1

ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

Tamar qaraia

mexsierebis politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

(sabWoTa warsulis gaazreba vardebis revoluciis Semdeg)

disertacia

Ppolitikis mecnierebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

xelmZRvaneli: malxaz macaberiZe

politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Tbilisi 2015

2

sarCevi

Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................ 4

kvlevis dizaini, meTodologia da struqtura .............................................................................. 10

Tavi 1. mexsierebis politikis kvlevaSi arsebuli konceptualuri midgomebi

............................................................................................................................................................ 21

§1.1 mexsierebis analizis doneebi......................................................................................................... 24

§1.2 mexsierebis transformacia individualuridan societalur konteqstSi............... 28

§1.3 mexsierebis ganzomilebis cvlileba societaluridan politikur konteqstSi .. 39

§1.4 mexsiereba da gardamavali sazogadoebebi ........................................................................... 48

§2.1 warsulis gadafaseba da aRmoCena ............................................................................................ 53

§ 2.1.1 sabWoTa warsulis gadafaseba institucionalur doneze ........................................... 57

§2.2 dekomunizaciis da lustraciis sakiTxi postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi ....................... 60

Tavi III . mexsierebis politikis markerebi „vardebis revoluciis“ sawyis

etapze ............................................................................................................................................... 69

§ 3. 1 axali saxelmwifos mSenebloba identobis transformaciis gziT .......................... 71

§ 3.2 sagareo politika, rogorc mexsierebis politikis markeri ......................................... 78

Tavi IV. sabWoTa okupacia, rogorc mexsierebis „proeqti“...................................................... 85

§ 4.1 okupaciis muzeumi, rogorc mexsierebis adgili ................................................................ 88

§4.2 media, rogorc sabWoTa okupaciis „proeqtis“ resursi .................................................. 92

Tavi V. lustracia, rogorc manipulaciis iaraRi ........................................................ 96

§5.1 arasruli saarqivo monacemebis sakiTxi ................................................................................... 97

3

§ 5.2 lustraciis kanonproeqtebi ....................................................................................................... 99

Tavi VI ............................................................................................................................................... 110

stalinis sakiTxi politikur diskursSi ......................................................................... 110

§ 6.1 sabWoTa monumenturi Zeglebi .................................................................................................... 111

§6.2. faSizmze gamarjvebis dRe 9 maisi Tu 8 maisi ................................................................... 121

§6.3. warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis fedraciaSi ......................................... 125

§6.4 warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis federaciaSi ........................................ 130

§6.4.1 sabWoTa istoriis sadao sakiTxebi ......................................................................................... 133

§6.4.2 sabWoTa warulis aRqma da istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis sakiTxi ....................... 135

§6.5. saqarTvelos istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisia ............................................... 137

daskvna ............................................................................................................................................... 141

gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................... 148

4

Sesavali

„saqarTvelo agrZelebs Tavis did istoriul svlas Tavisuflebisa da

demokratiisaken. es aris welgamarTuli da amayi svla, Cveni nabiji

gamyarebulia winaprebis TavdadebiTa da axali saqarTvelos energiT,

istoriuli pasuxismgeblobiTa da momavlis rwmeniT“ (saakaSvili m. 20.01.2008).

es sityva prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma 2008 wels inauguraciaze

warmoTqva da masSi gmiruli warsuliT siamaye, winaparTa winaSe

pasuxismgebloba da momavlis gamowvevis idea gaaerTiana. aRniSnuli

gamosvla istoriis gamoyenebis da koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebis

mcdelobis magaliTs warmoadgens da asaxavs mexsierebis politikis ZiriTad

tendenciebs vardebis revoluciis Semdgom saqarTveloSi.

istoriis, rogorc politikis resursis gamoyeneba araerT saukunes

iTvlis. droTa ganmavlobaSi gafarTovda da daixvewa misi gamoyenebis

strategia. Sesabamisad, gaZlierda misi sazogadoebaze zegavlenac. is

SesaZlebelia CarTul iqnas, rogorc mmarTveli Zalis legitimaciis, an

piriqiT - aralegitimurad gamocxadebis, eris konsolidaciisa, mtris

winaaRmdeg brZolis da sxva araerT procesSi. xolo politikosebis

Zalisxmeva, sazogadoebaSi Seqmnan konkretuli movlenis xsovna an xeli

Seuwyon mis daviwyebas sxvadasxva resursebis gamoyenebiT, aris is, rasac

mexsierebis politikas uwodeben.

mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom evropis kontinentze mexsierebis

politikis, rogorc politikis dRis wesrigis ucvleli nawilis gaCena 1945

wels meore msoflio omis dasrulebas, axali msoflio politikuri

wesrigis Seqmnas da evropaSi axali identobebis warmoSoba-

damkvidrebisaTvis saxelmwifoebs Soris gamarTul brZolas ukavSirdeba

(Lebow R. 2006).

5

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, civi omis dasasrulma, axali damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebis warmoSobam da Sedegad, warsulis axleburad gazrebis

saWiroebam, axali sicocxle SesZina mexsierebis kvlevebs, romelic

aqtualurobas arc manamde kargavda. postsabWoTa sivrcis axalma

damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Seecadnen ra

sabWoTa kavSiris koleqtiuri mexsierebisagan ganTavisuflebas, uari Tqves

istoriuli faqtebis Sefasebis sabWour versiaze da axali, nacionaluri

interpretacia SemogvTavazes. rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezi hqonda da ara

mxolod sabWoTa kavSirisgan gamijvnis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli,

aramed istoriis axali versia saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi

mniSvnelovan damxmare resursad moiazreboda.

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesi eris

konsolidacias, axali identobis formirebas da mosaxleobaSi

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Sesabamisi ganwyobebis da Rirebulebebis

formirebas moiTxovda. amitomac warsulis Sefaseba, da umetes SemTxvevaSi

gadafaseba swored saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesis Semadgeneli nawili

gaxda. xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTma mcdelobam didi vnebaTa-Relva gamoiwvia.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ziari istoriuli gamocdilebis gansxvavebulma

interpretaciam axal konfliqtebs daudo saTave da ara mxolod saSinao,

aramed sagareo politikis ganmapirobebel (an mxardamWer) faqtorad iqca,

aliansebis Seqmnis da mowinaaRmdegeTa blokad dayofis mizezic ki gaxda.

yofili sabWoTa saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi pretenziebi sabWoTa

kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis da misi istoriuli narativis

winaaRmdeg iyo da dResac aris mimarTuli, romlis Tanaxmad sabWoTa

kavSiris istoriis gansxvavebuli interpretacia istoriis falsifikaciad

aRiqmeba. yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi sabWoTa warsulis „falsifikaciis

aRkveTa“ da faqtebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciisadmi brZola erovnuli

interesebis doneze aris ayvanili da usafrTxoebis koncefciaSic ki hpova

asaxva (internet wyaro # 26). garda amisa Seiqmna komisia, romlis umTavresi

6

misia, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriuli faqtebis falsifikaciis aRkveTa iyo,

ramac Tavis mxriv asaxva hpova yofili sabWoTa saxelmwifoebis mexsierebis

politikis ZiriTad tendenciebze.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mexsierebis politikis CarTva da misi

mniSvnelobis gazrdac didwilad ziari istoriis gansxvavebuli versiebiT

aris ganpirobebuli. rac am sakiTxis aqtualurobis axsnas kidev erTi

gansxvavebuli rakursiT gvTavazobs. ramdenadac saxelmwifoTa

xelmZRvanelebi sul ufro xSirad ganixilaven istorias, rogorc

politikis dRiswesrigis nawils cdiloben ra erovnuli identobis

rekonstruirebas da sazogadoebis gaerTianebas. amdros aqcenti keTdeba

warsulis danaSaulebebze da bodiSis moxdis aucileblobaze, rac Tavis

mxriv, gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaSi „Cven“ da „sxvebis“ aRqmaze da

yovelive es, arc Tu ise iSviaTad, sagareo orientaciis prioritetebis

gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba.

kiTxvaze, Tu, konkretulad ram ganapiroba koleqtiuri mexsierebis

formirebis, istoriis gamoyenebis da am fenomenis kvlevis aseTi didi

daintereseba, araerTi pasuxi arsebobs, Tumca mraval axsnas Soris

dominirebs Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli komemoraciuli

ceremoniebis siuxve, gansxvavebuli da xSir SemTxvevaSi dapirispirebuli

mexsierebebis arseboba, romelic msoflio omebma, dapyrobili

saxelmwifoebis ganTavisuflebam, sabWoTa sivrcis rRvevam da a.S warmoSva.

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa mesveurebma gaanalizes, rom saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis procesSi warsulis magaliTebis gamoyenebas SeuZlia

sazogadoebis konsolidacia, saerTo miznisaTvis darazmva. Sedegad

warmoiSva e.w. „mexsierebis bumi“ (Winter, J. 2000), an “mexsierebis industria”

(Rosenfeld, G,S. 2003. p.123) 1 rodesac istoriuli personaJebis, movlenebis

1 ix. Kammen, M. 1991. Huyssen, A. 1995. Barkan, E. 2000. Rosenberg, E.2003

7

Sefaseba, memoralizacia an daviwyeba sazogadoebaTa damaxasiaTebeli niSani

gaxda.

maikl kamennma (Kammen, M. 1991) gamoyo ramdenime mizezi, riTac Seecada

aexsna mexsierebis kvlevebis popularobis ganmapirobebeli mizezi aSS-is

magaliTze. esenia dResaswaulebi, romelic qveyanaSi aRiniSneba 1980 wlis

Semdeg, multikulturalizmi, holokostis uaryofa, mexsiereba vietnamis

omis Sesaxeb, „mexsierebis industriis“ gamoCena 1 , da civi omis dasasruli.

CamonaTvali uCvenebs, rom am fenomenis mxolod erTi mizeziT axsna rTulia.

Tumca rogorc erli aRniSnavs am kriteriumebis mxolod nawili SeiZleba

Seesabamebodes magaliTad, Tanamedrove germanias an amerikas da, rom

TiToeul kulturas da TiToeul sazogadoebas SesaZlebelia moeZebnos

sakuTari axsna mexsierebiT dainteresebas (Earl, A. 2011. p.5) an rogorc mas

uwodeben „mexsierebis bums“.

erli saubrobs, rom mexsierebam gadalaxa saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi,

gascda sagareo politikis farglebs da ukve globalur fenomens

warmoadgens. iqmneba mexsierebis kvlevis saerTaSoriso qselebi, travmuli

mexsierebis Senaxvis mizniT agroveben e.w. „zepir istoriebs“, xolo

cifruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam mexsierebis gavlenis SesaZleblobas

axali sicocxle SesZina.

saqarTvelos SemTxvevevaSi koleqtiuri mexsiereba erT-erTi

aqtualuri Temaa, ramdenadac istoriul movlenebs politikur diskursSi

mudmivad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. gmirebs, moRalateebs, warsuli

didebis da Znelbedobis dReebs mudmivad axseneben sazogadoebas, rasac zog

SemTxvevaSi sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs da gvaZlevs saSualebas vimsjeloT

mexsierebis politikis xasiaTze. saqarTveloSi istoriuli mexsierebis

1 termini „mexsierebis industria“ pirvelad gamoiyena maikl kamenma (Kammen M. 1991 p.3), rodesac Seexo holokostis komemoraciis politikas israelSi, xolo am terminis

ufro aqtiuri gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia gavriel rozenfeldis saxelTan (Rosenfeld G.

2009 pp.122-158)

8

rogorc politikis dRis wesrigis nawilis gamoyenebisadmi interesis zrda

SeimCneva 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg. marTalia XX saukunis 80-

90-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis da damoukideblobis gamocxadebis

Semdeg, garkveuli Zvrebi SeimCneoda sabWoTa warsulis gaazrebis kuTxiT,

magram es ZiriTadad mkvlevarTa saqmianobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da

saxelmwifo politikis formiT naklebi TanmimdevrulobiT xorcieldeboda.

es ufro metad Seexo konkretul istoriul movlenebs, romlebic uSualod

sabWoTa kavSiris rolis pozitiurad warmoCenas cdilobda (wiTeli armiis

Semosvla, 30-iani wlebis represiebi, winaaRmdegobis moZraobebi da sxv.) da

umTavresad istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi hpova asaxva. sazogadoebis

koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebis sakiTxiT am periodSi politikosebi

naklebad interesdebodnen.

gamonakliss warmoadgens lustraciisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxi,

radgan is damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samive xelisuflebis (gamsaxurdia,

SevardnaZe, saakaSvili) pirobebSi iyo aqtualuri da sagareo Tu saSinao

politikis zegavleniT icvlida simwvavis fazebs. rac Seexeba istoriuli

movlenebis damaxsovreba/daviwyebis saxelmwifo politikis doneze ayvanas

is swored vardebis revoluciis Semdgom periods ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad,

post revoluciuri xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli politikuri kursi

SesaZloa definicirebul iqnas, rogorc „oficialuri mexsierebis

politika“, romelic SeiZleba Sesabamisad ganvmartoT: Zalauflebis

gamoyenebis saSualebiT warsulis Sesaxeb koleqtiuri Sexedulebis

konstruireba, romelic seleqciuria da moicavs mxolod im movlenebs,

romelic am konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis aris xelsayreli (Jovi, D. 2004). es

erTgvari politikuri procesia “romelsac aqvs sawyisi, magram ara

dasasruli” (Connerton 1989, p.14).

saqarTveloSi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis

gaaqtiurebis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saxelmwifos “xelaxla”

mSeneblobis mcdeloba, romelsac winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaze eris

9

konsolidacia da Rirebulebebis gadafaseba/ axliT Canacvleba sWirdeboda.

amave dros angariSgasawevia saqarTveloSi warsulisadmi arsebuli

gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba, rac mravalsaukuniani istoriis qoniT

aris ganpirobebuli (internet wyaro #13). aseve umniSvnelovanesi

maformirebeli faqtoria SiSi sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidris, ruseTis

mxridan momdinare agresiisa da gavlenis aqtorebisadmi. Sesabamisad

koleqtiuri mexsiereba aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-erTi

Semadgeneli komponenti.

mocemuli naSromi orientirebulia Seiswavlos mexsierebis politika,

romelic vertikalurad, zemodan qvemoT (xelisuflebidan sazogadoebisken)

aris mimarTuli da rogorc wesi mmarTvelTa mxridan mexsierebis

oficialuri politikuri kursis SemuSavebas emsaxureba. naSromi

fokusirebulia mexsierebis politikis, rogorc identobis Semadgeneli da

umTavresi maformirebeli nawilis kvlevaze. mocemuli kvlevis Teoriul

CarCos warmoadgens socialuri konstruqcionizmis Teoria, romlis

Tanaxmadac mexsierebis politikis xasiaTis da Sinaarsis ZiriTadi

ganmapirobebeli faqtori swored mmarTveli elitaa, romelsac

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebaze zegavlenisTvis araerTi

berketis gamoyeneba SeuZlia.

kvleva aseve miznad isaxavs 2003 wlidan 2013 wlamde mexsierebis

politikis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlenas, rac ganpirobebulia

aRniSnuli periodis mizanmimarTuli da specifiuri xasiaTiT, cvalebadi

strategiebiT da maformirebeli faqtorebiT. ramdenadac am periodis

mexsierebis politika moicavda gmirul warsulze aqcentirebis periods da

mogvianebiT is msxverplis koncefciis konstruirebis procesSi gadaizarda

da araerTi mkveTri nabiji gadaidga oficialuri mexsierebis politikis

gasatareblad.

saqarTveloSi vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis

tendenciebis ganalizebisas SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi etapi:

10

pirveli grZeldeba vardebis revoluciidan qarTvelebis ruseTis

federaciidan deportaciis dawyebamde (2006w.), rodesac oficialuri

mexsierebis politika eris konsolidacias axali simboloebis SeqmniT

da Zvelis CanacvlebiT, gmiruli warsulis win wamoweviT da maTze

apelirebiT cdilobda (prezidentis mier daviT aRmaSeneblis

saflavze ficis dadeba, qaquca ColoyaSvilis Camosveneba da a.S.)

meore etapi ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvasTan erTad iwyeba,

romlis erT-erTi pirvel nabijad qarTvelebis ruseTis federaciidan

deportacia SeiZleba CavTvaloT. es procesi gansakuTrebiT

gaaqtiurda 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg, rodesac sabWoTa

warsulis Sefaseba da tragikuli movlenebis gaxseneba oficialuri

diskursis nawili gaxda da Sesabamis aqtivobebSic gamoixata,

rogoricaa sabWoTa monumentebis da memorialebis Camoxsna/gadatana,

quCebis saxelwodebebis Secvlis sakiTxis dasma, istoriuli

WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisiis daarseba Tu lustraciis Sesaxeb

kanonis miReba. garda amisa aqtiurad daiwyo termin

„okupaciis“ gamoyeneba, rac adreul periodSi ar gvxvdeba da rac

Tavis mxriv mexsierebis politikis tendenciebis cvlilebaze

miuTiTebs.

kvlevis dizaini, meTodologia da struqtura

mexsierebis politikis analizisas SesaZlebelia ori donis gamoyofa,

oficialuri da araoficialuri, romelic Tavismxriv SesaZlebelia davyoT

qvedoneebad. araoficialuri politikuri mexsiereba asaxvas xelovnebaSi,

axal mediaSi, gaerTianebebsa Tu aqciebSi hpovebs, xolo, oficialuri

politikuri mexsiereba moicavs politikur aqtorebs da maT mier miRebul

gadawyvetilebebs da aseve im diskurss, romelic implementaciis procesSi

11

iqmneboda. swored es ukanaskneli iqna arCeuli mocemuli kvlevis analizis

doned.

kvleva moicavs mexsierebis politikas 2003 wlidan (vardebis

revoluciidan) 2012 wlis oqtombramde. sakvlevi periodis gansazRvras

safuZvlad udevs vardebis revoluciis sedegad mosuli xelisuflebis

gamokveTili politikuri kursi mexsierebis formirebis sferoSi. 2012 wlis

oqtombris Semdgomi periodis CarTva am kvlevaSi arasworad CavTvaleT,

radganac axali xelisuflebis diskursi gansxvavebulia da Sesabamisad,

kvlevaSi axali indikatorebis CarTvas moiTxovda.

mocemuli kvleva orientirebulia ara imdenad narativis Sinarsobriv

analizze, aramed mexsierebis adgilebis Seswavlaze, ra informaciis

matarebelia da ris Sesaxeb apirebs xsovnis damkvidrebas. amasTan

aRniSnuli naSromi ufro metad cdilobs gaanalizos Tu ramdenad axdenda

drois konkretuli momentSi arsebuli politikuri dRis wesrigi

zegavlenas movlenis interpretaciis cvlilebaze, rogor xdeba am

cvlilebis miwodeba sazogadoebisTvis, faqtebis gaxsenebiT Tu piriqiT,

daviwyebiT.

kvlevis aseT fokusze arCevani ganapiroba im faqtma, rom vardebis

revoluciis Semdeg erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi strategia

simboloebze, movlenaTa damTxvevaze aqcentireba iyo, rodesac

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi xSirad avlebdnen paralelebs

Tanamedroveobasa da warsuls Soris. aRniSnulma tendenciam asaxva

komemoraciuli ritualebis raodenobazec hpova, romelic droTa

ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda maTi popularizaciis zrdis kvaldakval. 2006

wlidan ufro metad gaaqtiurda politikuri kursi, romelic pier noras

„mexsierebis adgilebis“ Sesaxeb TeoriiT SeZleba gaanalizdes (Nora, P. 1989).

rodesac ara mxolod saxelisuflebo diskursi Seicvala, aramed

transformirda eris aRqma gmiridan msxverplamde, rac Sesabamisi Sinaarsis

mqone mexsierebis adgilebis SeqmnaSi aisaxa.

12

mocemuli kvleva aseve aanalizebs sabWoTa kavSiris gaazrebis

procesis mexsierebis politikis Semadgenel nawilad qcevas da cdilobs

axsnas mexsierebis strategiaTa transformaciis ganmapirobebli mizezebi. is

aseve Seecdeba gaarkvios, Tu rogor xdeboda mexsierebis politikis

dRis wesrigis formireba, romel konkretul nabijebSi poulobs

gamoxatulebas aRniSnuli politika da amave dros, visTvis aris

gankuTvnili Seqmnili „produqti“ saSinao Tu sagareo moxmarebisTvis, ra

aris misi daniSnuleba, romeli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas emsaxureba,

ra „faruli“ gzavnilis gavrcelebas isaxavs miznad esa Tu is

„mexsierebis adgili“.

Sesabamisad, es kvleva siaxles warmoadgens, ramdenadac miznad

isaxavs mexsierebis politika gaanalizos saqarTvlosTvis axali, Tumca

saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis aprobirebuli rakusiT,

rogorc axali identobis mSeneblobis procesis Semadgeneli nawili.

dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad gamovyaviT ramdenime amocana.

empiriuli masalis gaanalizebis safuZvelze gavaanalizeT, Tu rogori

aris axali identobis maxasiaTeblebi; ra tipis gadawyvetilebebze

asaxa mexsierebis politika; ra viTareba uZRoda win konkretuli

mexsierebis „adgilebis“ Seqmnis inicirebas da Sesabamisi

gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebas, ra qveteqstebi igulisxmeboda

miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi.

kvlevis miznebidan da amocanidan gamomdinare obieqtad

SevarCieT saxelisuflebo diskursis gaanalizeba. Tuki gamoviyenebT pier

noras „mexsierebis adgilebis“ kategorizacias (Nora, P. 1989) obieqtebi

SesaZlebelia davajgufoT Semdegnairad:

ü simboluri: dResaswaulebi (kalendari), ritualebi,iubileebi;

ü monumentebi: saflavebi, arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, biustebi;

ü tipografiuli: arqivebi, muzeumebi;

13

analizisas gamovyofT or aspeqts, pirveli, TavisuflebisaTvis

brZolis didi tradiciis „gaxsenebis“ oficialuri politika

gamoixateba simboloebis, istoriuli personaJebis, monumentebisadmi

damokidebulebaSi da erovnuli dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis sakiTxSi.

xolo „msxverplis“ da „damnaSavis“ koncefciis agebis Sesaxeb

monacemebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia gadawyvetilebebSi: sabWoTa okupaciis

muzeumis da istoriuli WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisiis Seqmnis, aseve

„Tavisuflebis qartiis“ miRebasa da sabWoTa kavSiris driondeli

saarqivo masalebis gansajaroebis sakiTxis analizisas. garda amisa,

ganvixilavT meore msoflio omis (Tu didi samamulo omis) dasrulebis

TariRis da sabWoTa periodis Zeglebis Camogdebis da quCebis

saxelwodebebis cvlilebis sakiTxebs.

saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis analizisas

kvlevis kiTxvebi CamovayalibeT Semdegnairad:

1. rogoria mexsierebis politikis formirebis procesi, zemodan

qvemoT mimarTuli, Tu piriqiT;

2. mexsierebis politikis romeli strategia dominirebs

saqarTveloSi;

3. ra gavlenas axdens politikis dRis wesrigi mexsierebis

politikis formirebaze;

4. ramdenad xsnis socialuri konstruqcionizmi saqarTveloSi

mexsierebis politikis tendenciebs

Sesabamisad, hipoTeza SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:

1. mexsierebis politika saqarTveloSi aqvs vertikaluri xasiaTi da

mimarTulia zemodan qvemoT;

2. mexsierebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas hegemonuri nartivis danergvis

mcdeloba warmoadgens;

SerCeuli hegemonuri narativi ar aris ucvleli. misi

Sinaarsi cvalebadia da axasiaTebs ori ZiriTadi tendencia.

14

2006 wlamde ZiriTadi tendencia simboloebze aqcentirebaa,

xolo 2007 wlidan eris, rogorc msxverplis narativis

damkvidrebas cdilobs;

3. mexsierebis strategiis arCevanze zegavlenas axdens sagareo

politikis orientirebi;

ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobis normalizaciis

mcdelobis kvaldakval saqarTvelos xelisufleba irCevs

sazogadoebis konsolidaciaze gaakeTos, moqalaqeobis,

rogorc Rirebulebis damkvidrebisaTvis aqtiurad

gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi magaliTebi warsulidan;

ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvasTan erTad aqtiurdeba

ruseT-saqarTvelos negatiuri istoriuli gamocdileba.

Cndeba mtris koncefcia, romelzedac aegeba axali

koleqtiuri mexsiereba;

mexsierebis politika xdeba evropuli sagareo orientaciis

damadasturebeli faqti, risi dadasturebac xdeba

mexsierebis adgilebis aRmosavleT evropuli gamocdilebis

gadmotaniT;

4. socialuri konstruqcionizmi warmoadgens ZiriTad amxsnels,

ramdenadac am Teoriis Tanaxmad sazogadoeba erTgvar

konstruqcias warmoadgens da SesaZlebelia interpretaciebis

Sesabamisad Sinaarsis cvlileba, rac didwilad damokidebulia

politikis dRis wesrigze, faqtebis SerCeviTobiT aris

ganapirobebuli, rom mexsierebis konstruireba da marTva

SeuZliaT maT, visac sazogadoebis darwmunebis meqanizmebze

wvdoma exelmwifeba

monacemebis mopovebisa da damuSavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba kvlevis

Tvisebrivi meTodebi. meTodis arCevani misma Sinaarsze da siRrmiseuli

analizze orientirebam ganapiroba, ramdenadac ratom da rogor

15

kiTxvebze aqcentirebiT mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, gamoavlinos

gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi sakvlevi movlenis Sesaxeb.

gamoviyenebT Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodologiis ramdenime teqnikas,

kerZod siRrmisuli interviuebi sajaro moxeleebTan, politikosebTan

da eqspertebTan, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen politikis SemuSavebis,

gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da implementaciis procesSi saSualebas

mogvcems uSualod pirvelwyarodan miviRoT detaluri informacia

sakvlevi sakiTxis Sesaxeb. amasTanave aRniSnuli teqnika gvaZlevs

saSualebas SeviswavloT realobis sxvadasxva versiebi (Silverman 2006 pp. 127-

133). 1 realobaTa versiebi gansxvavdebian gamokiTxuli individebis

CarTulobis maCveneblis, konkretul sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebis

mixedviT (Mihelj, S. 2013. p. 62.) aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebSi 2013-2014 ww-Si

Catarda 9 siRrmiseuli interviu, istorikosebTan da politikosebTan

romlebic uSualod iyvnen CarTuli sakvlev periodSi saqarTveloSi

mexsirebis politikis mimarTulebebis formirebis procesSi.

garda amisa gamoviyeneT Tvisebrivi kontent analizi, romelic

oficialuri dokumentebis da teqsturi, video da audio masalebis

Sinaarsis gaanalizebis saSualebas iZleva. kvlevis farglebSi damuSavda

mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTvebi 2004-dan 2012 wlamde. monacemTa damuSavebisas

aqcenti gakeTda ara raodenobriv maCvenebelze, Tu ramdenad xSirad

mimarTavda saakaSvili istoriuli faqtebs, aramed SevecadeT gamogvekveTa

tendencia, Tu ra Sinaarsis matarebeli iyo es mimarTvebi. ramdenad

Tanmimdevruli iyo da rogor xdeboda erTi da imave movlenaTa

interpretaciasxvadasxva dros. garda amisa, Seswavlil iqna sxvadasxva

saxelmwifo komisiebis mier momzadebuli angariSebi.

1 ix. KKeightley, E. & Pickering, M. 2013

16

Tvisebrivi kvleva aris mexsierebis kvlevebisas aprobirebuli

meTodologia, ramdenadac is saSualebas iZleva gaanalizdes mexsierebis

oficialuri politika da gairkves Tu ra tipis identobis formirebisaken

aris mimarTuli institucionaluri mexsiereba. kvlevis procesSi aseve

gamoyenebul iqna araerTi meoradi wyaro, romelic saqarTveloSi

mexsierebis politikis Sesaxeb iZleva informacias.

kvlevisas analizis erTeulebia oficialuri „mexsierebis proeqtebi“,

romlebic qmnian da kraven sakvlev periodis saqarTveloSi koleqtiuri

mexsierebis Sinaarss. esenia:

“axali saqarTvelos” da “axali qarTvelis” koncefcia.

xelisuflebam ganacxada, rom saxelmwifos “axlidan” aSenebs.

aseve cdilobs amtkicobs movlenis gardauvaloba da istoriuli

faqtebis moSveliebiT gazardos am kursis legitimizacia da

sazogadoebis mxardaWera.

“rusuli okupacia”, rogorc proeqti da “sabWoTa okupaciis

muzeumi”. es ukanaskneli 2006 wels Seiqmna da SeiZleba CavTvaloT

erT-erT pirvel nabijad sabWoTa warsulis Sefasebis procesSi;

„Tavisuflebis aqti“ (lustraciis kanoni). sabWoTa kavSiris

daSlis Semdeg erT erT yvelaze xSirad ganxilvad da mtkivneul

Temas warmoadgens, ramdenadac exeba sabWoTa uSiSroebis

samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis Sesaxeb monacemebis

gansajaroebis sakiTxs. sakvlev periodSi am Temam transformacia

ganicada da daukavSirda mimdinare politikas da

kolaboracionistuli moZraobebisgan prevenciis sakiTxs;

stalini da meore msoflio omi. stalinis qarTuli warmoSoba,

misi mmarTvis stilis Sefaseba da meore msoflio omis qarTveli

gmirebis Sefaseba mexsierebis strategiis Sesabamisad ganicdida

cvlilebas.

