 22.01.2006mixeil saakaSvilma gazsadenis afeTqebasTan dakavSirebiT
telekompania ”bi-bi-si”-sTvis komentari gaakeTa
33. 20.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
eneTmecnierebis xelnawerTa institutSi
34. 27.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma energomomaragebis sakiTxebze
TaTbiri gamarTa
35. 19.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
energetikis sabWos sxdomaze
35.05.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma sagangebo
gancxadeba gaakeTa
36. 26.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo
gancxadeba
37. 22.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo
gancxadeba
38. 21.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili sakrebulos
wevrebs Sexvda
39. 22.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze
168
40. 24.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma da SvedeTis
premier-ministrma ioran personma erToblivi brifingi gamarTes
41. 25.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
qarTvel iunkerTa xsovnisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze
42. 03.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis gamosvla miunhenis 42-e
saerTaSoriso konferenciisadmi miZRvnil sadilze
43. 23.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sityva
mosamarTleTa ficis dadebis ceremoniaze
44. 14.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis
yovelwliuri Semajamebeli moxseneba parlamentis sagazafxulo
sesiaze
45. 18.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis forumze
46. 21.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gancxadeba
uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze
47. 24.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saqarTvelos
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdoma gamarTa
48. 17.03.2006saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma brifingi
gamarTa
49. 14.03.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis
misasalmebeli sityva TurqeTis respublikis prezidentis ahmeT
nejdeT sezeris mimarT
50. 27.03.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze
169
51. 09.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma 9 aprilis
dResTan dakavSirebiT gancxadeba gaakeTa
52. 06.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili rusTavis
„azotis“ qarxanas ewvia
53. 25.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma
energetikuli komisiis sxdoma gamarTa
54. 08.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili regionaluri
mediis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda
55. 03.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi
56. 18.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili saparlamento
umravlesobis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda
57. 26.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro
gamosvla saqarTvelos damoukideblobisadmi miZRvnil aRlumze
58. 06.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili aWaris
mTavrobis saxlTan sityviT gamovida
59. 06.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma baTumSi,
evropis moedanze axal monuments Cauyara safuZveli
60. 11.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis
misasalmebeli sityva estoneTis prezidentis arnold ruutelis
mimarT
61. 10.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
mTavrobis sxdomaze
170
62. 03.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili zurab Jvanias
saxelobis saxelmwifo administrirebis skolis
kursdamTavrebulebs Sexvda
63. 27.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma saqvelmoqmedo vaxSamze
biznesmenebs sityviT mimarTa
64. 07.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakSvilma da xorvatiis
respublikis prezidentma stiepan mesiCma erToblivi brifingi
gamarTes
65. 14.06.2006 saqarTvelosa da ruseTis prezidentebis erToblivi
brifingi
13.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro
gamosvla baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis prezentaciaze
66. 28.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo
gancxadeba kodoris xeobaSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiT
67. 12.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis Sexvedra
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebTan
68. 17.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo
gancxadeba
69. 05.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axali proeqtis prezentacia gamarTa
70. 15.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
mTavrobis sxdomaze
71. 02.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
poloneTis respublikis prezidentTan erTad gamarTul brifingze
171
72. 22.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili saCxeris
samxedro bazis gaxsnas daeswro
73. 30.09.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi
74. 11/23/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
Tavisuflebis monumentis gaxsnis sazeimo ceremoniaze
75. 11/14/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis batoni mixeil saakaSvilis
mimarTva evroparlamentisadmi
76. 11/9/2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili sastumro
„interkontinentalis“ mSeneblobis dawyebis ceremonias daeswro
77. 02.11.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili israelSi
qarTul diasporas Sexvda
78. 11/11/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma mTavrobaSi
ganxorcielebul sakadro cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT
preskonferencia gamarTa
79. 28.12.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
biznesmenebTan gamarTul saqvelmoqmedo vaxSamze
80. 12/26/2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis studentebs Sexvda
81. 12/9/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma axali
satumros mSeneblobis Taobaze kontraqti gaaforma
82. 12/9/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
zurab Jvanias dabadebis dRisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze
saqarTvelos parlamentSi
172
83. 31.01.2007 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili mTavrobis
sxdomas daeswro
84. 25.01.2007 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili siRnaRSi
axali proeqtis prezentacias daeswro
85. 17.01.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis
misasalmebeli sityva mosamarTleTa ficis dadebis ceremoniaze
86. 23.02.2007 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili sainformacio
saSualebebis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda
87. 22.02.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla
senakis samxedro bazaze
88. 14.03.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma zemo
afxazeTis mosaxleobas sityviT mimarTa
89. 12.03.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma kodorSi
ganviTarebul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, erovnuli uSiSroebis
sabWos sxdomaze gancxadeba gaakeTa
90. 02.03.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma da ukrainis
prezidentma viqtor iuSCenkom erToblivi preskonferencia gamarTes
173