17

istoriuli simarTlis damdgeni komisia. ruseTTan urTierTobis

200 wliani gamocdilebis Sefasebis mizniT Seiqmna komisia

romlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo Seeswavala aRniSnuli periodi da

gamoeqveynebina daskvnebi;

saxelisuflebo diskursis da aRniSnuli proeqtebis gaanalizebis

safuZvelze SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, Tu rogori iyo 2003-2012 ww-Si

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli mexsierebis oficialuri

politikis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da aRniSnuli politikis ganxorcielebis

strategiebi.

naSromi Sedgeba eqvsi Tavisgan. kerZod:

pirveli Tavi moicavs mexsierebis politikis konceptualur midgomebs.

kerZod, is cdilobs axsnas individualuri da koleqtiuri mexsierebis

urTierTzegavlenis meqanizmebi da misi institucionalizebis

SesaZleblobebi. Sesabamisad, naSromi orientirebulia koleqtiuri

mexsierebis halbvaqsiseuli gagebis gamoyenebaze, (Halbwachs, M. 1992.) romelic

mas socialurad ganpirobebulad aRiqvams da aqcents koleqtivis individze

zegavlenis SesaZleblobaze akeTebs. lebous (Lebow R. 2006) mexsierebis

institucionalizebis daSveba misi konstruqciuli bunebis axsnis

SesaZleblobas iZleva. garda amisa, aRniSnul TavSi TavSi naCvenebia Tu

rogor xdeba socialuri mexsiereba politikuri mexsierebis nawili da ra

resursi da strategia SeZleba gamoiyenos xelisuflebam aRniSnuli miznis

misaRwevad.

naSromis meore TavSi gaanalizebulia mexsierebis politikis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan 2003 wlamde. kerZod, prezident

zviad gamsaxurdias mcirexniani mmarTvelobis procesSi gadadmuli nabijebi

romelic mimarTuli iyo axali saxelmwifos gamijvnisken sabWoTa

kavSirisgan, rogorc sakanonmdeblo doneze aseve araformalurad. aseve

xelisuflebaSi eduard SevardnaZis mosvlis Semdeg mexsierebis politikis

mkveTri cvlileba da ruseTTan lavirebis politikis zegavlena

18

oficialur narativze. meore Tavi erTgvar safuZvels amzadebs kvlevis

Semdegi nawilisaTvis, radganac swored saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis

sawyis etapze dekomunizaciisa da lustraciis politikis argatarebas

emyareboda is argumentebi, romlebzedac 2003-2012 ww-Si mexsierebis

politika iyo dafuZnebuli.

mesame Tavi exeba „vardebis revoluciis“ Sedegad xelisuflebaSi

mosuli Zalis mier pirvel etapze (2003 -2005ww) gatarebuli mexsierebis

politikis analizs, sadac SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi

mimarTuleba, kerZod, simboloebze aqcentireba, rac Zveli simboloebis

axliT Canacvlebas gulisxmobs, aseve istoriuli gmirebis gamoyeneba

sazogadoebis suliskveTebis asmaRleblad da ganwyobebis Sesacvlelad da

aseve Cveni drois gmirebis gamovlena, raTa sazogadoeba darwmunebuliyo,

rom cvlilebis procesi daiwyo da am mimarTulebiT garkveuli warmatebebi

ukve miRweulia.

naSromis meoTxe Tavi exeba ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis

aRqmas da sazogadoebisaTvis am Tematikis sxvadasxva WrilSi wardgenas.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobis daZabvis Semdeg

gaaqtiurda iqca erTgvar proeqtad, romelic moicavda kompleqsur

RonisZiebebs, raTa sazogadoebis koleqtiur mexsierebaSi asaxuliyo ara

mxolod sabWoTa, aramed mefis ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis sakiTxi.

warsulis gaazrebis mniSvnelobaze saubrisas, xazgasmuli iyo is faqti, rom

koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmna iyo erTgvari prevencia, raTa ar ganmeordes

warsuli Secdomebi.

naSromis mexuTe TavSi gaanalizebulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris

saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis lustraciis sakiTxi,

romelic XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan erT-erT yvelaze mwvave da amave

dros, xSirad manipulirebad sakiTxs warmoadgens, romelic, rogorc wesi,

politikis dRis wesrigSi ruseTis federaciidan momdinare impulsebis

gaZlierebis Sesabamisad aqtiurdeboda.

19

meeqvse Tavi moicavs xelisuflebis damokidebulebis gaanalizebas

stalinis, sabWoTa da gansakuTrebiT meor msoflio omis droindeli

gmirebisa da monumentebisadmi, romlis adgili oficialur narativSi aRar

aRmoCnda. magaram miuxedavad oficialuri diskursisa, sazogadoebis nawili

mainc mtkivneulad aRiqvams saxelmwifos mier am mimarTulebiT gatarebul

politikas. aseve gaanalizebulia istoriuli sinamdvilis Semswavleli

komisiis muSaoba romelic 2010 wels prezident mixeil saakaSvilis

brZanebis safuZvelze Seiqmna da romelic miznad ruseTis mier saqarTvelos

orgzis okupaciis Sesaxeb WeSmariti istoriis daweras isaxavda. msgavsi

komisiis Seqmna SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes, rogorc mexsierebis

politikis erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli strategia, romlis

saSualebiTac xdeba hegemonuri anu oficialuri istoriis interpretaciis

damkvidreba.

kvlevis Sedegad garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli.

pirveli is, rom vardebis revoluciis Semdgomma xelisuflebam gaanaliza,

Tu ra mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgenda koleqtiuri mexsierebis

konstruireba da gamoyeneba, miTumetes im qveyanaSi, sadac istoriisadmi

gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba arsebobs da mudmivad masze xdeba

apelireba. garda amisa, mexsierebis politika am periodSi ar yofila

Tanmimdevruli da masze saSinao da sagareo politikis prioritetebi did

zegavlenas axdenda. sawyis etapze umTavresi iyo Zveli xelisuflebisagan

distancireba da saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis Tavidan dawyeba, rac

swored simboloebis CanacvlebiTa da axali simboloebis SeqmniT moxerxda,

amasTanave, qarTveli eris gamZleobaze aqcentireba sazogadoebis

gaerTianebas emsaxureboda.

ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvis Semdeg Seicvala mexsierebis

strategia da igi msxverplis poziciidan warsulis Sefasebas daukavSirda.

Seiqmna mTeli rigi „mexsierebis adgilebi“, romelic mizanmimarTulad

amkvidrebda sazogadoebaSi okupaciis Temas. amasTanave mexsiereba aRqmul

20

iqna, rogorc usafrTxoebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili, romlis

realurobis dadastureba 2008 wlis ruseT- saqarTvelos omis moSveliebiT

xdeboda.

amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevis mizani ar aris istoriuli

WeSmaritebis dadgena, an marTali mxaris warmoCena, aramed Cveneba imisa, Tu

rogor xdeba mexsierebis politikis SemuSaveba da ramdenads axdens masze

zegavlenas politikuri dRis wesrigi. da yovelive es dafuZnebulia

saxelisuflebo diskursis analizze.

kvleva aseve ar moicavs istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis analizs,

radganac am SemTxvevaSi es gamoiwvevda damatebiTi cvladebis gaCenas da

Sesabamisad kvlevis sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTvas.

21

Tavi 1. mexsierebis politikis kvlevaSi arsebuli

konceptualuri midgomebi

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis da eris identobis gansazRvris procesSi

SesaZlebelia ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris gamoyofa da maT Soris

erT-erTi istoriuli mexsierebaa. mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, „civi

omis“ Semdgomma eTnikurma konfliqtebma aCvena, rom problemuri mexsierebis

sakiTxi dominirebs iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac identobis problema

aqtualuria 1 da xelisuflebas uwevs am mimarTulebiT mizanmimarTuli

politikis ganxorcieleba.

zemoT aRniSnuli daSveba Seesabameba postsabWoTa sazogadoebebs,

romelTa identobas sabWoTa reJimis mravalwlianma mmarTvelobam Tavisi

kvali daatyo. 2 erovnuli erTobis gasagebad gamoviyenebT entonis smitis

cnebas „eTnie“ -s romelic yalibdeba ara STamomavlobis, aramed

gangrZnobiTobis grZnobiT 3 , Sesabamisad „saerTo istoriuli mexsierebis

1 Kansteiner, Megill, Olick, Robbins dawvrilebiT ganixilaven identobisa da mexsierebis

politikis urTierTgavlenis sakiTxs.

2 es umTavresad gamoixateboda sabWoTa sistemis mier “sabWoTa adamianis” aRzrdis

mcdelobaSi.

3 aRniSnuli cnebas iyenebs cnobili ingliseli sociologis entoni smiti. romlis

Tanaxmad, eTnie igivea rac eTnikuri jgufi, magram eTnied Cveulebriv, ufro did

erTobebs moixsenieben. naciisa da eTnies mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSania naciis

damokidebuleba politikisadmi. nacia flobs an iswrafis saxelmwifoebriobis

statusis miRebisaken. eTnie ki erTgvar wina formas wrmoadgens, sadac eri kulturul

erTeulad aRiqmeba.

22

gareSe ver iarsebebs eTnosi, mexsiereba misi arsebobis gagrZelebis

pirobaa“ (smiti e. 2008).

zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa winaSe dgeba

swored im saerTo makavSireblebis gaaqtiurebis sakiTxi, romelmac

sazogadoebas, rogorc erTobas sicocxlisunarianoba unda SesZinos da

saerTo miznis garSemo gaaerTianos.

mexsierebis politika, miuxedavad mecnierTa mxridan misi Seswavlis

didi interesisa, mainc ganicdis Teoriuli safuZvlebis sagrZnob simcires,

romelic dRemde Seuvsebeli rCeba, (Earl, A. 2011. p.3) da rac gavlenas axdens

Tavis mxriv aRniSnuli Tematikis Teoriuli gaanalizebis perspeqtivaze

(Shmidt, S. 2008).

mexsierebis gagebis tradiciuli modelebi orientirebuli iyo,

mexsierebis, rogorc „sacavis“ gagebaze, sadac Tavs iyrida warsulis

„xatebi“. droTa ganmavlobaSi aRqmis modelebis gadafasebasTan erTad

aqcenti procesze orientirebul midgomebze gamaxvilda. j. olikis Tanaxmad

socialuri mexsierebis kvlevebSi SesamCnevia ramdenime Teoriuli CarCos

upiratesoba. esenia: codnis sociologiiseuli gageba; aseve manheimis

mecnierebis sociologia, romelic ufro metad ideologiis politikur

gagebaze aris orientirebuli da erTi-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli ki aris

p. bergeris da T. lukmanis socialuri konstruqionizmis Teoria (OOlick, J.

1998).

am Teoriis Tanaxmad sazogadoeba ar aris fiqsirebuli realoba, is

erTgvar konstruqcias warmoadgens da yoveli koleqtivi xdeba socialuri

artefaqti, romlis refabrikacia da mobilizacia Zalauflebis zegavlenis

Sedegia. mexsiereba aris konstruirebis Sedegi. aqedan gamomdinare,

SesaZlebelia interpretaciebis Sesabamisad Sinaarsis cvlileba, rac

didwilad damokidebulia politikis dRis wesrigze, faqtebis SerCeviTobiT

aris ganapirobebuli, rom mexsierebis konstruireba da marTva SeuZliaT

23

maT, visac sazogadoebis darwmunebis meqanizmebze wvdoma exelmwifebaT

(Shmidt, S. 2008).

aRmiSnulis sworad aRsaqmelad, p. bergeris da T. lukmanis (Berger, P. L.

Luckmann, T. 1967. p. 129) azriT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT realobis obieqturi da

subieqturi aspeqtebi. amisaTvis, sazogadoeba unda aRviqvaT, rogorc

mimdinare dialeqtikuri procesi, romelic sami ZiriTadi saxiT vlindeba,

esenia: eqsternalizacia, obieqtivacia da internalizacia.

avtoris Tanaxmad arsebobs „institucionalizebuli samyaro“,

institucionalizacia xdeba maSin, rodesac xdeba aqtivobebis gaziareba

sazogadoebis mier da Sedegad is yalibdeba, rogorc Cveuleba, romelsac

yvela misdevs da romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis nawilad iqceva.

eqsternalizacia es aris procesi, rodesac institucionalizebuli samyaro

ukve arsebobs da is „aq aris“, cxovrebis nawilia. misi gageba

„Signidan“ SeuZlebelia, amisaTvis saWiroa realobidan gasvla.

obieqtivizaciisas adamianis mier Seqmnili produqti (mocemuli instituti)

aRiqmeba, rogorc TavisTavad, Semqmnelebisagan damoukideblad arsebuli,

romelsac hyavs momxmareblebi. internalizacia, moicavs socializaciis

elementebs. am dros adamianebi xdebian aqtivobis nawili da masSi pouloben

sakuTar mniSvnelobas.

mocemul naSromSi Teoriuli aspeqtebis ganxilvisas, gamoiyeneba sami

ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic farTod gavrcelebulia konceptualuri

midgomebis kvlevisas:

pirvel etapze ganvixilavT koleqtiuri mexsierebis kvlevis

Sesaxeb arsebul koncefciebs;

meore etapze gaanalizebulia, Tu rogor xdeba koleqtiuri

mexsierebis institucionalizacia da Sesabamisad, rogoria

mexsierebis politikis formirebisa da implementaciis procesi;

24

mesame etapze ki ganixileba Tu, rogor zegavlenas axdens

koleqtiur mexsierebaze politikis aqtorebi da piriqiT; romel

strategiebs mimarTaven da ra kriteriumebis saSualebiT aris

SesaZlebeli maTi gazomva1.

§1.1 mexsierebis analizis doneebi

mexsierebis politikis kvlevisas, SesaZlebelia gamoiyos analizis

ramdenime done:

pirveli biologiuri mexsierebaa 2 da swored am saxis analizisas

aRiqmeboda, mexsiereba, rogorc movlenaTa da gamocdilebaTa sacavi, magram

umberto mataranam Secvala aRniSnuli Sexeduleba, ramdenedac mexsiereba

ganmarta, rogorc kognituri struqtura, romelic qmnis erTgvar wesrigs

adamianis tvinSi da zemoqmedebs mis qcevaze (Maturana H R, Varela F J. 1987. p. 62) .

amasTanave, aqcenti gakeTda imaze, rom arc erTi mexsiereba ar aris srulad

individualuri, aramed, masze yovelTvis axdens zegavlenas koleqtiuri

konteqsti. es iqneba adamianebTan urTierToba Tu media saSualebebiT

sargebloba, romlis drosac mudmivad xdeba warsulis axali niuansebis

aRmoCena da mis Sesabamis gamocdilebaSi CarTva3.

1 aRniSnuli CarCo Tavis naSromSi gamoyenebuli aqvs verovSeks (Verovšek, P. 2007.)

2 mexsierebis aRniSnuli done nevrologebis da fsiqologebis kvlevis sagania.

3 individualuridan koleqtiur mexsierebaSi gadasvlis procesi iTvleba erT-erT

daumuSavebel aspeqtad mexsierebis kvlevebSi, radganac xSir SemTxvevaSi individebi

gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen travmas an cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas da is sulac ar

eTanxmeba koleqtivis mier mowonebul versias. (Kansteiner W. & Fogu C. 2006. pp. 102-46, 147-

66)

25

meore done, aris simboluri (an koleqtiuri), rodesac media,

institutebi da sxvadasxva jgufebi individualuri gamocdilebis

zegavleniT qmnian ziar mexsierebas. am SemTxvevaSi mexsierebis metaforuli

gamoyeneba xdeba. swored am dones ukavSirdeba warsulis versiebis Seqmna

misi awmyos gamowvevebisa da saWiroebebis Sesabamisad, is arcTu iSviaTad

gansxvavebuli, metic, sapirispiro Sinaarsis matarebelia, rac xSir

SemTxvevaSi daZabulobis da konfliqtebis warmoSobis mizezi xdeba,

rogorc qveynis SigniT aseve saxelmwifoTa Sorisac (amis magaliTia

sabWoTa warsulis aRqma ruseTSi da misgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli

versiebi baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi, romelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis

aucileblobis sakiTxi ruseTis usafrTxoebis koncefciaSic ki moxvda,

aRniSnuli faqti mexsierebis politikis didi mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs 1 ).

swored am SemTxvevaSi xdeba simboluri mexsierebis mesame,

institucionaluri doneze gadasvla.

garda zemoTaRniSnuli ori tipisa ned lebou amatebs mesame tips,

romelsac is „institucionalur mexsierebas“ uwodebs. institucionaluri

mexsierebas is Semdegnairad ganmartavs “politikuri elitis wevrebis, maTi

momxreebisa da oponentebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan warsulis mniSvneloba,

gaavrcelon isini farTo masebSi da sazogadoebaSi“ (Lebow R. 2006. p.6 ). anu

es aris warsulis erTi konkretuli interpretacia, romlis tiraJireba da

danergva xdeba politikuri dRis wesrigidan gamomdinare. koleqtiuri

mexsierebisgan gansxvavebiT aq aqcenti swored politikurad

ganpirobebulobaze keTdeba.

1 mexsierebis analizis doneebis analizisas erli mxolod or dones gamoyofs. esenia

biologiuri da simboluri (Earl 2008.p.5)

26

n. lebousgan gansxvavebiT aleida asmani (Assmann A. 2006. ) mexsierebis

tipebze saubrisas aqcents akeTebs aramxolod cnebaze da mis subieqtsa da

obieqtze, aramed mis simtkiceze, Tanmimdevrulobaze, sisrulesa da

pirveladobaze.

a. asmanis Tanaxmad individualuri, iseve rogorc socialuri

mexsiereba, aris ufro fragmentuli da dakavSirebuli pirvelad

gamocdilebasTan, vidre politikuri da kulturuli mexsiereba. socialuri

mexsiereba didwilad aris intergeneracionaluri mexsiereba, romelic xdeba

transgeneracionaluri da transformirdeba politikur da kulturul

mexsierebaSi, rac saboloo jamSi SeiZleba misi sisustis gamo miTiT

Canacvldes (Assmann A. 2006. p.19 ). am procesis grafikuli suraTi Seqmna

erik langenbaxerma (Langenbacher E. 2003. p.9) romlis Tanaxmad masSi sul

mcire oTxi saxis mexsiereba aris CarTuli da komunikaciuri mexsierebidan,

aseve moicavs generalizaciur, koleqtiur da kulturul etapebs da bolos

ganicdis miTologizaciis process. (diagrama1)

mexsierebis politikis perspeqtividan ganxilvisas, langenbaxeri am

gzas afasebs, rogorc „ziari mexsierebis operacionalizacias“, romelic

gadadis „gavlenis mqone mdgomareobamde“, radganac politikur

mexsierebas, rogorc wesi naklebad hyavs realuri mowmeebi, igi

sazogadoebis wevrTa Tanxmobazea agebuli, rac dainteresebul pirebs

manipulirebis farTo areals aZlevs.

27

diagrama 1. mexsierebis saxeebi

mkvlevarTa nawili mexsierebis analizis doneTa ufro viwro

diferencirebas axdens, rogoricaa magaliTad: personaluri, koleqtiuri,

lokaluri, regionaluri, institucionaluri, nacionaluri, globaluri.

aseve ganasxvaveben warmoSobis mixedviT: oficialuri; zepiri Tu

komerciuli; statusis mixedviT: ziari, seleqciuri, SeTanxmebuli, sadao; is

aseve SeiZleba iyos istoriuli, politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli da

a.S. (Verovšek, P. 2007.) Tumca CamoTvlili saxeebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia

im sam jgufad, romelic zemoT ganvixileT.

mexsierebis politika, bevri disciplinis sakvlevi dargia, magram maT

Soris unda gamovyoT politikis mecniereba. politikaSi mexsiereba erTveba

ori mimarTulebiT:

1. qvemodan zemoT mimarTebisas sazogadoebis mier warsulis

interpretacia gavlenas axdens politikuri elitis identobasa da

Sexedulebebze, Sesabamisad, mexsierebis politika sazogadoebrivi

azris gavleniT yalibdeba da masSi sazogadoebis moTxovnebi

dominirebs. amis magaliTia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli moTxovna

თანხმობის ხარისხი

დაბალი

კომუნიკაციური გენერალიზებული კოლექტიური კულტურული მითი

მაღალი

28

samarTlianobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, romelic, rogorc wesi,

totalitaruli mmarTvelobidan gadasvlis process axlavs Tan.

lebous Tanaxmad (Lebow R. 2006. p. 25.) civma omma mexsierebis aRniSnuli

politikis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba gamoricxa, rac reJimTa

mizanmimarTuli, konfrontaciuli politikiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

mxolod e.w. „rkinis fardis“ garRvevis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli

politikis dRis wesrigSi misi ganxorcieleba da qvemodan wamosuli

impulsebis CarTva.

2. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piriqiT xdeba, zemodan qvemoT, sajaro

aqtorebi konkretul movlenebs rTaven koleqtiur mexsierebaSi.

TviTon arCeven warsulidan romeli faqti gaaqtiurdes da rogori

tendenciebi dominirebdes sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi. swored es

ukanaskneli midgoma SeimCneva saqarTveloSi mexsierebis oficialuri

politikis analizisas, radganac politikis dRis wesrigi didad

axdens zegavlenas mexsierebis politikis tendenciebze. aseve

SesaZlebelia aqtiuri mexsierebis politikis gadarTva saSinaodan

sagareo politikaSi, iseve rogorc saerTaSoriso impulsebs

SeuZliaT gaaRviZon saSinao politikaSi miCumebuli xsovna (Verovšek, P.

2007.).

§1.2 mexsierebis transformacia individualuridan societalur

konteqstSi

sferos kvlevis mamamTavrebad 1900-iani wlebidan SeiZleba CaiTvalos

zigmund froidi, fridrix nicSe, emil durkheimi, henri bergsoni, ebi

varburgi, karl manhemi, uolter benjamini da a.S. mexsierebis kvlevisa da

gamoyenebis intensiuroba gaizarda faSizmis damarcxebasa da holokostis

29

gaazrebasTan erTad. am procesSi Tavisi mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Sehqonda

postkolonialur, rasobriv Tu genderul mexsierebas, xolo 1980-iani

wlebidan moyolebuli safuZveli Caeyara e.w. „gardamaval samarTals“, am

ukanasknelma ki warmoSva „axal mexsierebis kvlevebi“, romelsac aseve

Tavisi Teoretikosebi gauCnda, rogoricaa pier nora, ian asmani, erik

hobsbaumi da sxv. amave dros teqnologiurma revoluciam da misma miRwevebma

mexsierebis gamoyenebas axali sicocxle SesZina.

Tadapirvelad, mexsierebis kvlevisas, SeimCneoda reduqcionistuli

midgoma, rodesac mexsiereba ganixileba, rogorc sulieri da fizikuri

movlena. mexsierebis gageba dadis sxeulamde da cnobierebis

ganmsazRvrelad nervul sistemas miiCnevs da mexsierebas mxolod sulis

siRrmiseuli struqturebis genetikurad gadacemad idead warmoaCens

(gurCiani q. 2010).

am mimarTulebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli fridrix nicSe saubrobs

„mikuTvnebis mexsierebis“ arsebobis Sesaxeb. es iseTi mexsierebaa, romelic

saWiroa raTa adamianma sakuTari Tavisadmi mikuTvneba SesZlos. is gamoyofs

„nebis mexsierebas“, romlis drosac „garkveul SemTxvevebSi daviwyeba wina

planze gamodis“ gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme exeba pirobas an

garkveul valdebulebas. anu nicSe ayalibebs „kulturuli adamianis“ anu

„saimedo adamianis“, fenomens romelsac axsovs gacemuli dapirebis Sesaxeb.

mexsierebas, rogorc fizikur movlenas ganixilavs aseve zigmund froidi.

rogorc mexsierebis istoriis mkvlevarebi (Olick,NNora) miuTiTeben,

mexsiereba es aris ara statikuri aramed dinamiuri procesi. amis

damadasturebelia is faqti, rom xsovna sxvadasxva drois monakveTSi

icvleba da sxvadasxva saxes Rebulobs.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom mexsierebis politika interdisciplinaruli

kvlevis sagania, is moicavs mravalferovan konceptualur CarCos da aseve

definiciaTa mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. maT Soris yvelaze xSirad

gamoyenebadi terminia „koleqtiuri mexsiereba“, romlis pirveli gamoCena

30

mexsierebis politikis sistematuri kvlevis dawyebasTan erTad 1920-ian

wlebSi ukaSirdeba mauris halbvaqsis saxels1.

misi naSromi „Memorie Collective“ warmoadgens fundamentur teqsts

mexsierebis politikis kvlevaSi. man ara mxolod gamoiyena termini

„koleqtiuri mexsiereba“ 2 , aramed Semoitana mexsierebis socialuri CarCo,

romlis Tanaxmadac individualur mexsierebaze da mis formirebaze did

zegavlenas axdens socialuri da kulturuli garemo 3 ; mexsiereba

1 halbvaqsisgan damoukideblad imave periodSi termini „socialuri mexsiereba“ gamoiyena

ebi varburgma, magram, aRniSnuli termini varburgis SromebSi pirvelad gaCnda 1923 wels

kreuzlingeris leqciaze, rodesac man durkeimis citireba gaakeTa (halbvaqsi durkeimis

mowafea) da aseve rogorc misi gamouqveynebeli naSromebidan Cans, mas hqonda

informacia moris halbvaqsis naSromis Sesaxeb. amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom halbvaqsma

daakavSira mexsiereba da jgufebi, rolo varbugma ki jgufebi kulturis eniT Caanacvla.

varburgis wvlilis Sesaxeb msjelobebi ixileT Confino A. 1997.

2 vulf kansteineri koleqtiur mexsierebis konceptualizaciisas aRniSnavs, rom es aris

sami saxis istoriul faqtors Soris urTierToba. esenia:

1) inteleqtualuri da kulturuli tradicia, romelic qmnis warsulis yvelanair

reprezentacias;

2) mexsierebis Semqmnelebi, vinc avrcelebs da manipulirebs am tradiciebiT

3) mexsierebis mimRebebi, vinc sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad iyenebs, uaryofs an

manipulirebs am tradiciebiT.

3 halbvaqsi iyo durkeimis moswavle da Sesabamisad didwilad ganicdida misi ideebis

da Sexedulebebis zegavlenas. mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs rom koleqtiuri

mexsierebis fenomeni, swored durkeimis SexedulebebSi ikveTeba. aRniSnul Temas is

exeba komemoraciul ritualebze diskusiisas da aseve mis naSromSi religiis

elementaruli formebi. avstralieli aborigenebis religiuri praqtikis ganxilvisas

xazs usvams, Tu ra didi roli miuZRvis warsuls, jgufis wevrebs Soris identobisa

da solidarobis grZnobis gaRvivebaSi. xolo istoriuli gangrZnobadobis

SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia perioduli simboluri procedurebis danergva-

31

cnobierebis, enis da personalurobis msgavsad socialuri fenomenia da

rodesac Cven raRac gvaxsovs, amiT ara mxolod Cveni pirvelyofili

Sinagani cxovrebis siRrmeebSi veSvebiT, aramed am Sinagan cxovrebaSi

wesrigsa da struqturas vqmniT, romlebsac Tavis mxriv sazogadoebrivi

cxovreba ganapirobebs da romlebic socialur garemosTan gvakavSirebs1.

am Teoriis kidev erTi siaxle mexsierebis ara rogorc daarqivebuli,

statikuri simyaris, aramed, rogorc aqtiuri procesis gagebas ukavSirdeba,

sadac xdeba warsulis rekonstruireba da mexsierebad qceva da romelSiac

individi, mxolod monawile ki ar aris, aramed umniSvnelovanesi da yvelaze

kompleqsuri elementia (Halbwachs, M. 1992. p.127). Tumca halbvaqsis am

Sexedulebis susti mxare, mis antiindividualizmSi devs, radganac is

individs koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmnis procesSi koleqtivs mainc

ZiriTadi adgili ukavia, (yovelTvis arsebobs individualuri mexsiereba,

romelic ar eTanxmeba koleqtiur narativs da es gansakuTrebiT

TvalSisacemia, Tu es individi konkretuli movlenis TviTmxilveli an

monawilea).

amitomac jeims iungs (Young, J. 1993.) nacvlad halbvaqsis ternmin

koleqtiuri mexsierebisa (Collective Memory) Semoaqvs cneba “dagrovebuli

mexsiereba” (Collected Memory), romelic Sedgeba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

mexsierebisgan. principuli sxvaoba am Teoriebs Soris aris is, rom Tu

halbvaqsis mosazrebiT koleqtiuri mexsierebis Sedegad formirdeba

ganxorcieleba, raTa sazogadoebam „ganaaxlos is sentimentebi romelic aqvs misi

erTobis Sesaxeb“ (Misztal B. 2003. p.123)

1 koleqtiur mexsierebis muSaobis principze msjelobisas aRniSnavs, rom „swored

koleqtiuri mexsiereba uCvenebs adamianTa jgufs Tu vin aris, saidan modian da rogor

unda iqceodnen awmyosa Tu momavalSi“ (Gillis, J. 1994. P. 7.)

32

individebis mexsiereba, iungis Teoriis Tanaxmad Tavad individTa

mexsierebebi qmnian koleqtiur mexsierebas.

koleqtivis mexsierebas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs fankeSteini

ramdenadac „cnobiereba da mexsiereba SesaZloa hqondes individs, romelic

moqmedebs, imaxsovrebs... damaxsovreba mentaluri aqtia da amasTan sruliad

personaluri“ (Funkenstein, A.1989.p.6). is ar aris jgufuri procesi, radganac

imaxsovrebs individi, jgufi vera. magram mexsierebas namdvilad aqvs

socialuri mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac warsulis versia kravs aRniSnul

erTobas.

SesaZloa, aRniSnuli ganmarteba ukeT asaxavs sazogadoebaSi arsebul

gansxvavebul versiebs, Tumca amave dros rCeba bevri kiTxva, romelzedac

pasuxis gacemas ver axerxebs, magaliTad ver xsnis im kompleqsur

urTierTobas, romelic warmoiSoba sxvadasxva jgufebs (maT mexsierebebs)

da individebs Soris, romelsac sxvadasxva jgufebTan uwevs urTierToba.

aseve rTulia aixsnas mexsierebis transformaciis procesi droSi da misi

TaobebisTvis gadacemis Taviseburebebi.

iungis koncefciis sapirispirod zerubaveli Tvlis, rom ar SeiZleba

koleqtiuri mexsierebis, gageba „rogorc individTa personaluri

mexsierebis agregaciis, radgan aseTi erToba ver moicavs mTeli eris

suraTs“(Zerubavel, E. 2003. p.28). warsulis Seqmnis socialuri aspeqtebi

dakvirvebadia da am dakvirvebisas SesaZlebelia SemCneva Tu rogor xdeba

socialuri Taimlainis Seqmna mnemonikuri sazogadoebebis mier. xolo

kansteinierisaTvis koleqtiuri mexsiereba iqmneba jgufis wevrebis

warsulis Sesaxeb komunikaciis Sedegad. isini Tavad axdenen mis

konstruirebas (Kansteiner, W. 2002. p.188).

individualuri da koleqtiuri mexsierebis urTierTSerwymis axsna

scada ivan havelma (HHavel I.M. 2009.) kognituri perspeqtiviT mexsierebis

axsnisas. misi mosazrebiT: „hibriduli mexsiereba“ es aris adgili sadac

erTmaneTs xvdeba koleqtiuri da individualuri mexsiereba, rodesac

33

ligvisturi da semantikuri mexsiereba erTveba epizoduri mexsierebis saxiT

Semonaxul warsulSi.

halbvaqsis Teoria ganaviTarebis mcdelobisas federik bartletma

(Bartlett F. 1932) daaskvna, rom warsulis aRqmisas da misiT operirebisas

adamianebi eyrdnobian warsulis e.w. sqemebs. magaliTad, rodesac pirovneba

„qmnis mexsierebas“ warsulis romelime movlenis Sesaxeb, is eyrdnoba am

„sqemebs“ da amave dros xSirad umatebs an anacvlebs mis Semadgenel

detalebs, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi, mTlianobaSi iwvevs am movlenis aRqmis

Sefasebas, gadafasebas da SesaZloa mas ararsebuli niSan – Tvisebebic ki

mieweros. es procesi Zalian xSirad warsulis miTologizaciisas gvxvdeba,

rodesac istoriuli personaJebisTvis xdeba im niSan Tvisebebis mimateba,

romelic gmiris an moRalatis „kriteriumebisaTvis“ aris saWiro. es

ukanaskneli koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebis procesSi umniSvnelovanesi

komponentia (iqve gv.12).

istorikosebma da socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebma,

romlebic swavlobdnen meoce saukunis istoriuli mexsierebis praqtikas,

halbvaqsze dayrdnobiT daaskvnes, rom individis mier warsulis

damaxsovreba didad aris damokidebuli socialuri diskursis, praqtikis da

molodinebis cvlilebaze. halbvaqsi iyenebs termins „koleqtiuri

mexsiereba“, magram sxvadasxva disciplinis warmomadgenlebi amave

mniSvnelobiT iyeneben cnebebs „kulturuli mexsiereba“ da „socialuri

mexsiereba“.

gansxvaveba zemoTaRniSnul cnebebSi realurad miuTiTebs ufro metad

definiciur mravalgvarobas, vidre sxvaobas misi swavlis midgomaSi.

halbvaqsis midgoma dafuZnebulia sociologiur kategoriebze: ojaxi, klasi

da religia, „kulturuli mexsierebis“ mimdevrebi (Assman A.) orientirs

mogonebebze, represiebsa Tu qvecnobierze akeTeben SesaZloa

fsiqoanalistikis gavleniT, xolo „socialuri mexsierebis“ gamoyenebisas

fokusi keTdeba mexsierebis socialur garemoze da swavlobs

34

individualuri mexsierebas konkretuli movlenis Sesaxeb. Tu rogor

urTierTobs is ukve arsebul narativebTan da komemoraciis sxvadasxva

formebTan (Dietler M. 1998. pp.72-89). xolo termin „mexsierebis

politikis“ gamoyenebisas (LLebow.R.) ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba politikur

elitaze, partiebsa da saxelmwifo institutebze, anu yvela im institutze

romelic flobs garkveul Zalauflebas da misT manipulireba SeuZlia

(Verovšek, P. 2007.)

halbvaqsis koleqtiuri mexsierebis socialur aspeqts ian da alaeida

asmanebma (Assman A. & Assman I.), „komunikaciuri mexsiereba“ (an yoveldRiuri

mexsiereba) uwodes 1 . es aris koleqtiuri mexsierebis konkretuli saxeoba,

romelic eyrdnoba yoveldRiur urTierTobebs. ian asmanis azriT is, rasac

halbvaqsi „koleqtiur mexsierebas“ uwodebs, iqmneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

e.w zepiri istoriebis saSualebiT. swored komunikaciis saSualebiT

urTierToben jgufebi da individebi. yoveldRiuri urTierTobebi aRsavsea

afeqtebiT, Tematuri arastabilurobiT, konkretuli rolebiT, romlebic

sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi icvlebian, mTxrobeli xdeba msmeneli da piriqiT

(asmani i. 2001. gv.126-127).

i. asmani adarebs kulturul da komunikaciur mexsierebas.

komunkaciuri mexsierebis horizonti maqsimum 80-100 welia rac daaxloebiT

oTx Taobas udris, xolo kulturul mexsierebas limitirebuli periodi ar

aqvs. is moicavs teqstebs, wes-Cveulebebs, Senobebs da monumentebs,

romlebic iqmneba imisaTvis, raTa Seaxsenos sazogadoebas warsulis

konkretuli movlenebi. amis saukeTeso magaliTia e.w. „zepiri

istoriebi“ konkretuli movlenis Sesaxeb (mag.represirebuli qalebis

1 radganac, individualuri mexsierebis gansxvaveba socialurisagan Znelia da

SeuZlebelic ki. individualuri mexsiereba enisa da cnobierebis garda mTlianad

socialuria. individualuri mexsiereba iqneboda ena, romelic mxolod erT adamians

esmis, anu gamonalisi SemTxveva. (asmani i. 2001. gv.126)

35

monaTxrobi) romelic warmoadgens, mowmes da am Canawerebs SeuZliaT

mcirexniani komunikaciuri mexsiereba gardaqmnas da Taobebs Semounaxos

kulturuli mexsierebis saxiT.

asmani aseve erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebs potenciur da aqtualur

kulturul mexsierebas 1 . mexsiereba potenciuria, rodesac warsuli

reprezentirebulia arqivebSi, muzeumebSi, bibloTekebSi. maTi gaaqtualizeba

xdeba axal socialur da istoriul konteqstSi maTTvis axali

mniSvnelobis miniWebiT. amiT asmani xazs usvams Tu ra did potencials

atarebs momavali TaobisTvis kulturuli mexsiereba (Kansteiner W. Fogu C.

2006) da amave dros Tu ra formiT SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba, raTa

potenciuri mexsiereba aqtualizebuli (lebous klasifikatoriT,

institucionalizebuli) gaxdes. kulturuli mexsiereba erTis mxriv

TaobaTa mier dagrovebuli codnaa, romelic icvleba, iTvisebs ra

Rirebulebebs, normebs da a.S. Taobidan Taobaze gadacemisas. paabos (PPaabo,

H. 2010. p.14) Tanaxmad es erTgvari kumulaciuri mexsierebaa, romelic

TaobaTa saWiroebisamebr icvlis formas.

ramdenadac warsulis Sesaxeb mexsiereba jgufis da misi wevrebisaTvis

TviTidentifikaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani safuZvelia, identobisa da

mexsierebis urTierTmimarTeba erT-erTi xSirad kvlevad sakiTxs

warmoadgens da interesi am Temisadmi droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro izrdeba.

identobis araerTi ganmarteba arsebobs, magram maT Soris yvelaze metad

gavrcelebuli da miRebulia doiCis koncefcia identobis, rogorc

„erTobis grZnobis“ da b. andersonis (andersoni b. 2003) Sexeduleba

„erTobis warmosaxviTobis“ Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, eris gansazRvreba SeiZleba,

1 potenciuri da aqtualuri mexsierebis ganxilva SesaZlebelia damasxsovreba daviwyebis

konteqstSi, rac mogvianebiT amave naSromSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli.

36

rogorc „warmosaxviTi politikuri erTobis“ da advili warmosadgenia, Tu

raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs am erTobis Sesakvrelad da kuTvnilebis

grZnobis gasamyareblad ziar warsuls da gamocdilebas.

zerubaveli (Zerubavel, E. 2003.) identobas individualur da socialur

(koleqtiur) fenomenad yofs. is rasac individi imaxsovrebs didwilad

ganicdis ara rogorc individi, aramed, rogorc koleqtivis wevri da

Sesabamisad aRiqvams mas, rogorc misi warsulis nawils. am erTobis

Sesakvrelad araerTi markeri gamoiyeneba. es SeiZleba iyos memorialebis

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gamoyeneba, samosi, medali, ena, nacionaluri himni,

gerbi, tradicia da wesCveulebebi da a.S.

faqtebis damaxsovrebis procesSi dagegmva umniSvnelovanesia,

ramdenadac mas gangrZobadi xasiaTi unda qondes da mxolod erTjeradi

aqtivobiT ar unda Semoifarglos. Sesabamisad, saWiroa iseTi adgilebis

Seqmna, romelic am movlenas sazogadoebas mudmivad Seaxsenebs. Lieux de

mĕmoire anu mexsierebis adgilebis da Milieux de mĕmoire mexsierebis garemos

Sesaxeb pier noras koncefcia xsnis am fenomens. mexsierebis adgili es aris

konkretuli adgili, romelic inaxavs/unaxavs xalxs xsovnas. es movlena

imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom Tavad mexsierebis realuri garemo ar

arsebobs 1 . mexsierebis istoriis premodernuli periodi xasiaTdeba

1 golfi (Le Goff 1992) leroi-goranTan ( Leroi-Gourhan 1993) erTad mexsierebis istoriaSi

gamoyofs xuT etaps. esenia:

1. xalxi damwerlobis gaerSe, romelsac „eTnikur mexsierebas“ uwodebs;

2. preistoriulidan antikurze gadasvla, rodesac Cndeba damwerloba da Sesabamisad

mexsierebis niSnebi: komemoracia da dokumenturi Canawerebi;

3. Suasaukuneebis xana da mexsierebis da mnemoteqnologiebis qristianizacia, rodesac

mexsierebaze did zegavlenas axdens liturgiuli msaxureba da gardacvlilTa,

gansakuTrebiT wmindanTa mexsiereba;

4. renesansidan dRemde, wera-kiTxvis masebSi gavrcelebam, mogvianebiT romantizma

Tavisi simboluri gamovlinebebiT mexsiereba axal etapze aiyvana, rac saboloo

37

bunebrivi gauazrebeli/gaucnobierebeli urTierTobebiT warsulsa da

adamianebs Soris, rodesac mexsierebis garemo Sedgeba tradiciebisa da

ritualebisgan da adamianebi am garemos realur droSi imyofebian1.

mas Semdeg, rac Zvelma tradiciebma dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba,

warsulis rekonstruirebis mcdelobebi noras azriT me-19 saukuneSi

industrializacias da socialur modernizacias ukavSirdeba (first ordered

simulation). elitis warmomadgenlebma daiwyes mexsierebis adgilebis Seqmna

monumentebisa Tu arqivebis saxiT, romlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo

SenarCunebuliyo eri-saxelmwifos Sesaxeb xsovna tradiciebis aRmoCenis

gziT2.

jamSi safuZvlad daedo arqivebis, muzeumebis, bibloTekebis Seqmnas da mmarTvelTa

mcdelobebs SeeqmnaT erTiani identoba, romelic saxelmwifosadmi kuTvnilebis

grZnobas gaaZlierebda.

5. XX saukune da axali namdvili revolucia mexsierebaSi, informaciis Cawerisa da

gavrcelebis teqnologiurma inovaciebma aramxolod Secvala damaxsovrebis gzebi,

aramed Seqmna mexsierebis axali konceptualizacia.

mexsierebis istoriis Sesaxeb msjeloba Olick J. Robbins J. 1998. pp. 114-115

1 mas diqtatorul mexsierebasac ki uwodebs, radganac is integrirebuli da

morCilebiTia

2 kritikosebi noras preistoriul epoqaSi mexsierebis naturalizaciaSi, xolo

Tanamedrove samyaroSi mexsierebis desakralizaciaSi sdeben brals. maTi azriT

mocemuli gansxvaveba Zalzed mkacria da damyarebulia warsulis, rogorc avTenTikuri

mTlianis gagebaze, romelic Tavis mxriv gardaiqmneba araavTenTikur gansxvavebul

mniSvnelobebad, rogorc Tanamedrove aqtorebi aRiqvamen mas da uaryofen misi

siwmindis versias. (Fritsche P. 2001).

38

postmodernizmis epoqaSi, rodesac eri- saxelmwifos idea Sesustda

warsulis reprezentacia daiwyo second ordered simulation is gamoyenebiT,

rodesac am procesSi CaerTo media. Lieux de mĕmoire-s nebismieri magaliTi,

yovelTvis aris matarebeli sami ZiriTadi aspeqtis: pirveli, is yovelTvis

aris materialuri; meore aris simboluri da mesame, yovelTvis aqvs

funqcinaluri datvirTva. magaliTad, arqivi, romelic aris martivi

materialuri adgili, romelisac aqvs Tavisi pirdapiri funqcionaluri

datvirTva, xdeba Lieux de mĕmoire, Tu masSi CarTulia simboluri aura (Nora, P.

1989. p. 13).

noras koncefciis paToss iziarebs devid louensali (Lowenthal, D. 1985.)

naSromSi „warsuli ucxo qveyanaa“, sadac xazs usvams, rom Tanamedrove

sazogadoebebi gamalebiT cdiloben warsulis aRdgenas, radganac is

cocxali saxiT saxogadoebaSi aRar arsebobs. jerjerobiT, es strategia

amarTlebs, Tumca, Tanamedroveoba aseeve emuqreba koleqtiurobis Zvel

aRqmas, romlis danergvasac is cdilobs.

miuxedavad mexsierebis mravalmxrivi analizisa avtorTa nawili

skeptikurad aris ganwyobili Tavad am terminis gagebis da metic arsebobis

mimarT.

andersonis warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis koncefciis (andersoni b. 2003),

Tanaxmad, swored warsulisadmi gazrdilma interesma Seqmna idea

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, xolo warsulisadmi interesis zrdis maCvenebeli iyo

popularuli istoriebisa da novelebis gamoyeneba, romelsac saerTo

identoba unda Camoeyalibebina da Camoayaliba kidec.

zemoTaRniSnuli TeoriebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda halbvaqsis

kompleqsuri midomis qmedebaSi danaxva da misi yoveldRiur procesamde

dayvana. amasTanave mmarTvelebsa da marTulebs Soris komunikacia, aris is

mediumi, romlis saSualebiTac kulturuli mexsierebis politikaSi CarTva

da misi politikis dRis wesrigisadmi morgeba xdeba.

39

§1.3 mexsierebis ganzomilebis cvlileba societaluridan politikur

konteqstSi

koleqtiuri mexsierebis politikur ganzomilebamde dayvanisas,

SesaZlebelia asmanis mexsierebis xelisuflebidan sazogadoebisken

marTulobis koncefciis gamoyeneba, romelic mis Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier

ganpirovnebulobis SesaZleblobas uSvebs. paloma agilari da karsten

hambelbeki (Aguilar P. & Humbelbek C. 2002. p123.) ganasxvaveben socialur

mexsierebas politikurisgan, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli konkretul

politikur miznebs emsaxureba. Sesabamisad, mexsierebis politikis

analizisas ZiriTadi kiTxva SesaZloa Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: vin qmnis

mexsierebas, visTvis, rogor da ratom (Paabo, H. 2010).

mexsierebis politikis dagegmvisas sazogadoebis moTxovnis

gaTvaliswinebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas gedi da elami (Gedi, N. Elam,Y. 1996.

p39) ramdenadac, mniSvnelovania gaanalizdes, Tu rogor da ra resursebis

gamoyenebiT xdeba aRniSnuli saWiroebis gansazRvra da gamoxatva. isini ar

eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis wevrebs Tanabari

wvdoma hqondeT mexsierebis yvela versiaze, raTa maT safuZvelze

Camoyalibdes/rekonstruirdes saukeTeso. magram dominantur jgufebs

SeuZliaT sakuTari gavlenis wyalobiT gamovidnen sazogadoebis saxeliT

da miiRon monawileoba mexsierebis maTi Sexedulebisamebr konstruirebis

procesSi.

Sesabamisad, politikuri da socialuri elitebi xdebian mexsierebis

agentebi, misi sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad Semqmnelebi. (Paabo, H. 2010.

p.14 ). es aris vertikaluri e.w. zemodan qvemoT mimarTuli mexsierebis

politikis formirebis procesi. Tumca mkvlevarTa azriT arsebobs e.w.

„auridebeli warsuli“ (Olick J. Robbins J. 1998. p.128) romlis gakontrolebac ar

ZalucT dominantur jgufebs. da swored aw Cndeba qvemodan zemoT

40

mimarTuli mexsierebis politika. mexsierebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemis

funqciac am mosazrebis erT-erTi gamamyarebeli argumentia. Tumca

aRniSnuli koncefciac ver uvlis gverds politikuri elitis rols

mexsierebis konstruirebis procesSi. marTalia, maT ar ZalucT arsebuli

mexsierebis waSla da axlis Seqmna, magram aqvT resursi mniSvnelovnad

Secvalon arsebuli.

mexsierebis politikis erT erTi centraluri sakiTxia mexsierebis da

istoriis urTierTmimarTeba. radganac mexsierebis ZiriTad resurss swored

warsulis faqtebi warmoadgens, maTi gansxvavebuli Txrobis safuZvelze

iqmneba gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. pier noras mier warmodgenil

sazogadoebaSi, sadac mexsiereba realurad arsebobda, istoriis saWiroeba

ar Cans, magram damwerlobis Seqmnam dasabami misca warsulis gadmocemis

werilobiT formas, Sesabamisad SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi gansxvavebuli

versiebis Seqmna. yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, mexsiereba da

istoria kontinuumis sxvadasxva boloebze unda ganvaTavsoT1.

mexsiereba konstruirebuli movlenaa, romelic dafuZnebulia

istoriaze, misgan axdens faqtebis seleqcias da warsulis Sesaxeb qmnis

xatebs sazogadoebaSi. amasTanave, noras koncefciis Tanaxmad (Nora, P. 1989.

p.9) mexsiereba aris cocxali movlena, romelic sociumSi arsebobs. is

mudmivad ganicdis evolucias daviwyeba-gaxsenebisa Tu sxvadasxva

strategiebis da manipulaciebis gamoyenebiT. maSin rodesac istoria

mxolod erTia. is inteleqtualebis produqtia da mas obieqturobaze aqvs

pretenzia2.

1 erli ar eTanxmeba mexsierebis da istoriis dapirispirebis Tezas da mas xelovnurad

warmoSobilad miiCnevs. avtori am diqotomiis Canacvlebas warsulis damaxsovrebis

CarCodan cdilobs, kerZod, ras imaxsovreben da rogor imaxsovreben (Earl I. 2011 p. 7).

2 XX saukunis istoriografiaSi dominanturi adgili ekava pozitivistur moZRvrebas,

romelic uSvebda warsulis obieqturi aRweris SesaZleblobas. WeSmaritebis

41

mecnierTa nawilisaTvis istoria faqtebis erTgvari sacavia,

universaluri da pirovnuli zegavlenisgan Tavisufali. Tumca mkvlevarTa

meore nawilis azriT narativis Seqmnis procesSi istorikosebi xSirad

ganicdinian ideologiur zegavlenas, rac qmnis ori tipis istorias,

istoria rogorc kiTxva (es erTgvari akademiuri istoriaa) da istoria,

rogorc pasuxi (Black, J. 2005. p. 3), romelic manipulaciis da Sesabamisad

sazogadoebisTvis mza pasuxis gacemis SeTavazebas isaxavs miznad.

politikaSi istoriis, rogorc Suamavlis, iaraRis an argumentis

gamoyenebis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe SeiZleba gamoiyos, romlic xelmosawvdomia,

rogorc politikuri institutebisaTvis aseve calkeuli aqtorebisaTvis

(Reichel P. 2004. Maier, C. 2007) esenia:

1. qmedebebi politikuri-sakanonmdeblo da politikur-kuturul

sivrceSi, aq igulisxmeba reJimis demontaJis da axali sistemis

formirebisas mimdinare procesebi; samarTlianobis aRdgenis

sakiTxidan dawyebuli damnaSaveTa reintegraciiT dasrulebuli; es

etapi Seesabameba postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebSi da maT Soris

saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs, romelic 90-ian wlebSi sabWoTa

kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg daiwyo;

2. politikuri komemoraciis are; am SemTxvevaSi qmedebebi mimarTulia

reJimis ganmtkicebisaTvis sxvadasxva simboloebis gamoyenebiT. es

SesaZlebelia mimarTuli iyos, aseve eris konsolidaciisaken, rac

safuZveli istorikosebs uSualod pirvel wyaroebSi unda epovaT da istoria maTze

dayrdnobiT unda Seqmniliyo. XX s-Si aRmocenebuli konstruqtivistuli xedvis

Tanaxmad moTxrobili istoriis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi ZiriTadad gamomdinareobda

istorikosis kvlevis miznidan. am periodSi aqcenti mefeTa da didebulTa

cxovrebidan socialur fenomenebze iqna gadatanili. xolo XXI saukuneSi

mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia dekonstruqtivistul xedvas, romelic istoriis Seqmnisas

aqcenti mmarTveli wreebis da maTi interesebis did gavlenaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

42

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifos rTuli

periodis daZleva uwevs;

3. Tanamedrove istoriografiis are, es istorikosebis samoqmedo

arealia, magram masSi politika mas Semdeg erTveba, rac movlenebis

gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi Cndeba. es are gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso politikis rakusiT, radganac

gansxvavebuli narativebi did zegavlenas axdens saxelmwifoTa

sagareo politikuri kursis formirebaze.

4. esteTiuri produqciis Seqmnis are moicavs e.w popularuli

istoriis sferos, romelic istoriis mxatvruli versiebis,

filmebis, animaciebis Tu sxva msgavsi produqciis saxiT iqmneba. da

mas gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia koleqtiuri

mexsierebis formirebaSi, rodesac istoria SeiZleba gardaiqmnas

individis da Semdeg jgufis mexsierebad1.

istoriuli TariRebis, ritualebis, gmirebis, moRalateebis da a.S,

simbolizeba da maTi farTo sazogadoebrivi aRniSvna Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSani gaxda. komemoraciuli

RonisZiebebis, rogorc politikuri Zalauflebis meqanizmis Seswavla

1 karlsonma kulturuli da socialuri garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeimuSava

istoriis gamoyenebis tipologizacia; man Semdegi etapebi gamoyo:

1. istoriis mecnieruli gamoyeneba;

2. egzistencialuri gamoyeneba (istoria gamoiyeneba, rogorc maorientirebeli

saSualeba awmyosa da momavals Soris);

3. istoriis, rogorc maswavleblis (moraluri) ganmoyeneba;

4. ideologiuri gamoyeneba;

5. vrceli kategoria- SeiZleba mas istoriis gamouyenebloba vuwodoT.

(Karlsson K.G. Zander U. (eds). 2006. pp.19-20)

43

daiwyes ariesma (Ariès 1974) da agulonma (Agulhon 1981) 1, magram am koncefciis

srulyofa dakavSirebulia erik hobsbaumis (Hobsbawm E. 1983.), „tradiciebis

aRmoCenis“ koncefciasTan. romlis Tanaxmadac xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebi xSirad mimarTaven am meTods.

aRniSnuli movlena TvalSi sacemi gansakuTrebiT 1870-iani wlebidan

gaxda, rodesac politikurma liderebma xelaxla aRmoaCines, rom

socialur wesrigis gansazRvravs, aramxolod „racionaluri“ aramed

„iracionaluri“ elementebic. „aRmoCenili tradicia“ SesaZlebelia iyos

daviwyebuli Zveli, magram ararsebulis aRmoCenac , anu gamogonebac aris

SesaZlebeli2.

es procesi rogorc wesi Tan sdevs sazogadoebis mkveTr

transformacias, revolucias, ryevebs, rodesac erTis ngreva misi

Camnacvleblis aRmoCenas an gamogonebas moiTxovs (Hobsbawm E. 1983).

aRniSnuli movlena SesaZlebelia daiyos ramdenime tipad esenia;

1. tradicia, romelic adgens da simbolur xasiaTss sZens tradiciul

erTobas, an am erTobis (es iqneba realuri Tu xelovnurad

konstruirebuli) wevrobas;

2. qmnis an legitimurobas matebs instituts, statuss an avtoritetTa

urTierTobas;

1 ix. Olick J. Robbins J. 1998. p108.

2 aRniSnuli koncefcia gaxda erT erTi yvelaze popularuli, romlis saSualebiTac

mkvlevrebi Seecadnen aexsnaT bolo periodSi gavrcelebuli tradiciebi. mag. Francis D.

1992.

Krech Sh. 1999.

44

3. aqvs socializaciis funqcia. adgens rwmenis, RirebulebaTa sistemis

da qcevis normebs;

saboloo jamSi „aRmoCenili tradiciis“definicireba SesaZlebelia,

rogorc „aRiarebuli qcevis wesi, rituali, simboloebi, an mTlianad

qmedebebi, romelic cdilobs ganmeorebis saSualebiT qcevis normebisa da

Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas da warsulis gangrZobiTobis damkvidrebas“.

sazogadoebis mxridan tradiciis formirebas ganapirobebs is faqti,

rom konkretuli tradicia, adre arsebuli formiT, iyo specifiuri da

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili, romelic sazogadoebam amoiRo xmarebidan,

daiviwya, magram, misi axali versia, aris araspecifiuri da adgens erTobis

wevrTaTvis Rirebulebebs, uflebebs da valdebulebebs. is SesaZloa

mocavdes patriotizms, loialurobas, movaleobas, TamaSis SeTanxmebul

wesebs da a.S.

saboloo jamSi, msgavsi koleqtiuri mexsiereba emsgavseba erTgvar

„samoqalaqo religias“, Tavisi simboloebiT, wesebiT da tradiciaTa

erTobiT, sadac „morwmune moRvaweTa“ gaerTianebs sZalucs gaerTianeba da

dabrkolebaTa gadalaxva1. aqedan gamomdinare noras mier aRwerili process

„realms of memory‖ Seqmnisa hatoni tradiciebis damagvirgvinebel moments

uwodebs (Hutton P.H. 1996).

mexsierebis politikis umniSvnelovanesi elementebia istoriuli

faqtebis seleqciis da maTi gansajaroebis procesi 2 . seleqciaSi

vgulisxmobT gadawyvetilebis miRebas, Tu romeli movlena rogori

interpretaciiT iqnas damaxsovrebuli an saerTod daviwyebuli. amis

1 ix. smiti, e. 2010. Carras C. 1983.

2 harold markuzem swored amitom gamoyo sajaro mexsiereba, romelic exeba warsulis

imdagvar aRqmas, romelic dominirebs sajaro sferoSi, romelsac iyenebs masmedia da

mocemuli saxiT aris warmodgenili oficialur ceremoniebze. Marcuse H. 1993.

45

saukeTeso magaliTia oqtombris revoluciamdeli warsulis bedi

revoluciis Semdeg, rodesac pirvel aTwleulSi sabWoTa istoriografia

aSkarad negatiurad iyo ganwyobili sabWoTamdeli warsulisadmi, magram

stalinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis da gansakuTrebiT, meore msoflio omis

warmarTvam saWiro gaxada revoluciamdeli istoriis partiaze morgeba da

warsulidan iseTi gmirebis gamoxmoba, romlebic TavianTi “progresuli” az-

rovnebiT xels Seuwyobda saxelmwifo kursis legitimacias da masebSi aR-

tyinebas gamoiwvevda.

swored seleqciis procesis umTavresi maxasiaTeblebia daviwyeba da

gaxseneba, rodesac „mexsierebis redaqtorebi“, arCeven Tu romeli movlena

gaixsenos da daimaxsovros sazogadoebam da piriqiT.

istoriis gaxsenebis procesSi xdeba ara mxolod pozitiuri faqtebis

wina planze wamoweva, aramed negatiurisac. pirvelis mizani - nebismieri sa-

SualebebiT didebuli warsulis aRdgena, aRorZineba, warsuli Rirebulebe-

bis dRevandelobaSi danergvaa, oRond arsebul viTarebaze morgebiT, Tana-

medrove interpretaciebiT. xolo meore SemTxvevaSi xdeba imis afiSireba,

Tu visi bralia is, rom am mdgomareobaSi varT, ram an vin ganapiroba mdgo-

mareobis ase garTuleba.

mexsierebis politikis Semadgeneli nawilia aseve „daviwyebis“ politi-

ka, romelic, ar aris aucilebeli ganxilul iqnas, rogor mexsierebis

“ marcxi“, fridrix nicSe „moralis genealogia“-Si ganixilavs „aqtiuri

daviwyebis“ process, romelis drosac, goneba axorcielebs garkveul

aqtivobas, raTa gamoaTavisuflos adgili axali movlenis

damaxsovrebisTvis (Nitzsche F. 1989.p.18). swored daviwyeba qmnis safuZvels

ganaxlebisTvis.

mileris Tanaxmad SesaZlebelia „daviwyeba“ or nawilad davyoT: pir-

veli, rodesac sazogadoeba cdilobs daiviwyos uaxloesi mtkivneuli war-

suli, rogoric iyo magaliTad germaniis federaciul respublikaSi nacis-

tur warsulTan damokidebuleba pirvel 15-20 wlebis manZilze, aseve espane-

46

lebis damokidebuleba frankos mmarTvelobis periodTan reJimis Camogdebis

Semdeg. nicSes Tanaxmad es procesi aucilebelia sazogadoebis

ganaxlebisTvis, raTa man warsuli daiviwyos da orientiri momavalze

gaakeTos (Миллер. А, 2009).

meore tipis ”daviwyebas”, xSir SemTxvevaSi uwodeben „uaryo-

fiTs“ (amnezia). es aris situacia, rodesac sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawili

uars ambobs aRiaros danaSauli, romelic misma erma warsulSi, sxva qvey-

nis/qveynebis winaaRmdeg Caidina. amis magaliTia iaponiis damokidebuleba

maTi warsulisa da istoriuli danaSaulisadmi an sabWoTa ruseTis

uSaualo samarTal -memkvidre ruseTis federaciis mier warsulis aRqma da

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba yofili mokavSire respublikebis mier warsulis

gadafasebisadmi.

garda zemoTaRniSnulisa konertonma SeimuSava daviwyebis ufro

diferencirebuli tipologizacia da gamoyo Svidi tipi, romelTac

mexsierebis formirebis procesSi didi wvlili miuZRviT (Connerton, P. 2008. pp

59-71), maTi nawili SesaZlebelia movargoT postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi

mimdinare politikas. magaliTad daviwyeba, romelic axali identobis

Semadgeneli nawilia; am SemTxvevaSi daviwyeba danakargTan ar asocirdeba

(rogorc es ZiriTadad miRebulia), aramed, daviwyeba ufro gagebuli unda

iqnas, rogorc monapovari, romelic Tanadrouli identobis Seqmnis

marTvaSi „gamousadegari mexsierebisgan“ gaTavisuflebis saSualebas iZleva.

an daviwyeba, rogorc represiuli waSla - gulisxmobs RonisZiebebis

gatarebac, warsuli cvlilebebis uarsayofad, Tumca is aucileblad ar

moiTxovs represiul RonisZiebebs; am SemTxvevaSi mTavari aqtori

mmarTveli Zalaa; da aseve mizanmimarTuli daviwyeba, rodesac mimdinareobs

warsulis daviwyebis dagegmili politika, am SemTxvevaSic mis dagegmva-

implementaciis procesSi ganmsazRvreli roli xelisuflebis

warmomadgenelT miuZRviT; garda zemoT aRniSnulebisa avtori aseve

gamoyofs:

47

Ø struqturuli amnezia - procesi, romlis drosac xdeba

mxolod socialurad mniSvnelovani informaciis damaxsovreba,

umniSvnelo ki unda daiviwyon;

Ø daviwyeba, rogorc gauqmeba, romelsac informaciaTa didi

nakadi iwvevs;

Ø daviwyeba, rogorc dagegmili moZveleba, romelic Sedegia

xSiri cvlilebebis, romelic Tanamedrove samyaros axasiaTebs,

da romelic aseve warmoSobs aucileblobas moxdes misi

warsulis rekonstruirebis procesSi CarTva. Sesabamisad, es

miwvevs e.w. „moZvelebuli“ mexsierebis axliT Canacvlebas.

Ø daviwyeba, rogorc damcirebuli siCume, am movlenis

ganapirobebs sircxvilis grZnoba, romelic usiamovno

mexsierebiT aris gamowveuli. rac rasakvirvelia miCqmaluria da

amitomac aris ganwiruli dasaviwyeblad.

Tumca daviwyeba SesaZloa droebiTi movlena iyos, rac sazogadoebaSi

daZabulobis gansamuxtavad aris, saWiro, magram SesaZlebelia garkveuli

periodis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli warsuls kvlav miubrundnen, rogorc

magaliTad frankos Semdgom espaneTSi moxda.

rodesac xelisuflebis mier mexsierebis konstruirebaze da am

miznisTvis istoriis gamoyenebaze vsaubrobT, warsuli gvevlineba erTgvar

“resursebis sacavad“ saidanac mudmivad aris SesaZlebeli sasurveli

faqtis moZieba da Sesabamisi interpretaciis gakeTeba. amasTanave,

aRsaniSnavia, rom istoriis gamoyeneba, yovelTvis ar niSnavs mis

falsifikacias an araWeSmaritebas, aramed maT mizanmimarTul, politikur

miznebze morgebas da amiT maTi politikuri kursis legitimurobis

amaRlebas.

48

§1.4 mexsiereba da gardamavali sazogadoebebi

tranzaciis procesSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs represiuli da

travmuli warsulisagan ganTavisufleba warmoadgens. rogor gadaiWras eris

„tanjulobis problema“ ise, rom xeli Seuwyos demokratiuli reJimis

damkvidrebas (Huntington, S. 1991.), es aris gamowveva, romelic gardamavali

saxelmwifos xelisuflebis winaSe dgas. rogorc wesi, gardamaval etapze

sazogadoebebi aseve dgebian „makoreqtirebeli“ (Ackerman & Bruce. 1992.)

Tu „tranzaciuli“ (Elster J. 1999) samarTlis Ziebisa da gatarebis sakiTxis

winaSe.

stenli koeni (Cohen, S. 1995.) gamoyofs ramdenime fazas, romelsac

gadian gardamavali sazogadoebebi represiuli warsulis gaazrebisas.

esenia:

1. yofili reJimis Sesaxeb simarTlis Zieba da dadgena;

2. warsulis danaSaulebisTvis samarTlis dadgena;

3. gansazRvra Tu vin ar daisjeba warsulSi Cadenili

danaSaulisTvis;

4. monaniebis SesaZleblobis miniWeba;

5. sazogadoebis Serigeba da erTianobis konstruireba;

Tumca sxvadasxva saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi gansxvavebulad aCeven

fazebs da maTi ganxorcielebis Tanmimdevrobas. amasTanave, hornisa da

levis Tanaxmad arsebobs korelacia tranzaciis saxesa da samarTlis Ziebis

formebs Soris. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma samoqalaqo omis

Semdeg patiebis politika airCia, xolo safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg

gamarjvebulebma winamorbedebis devna daiwyes. Tumca, am mimarTulebiT

frankos Semdgomi espaneTi da samxreT afrika gamonakliss warmoadgenen, am

SemTxvevaSi sxva faqtorebis zemoqmedeba gacilebiT sagrZnobia. Tumca

faqtia, rom radikaluri gadasvlis mcdeloba xSir SemTxvevaSi

49

tranzaciuli samarTlis mimarTulebiT radikaluri politikuri kursis

gatarebas iwvevs (Horne, C. Levi, M. 2003. p.5).

post koloniuri da post totalitaruli warsulis gaazrebis da

mexsierebis konstruirebis procesSi lustracia erT-erT meqanizms

warmoadgens. haisis Tanaxmad (Huyse L. 1995.) lustraciaze arCevanis

SeCerebisas misi ganxorcielebis sami SesaZlebloba arsebobs:

samarTlebrivi devna, amnistia da WeSmaritebis dadgena + Serigeba;

pirvelis magaliTi safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg wina mmarTveli

reJimisadmi damokidebulebaa, meore SemTxvevas garkveulwilad pirvel

etapze frankos Semdgomi espaneTi asaxavs, xolo afrikaSi „WeSmaritebis

damdgeni komisiebi“ mesame arCevanis magaliTs warmoadgens. hornis da levis

Tanaxmad (Horne, C. Levi, M. 2003. p.3) zemoTCamoTvlili arCevani erTgvari

kontiniumia, sadac danaSaulisTvis sasjeli meryeobs samarTlebrivi

devnidan sakuTrebis dakargvamde.

postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam lustraciis gza airCia,

Tumca ara erTdroulad. saxelmwifoebis nawilma warsulis gaazreba 90-ian

wlebSive am meqanizmis gamoyenebiT daiwyes, nawilSi mogvianebiT srulad an

nawilobriv ganxorcielda. aRniSnul procesSi umTavresi aqtori

politikosebi iyvnen, romlebic warmarTavdnen gardamavali samarTlis

Ziebis process. zog SemTxvevaSi lustracia iyo safrTxe an muqara, Tumca

es didwilad damokidebuli iyo reJimis xasiaTze. rac ufro mkacri iyo

reJimi, miT ufro mkacri iyo lustraciis politika. Tumca faqti erTia,

rodesac lustraciis kanonis konstituciurobas ixilavda CexeTis

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aRiniSna, rom demokratiul

sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba daicvas Tavi da moaxdinos warsulis

danaSaulebaTa prevencia (internet wyaro #34).

rogorc, araerTxel vaxseneT mexsierebis politika ufro metad

praqtikulad nakvlev sakiTxs warmoadgens da orientirebulia konkretul

SemTxvevaTa analizze, Tumca amass xeli ar SeuSlia e.w „mexsierebis

50

industriis“ warmoSobisTvis. am sakiTxis kvleva gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

iseT gardamaval sazogadoebebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, sadac

totalitaruli warsulis gaazrebis procesi axla iwyeba da amave dros

qveynis warsulisadmi arsebuli sensitiuri ganwyobebi manipulaciebis did

SesaZleblobas qmnis.

51

Tavi II. mexsierebis politikis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi

istoriis, rogorc politikis damxmare resursis SesaZleblobebi

sabWoTa kavSiris mesveurebs kargad esmodaT. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa xalxma

koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebis araerTi etapi gamoiara. oqtombris

revoluciis Semdgomi narativi mefis ruseTis miRwevebs da mis gmirebs

Rirebulad ar Tvlida da bolSevizmis idealizaciiT xdeboda misi

Canacvleba. es iyo erTgvari „mexsierebis proeqti“, romlis formirebaSic

araerTi jgufi iyo CarTuli, maT Soris istorikosebi da inteligenciis

warmomamadgenlebi (Corney F.C. 1998.).

imperiis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis dawyebulma brZolam da Sedegad

stalinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlam Tavad bolSeviki liderebis ierarqiis

gadaxedvac gamoiwvia. trocki, buxarini da sxva bolSevikebi istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebidan gaqrnen, Sesabamisad sazogadoebasac unda miviwyeboda

maTi saxelebi. Tumca meore msoflio omis msvlelobisas saWiro gaxda

sazogadoebaSi mebroli suliskveTebis amaRleba da moaruli gamoTqmis

Tanaxmad „stalinis kabinetSi marqsis da engelsis suraTebi mefis ruseTis

generlebma Caanacvles“.

Semdgomi sabWoTa narativi moicavs pirovnebis kultis sakiTxs da

aseve prestroikis periods, romlis legitimaciis amaRlebis mizniT

analogebis Ziebisas kvlavac mefis ruseTis reformatorebis xsovnis

gacocxlebas Seecadnen. CamoTvlili periodebSi istoriis gansxvavebuli

interpretaciis popularizacias eweodnen, magram maTi saerTo niSani

aRniSnuli interpretaciis politikurad ganpirobebuloba da

sazogadoebaSi mocemuli politikuri arCevanis mxardaWeris amaRleba iyo.

52

sabWoTa istoriis politizirebuloba iyo erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc

sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevisTanave yofilma mokavSire respublikebma

sakuTari warsulis gadafaseba da xSir SemTxvevaSi ga-dawera daiwyes. raTa

istoriis Txroba morgeboda damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis moTxovnebs. es

moTxovnac xSir SemTxvevaSi politikuri iyo, oRond, aw ukve damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebis interesebs morgebuli.

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo wlebSi, sabWoTa

reJimis liberalizaciis kvaldakval izrdeboda saprotesto moZraoba,

romelsac erovnuli xasiaTi hqonda da ZirTadad, reJimis winaaRmdeg iyo

mimarTuli. is, aramxolod mmarTveli Zalis bneli saqmeebis gamomzeurebas

cdilobda, aramed yofili mmarTvelebisTvis miuRebeli istoriuli

faqtebis gamJRavnebiTac iyo dainteresebuli. aRniSnuli periodisTvis

ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia warsulis „aRmoCenis“ tendencia (Hobsbawm E.

1983), romelic sazogadoebis konsolidacias cdilobs iseTi movlenebis da

faqtebis gamomzeurebis saSualebiT, romelic Seesabameba maT miznebs.

amave dros am strategiis erT-erTi umTavresi mizani aris

sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris mier „movlenaTa axleburad gaazreba“,

RirebulebaTa gadafaseba da saxelmwifos ganviTarebis axali gzis Ziebis

aucileblobis gacnobiereba.

movlenaTa gadafasebis procesi Seuqcevadi 1989 wlis 9 aprilis

tragediis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac sabWoTa sistemas TbilisSi aTeulobiT

udanaSaulo adamiani emsxverpla da sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi

darCenis survili ukve sazogadoebaSi miuReblad, arapatriotobad

aRiqmeboda. miuxedavad sabWoTa ideologiis mier „sabWoTa identobis“ Tu

„sabWoTa moqalaqis“ Camoyalibebis mcdelobisa, saqarTveloSi

ideologiuri komunistebis raodenoba Zalian mcire iyo. sazogadoebis

ZiriTadi nawili partiaSi gawevrianebas, rogorc karieruli winsvlis

saSualebas aRiqvamda da is patriotizmis xelSemSlel faqtorad sulac ar

aRiqmeboda. komunistebic SesaZloa iseTive patriorebi iyvnen, rogorc

53

arakomunistebic, „samSoblosadmi“ damokidebulebisa da misi

„siyvarulis“ sakiTxi ucvleli iyo da gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareboda. Tumca

stalinis mmarTvelobisas dawyebuli kulturuli nacionalizmis

waxalisebis politikac SesaZloa am process uwyobda xels (l.

berZeniSvili, siRrmiseuli interviu. 12.11.2014).

patriotizmis qarTul gagebas Taviseburi xasiaTi qonda da mTeli

ZaliT, rogorc wesi kritikul situaciaSi iCenda Tavs, rodesac

“nacionalur siamayesTan” dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS

dgeboda. amis magaliTebia 1956 wlis 9 martis tragedia, romelic didi

beladis Rirsebis dacvis moTxovniT daiwyo da Tavisuflebis moTxovnis

lozunebSi gadaizarda, aseve 1978 wlis gamosvlebi deda enis dasacavad,

romelic aseve patriotuli suliskveTebiT iyo gamsWvaluli. 1989 wlis 9

aprilis tragediiT ki saqarTvelos damoukideblobas Caeyara safuZveli da

es damoukidebloba winaRmdegobis im miviwyebul tradiciebze unda

dafuZnebuliyo, romelsac sazogadoeba nel-nela ixsenebda da, romelic

mitingebze gamotanil transparantebze qaqucasa da sxva Seficulebis,

rogorc qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis mebrZoli gmirebis saxiT isev

Cndeboda1.

§2.1 warsulis gadafaseba da aRmoCena

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls informaciis gavrcelebis erT-

erT umTavres saSualebas presa warmoadgenda. is faqti, rom SesaZlebeli

iyo presis cenzuras gaparvoda oficialuri informaciis alternatiuli

versia, rac televiziasa da radioSi SeuZlebeli iyo, presis popularobas

1 qaquca ColoyaSvili, 1924 wlis ajanyebis erT erTi lideris fotosuraTi bevrisaTvis

ucnobi iyo da mitingebze bevri mas axalgazrda iliad Tvlida.

54

ufro metad zrdida. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos Jurnal gazeTebSi 1988

wlidan ukve iCina Tavi istoriis sabWoTa versiis gadafasebis da axali

koncefciebis sazogadoebisTvis gacnobis mcdelobam.

Tuki SevadarebT 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi or yvelaze gavlenian

gazeTs „saxalxo ganaTlebas“ da „komunists“, aSkarad SeimCneva

saqarTvelos istoriisadmi daintereseba da misi oficialurisgan

gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT gaanalizebis mcdeloba. aseve sainteresoa is

faqti, rom pirveli nabijis gadadgma istorikosebis mier xdeba.

magaliTad, gazeT „komunistSi“ 1988 wels ibeWdeba ori saintereso

statia: pirveli istorikos akaki surgulaZisa (surgulaZe a. 24 aprili, 1988.)

da meore guram yoranaSvili (yoranaSvili g. 12 ivnisi. 1988) sadac avtorebi

cdiloben gadaafason istoriul movlenaTa arsebuli-sabWoTa

interpretacia da amasTanave, gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviT gaacnon

mkiTxvels aRniSnuli faqtebi. es publikaciebi gajerebulia paTosiT, rom

istoriis arsebuli gaazreba Tanamedroveobis (sabWoTa) stereotipebis da

Sexedulebebis zegavlenas didi doziT ganicdis da xSir SemTxvevaSi

politizirebulia, rac misi „axleburad gaazrebis“ da WeSmaritebis

dadgenis saWiroebas warmoSobs.

1989 wels gazeT „saxalxo ganaTlebaSi“ a. surgulaZe agrZelebs

aRniSnul Tematikas da afasebs 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa armiis

saqarTveloSi Semosvlas. misi TqmiT:

“qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografia unda vaRiaroT scodavda am

movlenis SefasebaSi. igi tendenciurad aSuqebda faqtebs. aqcents

akeTebda e.w. ajanyebaze, romelic sinamdvileSi ar yofila da me-11

armiis laSqrobas ganixilavda, rogorc mxolod daxmarebas

saqarTvelos muSebisa da glexebisadmi. aseTi iyo savaldebulo

stereotipi.”

amiT istorikosi xazs usvams, rom maT qondaT garkveuli miTiTebebi

istoriis oficialuri versiis SemuSavebisas.

55

Tu amave gazeTis 1988 wlis maisis nomerSi saerTod ar iyo naxsenebi

1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis arseboba, erTi

wlis Semdeg 1989 wlis 24 maisis „saxalxo ganaTlebis“ pirvel gverdze

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSa da gerbia ganTavsebuli, da saerTod

mTeli nomeri 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

gamocxadebis faqts eZRvneba. aRniSnuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom warsulis

aRmoCenis procesi Zalian aqtualuri xdeba da amasTanave xelisuflebis

direqtivebi ukve veRar axdens zegavlenas gavrcelebuli informaciis

Sinaarsze.

es magaliTi uCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba mexsierebis politikis

prioritetebi saqarTveloSi. rogor Cndeba Tematika, romelic sazogadoebam

unda icodes da romlis gaxsenebac saWiroa raTa SeZlos im miznis miRweva,

romelic 1988 wlis bolodan sazogadoebaSi aqtiurad trialebs da

safuZvels amzadebs qveynis damoukideblobis gamosacxadeblad.

es ar iyo oficialuri xelisuflebis mxridan momdinare mexsierebis

politika, es ufro metad qvemodan zemoT sazogadoebidan momdinare

tendencia, romelic 1989 wlidan didi gavleniT sargeblobda da romelsac

winaaRmdegobas oficialuri propaganda ver uwevda. saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg mexsierebis tendencia Seicvala da is

ufro metad xelisuflebis mier marTuli gaxda.

rogorc wesi, warsulis aRmoCenisas wina planze gamodis, ara mxolod

epoqa, aramed am epoqaSi moRvawe gmirebic, romlebic axali epoqis

moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare daviwyebulni iyvnen, gamonakliss arc am

periodis saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. magaliTad, 1989 wels, gazeT „saxalxo

ganaTlebaSi” daiwyo gamoqveyneba emigrantuli masalebis da im qarTvelebis

Sesaxeb, romelTa arseboba sabWoTa kavSirSi fardagadafarebuli iyo da

mxolod xalxis mtris epiTetebiT moixsenieboda. am masalebSi xazgasmiT

SeiniSneba arsebuli Sexedulebebis gadafasebis da maTi axali kuTxiT,

rogorc qveynisaTvis davdadebuli gmirebis danaxvis mcdeloba.

56

aRniSnuli masalebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba im TvalsazrisiTac

qonda, rom 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

Sesaxeb xsovnas acocxlebda da amave dros, xels uwyobda 1921 wels

sabWoTa jarebis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis, rogorc okupaciis Sefasebis

damkvidrebas.

amasTanave, mudmivad xdeboda xazgasma im faqtisa, rom 1921 wels

saqarTvelo ZaliT gaasabWoes, magram usastikesi komunisturi diqtaturis

pirobebSic ki mis mTavrobas xeli ar mouweria kapitulaciaze. respublika

faqtobrivad aneqsirebuli iyo, magram iuridiulad SeinarCuna Tavisi

damoukidebloba, rac suverenuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis konstituciuri

safuZvels warmoadgenda. es saxelmwifoebriobis gangrZobadobis

SesaZleblobas iZleoda (interviu z. gamsaxurdiasTan, 27 Tebervali. 1991.

gv1-2.).

gmirebis samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba iyo magaliTi, rac Tanamedroveebs

pasiurobis uflebas ar utovebda. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kaTalikos -

patriarq ambrosi xelaiaze saubrisas avtori statias Semdegnairad iwyebs:

“nebismieri qarTveli mkiTxveli, romlisTvisac Zvirfasi da

axlobelia mSobliuri eris istoriuli warsuli, SeuZlebelia

sulierad da zneobrivad ar gaamdidros Cveni eris erT-erTi

Rirseuli da saukeTeso Svilis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos

patriarqis ambrosi xelaias pirovnebam. man gamoiara im

TanamemamuleTa tragikuli xvedri, romelTaTvisac umTavresi ”ena,

mamuli, sarwmunoeba” WeSmaritebisa da simarTlis damkvidreba da

dacva gaxlavT.”

xolo statiaSi, romelic damoukidebeli respublikis general

giorgi mazniaSvils exeboda avtori saubrobs, rom misi saxeli marTalia

istoriiT dainteresebuli adamianebisaTvis cnobilia magram sazogadoebis

farTo fenebma am didi moRvawis Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi ician, arada am

adamianebma saqarTvlos Seswires Tavi.

57

rac Seexeba istoriis negatiuri aspeqtebis gamovlenas, is rogorc

wesi wina wyobilebasTan, an reJimTan da mis mier ganxorcielebul

politikur kursTan aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad igive “saxalxo

ganaTlebis“ furclebze 1989 wels masiurad ibeWdeba statiebi, romlebSiac

saubaria sabWoTa sistemis sisastikeze, romelmac:

“qarTveli inteligenciis progresulad moazrovne, gabeduli

jgufis protesti da opoziciuri moRvaweoba partiulma da

sabWoTa biurokratiam savsebiT sworad Tavisi interesis

sawinaRmdego azrovnebad da qmedebad aRiqva. amitomac maT

winaaRmdeg 30-ian wlebSi organizebul iqna sistemuri da

saxelmwifoebriv doneze gaazrebuli Zalmomreoba da politikuri

terori.”

dafaruli faqtebis gamovlenisadmi sazogadoebis interesis da

dadebiTi ganwyobis maCvenebelia is faqti, rom aRniSnuli gazeTebis mTeli

tiraJi gamoqveynebisTanave iyideboda.

§ 2.1.1 sabWoTa warsulis gadafaseba institucionalur doneze

am periodis saqarTveloSi ZiriTadi tendencia warsulis gaxsenebaa.

yvela mcdeloba mimarTulia iqiTken, rom gairkves Tu rogoria “WeSmariti”

istoria, romelic sabWoTa periodis dros gaayalbes.

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg institucionalur doneze dadga

sabWoTa mmarTvelobis Sefasebis da misgan distancirebis sakiTxi. 1990 wlis

14 noembers miRebul iqna kanoni gardamavali periodis Sesaxeb, romelic

iTvaliswinebda RonisZiebaTa kompleqss erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi

mSeneblobis da sabWoTa imperiisagan etapobrivi gamoyofis sferoSi. garda

amisa saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos komisiam Seiswavla wiTeli armiis

SemoWris sakiTxi da is ukanonod gamoacxada, riTac gauqmda sabWoTa

58

kavSiris yovelgvari pretenzia saqarTveloze. qveyanas damoukideblad

cxovrebis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda.

1991 wlis arCevnebis Semdgom prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam kidev

ufro ganamtkica kursi, romelic mimarTuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris

SemadgenlobaSi iZulebiT yofnis periodSi danergili saxelmwifo sistemis

demontaJisaken. upirveles yovlisa, ukanononod gamocxadda ”1921 wlis 21

maisis muSur-glexur samokavSireo xelSekruleba“ saqarTvelos sabWoTa

socialistur respublikasa da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul socialistur

respublikas Soris. aseve gauqmda 1922 wlis 12 martis samokavSireo

xelSekruleba amiekavkasiis sabWoTa socialistur respublikaTa

federaluri kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ (gamsaxurdia, z. 10 aprili, 1991. gv 1-2).

saqarTvelom uari Tqva, rogorc e.w. ruseTis federaciis mier

SemoTavazebul axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis xelmoweraze, iseve axal

neoimperiul struqturaSi „demokratiul saxelmwifoTa

TanamegobrobaSi“ e.w. dsT-Si Sesvlaze (jonsi, s. 2013 gv. 50-51).

sabWoTa kavSirisgan distancirebis kidev erTi nabiji 1991 wlis 15

seqtembers saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWos dadgenileba iyo, romelmac

sabWoTa periodidan moyolebuli qveynis teritoriaze ganlagebuli ruseTis

jarebi okupantTa SeiaraRebul Zalebad gamoacxada da mTavrobas daavala

imperiul centrTan molaparakebebis dawyeba maTi etapobrivi gayvanis

Sesaxeb (iqve gv. 67).

okupantis statusis miniWeba iyo im samarTlebrivi politikis Sedegi,

romelic warmoebul iqna saqarTveloSi 1991 wels da es ara mxolod

xelisuflebis nebis gamoxatuleba iyo, aramed mas sazogadoebisaganac

qonda legitimacia. kerZod, 1991wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi Catarda

referendumi kiTxviT: "gsurT Tu ara saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aRdgena 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze". aRniSnul

kiTxvas mosaxleobis 98 procentma dadebiTad upasuxa da gamoxata Tavisi

neba, rom ar surda saqarTvelo yofiliyo sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.

59

swored am referendumis SedegebiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis

damoukideblobis ara xelaxla gamocxadebiT, aramed aRdgeniT, saqarTvelom

iuridiuli kavSiri daamyara 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtTan.

da amiT kidev erTxel mianiSna warsulisadmi gansakuTrebuli

damokidebulebis faqtze.

Sesabamisad, 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis okupacia iuridiulad iqna aRiarebuli.

gamomdinare aqedan, 1991 wlis oqtomberSi sabWoTa jarebisaTvis okupantis

statusis miniWeba iyo absoluturad logikuri, samarTliani da

politikurad gamarTuli aqti. miTumetes, im etapze, rodesac dasaSlelad

gamzadebuli sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre gaxda ruseTis federacia,

xolo saqarTveloSi dislocirebuli sabWoTa jarebi ruseTis federaciis

jarebi.

magram, aRniSnuli politika saqarTveloSi Tanmimdevrulad ver

gagrZelda, radganac 1992 wlis 6 ianvars, rodesac samxedro sabWom (j.

ioseliani, T. kitovani, T. sigua) daamxo zviad gamsaxurdias xelisufleba,

ruseTis federaciis jarebs okupantis statusi moexsna, ramac gadamwyveti

roli Seasrula saqarTveloSi mogvianebiT datrialebul movlenebSi.

kerZod samoqalaqo omsa da afxazeTSi konfliqturi movlenebis

ganviTarebaSi.

morigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi represirebul pirTa reabilitacias

exeboda. aRniSnuli sakiTxis daregulireba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave

ver moxerxda, mxolod 1997 wlis noemberSi amoqmedda kanoni "saqarTvelos

moqalaqeTa politikuri represiebis msxverplad aRiarebisa da

represiebulTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb", aRniSnuli kanoni vrceldeba im

adamianebze da maT ojaxis wevrebze, romelTac represia ganicades

saqarTvelos teritoriaze 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan 1990 wlis 28

oqtombramde (saqarTvelos kanoni moqalaqeTa politikuri represiebis

msxverplad aRiarebisa da represirebulTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb, 11

60

dekemberi 1997). aRniSnuli kanonis miRebas win uZRoda sabWoTa kavSirSi

represirebulTa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis sarCeli strasburgis

sasamarTloSi, romliTac isini saxelmwifosgan moraluri zianis

anazRaurebas iTxovdnen. Tumca, vidre evrosasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas mii-

Rebda, qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi cvlileba Sevida, sadac dafiqsirebulia,

rom sabWoTa imperiis dros represirebul pirebs da maTi pirveli rigis mem-

kvidreebs moraluri zianisTvis erTjeradi daxmareba miecemaT (internet

wyaro #11).

Sesabamisad, instutucionalur doneze damoukideblobis pirvelive

etapze saqarTvelos xelisuflebam SeZlo gamijvnoda sabWoTa sistemas da

xazi gaesva sabWoTa kavSirSi yofnis iZulebiT xasiaTze. es erTgvari

signali iyo imisa, rom sabWoTa kavSiris gaazrebis da misi koleqtiur

mexsierebaSi asaxvis procesi daiwyeboda. magram, samwuxarod, samxedro

gadatrialebam da samoqalaqo omma movlenebis sxvanairad ganviTareba

gamoiwvia.

§2.2 dekomunizaciis da lustraciis sakiTxi postsabWoTa

saqarTveloSi

totalitaruli saxelmwifos daSlisTanave mwvaved dadga sabWoTa

uSiSroebis samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis lustraciis da

politikuri sistemis dekomunizaciis sakiTxi1. am sakiTxis simwvaves sabWoTa

1 lustracia da dekomunizacia xSir SemTxvevaSi sinonimebad gamoiyeneba, magram maria

losi maT Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xedavs, kerZod misi TqmiT dekomunizacia

ukavSirdeba sajaro sivrcis da gansakuTrebiT politikis yofili sabWoTa

nomenklaturis warmomadgenlebisgan ganwmendas. mas ar aqvs Sexeba Cveulebriv

moqalaqeebTan, maSin rodesac lustracia gacilebiT didi masStabisaa da SesaZloa

masSi mTeli sazogadoeba CaerTos. Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli samizne jgufebi, moiTxovs

ganonSi gansxvavebuli normis gaTvaliswinebas, Sesabamis dasabuTebas da maT

61

mmarTvelobis umkacresi xasiaTi da represiaTa talRebi ganapirobebda,

romelic sazogadoebam saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dRidan gamoiara. magram

lustraciis procesi Tavis mxriv did sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli da

am moTxovnilebas Tan sazogadoebis mxridan didi SiSi da politikosebis

sifrTxile axlda.

lustracia, rogorc politikuri meqanizms gamoyenebis xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs. lustraciis kanoni ar aris sisxlis samarTlis nawili, is

garkveulwilad Sromis kodeqsis gagrZelebas warmoadgens, is ar

iTvaliswinebs saidumlo samsaxurebTan TanamSromlobasa da danaSaulSi

mxilebul adamianebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemas, aramed

garkveuli vadiT an uvadod ekrZalebaT mxilebul pirebs politikuri,

akademiuri da sxva kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili Tanamdebobis dakaveba.

rogorc wesi, lustraciis momxreebs gacilebiT meti argumenti aqvT,

vidre mowinaaRmdegebs.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi argumentia, rom:

üwina reJimi iyo cudi (boroti) da saWiroa misi Sefaseba. misi

momxreebis gamovlena da mmarTvelobioTi procesebisTvis

CamoSoreba;

üaxal saxelmwifos sWirdeba mofrTxileba, raTa Zvelma reJimma

ver moaxerxos Zalebis mokreba da dabruneba;

üistoriuli gamocdileba, rogoricaa magaliTad orad gayofili

germania, romelmac SeerTebis Semdeg am procesis gavla moaxerxa

ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad orive maTganis ganxorcielebis Sedegad gaweuli sazRauri

da miRebuli Sedegebic gansxvavebulia. (Los M. 1995. p121)

62

da lustraciis da denacifikaciisa da dekomunizciis erT-erT

saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba negatiur mxares, lustraciis kanons yvela SemTxvevaSi

aqvs ukuZala. is iwvevs adamianebis dadanaSaulebas warsulSi ararsebuli

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad da sazogadoebaSi mtkivneulad xdeba misi

gadalaxva. miuxedavad imisa, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi idea didi

sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.

lustraciis process, rogorc wesi, Tan sdevs xolme totalitaruli

da avtoritaruli reJimebis ngrevas. aRniSnulis Tanamedrove magaliTia

eraySi 2003 wels dawyebuli e.w. „de-baaTifikaciis“ procesi, rodesac

yofili mmarTveli partia “baaTis” wevrebs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi dasaqmeba

aekrZala. am kanonma sakmaod mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia da SeiaraRebul

winaaRmdegobebSic ki gadaizarda. Sedegad, erayis axali xelisufleba

iZulebuli gaxda Seerbilebina gadawyvetileba da partiis zogierT wevrs

sajaro samsaxurSi dabrunebis neba darTo (internet wyaro #36).

sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg aRniSnuli procedura

saxelmwifoTan nawilma met-naklebi warmatebiT gaiara. nawili mogvianebiT

miubrunda am sakiTxs, Tumca diskusiebi lustraciis aucileblobaze

mudmivad mimdinareobs sazogadoebaSi. am process yvelgan Tansdevda

sazogadoebrivi mwvave ganxilva da diskusia, xSirad Civili sakonstitucio

sasamarTloSi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis da antikonstituciurobis

motiviT.

lustraciis procesis ganxilvisas SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime

ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, kerZod:

lustracia gulisxmobs politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebis da

sajaro moxeleebis gadamowmebas da maTi saidumlo samsaxurTan

Tu reJimTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxis garkvevas. am konteqstSi

xSirad gamoiyeneba termini dekomunizacia, romelic Tavis mxriv

63

sabWoTa mmarTvelobis Sefasebas da am mimarTulebiT

saxelmwifo politikas moiazrebs.

miuxedavad sxvaobisa, lustracis da dekomunizaciis procesebis

moqceva erT kanonproeqtSi SesaZlebelia da amis magaliTia

Cexoslovakia 1993 wlamde da CexeTis respublika 1993 wlis

Semdeg. rodesac dekomunizacia da lustracia daukavSires

erTmaneTs da kanonproeqtma SeZlo gadalaxa yvela SesaZlo

instituciuri barieri, romelsac vetos dadeba SeeZlo 1 .

bulgareTsa da albaneTSic dekomunizacia da lustraciis

procesi erTad daiwyo, magram am qveynebSi CexeTis precendenti

ver ganxorcielda, radganac ver moxerxda pirvel SemTxvevaSi

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, xolo meoreSi przidentis vetos

daZleva (biolis fondi. 29 ivnisi, 2011)

Teoretikosebis Tanaxmad arCevani liberalur da radikalur

politikas Soris arCevanze reJimTan urTierTobis da winaaRmdegobis

gamocdileba axdens. magaliTad, CexeTis magaliTi SeiZleba aixsnas

winaaRmdegobis moZraobis SedarebiT susti xasiaTiT vidre poloneTTan,

sadac reJimTan dapirispirebam lamis nacionaluri xasiaTi miiRo.

xolo kiTxvaze, ratom airCies postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebma

lustracia, rogorc warsulis gaazrebis erT-erTi umTavresi gza haisis

Tanaxmad (Huyse, L. 1995) SesaZlebelia sabWoTa reJimis funqcionirebaSi

sazogadoebis CarTulobis xarisxSi veZeboT. kerZod, laTinur amerikasa da

samxreT afrikaSi zRvari represiis momwyobebsa da represirebuliTa Soris

aSkara iyo da amas laTinuri amerikis samxedro mmarTveloba Tu afrikaSi

rasobrivi gansxvaveba miuTiTebda. magram post sabWoTa saxelmwifoebSi

1 gavrcelebuli informaciis Tanaxmad CexeTis lustraciis kanonis mkacri xasiaTi

imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom "xaverdovani revoluciis" Semdeg, 10 dReSi praRaSi

gavrcelda proklamaciebi, rom komunistebs unda daebrunebinaT Zalaufleba.

64

rTuli iyo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis represiebSi Setanili wvlilis

garkveva. rogorc adam mixniki da vaclav haveli 1993 wels ambobdnen: „Cven

aq yvelani erTad varT, radenadac yvelam pirdapir metnaklebad SevqmeniT

reJimi, yvelam vinc Cumad viyaviT, aseve yvelam vinc SeveCvieT mas” (haveli, v.

2003). da Tuki sazogadoebis didi nawili CarTuli iyo aRniSnul procesSi,

maSin Zalian rTuli iyo gansazRvra Tu vin iyo damnaSave da vin msxverpli,

vin dasjiliyo da vin ara, vin iyo CarTuli e.w. „aqtiur“ an

„pasiur“ kolaboraciaSi. es iyo is kiTxvebi, romlis winaSec dadgnen

postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebi lustraciis procesis ganxorcielebisas.

postsabWoTa sivrceSi lustraciis procesis aRwerad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos didident adam mixnikis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba „diax

amnistias, ara amnezias“ (Auer, F. 2004. p.90) romelic man 1989 wels

lustraciis Sesaxeb debatebisas warmoTqva. Sesabamisad lustraciis

sakiTxi aseve ukavSirdeba amnistiis an amneziis sakiTxis. Tu romels irCevs

saxelmwifo warsulTan urTierTobis mosagvareblad.

saqarTveloSi lustraciiis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba 1990-ian wlebSi ver

moxerxda, amis mizezad eqspertebi asaxeleben arqivebis mouwesrigeblobis

sakiTxs1

1 90-ian wlebSi arqivis didi nawili gatanil iqna ruseTSi (uSiSroebis arqivis

monacemebiT 1990 wels sabWoTa uSiSroebis arqivi gaitanes qalaq smolenskSi), xolo

darCenili nawilis TiTqmis 80 % 1991-1992 ww samoqalaqo omis dros daiwva daaxloebiT

48000 piradi saqme. gadarCa mxolod 20%.

Sss arqivis xelmZRvanelis omar TuSuraSvilis gancxadebiT xanZris Sedegad

daaxloebiT 22 aTasi saqme ganadgurda, romelTa Soris iyo: saidumlo saqmiswarmoebis

masalebi - 7 aTasamde saqme. aseve iaponuri dazvervis, TurqeTis, iranis, italiis,

germaniis sakonsuloebis saidumlo saqmiswarmoebebi, samamulo omis periodis tyveTa

filtraciis da saxelmwifo Semowmebis 45 aTasi saqme, sisxlis samarTlis warmoebiT

Sewyvetili saqme reabilitirebul pirebze - 48 aTasi saqme. eseni iyvnen pirebi,

romlebmac reabilitacia miiRes 1989 wlis [ssrk umaRlesi sabWos] prezidiumis mier

65

gadarCenilebs Sorisaa sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis fondi 1921-dan

1990 wlamde. aseve SemorCenilia cekas arqivi, romelic Seicavs daaxloebiT

2.5 milion erTeuls. es arqivi 2007 wels prezidentis brZanebulebiT

gadmoeca Sss-s da is nebismieri msurvelisTis xelmisawvdomia),

xelmZRvanelTa SiSs maTi an maTi axloblebis piradi saqmeebis

gansajaroebisadmi da asev SiSi imisa, rom masalebis gamomzeureba

SurisZiebis mizezi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo.

saqarTvelos yvela mTavroba xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave pirobas

sdebda rom aucileblad moxdeboda lustracia, Tumca aRniSnuli sakiTxis

mowesrigeba zviad gamsaxurdiasa da eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis

dros sakanonmdeblo doneze ver moxerxda. magram qarTuli presis

furclebze araerTxel gamoCnda saidumlo masalebi da statiebi, sadac

konkretul pirebs sabWoTa kavSiris saidumlo specsamsaxurebTan

TanamSromlobaSi sdebdnen brals. (amis magaliTia 1993w. gazeT

„iberiaSi“ gamoqveynebuli masalebi qarTul eklesiaSi moRvawe sasuliero

pirebis kavSiris Sesaxeb KGB-sTan an 2010 w. gazeT „versiaSi“ gamoqveynebuli

statia inteligenciis agenturul saqmianobis Sesaxeb. masalebi erT-erTi

rusuli forumidan iyo aRebuli (internet wyaro # 15).

zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobis dros dekomunizaciis procesis

daseruleba da lustraciis kanonis miReba ver moxerxda. mizezTa Soris

dominirebs mmarTvelobis mcire periodi da aseve popularobis dakargvis

SiSi, romelsac aucileblad gamoiwvevda lustraciis kanonis miReba

(xoStaria g. siRrmiseuli interviu. 10 oqtomberi, 2013).

1998 wels saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebiT Seiqmna

lustraciis meqanizmis SemuSavebis droebiTi saxelmwifo komisia, romlis

gamocemuli kanonis [dadgenilebis] mixedviT. aseve agenturis samuSaosa da piradi

saqmeebis didi nawili. (biolis fondi, 12 ivlisi, 2012).

66

mizanic iyo „saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi, demokratiuli saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis procesSi saxelmwifo uSiSroebis interesebis dacvis,

xelisuflebis umaRles struqturebSi ucxo qveynis agenturis SeRwevisa da

saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis mimarT teroristuli aqtebis

aRkveTis, sajaroobisa da lustraciis principebis ganxorcielebis mizniT ...

Seswavlil iqnes da politikur-samarTlebrivi Sefaseba mieces

saqarTveloSi arsebuli yofili ssrk-is, saqarTvelos ssr-is da

saqarTvelos uSiSroebis organoTa arqivebSi dacul, sabWoTa suk-is

agenturasTan dakavSirebul dokumentebs” (saqarTvelos parlamentis

dadgenileba lustraciis meqanizmis SemuSavebis droebiTi saxelmwifo

komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 20 Tebervali,1998).

lustraciis kanonis miRebis Sesaxeb msjelobis gaaqtiureba droSi

daemTxva sabWoTa uSiSroebis generlebis gaaqtiurebas da amave dros 9

Tebervlis teraqts, romelic mouwyves prezident SevardnaZes da romlis

organizebaSic swored maT sdebdnen brals.

2001 wels, rodesac valeri xaburZania dainiSna uSiSroebis ministrad,

misi erT-erTi upirvelesi gancxadeba iyo, rom is aucileblad miiRebda

lustraciis Sesaxeb kanons (internetwyaro # 10). Tumca 2 wlis Semdeg 2003

wels, presasTan interviuSi xaburZaniam ganacxada, rom:

„aRniSnuli kanonis miReba mxolod gardamaval etapze myofi

qveynebisaTvis aris aucilebeli, am stadiis uaxloesi aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi... lustraciis erT-erTi mTavari mizani isaa, rom

yofil agentebs Tanamdebobebze aRar emuSavaT, amjerad ki,

lustraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba sasurvel Sedegs veRar gamoiRebs,

radgan uSiSroebis saministrodan ukve gatanilia sabWoTa

droindeli arqivebi da kanonis miRebis SemTxvevaSi konkretuli

pirebis agenturuli saqmianobis dasadastureblad mtkicebulebebi

aRar arsebobs“.

67

aRniSnuli gancxadeba miuTiTebs, rom am etapze safrTxem Caiara,

radganac braldebulebma qveyana datoves da Sesabamisad kanoniT

manipulireba saWiro aRar iyo.

Tumca eqspertebi miiCneven, rom am perioSi lustraciis kanonisadmi

frTxili damokidebuleba im faqtiT iyo gamowveuli, rom xelisuflebis

eSelonebSi didi raodenobiT imyofebodnen politikosebi, romelTac didi

albaTobiT kavSiri hqondaT saidumlo samsaxurebTan. Sesabamisad ar iyvnen

dainteresebuli mieRoT aRniSnuli kanonproeqti (l. berZeniSvili,

siRrmiseuli interviu. 12.11.2014).

stalinisadmi damokidebuleba iyo kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli, riTac

pirveli ori prezidentis pozicia gansxvavdeboda. zviad gamsaxurdias

prezidentobis periodSi sabWoTa beladis da saerTod partiis aRqma

calsaxad negatiuri iyo. erT- erT interviuSi prezidenti gamsaxurdia

xazs usvams gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mcdarobas imis Sesaxeb, rom

saqarTveloSi Zalian bevr adamians uyvars stalini, „isini gacilebiT

cotani arian vidre gvgonia“ (gamsaxurdia z. 27 Tebervali 1991.). prezident

eduard SevardnaZis stalinisadmi damokidebuleba gacilebiT pozitiuri

iyo. magaliTad, man 2010 wels yvavilebiT Seamko q. goris centralur

moedanze stalinis Zegli da xazi gausva, rom is didi adamiani iyo1.

bunebrivia, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis ganwyoba aisaxeboda maT

mier gatarebul politikur kursze. Tumca koleqtiuri mexsierebis

formirebis dagegmil politikaze am periodSi ver visaubrebT, rac

prezident gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis mcire xniT, xolo eduard

SevardnaZis sabWoTa kavSirTan asocirebiT SeiZleba aixsnas. Sesabamisad,

1 1995 wlis 9 maisis dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom Tavis valad Tvlis,

moinaxulos gorSi stalinis saxl-muzeumi da pativi miagos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis

xsovnas, romlis damsaxureba (miuxedavad mravali naklovani mxarisa) - udavoa

faSizmis damarcxebaSi.

68

saqarTvelos pirveli ori prezidentis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, sabWoTa

warsulis gadafaseba da misgan distancireba ufro metad aqtualuri zviad

gamsaxurdias periodSi iyo, es gansakuTrebiT institucionalur doneze

SeimCneoda. rac Seexeba axali identobis formirebis process, am

mimarTulebiT koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebis samuSao ar

gatarebula (SesaZloa, mxolod mmarTvelobis mcire periodis gamo ver

moeswro), rac Seexeba prezident SevardnaZis periods aq SeimCneva

lustraciis sakiTxis usafrTxoebis WrilSi ganxilvis mcdeloba.

69

Tavi III . mexsierebis politikis markerebi „vardebis

revoluciis“ sawyis etapze

Cveni revoluciis istoria warsulis istoriaa, magram amavdroulad es

gambedaobis, simamacis, imedisa da momavlis istoriaa.

(mixeil saakaSvili. 23 noemberi 2005w. )

eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis winaSe ori umTavresi problema

idga. pirveli, legitimaciis, rac kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobas

ukavSirdeboda. xelisuflebis gadacemis procesSi wyveta da samxedro

Zalis Careva mmarTvelobis memkvidreobiTobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda.

meore problema iyo sazogadoebis konsolidaciis rRveva, romelic saTaves

aseve 90-iani wlebis movlenebidan iRebda, rodesac mosaxleoba daiyo

prezident gamsaxurdis momxreebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad, rac samoqalaqo

omSi gadaizarda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanam ori SeiaraRebuli konfliqti gamoiara,

romelic Tilis (Tilly, Ch. 2008) 1 Teoriis Tanaxmad eris konsolidaciisTvis

unda Seewyo xeli, mainc omis Semdgomi sazogadoebis gaTiSuloba jerac

sagrZnobi iyo. yovelive zemoTTqmuls emateboda arcTu ise saxarbielo

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, romliTac saqarTvelo avtorTa

nawilis mier arSemdgar saxelmwifod iyo daxasiaTebuli.

yovelive amis fonze „vardebis revoluciiT“ mosul xelisuflebas

hqonda saukeTeso sastarto pirobebi, kerZod:

1 ix. jonsi s. 1993

70

1. is Tavis SemadgenlobaSi moicavda rogorc e.w. „zviadistebs“ aseve

„antizviadistebs“, rogorc politikosebis aseve mxardamWerebis

saxiT;

2. sazogadoebaSi sargeblobda ndobis Zalian didi votumiT da

mxardaWeriT. leegitimaciis sakiTxi miuxedavad revoluciiT

mosvlisa axal xelisuflebas ar qonia.

xelisuflebas rTuli memkvidreoba xvda wilad. erT-erT umTavres

gamowvevas mis winaSe warsulis negatiuri memkvidreobis daZleva

warmoadgenda. is aseve idga arCevanis winaSe - iqneboda saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis axali etapi, rac Zvelis memkvidreobas gulisxmobda Tu

saxelmwifos mSenebloba Tavidan daiwyeboda.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi martivad, “warsulze sazRvris gavlebis”

strategiis arCeviT mogvarda, kerZod oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad

daiwyo saxelmwifos mSeneblobis axali etapi, rac Tvisobrivad niSnavda

urTierTobebis xelaxla damyarebas, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis

gareT, instituciebis reformirebasa da Seqmnas, Rirebulebebis gadafasebas,

sazogadoebis wevrebSi axali mentalitetis formirebis xelSewyobas da a.S.

saxelmwifo ar gvqonda. es iyo xelisuflebidan momdinare oficialuri

diskursi, “ (sabWoTa) ...sistemis ngrevis Semdeg erTaderT realur

saxelmwifos ruseTi warmoadgenda... postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva qveynebi

mxolod teritoriebs warmoadgendnen, sadac Zalaufleba xelSi yofilma

sabWoTa liderebma Caigdes...” (4 agvisto, 2005).

2003-2012 wlebSi mexsierebis politikis analizisas SesaZloa gamoiyos

ramdenime Tema, romelic dominanturia mixeil saakaSvilis diskursSi.

aRniSnuli Temebi SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas, rogorc erTgvari

indikatori, romelTa Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems gavaanalizoT

mexsierebis politika „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgom saqarTveloSi. es

Temebia: simboloebis gamoyenebiT axali identobis konstriurebis mcdeloba,

warsulis konkretuli faqtebis gaxseneba da maTi interpretacia, ruseTis

71

damokidebulebis da aRqmis transformacia partnioridan istoriul

mowinaaRmdegemde.

§ 3. 1 axali saxelmwifos mSenebloba identobis transformaciis

gziT

„axali epoqis“ sastarto pirobebis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi faqtori

xelisuflebis erTgvari mesianisturi aRqma iyo, romlis Tanaxmadac

qveyanaSi yvelaze rTul situaciaSi gamoCnda axali Zala, romelsac unda

exsna saxelmwifo im mZime mdgomareobidan, romelSic is TiTqmis

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda1. sazogadoebis ganwyobas Tan erTvoda

prezident mixeil saakaSvilis qarizmatuli Tvisebebi da TviTaRqmac. Tavad

prezidentis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, am etapze ers hqonda unikaluri Sansi

Sesuliyo istoriaSi, rogorc „Taoba, romlis ZalisxmeviTa da uSualo

monawileobiT, pirvelad, daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis Semdeg, saqarTvelo

xelaxla gaerTianda“ (20 noemberi, 2005). amasTan axali aTvlis wertilis

dawyeba saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi sruliad logikuri iyo, radganac

“axalgazrda demokratiis pirobebSi saWiroa axali azrovnebisa da

gamocdilebis, aseve, Zveli kompleqsebisagan Tavisufali adamianebis

xelisuflebaSi mosvla, rac wina mTavrobisaTvis ucxo iyo” (23 Tebervali,

2004), axals ki hqonda.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom is asociaciur dakavSirebas ufro metad

cdilobda daviT aRmaSenebelTan, vidre saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

1 es ar iyo mxolod sazogadoebis ganwyoba Tavad xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic

TavianT gamosvlebSi xels uwyobdnen am grZnobis ganviTarebas. mag. mogvianebiT Tavis

erT erT gamosvlaSi prezidentma saakaSvilma aRniSna „...darwmunebuli viyavi, rom

dRevandeli msoflios istoriaSi saqarTvelo, misi simciris miuxedavad, sulier misias

aiRebda da axla am istoriuli misiis Sesrulebis dro dadga“. (25 maisi, 2005)

72

respublikis pirvel xelisuflebasTan, rac SesaZloa am ukanasknelis

social-demokratiuli ideologiisadmi kuTvnilebiT da ufro metad

daviTis warmatebuli, xSir SemTxvevaSi radikaluri, reformatoruli,

mmarTvelobis stiliT iyo ganpirobebuli. amasTan sazogadoeba ufro metad

icnobda daviT aRmaSenebels vidre saqarTvlos demokratiuli respubliskis

mTavrobis warmomadgenelebs.

sazogadoebis xelisuflebisadmi pozitiuri ganwyobis erT-erT

mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob faqtors warmoadgenda, aseve xelisuflebis

politika, romelic simbolisturi da komemoraciuli RonisZiebebisadmi did

miswrafebas ganicdida. Tuki gamoviyenebT asmanis koncefcias mexsierebis

potenciuridan aqtualurSi transformirebis Sesaxeb (Assman A. 2006),

postrevoluciuri mTavroba, swored msgavsi politikis gatarebaze iyo

orietirebuli.

warsulisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis xazgasma xdeboda

TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, yvel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. saqarTvelos

„gmiruli“, „mebrZoli“, „Seupovari“, “daumorCilebeli”,

„mtergamouleveli“ warsuli iZleoda nebismieri gadawyvetilebis axsnis

saSualebas. Sesabamisad, am magaliTebis iyeneben aRlumze gamosvlilsas,

studentebTan Sexvedrisas Tu ucxoel stumrebTan Sexvedrisas. am qmedebis

daniSnuleba, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, sazogadoebis konsolidacia da

mmarTvelTa legitimurobis arsebuli niSnulis SenarCuneba iyo. amasTanave,

SesamCnevia „axali qarTuli“ identobis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba, risTvisac

gamoiyeneboda ori ZiriTadi strategia: simboloebze aqcentireba da

warsulis gaxseneba.

swored rTuli xanis daZlevis da Zveli didebis dabrunebisaTvis

brZolis dawyebis alegoria SesaZloa veZeboT mixeil saakaSvilis mier

inauraciisas ficis daviT aRamaSeneblis saflavze dadebiT.

„...dRes saqarTvelo danawevrebulia, dRes qarTveli xalxi

damcirebulia! ... saqarTvelo arsebobda, saqarTvelo arsebobs da yovelTvis

73

iarsebebs. saqarTvelo ar momkvdara. Cven yvelam erTad unda vTqvaT, ermac

da bermac, mTavrobamac da yvela adamianma, Cvenma moqalaqem, yvelam...

yvelaferi unda gadavdoT gverdze, unda movemzadoT, unda gaverTiandeT,

gavZlierdeT da aRvadginoT saqarTvelos erTianoba da mTlianoba. es aris

Cemi cxovrebis mizani.“ (25 ianvari, 2004) am sityvebiT mixeil saakaSvili

miuTiTebda im gamowvevebze, romelic axali xelisuflebis winaSe idga da

amave dros mizanze, romlis gansaxorcieleblad is xelisuflebaSi

modioda.

amasTanave ficis saflavze dadeba iyo maCvnebeli imisa, rom, rogorc

daviT aRmaSenebeli iyo yvelas mefe, miuxedavad sarwmunoebisa, qonebisa,

erovnebisa, aseve saqarTvelos prezidenti iqneboda yvelas prezidenti da

Tavismxriv mouwodebda yvelas, visac qveyanaze guli Sestkioda

gaerTianebuliyvnen samSoblos siyvaruliT da gaegrZelebinaT is estafeta,

romelic gmirma winaprebma datives. „ ... daviTis saflavze Cven yvelam erTad

unda vTqvaT, saqarTvelo moemzadeba, saqarTvelo gaerTiandeba, saqarTvelo

gaZlierdeba da saqarTvelo gamTliandeba. saqarTvelo Seikvreba erT Zlier

saxelmwifod. me minda, Tqveni daxmareba viTxovo am saqmis ganxorcielebaSi.

me minda, yvelani erTad davdgeT da yvelani erTmaneTs davudgeT

gverdiT...“ (25 ianvari, 2004).

daviTis saflavze ficis dadebis ceremonia sazogadoebaSic Sesabamisi,

dadebiTi reqcia gamoiwvia da aseve gamokveTa molodinebi romelic

axalgazrda prezidentis mimarT hqondaT. paralelebi daviT aRmaSeneblis

adreul asakSi gamefebasTan da saqarTvelosTvis uCveulo axalgazrda

piris prezidentad arCevasTanac ki gaivlo, quTaisis (sadac prezidentma

fici dado) Teatris fasadze gamofenili baneri xalxs Seaxsenebda, rom

gelaTSi prezident mizeil saakaSvilis inauguracia iyo „daviT

aRmaSeneblis gza- rwmenisa da mamulis xsnisaTvis“.

prezidentis dalocvisas patriarqma xazi gausva, Tu raoden

„ ...iavarqmnili saqarTvelo Caibara 16 wlis daviT aRmaSenebelma, magram

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RvTiT SeZlo eris sulieri amaRleba da misi ganmtkiceba; amasTan, qveynis

ganvrcoba nikofsiidan darubandamde. Tqvenc SeWirvebuli qveynis

mmarTveloba gbardebaT. mZimea es tvirTi, magram uflis wyalobiT didi

gamarjvebis mopoveba realuria. RmerTma SegaZlebinoT Cveni qveynis

gamTlianeba da suliT Zlieri, didi saqarTvelos aRdgena, "raiTa iyos erT

samwyso da erT mwyems". Tqveni warmatebis didi garanti aris xalxis ndoba”

í(geokeria, 2004. gv.298-290) Sesabamisad, axali xelisufleba aerTianebda did

imeds da molodins, rom SeZlebda „arSemdgari“ qveynis fexze dayenebas,

rogorc es saukuneebis win daviT aRmasenebelma SeZlo.

saxelmwifis mSeneblobis procesSi erovnuli mgrZnobelobis gaRviZeba

da amis saSualebiT identobis konstruirebis mcdeloba saxelmwifoTaTvis

TiTqmis gardauvali procesia. blumis identifikaciis Teoriis Tanaxmad

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi qveynis teritoriaze mcxovrebi

adamianebi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad iqcevian. transformaciis procesi

dakavSirebulia arsebulis gadafasebasTan da axali midentificirebeli

simboloebis miRebasTan (Bloom, W. 1990. p.55). saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi,

Zvelisadmi Zireulad gamijvnis kidev erT simbolur gamoxatulebas

saxelmwifos axali simbolikebis Seqmna warmoadgenda. axali gerbi, droSa

da himni xazgasmiT miuTiTebda saqarTvelos gmirul warsulze, diad

brZolaze, maTdami memkvidreobiTobaze. amave dros saxelwifo simbolikebi

erTi ZiriTadi lozungis garSemo gaerTianda, romlis Tanaxmadac „Zala

erTobaSi“ iyo 1 , swored am miznis garSemo unda momxdariyo sazogadoebis

konsolidacia. simbolikis SecvlasTan erTad mimdinareobda piar aqciebi,

romelic maT popularizaciis, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebisken iyo

1 garda axali simbolikis miRebisa aseve didi aqcenti keTdeboda sazogadoebaSi maT

popularizaciaze, ramac Sedegs miaRwia „am droSas sxvadasxva dResaswaulis dros

xalxi Tavad fens, rac komunistebis periodisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli

movlenaa... dRes saqarTveloSi, erovnebis miuxedavad, arc erTi bavSvi ar aris,

romelmac sakuTari qveynis himni ar icis. სააკაშვილი მ. 22.11,.2005

75

mimarTuli (gerbis da droSis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze datana, himnis

sportul Sejibrebebze xalxis mier Sesruleba, aseve himnis musikaluri pop

versiis momzadeba da a.S.).

garda saxelmwifo simboloebis Secvlisa xelisufleba Tavad qmnida

axal simbolos, romelic gamoxatavda im ideas, romliTac revoluciis

Semdeg movidnen xelisuflebaSi Tanac mesianuri suliskveTebis matarebeli

iqneboda. aseT simbolos vardebis revoluciidan sami wlis Tavze

Tavisuflebis moedanze sazeimod aRmarTuli Tavisuflebis monumenti

(wminda giorgis qandakeba) ganasaxierebda, romelic sazogadoebis

nawilisaTvis wmindanad aRiqmeboda, nawilisaTvis erTgvari kitCi iyo, Tumca

alegoriulad is uCvenebda, rom giorgobas (23 moembers, vardebis

revoluciis dRes, aseve 6 maiss aslan abaSiZis mier baTumis datovebis dRes

aseve giorgobas) saqarTvelom daamarcxa boroteba, warsulSi datova

rTuli periodi da axla gamarjvebebis da winsvlis dro iyo.

meore tendencia, romelic SeimCneva xelisuflebis politikaSi

istoriuli gmirebisadmi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebaa, xdeba erTgvari

„warsulis aRmoCena“, romelsac erik hobsbaumis Teoriis farglebSi Tuki

ganvixilavT miznad sazogadoebaSi rwmenis gaRviveba, misi konsolidacia

edo. Tuki gadavxedavT mexsierebis strategiebs es erTgvarad damfuZnebeli

mamebis Sesaxeb miTebis Seqmnas uaxlovdeba, ramdenadac am gmirebis

gaxsenebiT sazogadoebas mouTxrobdnen Tu rogor SeZlo saqarTvelom

gamoiara amdeni Znelbedobis Jami da gadarCeniliyo, amasTanave amave

gmirebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT aseve usaxaven awmyosa da momavlis

samoqmedo gegmas, Tu maSin gadavrCiT, axlac gadavrCebiT. iseve rogorc

dRes saqarTvelos aqvs uamravi problema, mteric arasodes gamolevia, „...am

qalaqs (Tbiliss) araerTi zesaxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli unaxavs, magram

isini saqarTveloSi modiodnen rogorc dampyroblebi sakuTar koloniaSi.

maTi aq mosvla ngrevis, sisxlisa da cremlis mizezi da Sedegi

iyo“ (saakaSvili m. 10 maisi, 2005) .

76

dResac saqarTvelos araerTi gamowveva aqvs esenia teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgena, saxelmwifo aparatis gajansaReba da rac mTavaria

sazogadoebisaTvis rwmenis dabruneba, rom: „Cven istoriuli procesis

momswreni varT. unda gvesmordes, rom praqtikulad axali qarTuli

saxelmwifo iqmneba. Tavisi institutebiT, mentalitetiT, unar-CvevebiT,

gansakuTrebuli tradiciebiT...” (saakaSvili m. 3 maisi, 2005.) da am fonze

umniSvnelovanesia istoriuli gmirebis gaxseneba, romelTa umTavresi

damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom isini qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis

ibrZodnen (daviT aRmaSenebeli, vaxtang gorgasali da sxv). amasTanave

samSoblo ixsenebs da pativs scems maT da amis gamoxatuleba iyo

magaliTad, 1924 wlis ajanyebis gmiris qaquca ColoyaSvilis neStis

gadmosveneba 2005 wels, romelic saxalxo dResaswaulad iqca da romliTac

xazi gaesva im faqts, rom samSoblo ibrunebda gmirebs romelnic qveynis

ganTavisuflebis ideas Seewirnen. es iyo ertgvari komemoraciuli aqcia,

romliTac sazogadoebisTvis erTdroulad xdeboda daviwyebuli warsulis

moTxroba da amave dros Cveneba Tu rogori unda iyos sanimuSo qarTveli.

qaquca mniSvnelovania qarTul istoriul narativSi, ramdenadac misi

saxe qarTuli valutis kupiurazec aisaxa da saxelisuflebo diskurssic

araerTxel iqna gamoyenebuli, rogorc magaliTi winaaRmegobis moZraobisa,

romelic warumateblad dasrulda, magram datova anderZi, rac axalma

Taobam unda Seasrulos. (mogvianebiT mexsierebis strategiis cvlilebasTan

erTad qaqucas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa).

mexsierebis zemoTaRniSnuli strategiebi xelisuflebis saubarSi

xSirad Cndeboda da exeboda TiTqmis yvela Temas. maT Soris teritoriuli

konfliqtebis analizis drosac ki xazi esmeoda qarTul-afxazuri da

qarTul-osuri urTierTobis mravalsaukunian istorias, rodesac maTi

winaprebi “qarTvelebTan erTad ibrZodnen saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad

da dasacavad” (saakaSvili m. 10 ivlisi, 2005). saqarTvelo qarTvelebTan

erTad osebis da afxazebis saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac es faqti axsovda da

77

maTac unda gaxsenebodaT. swored aRniSnuli ganwyobis gaRvivebisaken iyo

mimarTuli axali xelisuflebis politikuri kursi, romelic afxazebs da

osebs megobrobis xels uwvdida.

garda istoriuli gmirebis, rogorc simboloebis gamoyenebisa aseve

sainteresoa strategia, romelic ukavSirdeba Tanamedroveobis gmirebis,

rogorc sanimuSo qarTvelebis warmoCenas.

mxolod istoriul warsulze apelireba ar iyo sakmarisi

sazogadoebis konsolidaciisa da mentalitetis cvlilebisTvis, maT

sWirdebodaT magaliTebi Tanamedroveobidan, romelTac mibaZavdnen da

romelTa qcevac mowonebuli da dafasebuli iqneboda. amasTanave Cveni

drois gmirebis Cveneba iqneboda erTgvari progresis maCvenebeli, rom

sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis yinuli daiZra da saWiroa yvelani CaverToT am

procesebSi. „axali saqarTvelos namdvili gmirebi“ (saakaSvili m. 24

Tebervali, 2005), SesaZloa yofiliyvnen rogorc rigiTi adamianebi,

arakorumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi, mSoblebi, romelTac Svilebi

jarSi gauSves (saakaSvili m. 26 maisi, 2005), an aseve namdvili gmirebi,

romelTac saqarTvelos erTianobas Seswires Tavi, Sesabamisad saqarTvelos

yvela moqalaqe unda Cabmuliyo qveynis mSeneblobis saqmeSi, unda

gamxdariyo Cveni drois gmiri an moxalise, radganac „pirvelad, mas Semdeg,

rac daviTis, Tamaris, giorgi brwyinvalis dros saqarTvelos hyavda

moxaliseTa jari,“ (saakaSvili m. 29 seqtemberi, 2005) axla gaCnda

SesZlebloba saqarTvelom aRadginos istoriuli warsuli da isev hyavdes

msgavsi jari. aRniSnulis realizeba rezervistebis programis SemuSaveba

iyo, rodesac TiToeuli moqalaqes unda gaevlo samxedro wvrTnebi, SeeZina

garkveuli samxedro unarCvevebi raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamxdariyo

samSoblos rigiTi jariskaci. rogorc cnobilia eris mSeneblobis

procesSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba solidarobis grZnobis gaRvivebas

moqalaqeebs Soris, riTac „warmosaxviTi erTobis“ gancda aqtiurdeba da

Sesabamisad matulobs masebis mobilizaciis politikis zegavlena (Spainer-

78

Halev J. 2008 p. 606). saakaSvilis mcdelobac swored erTobis, solidarobis

grZnobis gaRvivebas emsaxureboda, rac yvelaze metad aklda qveynis

mosaxleobas.

politikur diskursSi aseve gaCnda termini „pirvelad saqarTveloSi“,

rac kidev ufro aZlierebda ganwyobas, rom saxelmwifo axla dgeboda fexze

da iwyebda saxelmwiforbriobis mSeneblobas („pirvelad Tanamedrove

istoriaSi saqarTvelo namdvili saxelmwifo gaxda...).

Tumca gmiruli warsulis paralelurad diskursSi aseve Cndebian

personaJebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebriobas safrTxes uqmnidnen, romelTa

„razmelebi sofel-sofel dadiodnen da xalxs eubnebodnen: qarTvelebo, ar

gamoxvideT, mteri asjer Zlieria da is arafers dagviSavebs, - magram movida

mteri, romelmac miwasTan gaaswora, gadawva Tbilisi, namusi axada qveyanas

da qarTvelebis Ralatis gamo saqarTvelos damoukideblobas wertili

dausva“,(saakaSvili m. 11 seqtemberi, 2005) da romlebic gvaxsovdes,

gardamaval etapze saWiroa sifrTxile, radganac msgavsi precedentebi ar

gameordes. amasTanave safrTxis SegrZneba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 2005

wlisTvis, rodesac politikur arenaze gamoCnden adamianebi, romelnic

sabWoTa samxedro samsaxurebTan asocirdebodnen (igor giorgaZe) da

romelTac xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod daiwyes aqtiuroba, amas emateba

urTierTobis daZabva ruseTis federaciasTan. amis fonze mexsierebis

politika ufro metad gaaqtiurda da is saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis

politikis nawili gaxda.

§ 3.2 sagareo politika, rogorc mexsierebis politikis markeri

xelisuflebis winaSe arsebul ZiriTad gamoyvevaTa didi nawili

swored ruseTis faqtorTan iyo dakavSirebuli, kerZod qarTul-afxazur da

qarTul osur konfliqtebis gaRvivebaSi ruseTi iyo CarTuli, saqarTvelos

kidev erT-erTi umTavresi problema, mZime socialur ukonomikuri

79

mdgomareoba iyo. am fonze saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqciis ZiriTad

bazars ruseTi warmoagenda. amas emateboda saqarTvelodan ruseTis

federaciaSi wasuli emigrantebis raodenoba, romlebic iqidan arCendnen

ojaxis wevrebs da Sesabamisad qveynis ekonomikasac aZlierebdnen.

energetikuli resursebis erT-erT umTavres momwodebelsac ruseTi

warmoadgenda da mTlianobaSi CamoTvlil faqtebs rusuli bazebis

saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofna emateboda 1 . yovelive zemoTTqmulidan

gamomdinare ruseTTan urTierTobis daregulireba da saerTo enis gamonaxva

saxelmwifo politikis erT erT umTavres mimarTulebas warmoadgenda.

Sesabamisad, saxelisuflebo diskursSi ruseTTan urTierTobis

gamocdilebis sakiTxis gaxmovaneba SeZlebisdagvarad neitraluri fomebiT

xdeboda. marTalia gverds ver uvlidnen im faqts, rom ruseTis politikur

elitaSi iyvnen politikosebi, romlebic saqarTvelosadmi

arakeTilganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen, magram aqcenti mainc sazogadoebis

progresuli nawilis arsebobaze keTdeboda, romelTac esmodaT Tu raoden

mniSvnelovani iyo mezobelTan mSvidobiani urTierToba.

pirveli sakiTxi, ramac rusul qarTuli urTierTobis daregulirebis

perspeqtiva gaaCina rusuli bazebis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gayvanis

SesaZlebloba iyo.

„saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaSi erT-erTi mtkivneuli

sakiTxis moxsniT, Cven SevZlebT bevrad ufro konstruqciuli

urTierTobis awyobas, SevZlebT davaaxlovoT poziciebi,

1 es bazebi sabWoTa kavSiris droidan imyofebodnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg isini ruseTis federaciis bazebad gadakeTdnen.

rogorc wina TavebSi avRniSneT prezidentma gamsaxurdian isini okupantTa jarad

gamoacxada, magram misi xelisulebidan CamoSorebis Semdeg maT okupantis statusi

moexsnaT da kvlavac saqarTvelos teritoriaze imyofebodnen.

80

daviviwyoT warsuli wyena da momavalze orientirebuli, orive

xalxis interesebSi Semavali politika vawarmooT“ ( saakaSvili

m, 31 maisi 2005).

saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobda am pozitiur movlenaze

aqcentirebiT xazi gadaesva warsulis cud gamocdilebaze da momavali

SeZklebisdagvarad sufTa furclidan daewyo. es damokidebuleba

garkveulwilad uaxlovdeba strategias, romelic saSinao politikaSi

SevardnaZis periodis Sefasebisas gamoiyeneboda, im gansxvavebiT rom

xelisufleba marTalia orive SemTxvevaSi warsulisgan distancirebas

cdilobda, SevardnaZis moRvaweoba xazgasmiT negatiurad iyo Sefasebuli,

xolo mefis ruseTis da sabWoTa kavSiris Sefasebas an saerTod aridebdnen

Tavs Tu arada Sezlebisdagvarad neitraluri formiT xdeboda.

amave dros, prezident mixeil saakaSvilis mier araerTxel gaesva xazi,

rom aris sakiTxebi, romelzedac orive qveyanas SeuZlia TanamSromloba da

es upirveles yovlisa terorizmis sakiTxia, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosa da

ruseTis sasazRvro regonebSi. amasTanave saqarTvelos prezidenti mudmivad

yuradRebas amaxvilebda im faqtze, rom is megobrobis xels uwvdis ruseTs

da Tuki Seiqmneba pirobebi, rodesac ruseTi „...bolomde pativs scems

saqarTvelos mTlianobas, darwmunebuli var yvela mixvdeba, rom imperiuli

urTierTobebi aRarasodes aRorZindeba, Tumca damyardeba damoukidebeli,

Tavisufali, megobruli kavSiris, rasac erTad mivaRwevT“ ( saakaSvili m, 26

maisi 2005).

sabWoTa warsulis interpretacia da ruseTis roli konfliqtis

provocirebis sakiTxSi am dros nivelirebulia. sabWoeTis gaxsenebisas

aqcentebi mxolod mankier mentalitetze keTdeba sabWoTa nomeklaturis

gadmonaSTad saxeldeba eTnikuri qarTvelebis dominantoba saxelisuflebo

Tanamdebobebze saqarTveloSi (saakaSvili m. 10 ivlisi, 2005), TiTqmis yvela

sferoSi gavrcelebuli korufciuli garigebebi, maT Soris diplomebis

yidva an arasaxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da a.S. (saakaSvili m. 26 maisi, 2005).

81

ruseTTan urTierTierTobis daZabvis da Sesabamisad ziari warsulis

gansxvavebulad gadafasebis mcdelobebi 2005 wlidan Cndeba. erT- erTi

sawyisi wertili energokrizisi iyo, rodesac saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel

mosaxleobas energomatareblebze ganxorcielebuli diversiis Sedegad

eleqtroenergiisa da gazis mowodeba Seuwyda.

mocemul momentSi ruseTis xelisuflebis demokidebuleba aRniSnuli

diversiisadmi, amasTanave aseve rusi politikosebis mier araerTxel

gaJRerebuli muqara, rom saqarTvelo ruseTze damokidebuli iyo da

SesaZloa ruseTs gamoeyenebina aRniSnuli berketi Tavis sasargeblod,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier Sefasda, rogorc arakolegialuri qceva

da „ruseTi, rogorc energiis momwodebeli arasaimedo da arasando

partniorad“ ( saakaSvili m, 22 ianvari 2006), iqna Sefasebuli, radganac

misi reaqcia aRniSnul diversiaze saqarTvelos prezidentis SefasebiT

aradamakmayofilebeli da bundovania. garda amisa, xazi gaesva, rom

mezobeli saxelmwifo isev cdilobs saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSi zegavlenis

SenarCunebas da amisTvis energoberketebs aqtiurad iyenebs (saakaSvili m, 19

ianvari 2006). Tumca, saqarTvelos xelisufleba jerac ar kargavs imeds, rom

SesaZlebelia urTierTobis SenarCuneba, amis berketebi jerac arsebobs.

Tumca diskursSi ukve gaCnda termini, mteri, romlis jinazec unda moxdes

sazogadoebis gaerTianeba da qveynis aSeneba.

energokrizisis safuZvelze dawyebuli imedgacruebis ganwyoba kidev

ufro gaamwvava ruseTidan qarTvelebis deportaciam da embargom romelic

qarTul produqcias dauweses. Sesabamisad, warsulis Sefaseba ufo

gamkacrda, magaliTad Tuki afxazeTis konfliqtSi gare Zalebis

CarTulobaze saubrisas saqarTvelos prezidenti 2004 wels aqcents

Crdilokavkasielebze akeTebda, 2005 wlis miwuruls ukve gaCnda termini

aneqsia, romelic afxazeTisa da samxreT-oseTis konfliqtebis aRsaniSnavad

gamoiyeneba.

82

amasTanave prezidentis gancxadebiT saqarTvelos am or anklavSi

xorcieldeba „... 30-iani wlebis suk-is ... ocnebis samyaro, sadac yovelgvari

principebis, kanonisa da kontrolis gareSe ZerJinskis, beriasa da

maTnairebis (minda maT ricxvs andropovic davamato, romelic dRes

gaidealebulia erT-erT did saxelmwifoSi) ocneba ...“ ( saakaSvili m, 18

Tebervali, 2006), ruseTis Sefasebisas diskursi neitraluridan

uaryofiTisken Seicvala da daiwyes Txroba ruseTis mier saqarTveloSi

Cadenili borotebebis Sesaxeb.

2006 welis TebervalSi prezidentma pativi miago 1921 wlis

TebervalSi daRupuli iunkreis xsovnas. da swored aq gaJRerda pirvelad

yvelaze mwvave Sefaseba sabWoTa mmarTvelobis, romelmac „saqarTvelo

gaaCanaga, gaanadgura da evropuli ganviTarebis gzas CamoaSora“( saakaSvili

m, 25 Tebervali, 2006),

amasTanave prezidentma xazi gaavlo, rom arseboben adamianebi

romlebic aRniSnaven 23 Tebervals wiTelarmielTa dRes da arian adamianebi

romlebic aRniSnaven gmiri iunkrebis dRes da swored aq gadis zRvari

saqarTvelos momaval ganviTarebas da stagnacias Soris. saqarTvelomac

unda gaakeTos arcevani Tu romel dRes aRniSnavs. am gamosvliT aqcenti

gakeTda ara mxolod simbolur arCevanze, aramed orientaciul arCevanze,

ruseTi Tu evropa.

amave dros gaivlo paraleli warsulsa da awmyos Soris, gaCnda

safrTxis axali wyaros aRqma da rogorc saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

respublikisTvis 1921 wels iyo sabWoTa ruseTi aseve dResac

saqarTvelosTvis umTavresi safrTxe swored CrdiloeTidan modis.

miuxedavad 85 wliani sxvaobisa meTodebic msgavsia. kerZod orjonikiZe

saqarTveloSi me-11 -e armias im sababiT SemouZRva, rom „borCalos

socialuri problemebiT Sewuxebuli proletariati ajanyda (Tumca,

rogorc Semdeg gairkva, im dros borCaloSi mxolod erTi proletari iyo)

da maT dasaxmareblad - qarTveli xalxis socialuri Cagvrisgan

83

gadasarCenad, Semovida me-11 armia, samwuxarod, qarTvelebis

meTaurobiT“ ( saakaSvili m. 25 Tebervali 2006), dRes igive problema dgas,

radganac saubari daiwyo qarTvelebis mZime mdgomareobaze, da SesaZlebelia

„axali orjonikiZis“ gamoCenac.

swored imitom, rom sazogadoebam gaigos, Tu rogori iyo uaxlesi

warsuli, unda gaixsnas ukupaciis muzeumi. aRmosavleT evropis

saxelmwifoebma swored ase moaxerxes iseTi koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmna

romelic ar dauSvebs „axali orjonikiZis gaCenas saqarTveloSi”.

prezidentis am gancxadebiT dafiqsirda, ara mxolod safrTxis axali wyaro,

aramed baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebis, rogorc warmatebuli magaliTis

gamoyenebis aucilebloba. aq ikveTeba ara mxolod koleqtiuri mexsierebis

konturebi, aramed is sagareo orientaciis legitimaciis mcdelobasac

warmoadgens.

ruseTis bazebis saqarTvelodan gayvana cxaddeba, rogorc winaparTa

anderZis Sesruleba, qaquca ColoyaSvilis ocneba:

„misi anderZi iyo, da dRes SesaZlebelia, rom mis suls da

gmiris STamomavlebs movaxseno: anderZis ara marto is nawili

Sesrulda, rom qaqucas neSti Tavisufali saqarTvelos miwas

daubruneboda, aramed isic, rom saqarTvelo ucxouri

SeiaraRebuli struqturebisgan gaTavisuflebuliyo“ ( saakaSvili

m, 20 noemberi, 2005).

partniori, romelsac aqvs megobrobis perspeqtiva da mteri es aris

ori definicia, romelic ruseTTan urTierTobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba

prezident mixeil saakaSvilis diskursSi. orive definiciis arCevani

ganpirobebulia politikis dRis wesrigiT, romelic mocemul etapze iyo

aqtualuri qveyanaSi. aseve ruseTisadmi damokidebuleba zegavlenas

axdenda sagareo partniorebisa da mtrebis Sefasebaze.

84

Crdilokavkasielebi, romlebic xelisuflebis pirvel etapze iyvnen

mtrebi mogvianebiT megobrebad gamocxaddnen, radganac saerTo faqtori,

romelsac SeZlo gaaerTianebina es ori mxare swored ruseTis danaSaulebi

iyo. mogvianebiT saqarTvelom cno Cerqezebis genocidi da Crdilokavkasiis

xalxebTan urTierTobaSi Sorsmimavali gegmebi dasaxa aqcents akeTebda ra

saerTo mterze, romlis winaaRmdeg erTiani ZalebiT gamosvla ufro metis

miRwevis saSualebas iZleoda.

85

Tavi IV. sabWoTa okupacia, rogorc mexsierebis „proeqti“

rogorc wina TavebSi aRiniSna vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi

2005 wlis dasasrulamde SesaZloa Sefasdes, rogorc istoriuli gmirebis

gamovlenis da gmiruli warsulis gaxsenebis periodi. aRniSnul politikas

safuZvlad Crdiloel mezoblebTan urTierTobis daregulirebis survili

edo da sabWoTa kavSiris Sefaseba, mxolod cudi sabWoTa mentalitetis

gaxsenebisas da mis Secvlis saWiroebaze saubrisas xdeboda. Tumca ruseTis

federaciasTan urTierTobis daZabvis Semdeg dadga mexsierebis strategiis

gadaxedvis da axlis SemuSavebis sakiTxi. gamoikveTa konturebi, Tu rogori

unda yofiliyo axali koleqtiuri mexsiereba. rogor unda

gadanawilebuliyo masSi rolebi. sul ufro xSirad xdeba xazgasma, rom

ruseTi arasando partnioria da saqarTvelos mier misTvis gawvdili

megobrebis xeli haerSi rCeba.

garda amisa erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneuli sakiTxi, rac xelisuflebis

winaSe dadga kolaboracionizmis safrTxe iyo. radganac saxelisuflebo

diskursis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoSi iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic ruseTTTan

kavSirSi iyven SemCneuli. garda amisa, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis ruseTis

federaciis teritoriidan deportacia da energokrizisi, qarTuli

produqtebis embargo ruseTis teritoriaze, es arasruli CamonaTvalia im

nusxisa, romelic qarTul, rusuli urTierToba negatiur prizmaSi

gadayavda. yovelive zemoTTqmulma saxelisuflebo diskurze hpova asaxva.

sworedac rom kolaboracionizmi da saqarTveloSi ruseTis

savaraudo dasayrdenis povnis SesaZlebloba iyo is safrTxe, ris gamoc

xelisuflebam axali koleqtiuri mexsierebis mSenebloba daiwyo.

Sesabamisad, es etapi gardamtexia 2003- 2012 wlebis mexsierebis politikis

TavalsazrisiT.

86

dadga periodi, rodesac TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli eris da

damfuZnebeli mamebis Ziebis strategia msxverplad Sewirulis koncefciiT

iqna Canacvlebuli. am ideis mxlod gaJRereba ar iyo sakmarisi, saWiro iyo

Sesabamisi mexsierebis adgilebis Seqmna, romelic mudmivad Seaxsenebda

sazogadoebas, rom is msxverplia da damnaSaves saxeli unda daerqvas.

okupaciis Temis aqtualizacia da misi sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebis

mcdeloba, imdenad aqtiuri iyo, rom mas SesaZlebelia

„hegemonuri“ narativic vuwodoT. sontagis (Sontag S. 2003) Tanaxmad

koleqtiuri mexsiereba ar moicavs mxolod damaxsovrebas is ufro metad

damaxsovrebuli faqtebis yofier gaTvaliswinebas ukavSirdeba, kerZod

„koleqtiuri mexsiereba es aris Txroba, Tu rogor moxda es movlena,

amasTanave am TxrobasTan axlavs suraTebi, romelic aRniSnul Txrobas

afiqsirebs gonebaSi“. swored okupaciis, rogorc suraTis Seqmnis procesi

warimarTa saqarTveloSi aRniSnul periodSi. radganac aRniSnuli Tematika,

marTalia sxadasxva intensivobiT figurirebda sazogadoebaSi, magram misi

Camoyalibebuli, erTiani aRqma ar arsebobda.

„okupaciis“, rogorc proeqtis Seqmna aseve ukavSirdeboda 1918-1921

wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xatis gacocxlebas.

aRniSnuli Tematika damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arc-erTi xelisuflebis

dros aqtiuri ar yofila. zviad gamsaxurdiam marTalia saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba swored 1918 wlis damoukideblobis aqtze dayrdnobiT

gamoacxada, magram, Tavad is periodi, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorc

resursi naklebad iyo gamoyenebuli. SesaZlebelia, es saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis social-demokratiuli

ideologiisadmi kuTvnilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. eduard SevardnaZis

mmarTvelobis drosac aRniSnuli periodi ar xvdeboda politikis dRis

wesrigSi, rac SesaZloa warsulis gamoyenebisadmi arc Tu ise

gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli (xoStaria g.

siRrmiseuli interviu. 10 oqtomberi, 2013).

87

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, rogorc araerTxel avRniSneT, Seiqmna

gmirebis pleada, romlebic sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis

konstruirebaSi Rebulobdnen monawileobas, magram 1918-1921 wlebi am

SemTxvevaSic ar iyo aqtualuri. es Tematika revoluciidan daaxloebiT sami

wlis Semdeg gacocxlda, rodesac qveynis okupaciis koleqtiuri

mexsierebis nawilad aRqma gaxda aucilebeli.

2006 wels 25 Tebervals, saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dRes prezident

mixeil saakaSvilis mier kojor-tabaxmelaSi me-11-e armiis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi daRupuli iunkrebisaTvis pativis migeba am politikis erT erTi

pirveli nabiji iyo. amasTanave prezidentis mier warmoTqmuli sityva

amxelda, ruseTis politikas rogorc, arasandos, ramdenadac is mudmivad

cdilobda moeZebna qveyanaSi dasayrdeni Zala (dRes SesaZloa es giorgaZe

iyos, xval ki is sxva adamianiT Caanacvlon, m.saakaSvili) amasTanave

prezidenti okupacias ganixilavs, rogorc saqarTvelos xvedrs da

danakargs, rac man TiTqmis 70 wliani morCilebis dros gaiRo.

prezidentis mimarTvaSi aseve gamoCnda erTi mniSvnelovani detali,

rom saWiroa gamocdilebidan swavla, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia,

istora gameordes, kerZod 1921 wels orjonikiZe me-11-e armias mas Semdeg

SemouZRva, rac „...gamoacxades, rom borCalos socialuri problemebiT

Sewuxebuli proletariati ajanyda...“. prezidentis gancxadebiT es safrTxe

realuria, ramdenadac mavanni dResac saubroben saqarTvelos

„xsnis“ aucileblobaze da arc axali, Cveni drois „orjonikiZis„ povna

gaWirdeba (saakaSvili m. 25 Tebervali, 2006).

am dRis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ganacxadi iyo rom 26 maiss

gaixsneboda sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumi, roelic sazogadoebas gaacnobda

Seaxsenebda imperiis mmarTvelobis sisastikes saqarTveloSi.

am gancxadebiT saqarTveloSi daiwyo okupaciis, rogorc proeqtis

sazogadoebaSi popularizacia. Tuki sontagis Teorias mivubrundebiT

daiwyo im „suraTebis“ Seqmna, romelic okupaciis Sesaxeb mexsierebas

88

realuri cxovrebis nawilad aqcevda da yoveldRiurobaSi gamoxatavda. amis

erT-erTi magaliTi okupaciis muzeumi iyo.

§ 4.1 okupaciis muzeumi, rogorc mexsierebis adgili

muzeumisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdakavSireba mas Semdeg daiwyo,

rac eqsponatebi e.w. cabinets de curiosite’-dan romelic elitas ekuTvnoda iqcnen

institutad, romelic sazogadoebis farTo masebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili

(internet wyaro #37). es procesi daaxloebiT XVII-e saukunesi daiwyo,

magram gansakuTrebisT gafarTovda safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg, romlis

dekretis Tanaxmad „kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis floba adamianis

erT-erTi uflebaa“.

muzeumebis funqciurad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba atarebdes

mexsierebas ama Tu im movlenis Sesaxeb aRmoCenil iqna mogvianebiT. am

Tvisebam is politikas daukavSira, radganac mexsiereba identobis

makonstruirebel erT-erT umTavres faqtorad gamoiyeneba da Sesabamisad

muzeumi aRniSnuli procesis nawilad iqca. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

mieniWa muzeumebs, romlebic travmuli istoriis Sesaxeb inaxaven xsovnas.

nacisturma da komunisturma reJimebma daudes safuZveli msgavsi muzeumebis

formirebas. Sesabamisad holokostis da komunizmis muzeumebi, erT-erT

yvelaze gavrcelebul muzeums waermoadgens mTels msoflioSi.

holokostis muzeumebi erT-erTi upirevelesia, romelTac eris

travmuli warsulis Sesaxeb Seunaxes xsovna sazogadoebas. magram am

muzeumebis funqciuri datvirTva TavisTavad maT gaxsniaTanave ar momxdara.

magaliTad ierusalimSi iad vaSemis muzeumi droTa ganmavlobaSi

gaaqtiurda, mas Semdeg, rac israelsa da palestinas Soris daiZaba

urTierToba. aRniSnuli muzeumi sazogadoebisTvis gaxda niSnuli imisa ra

89

gamoiara meore msoflio omis dros da aseve axsenebda Tu ris dakargvis

safrTxes uqadda aRniSnuli omi. eris konstruirebis erT-erTi maCvenebelia

is faqti, rom meore msoflio omSi daRupuli pirebisTvis SeuZliaT

aRniSnul muzeumSi simboluri moqalaqeobis miniWeba, Tuki amas axlobeli

moiTxovs. holokostis muzeumebi gaxda erT-erTi gavleniani adgili,

romelic sazogadoebas axsenebs, Tu ra etapi gamoiara kacobriobam da misi

gamoerebisgan prevencias isaxavs miznad.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, araerTi muzeumi gaixsna da moewyo

eqspoziciebi, romelTa ZiriTadi mizani sabWoTa „memkvidreobis“ kidev

erTxel, gansxvavebuli saxiT danaxva da momavali TaobisTvis am codnis

gadacema iyo. xSir SemTxvevaSi, okupaciis muzeumis Seqmnas ara mxolod

warsulis damaxsovreba, aramed moZaladis misamarTiT bodiSis moxdisa da

finanuri kompensaciis miReba edo safuZvlad. aRmosavleT evropis

saxelmwifoebis umravlesobam okupaciis muzeumis saSualebiT Seecada

Seeqmna xsovna sabWoTa mmarTvelobis bneli mxareebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos

SemTxvevaSi, magaliTi swored, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisgan iyo

aRebuli da maTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT okupaciis koleqtiuri

mexsierebis nawilad qcevis mxardaWeras isaxavda miznad.

okupaciis muzeumis Seqmnis idea parlamentar nika ruruas ekuTvnis,

xolo proeqti uSaualod prezidentis administraciis kuratorobiT

ganxorcielda da janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSi ganTavsda.

okupaciis muzeumi aRwers ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacias 1921-1991

wlebSi. miuxedavad ganacxadisa muzeumis koncefcia ar iTvaliswinebs

okupaciis mTeli periodis Cvenebas, aramed gamoyofs calkeul momentebs,

romelic oficialuri diskursidanac ki Cans, rom sabWoTa kavSiris bunebis

maCvenebelia

muzeumis erT-erTi centraluri movlena 1924 wlis ajanyebaa,

romelsac qaquca ColoyaSvili xelmZRvanelobda. es is gmiria, romlis

saqarTveloSi Camosveneba 2005 wels erovnul dResaswaulad iqca da

90

winaaRmdegobis moZraobebis Cvenebisas, mudmivad masze xdeboda aqcentireba.

qaquca im gmirTagania, romelic saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi

aqtiurad iyo CarTuli da SesaZloa proeqt „okupaciis“ nawiladac ki

ganvixiloT.

metic, okupaciis muzeumis gaxsnisas prezidentma saakaSvilma

ganacxada, rom:

„...es muzeumi eZRvneba saqarTvelos did patriotebs qaquca

ColoyaSvils da mis Seficulebs. es muzeumi eZRvneba mraval

iatakqveSa organizaciebs, romlebic iqmneboda mTeli am

wlebis manZilze. es muzeumi eZRvneba qarTvel samRvdeloebas,

romlis saukeTeso nawilic TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda. es

muzeumi eZRvneba qarTvel oficrobas. es muzeumi eZRvneba Cems

did babuas nikuSa wereTels, romlis ojaxSic me gavizarde da

romelic mravali weli iyo cimbirSi, erT-erT

banakSi“ (saakaSvili m. 26 maisi, 2006).

amasTanave, okupaciis muzeumSi warsuli da awmyo kompleqsurad

urTierTdakavSirebulia. aRniSnulis maCvenebeli muzeumSi „vardebis

revoluciis“, rogorc Temis adgili iyo. miuxedavad imisa rom okupaciis

muzeumis narativSi Zalian mwiria masalebi an TiTqmis ar aris 1956 wlis

martis movlenebis, 1978 wlis Tebervlis dedaenis dacvisTvis gamosvlis an

80-iani wlebis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli pirebis monacemebis Sesaxeb,

filmi “vardebis revoluciis” Sesaxeb mudmivad acnobs vizitorebs

aRniSnuli movlenis saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnulis gamarTlebad okupaciis muzeumis erT-erTma avtorma,

irakli zautaSvilma ganacxada, rom 1021 wlidan 1991 wlamde saqarTvelos

okupaciis istoria imdenad mZime da damrTgunvelia, rom saWiro iyo

erTgvari optimisturi ganwyobis Semotana damTvaliereblebSi. „vardebis

revoluciis“ CarTva eqspoziciaSi swored am mizans emsaxureboda (internet

wyaro #6).

91

es gancxadeba erTgvari gamoZaxilia prezident saakaSvilis mier ufro

adre gakeTebuli gancxadebis, rom saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan

ToTxmeti wlis Semdeg ganTavisuflda. “ToTxmeti wlis Semdeg, rodesac

Tavisufleba sabolood Cveni qveynis napirebsac moadga, qarTvelma xalxma

udidesi erTsulovneba da Rirseba gamoavlina” (saakaSvili m. 3 Tebervali

2006). amdenad okupaciis muzeumi iyo erTgvari xidi, romelic uCvenebda

warsulSi arsebul sirTulebebs, magram amave dros atarebda imeds rom

warsulSi arsebuli sirTuleebi gadalaxvadia da saWiroa arsebul

miRwevebs gavufrTxildeT. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos okupaciis

muzeumis xedva iad vaSemis (holokostis muzeumi israelSi) koncefcias

SeiZleba davukavSiroT.

garda amisa, mogvianebiT saqarTvelos ruseTis mier okupacia

iuridiul doneze gaformda, ramdenadac 2010 wels saqarTvelos

parlamentma miiRo dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmadac 25 Tebervali

oficialurad sabWoTa okupaciis dRed gamocxadda. parlamentis

dadgenilebiT mTavrobas daevala yovel 25 Tebervals moamzados sxvadasxva

RonisZiebebi am dRis aRsaniSnavad da aseve saqarTvelos mTels

teritoriaze dauSvan saxelmwifo droSebi glovis niSnad (saqarTvelos

parlamentis dadgenileba saqarTvelos sabWoTa okupaciis Sesaxeb

orSabaTi, 26 ivlisi 2010).

am dReebis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebuli aqcenti aRniSnuli dReebis

skolebSi aRniSvnaze keTdeboda, ramdenadac ganTlebis saministros

iniciativiT moswavleebi dayavdaT okupaciis muzeumSi, atarebdnen

sxvadasxva konkursebsa da leqcia/seminarebs. amasTanave aRniSnul kvireuls

Tavisi simbolo aqvs „sisxlisferi yayaCo“ romelic asocirdeba daRvril

sisxlTan,. samSoblosaTvis Tavis SewirvasTan.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia visaubroT, rom okupaciis

muzeumis saSualebiT oficialurad moaxdina distancireba sabWoTa

istoriis rusuli narativisgan, amasTanave aRniSnuli gza arCeuli iqna ori

92

mizniT pirveli, okupacia xdeboda sazogadoebis mexsierebis nawili da

meore am gziT saqarTvelos uerTdeboda evropis im nawils, romelic ar

iziarebda ruseTis federaciis Rirebulebebs.

§4.2 media, rogorc sabWoTa okupaciis „proeqtis“ resursi

okupaciaze aqcentireba da saxelisuflebo diskursSi misi didi

doziT gamoyeneba sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstriurebisTvis

ar iyo sakmarisi. saWiro iyo damaxsovrebuli faqtebis aRqma, yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis nawilad qceva. swored amis magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT

teleproeqti „okupacia“, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxTa droebiTi komisis mier ganxorcielda da

Tanamedrove teqnologiuri saSualebebis dagansakuTrebiT mediis gamoyeneis

magaliTs warmoadgens.

aRniSnuliproeqti SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori mimarTulebiT:

1. sontagsis Teoriis Sesabamisad aucilebelia hegemonuri

„mexsierebis vizualizacia“, satelevizio filmi amis saukeTeso

saSualebas warmoadgens;

2. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia, rogorc meoce saukunis

dasawyisSi, aseve 2008 wels ar iyo gamonaklisi, mxolod

saqarTveloSi momxdari SemTxveva. arc kolaboracionistuli

moZraobis magaliTebi xdeboda mxolod saqarTveloSi. msgavsi

praqtika arsebobda aRmosavleT evropaSi. swored am aspeqtze

apelireba saqarTvelos miscemda saSualebas

a) qveynis SigniT ezruna koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebaze;

b) Caweriliyo saerTo evropul ojaxSi, romlebic aqtiurad

cdilobdnen warsulis gaazrebas da saqarTvelos okupacia

warmoedgina, rogorc sistemuri politikis nawili;

93

g) evropis winaaRmdegobis moZraobis da saxelmwifos mexsierebis

politikis warmatebuli magaliTebi warmoadgenda morig

arguments, Tu ratom unda yofiliyo saxelmwifo politika aseTi

radikaluri.

3. proeqti miznad isaxavda ekvlia ara mxolod nacisturi da

komunisturi danaSaulebebi saxelmwifoTa da erebis winaaRmdeg,

aramed okupantTa sias emateboda sabWoTa kavSiris

samarTalmemkvidre ruseTi. Sesabamisad termini „sammagi

okupacia“ miuTiTebda dapyrobiTi politikis memkvidreobiT bunebaze.

Sesabamisad am proeqts ara mxolod warsulis kvleva, aramed awmyos

da realobis Sefasebis funqcia ekisreboda. (saqarTvelos

parlamentis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxTa

droebiTi komisiis sxdomis oqmi # 85 8 agvisto, 2012)

proeqti ganxorcielda telekompania sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis

(“pirveli sainformacio kavkasiuri arxis _ `ПИК”-is) SemoqmedebiTi jgufis

mier. momzadda 17 dokumenturi filmi rusul da inglisur enebze. proeqtis

saboloo daniSnuleba iyo gakeTdes daskvna, rom komunizmi iseTive

danaSaulia kacobriobis winaSe , rogorc nacizmi.

filmebi agebuli iyo saerTo niSan Tvisebebze, romelic axasiaTebda

rusul (sabWoTa Tu postsabWoTa) okupacias. magaliTad :

iseve rogorc dRevandeli ruseTis xelisufleba acxadebs, rom

mas uyvars qarTveli xalxi, magram ar aRsdgeba urTierToba

amJamindel xelisuflebasTan, 1939-1940-ian wlebSi fineTis

misamarTiTac stalini ambobda, rom: mas uyvars fineli xalxi,

magram ar uyvars fineTis burJuaziuli xelisufleba“.

iseve rogorc fineTSi moxda samxedro moqmedebebis provocireba

da Semdeg meore mxaris dadanaSauleba omis dawyebaSi,

saqarTveloSic igive ganmeorda 1921 da 2008 wlebSi. meTodic

saerToa mowinaaRmdegeze araproporciuli samxedro Zalis

94

gamoyeneba, qveynis teritoriis nawilis okupacia, sazRvrebis

gadaweva.

dokumentur filmebSi aseve paralelebi iyo gavlebuli faSisturi

germaniis mier 1938 wels Cexoslovakiis da, meore mxriv, ruseTis mier 2008

wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilis okupacias Soris. kerZod,

1938 wlis Cexoslovakiisa da 2008 wlis saqarTveloSi datrialebul

movlenebs saerToa ara mxolod okupaciisa da aneqsiis sababi (sakuTari

moqalaqeebis dacva), aramed am okupaciebis gamarTlebis ideologiuri

mxardaWerac, rasac naTlad adasturebs berlinSi 1938 wlis 5 oqtombers,

naxevradokupirebuli Cexoslovakiidan dabrunebuli faSisturi germaniis

kancleris a. hitlerisa da 2009 wlis 7 agvistos ruseTis mier okupirebul

cxinvalSi myofi ruseTis federaciis prezidentis d. medvedevis sajaro

gamosvlebis Sinaarsis msgavseba (saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxTa droebiTi komisiis sxdomis oqmi # 85 8

agvisto, 2012).

films laitmotivad gasdevda, rogorc sabWoTa ruseTma SeZlo

fineTisTvis waerTmia qveynis teritoriis 10%, maT Soris, strategiuli

mniSvnelobis teritoria, magram ver SeZlo fineli xalxis saboloo

damarcxeba da misi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis xelyofa. aseve ver

moxerxda dasaxuli miznis miRweva 2008 wels saqarTveloSi.

aRniSnul prizmaSi kavkasiis da gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiis

ganxilvis daniSnuleba hqonda komisiis meore proeqts „Cven kavkasielebi“, 12

dokumenturi filmisgan Semdgari serias, romelic miznad isaxavda

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis politikis Sedegebis gacnobas

sazogadoebisaTvis. is moicavda, rogorc carizmis periods aseve sabWoTa

kavSirsa da postsabWoTa ruseTis federaciis mier Cadenili danaSaulis

Sesaxeb.

Sesabamisad „okupaciis“ Sesaxeb saxelmwifo proeqti moicavda ara

mxolod qveynis msxverplad warmodgenis koncefcias, aramed masSi mTeli

95

regionis CarTvas cdilobda. amis erT-erTi magaliTi saqarTvelos mier

CerqezTa genocidis cnobis faqti iyo, rac Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc

saqarTvelos mier sabWoTa kavSiris Sefasebis, misi WeSmariti bunebis

gamovlenis da sazogadoebisaTvis wardgenis sakiTxi.

96

Tavi V. lustracia, rogorc manipulaciis iaraRi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi

sabWoTa kavSiris saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis

lustraciis Tema iyo. 90-ian wlebidan moyolebuli yofili sabWoTa

saxelmwifoebis umrevlesobam am mimarTulebiT gansxvavebuli politikuri

kursi gaatara, rac rogorc qveynis Sida viTarebiT, aseve saerTaSoriso

mdgomareobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.

rogorc wina Tavidan Cans marTalia 90-ian wlebis dasawyisSi zviad

gamsaxurdias prezidentobis dros sabWoTa warsulis Sefasebis

mimarTulebiT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga, magram xelisuflebis

damxobis Semdeg da eduard SevardnaZis mier gatarebuli politika am

mimarTulebiT gansxvavebuli iyo da is ar agrZelebda wina kurss.

lustraciis da dekomunizaciis argatarebam da aRniSnuli sakiTxi Riad

datovebam mogianebiT gaaCina are am sakiTxiT manipulirebisaTvis.

„vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg xelisuflebaSi mosuli mTavrobis

lustraciis sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebis gaanalizebisas unda gamoiyos

ori ZiriTadi sakiTxi, esenia nakluli saarqivo masalebi, rogorc mizezi

Tu ratom ver moxdeba lustraciis procesi da aRniSnuli sakiTxis

usafrTxoebis formatSi gadayvana, rodesac konformistebi aRqmuli arian,

rogorc gavlenis aqtorebi, romelTac SeuZliaT sazogadoebas iseTive

ziani miayenon, rogorc es SesZlo sergo orjonikiZem meoce saukunis

dasawyisSi.

97

§5.1 arasruli saarqivo monacemebis sakiTxi

lustraciis sakiTxis erT-erTi Semaferxebeli faqtori uSiSroebis

arqivebSi sabWoTa kavSiris saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis

arasruli monacemebis sakiTxi iyo, romelzedac apelirebiT 90-iani

wlebidan moyolebuli politikosebi cdilobdnen lustraciis kanonis

miRebidan Tavis aridebas.

aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebma arqivebis gasajaroeba jer kidev

90 ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave daiwyes, magram am

mimarTulebiT sanimuSo SemTxvevas germaniis magaliTi warmoadgens,

rodesac berlinis kedlis dangrevis Semdeg xalxma moaxerxa daecva Stazis

arqivebi, romelic mogvianebiT gansajarovda da sazogadoebas mieca

saSualeba enaxa yvela is informacia, maT Soris piradi saqmeebi romelsac

totalitaruli reJimi dros maT Sesaxeb flobda.

saqarTveloSi samwuxarod msgavsi precedenti ar momxdara da

arqivebis sakiTxi erT erT mougvarebel Temas warmoadgenda saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis pirvel etapidan moyolebuli1.

dResdReobiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi aerTianebs sami

uwyebis saarqivo fonds, esenia: Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, yofili

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis da komunisturi partiis centraluri

komitetis masalebi 2 . oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi

1 arqivis TanamSromlebi saubroben, rom mosaxleobam xanZris Semdeg daitaca piradi

saqmeebi, romelTa nawili qveynidan gaitanes, nawils ki dResac kerZo mflobelobaSi

inaxaven;

2 Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da uSiSroebis arqivebis gaerTianeba moxda 2005 wels

uSiSroebis saministros likvidaciis Semdeg. xolo 2007 wels mas daemata partiuli

arqivi

98

arsebuli arqivi moicavs 1919 -1989 wlis masalebs, daaxloebiT 20 000

erTeuls. maT Soris aris uSiSroebis arqivis nawili (rac xanZars gadaurCa)

da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi, romelTa ZiriTadi nawili politikuri

niSniT aris aRZruli1.

saxelmwifo politikis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba aris e.w. arqivebis

gansajaroebis da sazogadoebisaTvis saarqivo masalebis gacnobis sakiTxi.

oficialuri monacebebiT saqarTvelos uSiSroebis arqivi Riaa

moqalaqeTaTvis garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa, romelic

kanonmdeblobiT aris daregulirebuli. rac kidev erT mniSvnelovan nabijs

warmoadgens komunizmis mecnieruli Seswavlis saqmeSi.

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas 2007 wels win uZRoda prezident

mixeil saakaSvilis gancxadeba, rom mas araerTi saqme aqvs nanaxi iusticiis

ministrobis dros da es saqmeebi sazogadoebam aucileblad unda icodes.

Sesabamisad arqivebis gaxsna erT-erTi im gadawyvetilebaTagania, romelic

SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT, rogorc mexsierebis politikis Semadgeneli

nawili, romelsac sazogadoebis koneqtiur mexsierebaSi kidev erTi Srtixi

Seqonda.

magram arqivi gankuTvnilia akademiuri sazogadoebisaTvis da farto

masebSi iq daculi informaciis popularizacia TavisTavad ver moxdeba.

1 am kategoriis damnaSaveebs uyenebdnen sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Semdeg muxlebs: 58-

10 (agitacia an propaganda, romelic Seicavs sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobis mowodebas),

58-11 (yovelgvari organizebuli qmedoba, mimarTuli danaSaulis momzadebisa da

CatarebisaTvis). asamarTlebdnen aseve samSoblos Ralatis, jaSuSobis, teroristuli

aqtis, sazRvris ukanono gadakveTis, kontrabandis, ukanono savaluto operaciebis, yalbi

dokumentebis damzadebis, masobrivi areulobebis mowyobis, spekulaciis, kriminaluri

danaSaulisa da sxva braldebebis safuZvelze.

99

swored am „xarvezis“ gamosworebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos

uSiSroebis arqivis mier gamocemuli specialuri gamoSvebaTa seria

„saarqivo moambe“, romelic sazogadoebas mouTxrobs sabWoTa mmarTvelobis

bneli mxareebis Sesaxeb.

sabWoTa mmarTvelobis konkretuli epizodebis gacocxleba da

istoriis aRdgena aris ZiriTadi devizi, romlis ganxorcielebasac

aRniSnuli perioduli organo cdilobs. amasTanave aRniSnuli proeqti

SesaZloa CaiTvalos popularuli istoriis Seqmnis mcdelobad, romelic

saarqivo masalebis sazogadoebaSi popularizacias eweva, ramdenadac

JurnalSi gamoyenebulia masalebi, romelic aRniSnul arqivebSia daculi,

amasTanave Jurnalis Tematikis speqtri imdenad farToa rom mkiTxvels

eZleva saSualeba gaiazros, Tu ra gardaxdaT Tavs represirebul qalebs,

patriarqebs, disidentebs, rogori iyo sabWoTa terori avtonomiur

respublikebSi da rogor aisaxeboda es teroris Semqmnelebis lavrenti

beriasa da ioseb stalinis mimoweraze.

Sesabamisad aRniSnuli proeqtri SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos koleqtiuri

mexsierebis maformirebeli erT-erTi iaraRi, romelic sazogadoebaSi sakmao

popularobiT sargeblobda da amasTanave sabWoTa okupaciis gansxvavebuli

rakusiT danaxvis saSualebas iZleoda.

§ 5.2 lustraciis kanonproeqtebi

xelisuflebis erT-erTi strategia warsulTan distancireba iyo,

magram erT-erTi dapireba riTac xelisuflebaSi movida, lustraciis

kanonis miReba da sabWoTa saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis

xelisuflebidan CamoSorebis piroba iyo. amasTanave am kaTarzisis pirobas

im imediT iZleoda, rom xelisuflebaSi modiodnen axalgazrdebi,

romelTac wesiT kavSiri maTTan ar unda hqonodaT.

100

2003 wels winasaarCevno perioSi 15 arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa

gaerTianebam (erT-erTi iniciatori „Tavisuflebis instituti“ iyo) wamoayena

proeqti „aTi nabiji Tavisuflebisaken“. aRniSnul dokumentSi gaiwera, Tu

risi gakeTeba iyo saWiro, raTa momxdariyo „postkomunisturi saqarTvelos

ganaxleba“. koncefciaSi gawerili punqtebi kompleqsuri iyo da

iTvaliswinebda RirebulebaTa sistemis cvlilebas, sazogadoebis

transformacias, ganTavisuflebas sabWoTa mentalitetisagan.

dokumentis me-5 punqti exeboda lustraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis

aucileblobas da rac mTavaria mis realurad ganxorcielebas. „Suri ki ar

gvinda maTze viZioT, es xalxi imitom gvaSinebs, rom ar varT

darwmunebuli, rom Cveni qveynis interesebia warmodgenili. magaliTad,

parlamentars rom virCev, mainteresebs, avirCio parlamentari, romelmac

mTeli qveynis bedi unda gadawyvitos da uceb rom gairkves, uSiSroebaSi

viRac kapitani an leitenanti mas paikad xmarobs, es yvelam unda

icodes“ (internet wyaro #7). aRniSnuli ganaxleba saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis axal etaps, axal gamowvevebs da SesaZleblobebs

ukavSirdeboda.

xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdeg dapirebisamebr 2004 wels

lustraciis kanonis miRebis SesaZleblobaze saubari daiwyo, da droTa

ganmavlobaSi am sakiTxis ganxilvis intensivoba da interesi icvleboda,

imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori iyo Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebi

politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebs Soris. magram faqtia erTsulovani

neba aRniSnuli kanonis miRebis jerac ar arsebobda.

17 Tebervals premier-ministrma zurab Jvaniam gaaxmovana idea, romlis

Tanaxmadac ministrTa axali kabineti mxars dauWerda lustraciis axal

kanons, romlis SemuSavebisTvisac zurab adeiSvils unda exelmZRvanela

(internet wyaro # 21), romelic iyo uSiSroebis ministris postze

kandidatad wardgenili.

101

xolo uSualod ministris sazogadoebisTvis wardgenisas, prezidentma

mixeil saakaSvilma ganacxada, rom „axali qarTuli saxelmwifo aranairad

araa valdebuli sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli saqmeebi saidumlod Seinaxos.

arsebobs didi, istoriuli saqmeebi, romelTa gamomzeureba unda moxdes"

romlis Sesaxebac sazogadoebam unda gaigos da axal ministrs sajarod

daavala, rom meore dResve (!) gaexsna yofili sabWoTa suk-is arqivebi 1920-

1930 wlebidan moyolebuli da gamoeqveynebina sabWoTa specsamsaxuris

qarTveli agentebis sia (dilis gazeTi. 19 Tebervali, 2004)

prezidentis aRniSnuli gamosvla sazogadoebaSi ganxilul iqna,

rogorc yviTeli baraTi inteligencias da politikosebs, romlebic ar

iyvnen loialurad ganwyobilebi axali elitis mimarT. miTumetes

saakaSvilma aseve dasZina, rom iusticiis ministrobis dros mas aqvs nanaxi

aRniSnuli siebi da Sesabamisad icis, rom iq sakmaod pativsacemi adamianebi

arian moxseniebulni. am gancxadebiT Canda rom xelisuflebis yvela doneze

arsebobda mzadyofna rTa miRebuliyo aRniSnuli kanonproeqti, magram

miuxedavad amisa, msgavsi dokumenti ar momzadebula.

saakaSvilis es gancxadeba erTis mxriv warmoadgenda misi, lustraciis

kanonis miRebis Sesaxeb winasaarCevno dapirebis, Sesrulebis mcdelobas,

magram amave dros masSi SesaZlebelia politikuri gadawyvetilebis

niSnebis povna, ramdenadac inteligenciis da politikosebis nawili ar

TanaugrZnobda prezidentis mier ganxorcielebul reformebs, Sesabamisad

arqivebis gaxsnis dapireba iyo erTgvari sasjeli am araloialurobisTvis1.

1 masmediis saSualebebSi aRniSnul gancxadebas didi gamoxmaureba moyva, ramdenadac es

Tema kviris erT-erT umTavres siaxles warmoadgenda. mixeil saakaSvilis mier КГБ-s

arqivTa gamoqveyneba aris ukanaskneli lursmani, romelsac igi aWedebs „sabWoTa

qarTuli elitis“ kuboSi, riTac adasturebs, rom qveyanas axali generacia, axali

socialuri talRa epatroneba da mas surs yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvitos im Zvel

„sabWoTa elitasTan“, romlis uniaTobam yvelaferTan erTad, 1988-1993 wlebis sazareli

erovnuli tragedia ganapiroba. „dilis gazeTi“, 19 Tebervali, 2004 weli

102

amasTanave, prezidentma daafiqsira, rom is ar iyo winaaRmdegi

lustraciis kanonis miRebis da Tundac kanoni ar momzadebuliyo, arqivebis

gansajaroebiT is aRniSnul process Seuwyobda xels.

uSualod lustraciis kanonproeqti momzadda erTi wlis Semdeg,

magram ara mTavrobam, aramed parlamentis opoziciuri fraqcia

„demokratiuli frontis“ mier. aRniSnuli proeqtis ganxilvas ori weli

dasWirda, Tumca am proeqts ganxilvisas cxare debatebi axlda Tan. TemiT

manipulireba ar dasrulebula, piriqiT ufro gamwvavda, miTumetes

horizontze gamoikveTa axali mtris saxe, romelsac Tavis

„orjonikiZeebi“ hyavda, rogorc qveynis SigniT aseve qveynis gareT.

lustraciis kanonis gamwvaveba droSi emTxveva aseve 2006 wlis

dasawyvisSi gaaqtiurebul ruseTis dedaqalaqs Sefarebuli yofili

uSiSroebis ministris, partia "samarTlianobis“ lideri igor giorgaZis,

gamosvlas, romelic ar faravda Tavis antipaTias, prezident saakaSvilis

mimarT da romelmac 28 noembers "izvestiasTan“ interviuSi ganacxada, rom

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis konsolidaciis gziT apirebs dRevandeli

"vardebis reJimis“ Secvlas da dasZena, rom amisTvis situacia „ukve

momwifda... 2006 weli - es saakaSvilis da misi gundis xelisuflebaSi yofnis

ukanaskneli welia“(internet wyaro #17). lustraciis kanonis amoqmedebis

SemTxvevaSi aucileblad Seexeboda giorgaZes da mis TanamebrZolebs da

aRniSnuli Temis gaaqtiureba maTi gafrTxilebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo.

kanonproeqti sabWoTa specsamsaxuris wevrebsa da partiul

TanamSromlebze Tanamdebobrivi SezRudvas iTvaliswinebda. amasTanave

kanonproeqtis ZiriTadi mxardamWerebi opoziciuri politikuri partiebis

warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romelTac erTgvari kvlevac ki Caatares Tu

rogori iyo yofilis sabWoTa blokis qveynebis gamocdileba am

mimarTulebiT (siRrmiseuli interviu l. berZeniSvilTan. 12 noemberi 2004).

103

"am kanonis upirvelesi movaleobaa, gawmindos xelisufleba ucxo qveynis

agentebisagan... dRes saqarTvelos dsT-Si yofna-ar yofnis da natoSi

gawevrianebis sakiTxi wydeba. anu dRes dadga dro, roca agentebi, romlebic

saqarTveloSi bevrni arian, qveynis winaaRmdeg unda gaaqtiurdnen", -

ganacxada „respublikelebis" erT-erTma liderma levan berZeniSvilma,

romelic am kanonproeqts mxars uWerda (internet wyaro #17).

berZeniSvilis gancxadebas gamoexmaura giga bokeria gamoexmaura, rom

xelisuflebis dRis wesrigSi lustraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba ar idga.

saboloo jamSi 2007 wels parlamentma 45 xmiT 37-is winaaRmdeg lustraciis

Sesaxeb kanoni Caagdo. sainteresoa, is faqti rom kanonproeqts mxari

aramxolod umravlesobis warmomadgenlebma, aramed Tavad iniciatori

fraqciis „demokratiuli frontis“ wevrebTa nawilmac ar dauWira

(siRrmiseuli interviu g. TorTlaZesTan. 19 noemberi 2014).

mizezad isev srulyofili saarqivo siebis ar arseboba dasaxelda,

ris gadaWris meqanizmsac aRniSnuli kanonproeqti ar iZleoda. (es (kanoni)

migviyvans iseT situaciamde, rodesac isini [yofili agentebi], romelTa

Sesaxebac informacia xelmisawvdomia [TbilisSi] gamovlindebian, xolo

isini, romelTa Sesaxebac informacia miuwvdomelia, ver gamovlindebian)

(internet wyaro #23).

sainteresoa is faqti, rom miuxedavad kanonproeqtis Cagdebisa

sazogadoebriv diskursSi kvlavac SenarCunda moTxovna miiRon lustraciis

kanoni, „radganac ruseTTan gamwvavebuli urTierTobis fonze Zalian

safrTxiloa ar gameordes ukrainuli scenari da Sesabamisad unda moxdes,

iseTi skanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba, rom moxerxdes ruseTis

specsamsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis gamovlena da Sesabamisad

mosalodneli provokaciebis prevencia da aRkveTa. giga bokerias

gancxadebiT opoziciis mier wamoyenebul kanonproeqtma imitom ver moipova

mxardaWera, rom is metad liberaluri, xasiaTis iyo.

104

Tavad xelisufleba Tavad gegmavda axali kanonproeqtis SemuSavebas

2008 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg romelic „‟ufro radikaluri“ xasiaTis iqneboda

(internet wyaro #18).

amave periodSi gamoqveynda „Tavisuflebis institutis“ koncefcia, Tu

rogori unda yofiliyo axali kanoni lustraciis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli

koncefciis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa periodis liderebisa da ideologebis garda,

lustracia aseve unda Sexeboda moqmed saxelmwifo maRalCinosnebs,

deputatebs, kandidatebs da politikuri partiebis xelmZRvanelebsac,

romlebsac piradi satelefono, safosto komunikacia hqondaT im

saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan, romelTa „SeiaraRebuli Zalebi saqarTvelos

teritoriaze saxelmwifos nebis sawinaaRmdegod imyofebian da romelTa

mizania konstituciuri wyobilebis damxoba an ZaladobiT Secvla".

am CanarTiT lustraciis kanoni scildeboda lustraciis gagebas,

romlis Tanaxmadac is Sromis kodeqss ukavSirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi kanoni

Seexeboda ara mxolod warsulis danaSaulebs, aramed axlandelsac, rac

arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT isedac isjeba. am CanarTiT lustraciis kanoni

aseve ukavSirdeboda usafrTxoebis aRqmas razedac zemoT visaubreT.

"Tu romelime partiis lideri saqarTvelos neitralitetis Sesaxeb

daelaparakeba modest kolerovs, romelic aris ruseTis prezidentis,

putinis politteqnologi, is valdebulia, amis Sesaxeb ganacxados sajarod,

Tu rodis elaparaka da ra Temaze hqonda es komunikacia", - ganacxada

"Tavisuflebis institutis" warmomadgenelma akaki minaSvilma (internet

wyaro #19).

saboloo kanonproeqti, romelzedac moxerxda SeTanxmebis miRweva da

romelic ori wlis Semdeg damtkicda, parlaments gia TorTlaZem warudgina.

SemoTavazebuli modeli kanonis ganmartebiTi baraTis Tanaxmad efuZneba

CexeTis da litvis gamocdilebas. lustraciis kanoni, romelic miRebul

iqna „Tavisuflebis qartiis“ saxelwodebiT sam ZiriTad princips emyareba

esenia:

105

erovnuli usafrTxoebis gaZliereba,

ü saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis,

terorizmisa da qveynis uSiSroebis safuZvlebis xelyofis

aRkveTa;

üTanamedrove midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobis normebis efeqtiani amoqmedeba;

üerovnuli usafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba;

sabWoTa da faSisturi ideologiis akrZalva;

üsabWoTa da faSisturi ideologiebis safuZvlebis gaRvivebis

winaaRmdeg prevenciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba;

üsabWoTa da faSisturi simbolikebis, sakulto nagebobebis,

Zeglebis, monumentebis, bareliefebis, warwerebis, quCebis,

moednebis, soflebisa da dabebis saxelwodebebis aRmofxvra;

Ønebismieri aRniSnul ideologiebTan asocirebuli simbolikis

akrZalva da specialuri komisiis Seqmna, romelic SeimuSavebs ucxo

qveynis specsamsaxurebTan saidumlo TanamSromlobaSi eWvmitanilTa

e.w. „Sav sias“ („Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011. saqarTvelos parlamenti.

muxli 1)

kanonproeqtis iniciatoris Tanaxmad saxelwodeba“Tavisufelbis

qartia“ iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom is gacilebiT meti iyo vidre

lustraciis kanoni. Tavisuflebis qartias unda gaenTavisuflebina

sazogadoeba terorizmis safrTxidan (teroristuli aqtebis seria

ganxorcielda im periodSi gorSi da mimdebare teritoriaze, maTi

gamoZiebisas xelisufleba rusul kvalze alaparakda), ideologiuri

zegavlenisgan da simboloebisgan, romelic sazogadoebas axsenebda da

SesaZloa, „aZlierebda kidevac“ ideologiur ganwyobebs (siRrmiseuli

interviu gia TorTlaZesTan. 12 noemberi, 2014).

lustraciis kanoni iyo kompromisis Sedegi. uSualod kanonproeqtSi

gawerili iyo lustraciis farglebSi gansaxilveli yofili Tabnamdebobis

106

gacilebiT vrceli nusxa, vidre es aris Tavisuflebis qartiaSi. aRniSnuli

siis Semcireba gia TorTlaZem im faqtiT axsna, rom imdroindeli

umravlesobis wevreba mimarTes fraqciis xelmZRvaneli ramdenime poziciis

amoRebis moTxovniT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wauyenes ultimatumi, rom

umravlesobas datovebdnen. „me varCie nawilobriv gasuliyo kanoni, vidre

mTlianad Cavardniliyo “(siRrmiseuli interviu gia TorTlaZesTan. 12

noemberi, 2014).

Tuki SevadarebT lustraciis Sesaxeb qarTul, Cexur da litvur

modelebs SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom:

kanonis Cexuri varianti ar iTvaliswinebs saidumlo samsaxurebTan

kavSirSi mxilebuli pirebisaTvis arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis dakavebis

akrZalvas, mas Semdeg rac isini sazogadoebas gaacnoben sakuTar statuss

am mimarTulebiT, rogoric aris magaliTad adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba

da parlamenti 1 , radganac kanonis Tanaxmad moqalaqem Tavad unda

gadawyvitos airCevs Tu ara msgavsi warsulis mqone pirs. xolo

„Tavisuflebis qartiis Tanaxmad“ mxilebul pirebs arcerTi arCeviTi

Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba ar eniWebaT („Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011.

saqarTvelos parlamenti. muxli 8, 9.).

CexeTis kanonmdeblobiT lustraciis kanoni ar vrceldeba pirebze,

romlebic daibadnen 1971 wlis 1 dekembris Semdeg, xolo qarTuli

kanonmdeblobiT msgavsi SezRudva ar arsebobs, metic es exeba yvelas 1921

wlis 25 Tebervlidan 1991 wlis 9 aprilamde iyvnen dakavSirebuli saidumlo

samsaxurebTan, aqve aris saintereso Canaweri, rom aRniSnuli kanoni

1 miuxedavad amisa 1994 wels 80 aTasamde pirma moisurva gaevlo lustraciis procedura

raTa miscemodaT kenWisyris SesaZlebloba miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebloba amas ar

moiTxovda, rac SeiZleba avxsnaT im paqtiT, rom lustraciis warmatebiT gavla

legitimurobis da warmatebis Sansebs zrdida. ( ix. Williams K. C)

107

gavrceldeba im adamianebzec, romelTac 1991 wlis 9 aprilidan aqvT raime

kavSiri ucxo qveynis specsamsaxurebTan, an uari ganacxades saqarTvelos

spec-samsaxurebTan saidumlo TanamSromelobaze da a.S. (iqve).1

aseve sainteresoa is faqti, rom CexeTis respublikaSi Tanamdebobis

dakavebis akrZalva exebaT pirebs, romlebic uSiSroebis skolebSi

swavlobdnen 3 Tveze meti vadiT, qarTul versia ki msgavs regulacias ar

iTvaliswinebs. eqspertTa azriT am SemTxvevaSi dokumentis morgeba moxda

saqarTvelos konkretul Tanamdebobis pirebze da amiT dokumentis

politikur xasiaTs usvamen xazs (doliZe a. 2010)

1 .a) uari ganacxades damoukidebeli saqarTvelos specialur samsaxurebTan saidumlo

TanamSromlobaze;

a.b) saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, garicxul iqnen saidumlo

TanamSromelTa aparatidan;

a.g) daudgeneli mizezebis gamo gawyvites kavSiri damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

specialur samsaxurebTan;

b) yofili ssrk-is saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis oficrebi, romlebmac

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRidan (1991 wlis 9 aprilidan) uari

ganacxades damoukidebeli saqarTvelos specialur samsaxurebSi muSaobis

gagrZelebaze an romelTac, saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, uari

eTqvaT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos specialur samsaxurebSi muSaobis gagrZelebaze;

g) yofili ssrk-is da saqarTvelos ssr-is komunisturi partiis centraluri

komitetebis wevrebi, raionuli da saqalaqo komitetebis mdivnebi;

d) yofili ssrk-is da saqarTvelos ssr-is axalgazrduli leninuri komunisturi

kavSiris centraluri komitetebis biuroebis wevrebi;

e) saqarTvelos teleradiomauwyeblobis saxelmwifo komitetis Tavmjdomare.

(„Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011.)

108

rac Seexeba litvis kanonTan msgavsebas, litvis lustraciis kanonSi

saidumlo samsaxurebTan dakavSirebulma pirebma Tavad unda aRiaron amis

Sesaxeb, rasac qarTuli versiac iTvaliswinebs („Tavisuflebis qartia“. 2011.).

litvur variantSi SezRudvis vadad dawesebulia 10 weli, rasac

saqarTvelos kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs da rac mTavaria Tu litvaSi sabWoTa

kavSiris saidumlo samsaxuri kriminalur organizaciad gamocxadda, msgavsi

faqti saqarveloSi ar momxdara.

„Tavisuflebis qartiis“ ganmartebiT baraTSi ar aris dasabuTebuli,

Tu ratom gakeTda arCevani lustraciis Cexur da litvur gamocdilebaze,

romlebic simkacris TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan radikalurad

gansxvavdebian da ra principiT moxda punqtebis SeCeva evropuli

gamocdilebidan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoni jer-jerobiT ar amoqmedebula,

sazogadoebaSi man araerTgvarovani Sefaseba gamoiwvia 1 . erT-erTi sakiTxi

exeboda komisiis Camoyalibebis sakiTxs, romelic Sedis Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros kompetenciaSi da amave dros arqivebic amave saministros

daqvemdebarebaSia. aseve komisiis farTo uflebamosileba, saxelmwifo

saidumloebasTan daSvebis pirveli forma (gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba) da

misi uflebamosileba ramdenad aris safrTxis Semcveli da SesaZloa gaxdes

politikuri manipulaciebis saSualeba2. garda amisa, unda aikrZalos Tu ara

1 2013 wlis 25 dekembris cvlilebiT kanoni ufro metad moqnili gaxda, kerZod Tu

Zveli redaqciiT komisias unda Seeswavla simboloebis racionalurobis sakiTxi da

gadaeca Sesabamisi organosaTvis, amjerad TviTon Rebulobs gadawyvetilebas misi

aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. amasTanave komisias mieca rekomendaciis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi

pirTa gafrTxilebis da SemdegSi 1000 lariani dajarimebis ufleba. (IDFI, 4 Tebervali

2014)

2 agrovebs monacemebs da awarmoebs im pirTa reestrs, romlebic saidumlod

TanamSromlobdnen yofili ssrk-is specialur samsaxurebTan an romelTa Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT miRebuli monacemebi miuTiTebs maT

109

simbolikebi, romelic ganTavsebulia magaliTad, komerciul

dawesebulebebze (KGB bari) da a.S.

miuxedavad kanonis miRebisa Tavad am kanons jerjerobiT ar umoqmedia.

erT-erTi Sedegi rac gamoiwvia es saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

Senobidan sabWoTa droidan SemorCenili xuTqimiani varskvlavis moSoreba

iyo.

Tuki SevajamebT lustraciis kanonis misaRebad gaRebul Zalisxmevas

oci wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela mTavrobis warmomadgeneli cdilobda, raime

formiT moeZebna gamosavali da Seesrulebina gacemuli dapireba

lustraciis procesis gatarebisa da yofili agentebis gamoaSkaravebis

Sesaxeb. rogorc wesi aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaaqtiurebas win uZRoda

konkretuli politikuri movlena, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sabWoTa

kavSiris nomeklaturis warmomadgenelTa gaaqtiurebasTan. Sesabamisad

sakiTxis win wamoweva xdeboda ara mxolod sazogadoebis interesebis

Sesabamisad, aramed imisda mixedviT rogori iyo politikuri dRiswesrigis

gamowvevebi

farul kavSirze yofili ssrk-is specialur samsaxurebTan. komisia aseve agrovebs

informacias sabWoTa da faSisturi simbolikebis administraciuli organoebis mier,

agreTve saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakuTrebaze gamoyenebis

Taobaze, aseve sakulto nagebobebis, Zeglebis, monumentebis, bareliefebis, warwerebis

Sesaxeb, quCebis, moednebis, soflebisa da dabebis saxelwodebebis, agreTve masobrivi

TavSeyris sxva adgilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seicavs sabWoTa da faSisturi

ideologiebis da propagandis elementebs Tu am ideologiebis liderTa saxelebs.

„Tavisuflebis qartia“. (2011). saqarTvelos parlamenti. muxli 7.3

110

Tavi VI

stalinis sakiTxi politikur diskursSi

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ruseTis mier okupaciis

Temis win wamowevasa da axali koleqtiuri mexsierebis Camoyalibebis

mcdelobis paralelurad gaaqtiurda stalinis fenomenis Sefasebis sakiTxi.

rogorc wina TavebSi ganvixileT ioseb stalinis mimarT saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva Taobis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs gansxvavebuli

damokidebuleba qondaT. Tu zviad gamsaxurdia mkveTrad negatiurad

afasebda beladis memkvidreobas, eduard SevardnaZis aRqma gacilebiT

pozitiuri iyo, rac man Tavis gamosvlebSi araerTxel gamoxata. kvlevebi Tu

rogori iyo stalinis aRqma sazogadoebaSi am periodSi ar Catarebula,

Tumca Sexeduleba, rom stalini iyo meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis

Semoqmedi sazogadoebaSi dominantobda da rac yoveldRiurobaSic ki iyo

SesamCnevi .

vardebis revoluciis mTavrobis damokidebuleba stalinis

sakiTxisadmi araTanmimdevrulia da msgavsad mexsierebis sxva sakvanZo

sakiTxebisa damokidebuleba politikis dRis wesrigis Sesabamisad icvleba.

Tavdapirvelad, stalinis da saakaSvilis saerTo dabadebis dRe (21

dekemberi) sazogadoebaSi garkveulwilad stalinis rkinis xelTan

asocirdeboda, da mesianizmis ideas kidev ufro amZafrebda. Tavad

xelisuflebac ar clilobda am sakiTxis win wamowevas, Tumca stalini,

rogorc beladi saqarTvelos gmirTa pleadaSi, romelTac qveynis

mSeneblobis procesSi iyenebdnen ar iricxeboda. xelisuflebis strategias

SesaZlebelia erTgvarad siCumis strategia vuwodoT, romelsac ar surs

gaaqtiuros sazogadoebaSi misi xsovna, Tumca arc daviwyebisTvis emeteba.

111

§ 6.1 sabWoTa monumenturi Zeglebi

Tavsapirvelad, xelisuflebis da gansakuTrebiT prezident

saakaSvilis Sefaseba stalinTan mimarTebaSi TavSekavebuli iyo da misi,

rogorc sabWoTa sistemis nawilis aRqma ar xdeboda, magram ruseTTan

urTierTobis daZabvasTan erTad dRis wesrigSi dgeba stalinis, rogorc

sabWoTa diqtatoris gadafasebis sakiTxi. Sesabamisas misi saxeli

politikur diskursSi gamoCnda. oRond am gamoCenas negatiuri datvirTva

qonda da sabWoTa kavSiris represiebis avtorad aRiqmeboda. amasTan

SeimCneva beladis gansxvavebuli aRqmisa da am ideis gavrcelebisadmi

negatiuri damokidebuleba. magaliTad, 2007 wlis TebervalSi telekompania

rusTavi 2 is eTerSi daiwyo serial „stalini LIVE”-is Cveneba, romelSic

naCvenebi iyo ioseb stalinis cxovrebis ukanaskneli Tve, romelSiac beladi

ixsenebs ganvlil gzas da bolos sakuTari qmedebebis monaniebas cdilobs.

telekompaniis generaluri direqtori aRniSnuli serialis reklamirebisas

acxadebda, rom ”es filmi mayurebels saSualebas aZlevs gaigos, raze

fiqrobda stalini, vin sZulda da vin uyvarda; aseve gaigos iyo Tu ara

stalini marTla aseTi cudi rogorc Cven amdeni wlebi TavSi gviWedavdnen

da Turme es yvelaferi ase ar yofila” (internet wyaro # 19).

aRniSnulma gancxadebam, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis mkacri

kritika gamoiwvia. mas samarcxvino da skandaluri Sefaseba uwodes,

radganac sisxliani tiranis miTis Zlieri qarTveli politkosiT

Canacvlebis mcdelobis gansxvavebulad Sefaseba ver moxdeboda. arxis

sapasuxo gancxadebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi jer kidev iyvnen didi

raodenobiT adamianebi, romeliTaTvis ioseb stalinis saxeli mniSvnelovani

iyo, da Sesabamisad produqcia swored maTze iyo gaTvlili.

112

stalinis Sefasebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebulad mwvave 2008 wlis ruseT

saqarTvelos omis Semdeg gaxda da daukavSirda omisgan yvelaze metad

dazaralebuli qalaqis - goris moedanze stalinis monumentis arsebobis

marTebulobis sakiTxis.

saxelisuflebo wreebSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qalaqSi,

romelic omis dros permanentulad da daundoblad ibombeboda rusi

agresorebis mier, ar SeiZleboda mdgariyo sabWoTa beladis qandakeba,

romelsac didi wvlili miuZRoda bolSevikebis mier demokratiuli

saqarTvelos aneqsiaSi da im mZime mdgomarebaSi raSic dResdReobiT qveyana

imyofeboda. amasTanave, sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis

federacia, romelic Tavismxriv cdilobda aRedgina stalinisdroindeli

imperia, kvlavac agrZelebda saqarTvelos okupacias da romelmac

saqarTvelos teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawilis mitacebasTan erTad

aTaseulobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.

goris centralur moedanze mdgari Zegli aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda

saxelmwifos oficialur politikas, romelic warsulis Sefasebas da

sazogadoebaSi sabWoTa mentalitetis damsxvrevas iTvaliswinebda.

prezident mixeil saakaSvilis gancxadebiT XXI saukuneSi, rodesac

saqarTvelos aqvs Tavisi damoukidebeli istoria, am qveyanaSi ar SeiZleba

arsebobdes okupaciis muzeumi da okupantTa Zeglebi. radganac safuZvelSive

ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos, rogorc Tavisufali qveynis mentalitets da

saxelmwifoebriv prioritetebs (saakaSvili m. 3 oqtomberi 2008).

aRniSnuli Zeglis qalaqis centridan gadatanis idea 2008 wels

mTavrobis sxdomaze gacxadda, rodesac vice premierma giorgi baramiZem

xazi gausva, rom mudmivad TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli ers ar SeiZleba

Tavisuflebis simbolod okupantis Zegli hqondes, mxolod im argumentze

dayrdnobiT, rom is saqarTveloSi daibada.

113

oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad goris centralur moedanze Zeglis

arseboba „axirebuli da gaugebari daudevroba iyo“ (internet wyaro #10),

romelic saxelmwifos idiotur mdgomareobaSi ayenebda (gia nodia).

aRniSnul iniciativas mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi miesalmnen, magram

sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli reaqcia gamoiwvia. kerZod, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebisa da politikosTa warmoadgenlebi or banakad daiyvnen. nawili

mxars uWerda Zeglis aRebas, meore nawili ki aprotestebda. orive mxare

xazs usvamda, rom aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas politikuri sarCuli hqonda,

rasac Zeglis gadatanis momxreebi dadebiT, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi

uaryofiT mxared miiCnevdnen.

Zeglis gadatanis momxreTa ZiriTadi argumentaciis Tanaxmad stalini

meoce saukunis umTavres borotebaTa sias liderobda. misi mmarTvelobis

peiodSi sabWoTa kavSirma imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myof erebs da maT Soris

stalinis mSobliur qarTvelebsac, mouwyo genocidi. xolo misi personJis

dadebiTi Sefaseba ufro metad miTologiis Temas ganekuTvneba, romelsac

sworedac rom qarTuli warmomavloba kvebavs da realobasTan saerTo

araferi aqvs. qarTvelTa gulubyvilobis kidev erTi gamoxatuleba iyo is

faqti, rom beladis gardacvalebis Semdegac ki 1959 wels misi saxelis

dacvas araerTi qarTveli Seewira. amitomac, droa istoriis Sefasebis da

stalinisTvis patriotis fasaduri saxis Camoxsnis. mis mier gatarebuli

politika iyo ara saqarTvelos aramed ruseTis interesebSi da sworedac

rom imperias emsaxureboda.

radganac, oficaluri diskursis Tanaxmad ruseTi aris mteri,

romelic 200 wlis manZilze ganuwyvetliv gvesxmis Tavs. ar SeiZleba mtris

monumenti qalaqis mTavar moedanze idges (24 saaTi. 29 seqtemberi, 2008. gv.

10). amasTanave, Zeglis gadatanis mowinaaRmdegeebs stalinis

sadRegrZeloebis ZaxilSi amxeldnen da beladis, rogorc ze-kompensaciis

saSualebad aRqmaSi sdebdnen brals. (koncefcia: marTalia ruseTma Cven

114

dagvipyro, magram stalinis saSualebiT Cven ruseti davipyariT) (zedania g.

baqraZe l. 2009).

aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba, saxelmwifos mxridan emsaxureboda

xazgasmas, rom is agrZelebda brZolas imperiis winaaRmdeg da ar dauSvebda

mtkivneuli istoriis ganmeorebas. es gadawyvetileba gulisxmobda, rogorc

protests ruseTis imperiuli politikis winaaRmdeg, aseve sazogadoebaSi

aRviZebda eris koleqtiur mexsierebaSi winaaRmdegobis moZraobas, romelic

aTwleulebis ganmalobSi warumatebeli iyo, magram amJamad miznisTvis unda

mieRwia. ideis momxreTa erT-erTi argumentis Tanaxmad, Zeglis arseboba

qalaqis centrSi, aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos da misi

xelisuflebis mier evropuli faseulobebis gaziarebis sakiTxs, ramdenadac

aRniSnuli Zegli mianiSnebda, rom beladis mexsiereba qveyanaSi jerac

cocxali iyo, (amis argumentad moyavdaT, rom evropelebma SeZles

totalitaruli warsulis gadalaxva, ruseTma ki vera. es erT erT evropul

faseulobad aRiqmeboda) Sesabamisad, cocxlobda diadi sabWoeTis

nostalgia da Sansi, rom forsmaJorul situaciaSi mteri konformistulad

ganwyobili adamianebis povnas moaxerxebda.

amasTanave, sabWoTa monumentebis qveyanaSi arseboba xelisuflebas

kidev erTxel axsenebda, rom miuxedavad wamatebul reformebze apeliebisa,

is mainc postsabWoTa saxelmwifo iyo, romelic jer kidev ver gamijvnoda

ruseTs, miuxedavad misi mxridan araerTjeradad Tavdasxmisa.

sazogadoebaSic ki, stalinis Zeglis gadatana ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg

mimarTul qmedebad da erTgvar revanSad aRiqmeboda, ramdenadac

xelisufleba cdilobda istoriis gadaweras da axali versiis Seqmnas,

politikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT.

stalinis Zeglis gadatanis mowinaaRmdegeTa ZiriTadi argumenti,

swored im principze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom xelisufleba miznad ara

totalitaruli warsulis Sefasebas da stalinizmis, rogorc fenomenis

Seswavlas isaxavda miznad, aramad mimdinare politikis dRis wesrigze iyo

115

morgebuli da ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg svlas warmoadgenda. stalinis,

rogorc beladisadmi arsebuli dadebiTi ganwyobis ganeitraleba Zeglis

„CamokvercxlbekebiT“ ver moxdeboda. mentalobis Sescvlelad saWiro iyo

sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc sistemis mecnieruli kvleva, sazogadoebis

cnobierebis amaRleba da mxolod am gziT moxerxdeboda sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli miTebis gadafaseba.

sistemis demontaJi ara Zeglebis moSorebiT, aramed Cvens TavebSi, es

iyo maTi ZiriTadi devizi. warsulis srulad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa

Zeglebi ar warmoadgenda safrTxes arc xelisuflebisTvis da Sesabamisad,

arc sazogadoebisaTvis. mas mxolod turistuli mniSvneloba eqneboda,

rogoric es aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam warmatebiT

ganaxorciela.

aRniSnul sakiTxSi politikis Carevis kidev erT magaliTs

warmoadgenda xelisuflebis mcdeloba nebismieri xerxis gamoyenebiT

moeSorebina Zegli goris moednidan. 2010 wels Sinagan saqmeTa ministri vano

merabiSvili Jurnal „komersantTan“ interviuSi, sadac is rusul-qarTul

urTierTobebze saubriss Seexo stalinis Zeglis gadatanis Tematikas,

aRniSna, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi mimdinareobda molaparakebebi qarTul da

rusul mxarebs Soris stalinis Zeglis rusebis mier afeTqebasTan

dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, am molaparakebebSi qarTul mxares Tavdacvis da

uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare givi TargamaZe warmoadgenda, romelic

rus jariskacebs sTavazobda 50 000 dolars Zeglis afeTqebis sanacvlod,

Tumca rusulma mxareb am garigebaze uari ganacxada. Sinagan saqmeTa

ministris gancxadebiT rusulma mxarem aRniSnuli SemoTavazeba

Seuracyofadac ki miiRes. es im fonze, rodesac „sxva yvelafrisTvis rusebi

fuls aRiebdnen, magram amisTvis ara“ (internet wyaro #25), rac misi TqmiT

116

kidev erTxel uCvenebs, Tu ramxela sxvaobaa Cvensa da ruseTis federaciis

mentalobas Soris1.

Tuki SevafasebT xelisuflebis am ganzraxvas SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT,

rom mTavroba Seecada Tavad ruseTis xeliT gaekeTebinaT maTvis

mniSvnelovani saqme, maTve xeliT moeSorebinaT stalinis Zegli

saqarTvelosTvis. rasac ori mniSvnelovani Sededegi SeiZleboda hqonda:

pirveli, ruseTis, rogorc mtris xats ufro ganamtkicebda,

radganac maT ar daindes TviT stalinic ki, romelmac maT

imperia Seuqmna;

meore, xelisufleba am sakiTxs eqsesebis gareSe moagvarebda,

radganac rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda Zeglis moSorebis

sakiTxma sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki goris raionis

macxovreblebSi didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia.

1 ministr merabiSilis gancxadebis Semdeg saministros pressamsaxurma ganmarta, rom

marTalia gamoqveynebuli interviu realurad asaxavda ministris mier miwodebul

informacias, magram Temebidan, romelic exeboda saqarTvelos interesebs CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi da saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebs konteqstidan iyo amoglejili.

amasTanave pres-samsaxuris ganmarteba ar Sexebia stalinis Zeglis Sesaxeb informacias,

rac SesaZloa misi realurobis adasturebdes.

mogvianebiT, vano merabiSvilma gazeT „24 saaTisTvis“ micemul interviuSi ganacxada, rom

am Temaze xumrobiT saubrobdnen da es cnobili istoriaa, „...rodesac givi TargamaZe

tyveebis gaTavisuflebis Taobaze okupantebTan molaparakebas awarmoebda, uTxra,

samoqalaqo infrastruqturas nu daangrevT, Tu gindaT fuls mogcemT da stalinis

Zegli aafeTqeTo, - aseT konteqstSi iyo naTqvami. TviTon rusi oficrebi ambobdnen,

rogor akadreT es stalins, stalini Cveni idealiao... am ganwyobaze iyo iq saubari -

Cvens miwaze SemoWrili rusi oficrebi da rusuli armia dRes stalinis mimdevrebi,

stalinistebi arian. swored amis Tqma mindoda” merabiSvili ”komersantSi” gamoqveynebul

intervius ganmartavs (sivil jorjia, 10 aprili.'2010)

117

gorSi stalinis Zeglis demontaJis sakiTxi gavrcelda saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva qalaqSi arsebuli Zeglebis saWiroebis sakiTxsac da stalinis

monumentebis saqarTveloSi arsebobis legitimurobis sakiTxis erTian

konteqstSi ganxilva daiwyo. ramac aRniSnul Tematikac goris gfaqtori

Camoacila da ufro metad sistemuri gaxada.

Zeglebis demontaJis procesi goridan dawyo, Zegli RamiT winaswari

gafrTxilebis gareSe goris centridan malulad gadaitanes. analogiurad

warimarTa Zeglebis gadatanis procesi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebSi,

kerZod, tyibulSi, quTaisSi, axmetasa da TelavSi. Tumca, Zeglebis aRebas

miuxedavad RamiT Catarebuli operaciisa eqsesebis gareSe mainc ar Cauvlia.

adgilobrivi telekompania „TrialeTis“ Jurnalistebs ar misces demontaJis

procesis gadaRebis saSualeba, metic Jurnalistebs Seuracyofa miayenes da

kamera waarTves. (mogvianebiT policielebma kamera daaabrunes, magram

JurnalisTebis gancxadebiT gadaRebuli kadrebi waSlili iyo).

saqarTvelos mosaxleobam stalinis „Camokvercxlbekebis„ procesi

policielebis mier gadaRebuli kadrebis saSualebiT naxa, saidanac Canda

Tu rogori ovaciebiT xvdeboda adgilze Sekrebili adamianebis jgufi

Zeglis Camogdebas. oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad mozeime xalxi

gamoxatavda sabWoTa mentalitetTan damSvidobebas da rom, es procesi ara

mxolod xelisuflebis CareviT, aramed TavisTavad xalxis surviliT

xdeboda. miTumetes Zeglis gadatanamde araerTxel gamartula am adgilze

axalgazrdebis aqcia, romlebic, xelisuflebas umoqmedobaSi

adanaSaulebdnen da monumentis saswrafod gadatanas iTxovdnen. es faqti

kidev ufro amtkicebda sxvaobas dasavluri Rirebulebebis aRqmisas

qarTvel da rus ers Soris.

sazogadoebis reaqcia Cumad Zeglis gadatanaze mkveTrad negatiuri

iyo. stalinis RamiT „motacebis“ mizezad oficialuri wyaroebi

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaRizianebis Tavidan acilebis survils

asaxelebdnen. centraluri mTavrobis gancxadebis Tanaxmad beladis Zegli

118

stalinis muzeumSi unda aRmarTuliyo, Tumca aRniSnuli dapireba ar

Sesrulebula1.

mogvanebiT, xelisuflebis mier gaxmovanda rom stalinis muzeumis

koncefciis Secvlis idea, romliTac es ukanaskneli stalinizmis muzeumad

unda gadakeTebuliyo. jer kidev 2008 wlis seqtemberSi nika vaCeiSvilma

ganacxada, rom saqartvelos xelisufleba gorSi, stalinis muzeumSi kidev

erTi okupaciis muzeumis gaxsnas gegmavda, romelic sazogadoebas gaacnobda

orsaukunovani rusuli okupaciis Sesaxeb masalas. axali muzeumi unda

daeproeqtebinaT polonel da litvel specialistebs, romelTac aRniSnul

sakiTxze muSaobis didi gamocdileba qondaT (internetwyaro #24).

oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad stalinis muzeumSi ufro metad

komunizmis propaganda mimdinareobda, vidre realobis asaxva, ramdenadac

gidebis teqsti orientirebuli iyo gaamarTlebina sabWoTa xelisuflebis

sisxliani represiebi, amitomac saWiroa muzeumis Sinaarsis da Sesabamisad

eqspoziciis Secvla da misi Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebs morgeba.

kulturis ministrma nika ruruam 2008 wlis agvistos saqarTveloSi

datrialebuli ubedureba, stalinizmis produqtad Seafasa da dasZina, rom

urTierT SeuTavsebelia stalinis muzeumi, sabWoTa beladis gandidebis

leqciebiT, da saqarTvelos swrafva civilizebuli msofliosken

(internetwyaro #4).

Zeglis adgilas unda dadgmuliyo stalinuri sabWoTa represiebis

Sedegad daRupuli adamianebis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili memoriali, romlis

1 Zeglis dabrunebis idea dResac cocxlobs. xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdegac araerTi

politikosi pirdeboda goris macxovreblebs beladis Zeglis dabrunebas, magram

Tavisuflebis qartiaSi 2014 wels Sesuli cvlilebis Tanaxmad kanonmdeblobiT

ikrZaleba komunizmTan da faSizmTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebis dadgma.

119

maketis SesarCevad kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministrom 2010 wels

saerTaSoriso konkursi gamoacxada. namuSevrebi sakonkurso proeqtebi 2011

wlis 21 ianvridan 30 ianvris CaTvliT gamofenili iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo

samxatvro akademiis sagamofeno darbazSi.

warmodgenili 42 proeqtidan Tamar kvesitaZisa da paata sanaias

skulpturam „amaoebas ar amoeba“ gaimarjva. 5 metriani betonis qandakeba

ganasaxierebs daCexili adamianebis erTobas, romlebic miuxedavad

Wrilobebisa win moiweven. skulpturis saxelwodebad aRebul iqna kote

yubaneiSvilis zemoTaRniSnuli fraza, xolo Zeglis avtorebis Tanaxmad is

gamoxatavs „rom rac amaoebaa, ar unda CaeWido, ar unda a m o e b a. arada,

es xSirad xdeba Cven cxovrebaSi. ZeglTan am frazas saerTo Tundac is aqvs,

rom stalinis kultic amaoeba iyo da es drom ukve gamoaCina. Tumca,

naxevari gori mainc CaWidebulia am amaoebas“(internetwyaro #2).

prezidentma saakaSvilma Zeglze saubrisas xazi gausva, rom es

monumenti saqarTvelos ideas ganasaxierebs, „rogorc ar unda dagvanawevron,

dagvCexon, gvebrZolon, mainc davdgebiT fexze da gavagrZelebT svlas

win“(internetwyaro #3). miuxedavad konkurssi gamarjvebisa, skulptura

stalinis Zeglis adgilas ar aRmarTes.

CamoTvlil mizezTa Soris erT-erTi, Tavad skulpturis vizualuri

mxare iyio, kerZod omgamovlil qalqSi daCexili adamianebis xilva isdac

mZime fsiqologiur mdgomareobas kidev ufro daamZimebda. amitomac

araoficialuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad erTi wlis Semdeg axali konkursis

Catareba daigegma, Tumca xelisuflebis cvlilebis gamo is ar Catarebula.

Zeglis moSorebis sakiTxi kvlavac antirusuli propagandis

gagrZelebis mcdelobad Sefasda sazogadoebis im nawilis mier romelic

Tavidanve ewinaaRmdegeboda stalinis Zeglis aRebis ideas. xelisuflebis

aRniSnuli nabiji Sefasda, rogorc mcdeloba SenarCulebuliyo

aqtualuroba qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis negatiuri gamocdilebis

120

propagandisa, amasTanave waSliliyo nebismieri simboluri gamovlineba

romelic am urTierTobas pozitiuri saxiT Seaxsenebda sazogadoebas.

stalinis rogorc meore msoflio omis erT-erTi umTavresi gmiris

mimarT arsebul politikas daukavSirda meore msoflio omSi daRupulTa

memorialebis sakiTxi, romelic msgavsad beladis Zeglisa sabWoTa

mmarTvelobasTan asocirdeboda da erovnuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli ar

yofila. miuxedavad vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi xelisuflebis

gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebisa gmirebis mimarT, meore msoflio omSi

daRupuli mebrZolebi nacionaluri gmirebis siaSi ar Caewernen, radganac

isini sabWoTa sistemas emsaxrebodnen, romelsac saerTo saqarTvelosTan

araferi ar qonia.

xelisuflebis am politikis gamoxatuleba iyo qalaq quTaisSi

arsebuli didebis memoriali, romelic 2009 wlis 19 dekembers aafeTqes 1 .

memorialis afeTqebis mizezad memorialis adgilas parlamentis

mSeneblobis survili dasaxelda, Tumca opoziciuri partiebisa da

sazogadoebis nawilisaTvis es faqti xelisuflebis antirusuli politikis

gagrZelebas warmoadgenda.

es im fonze rodesac saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris omis Semdeg

urTierToba uaRresad daZabuli iyo. amasTanave albaT arc is faqtia

SemTxveviTi, rom memorialis afeTqebis oficialur TariRad 21 dekemberi

dasaxelda, rac stalinis da saakaSvilis dabadebis dRe iyo. simboluri

TvalsazrisiT swored am dRes monumentis afeTqeba ganasaxierebda sabWoTa

warsulidan kidev erTi nabijis gadadgmas.

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT ruseTi namdvilad gaRizianda, ramdenedac

jer kidev monumentis demontaJis ideis gaJRerebisTanave, kremlSi es es

mosazreba meore msoflio omis veteranebisadmi upativcemulobis

gamoxatulebad Sefasda. xolo, memorialis afeTqebdan ramdenime kviris

1 gegmis Tanaxmad memoriali 21 dekembers unda afeTqebuliyo

121

Semdeg, quTaisSi dangreuli memorialis aslis moskovSi dadgmis ideas

kenWi ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organoSi eyara da 448 xmiT arc

erTis winaaRmdeg gadawyvetileba iniciativis sasargeblod iqna miRebuli.

mogvianebiT prezidentma putinma marTlac Cauyara safuZveli memorialis

mSeneblobas.

didebis memorialis analogis mSeneblobasac Tavis mxri rusulma

mxareb simboluri datvirTva mianiWa. monumentis avtorma merab

berZeniSvilma aRdgenis procesSi CarTvaze uari ganacxada im principiT,

rom mas eskizebi aRar hqonda. saboloo jamSi moskovSi dadgmul monuments

saxelic ki simboluri datvirtvis matarebelia, mas „faSizmis winaRmdeg

Cven erTad viyaviT‟ uwodes, da monumenti kompoziciurad gamoxatavs fotos

sadac meliton qanTariasa da mixail egorovs raixstagze sabWoTa droSa

aaqvT. xolo quTaisSi afeTqebuli didebis memoriali warmoadgens

kompoziciis ukana xeds. aseve simboluri datvirTav qonda im faqtsac, rom

monumentis gaxsnaze miwvul stumrebs Soris qarTvali politikosebic iyvnen.

(internetwyaro #22).

sainteresoa is faqtic, rom rusi politikosebis sapasuxo Sefasebisas

aRniSnul faqtSi damnaSaved saqarTvelos xelisufleba, rogorc calke

mxare gamoyavdaT da am procesSi Tavad saqarTvelos mosaxleoba aranairad

ar iyo gareuli.

§6.2. faSizmze gamarjvebis dRe 9 maisi Tu 8 maisi

ioseb stalinis erT-erTi umTavres miRwevaTa Soris meore msoflio

omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjveba saxeldeba. Sesabamisad iseve rogorc

sabWoTa kavSirSi Tanamedrove ruseTSi 9 maisi erovnuli siamayis sagans

warmoadgens da erT-erTi im sakvanZo sakiTxTagania, romlis yofil

mokavSire respublikaTa mier gadaxedva did guliswyromas iwvevs.

122

aRniSnul omSi saqarTvelodan daaxloebiT 700 000 adamiani

Rebulobda monawileobas, romelTagan 300 000 -mde Seewira am brZolas.

Sesabamisad veteranTa didi raodebobisa Tu sworedac rom stalinis

qarTvelobis gamo 9 maisi saqarTveloSi erT-erT pompezurad aRniSvnad

dResaswauls warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 9 maisi,

rogorc did samamulo omSi gamarjvebis TariRis sazeimo aRniSvna gauqmda

magram eduard SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg isev aRsdga,

rac SesaZloa vifiqroT rom im lavirebis politikis nawili iyo, romelsac

xelisufleba atarebda Crdiloeli mezoblis misamarTiT.

ruseT saqarTvelos omamde meliton qanTaria erT-erTi im gmirTagani

iyo, romlis qarTuli warmomavloba da gmiroba saamayo tematikas

ganekuTvneboda, magram ruseTTan urTierTobis daZabvis da sabWoTa

warsulis gadaxedvisas simbolisturi politikis gaaqtiurebis Semdeg erT-

erTi sakiTxi, romelsac xelisufleba Seexo meore msoflio omis Sefasebis

da masSi monawileobis sakiTxi iyo.

gansxvavebuli TariRebi warmoSva im faqtma, rom germaniam

kapitulacias xeli moawera evropuli droiT 8 maiss 22 saaTsa da 45

wuTze,am dros ki sabWoTa kavSirSi ukve 9 maisi iyo.

meore msoflio oms gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen sabWoTa sivrceSi da

danarCen nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis da dResdReobiT misi

samarTalmemkvidre ruseTisaTvis aRniSnuli brZola Sefasebulia, rogorc

didi samamulo omi, romlis narativi da masSi koaliciis monawileobis

sakiTxi icvleboda sagareo politikis prioritetebTan erTad1.

1 mudmivad aqcentireba imaze, rom sabWoTa kavSirs gars artyia araTu megobrebi da mo-

kavSireebi, aramed mtrebi meore msoflio omis gamocxadebisTanave Sewyda, metic aR-

moCnda, rom sabWoTa kavSirs yavda megobrebic da mokavSireebic, magaliTad, 1941 wels

oqtombris revoluciis iubileze i. stalinma ganacxada, rom inglisma da amerikis Seer-

Tebulma Statebma miaRwies elementarul demokratiul Tavisuflebas “maT aqvT profkav-

123

dasavluri gagebiT is meore msoflio omia, rodesac moxda hitleris

damarcxeba da amiT kacobrioba ufro did katastrofas gadaurCa.

aRniSnuli gansxvavebul aRqmas kidev ufo metad amZafrebs is faqti, rom

evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleam germanuli nacizmi da sabWoTa

stalinizmi erTmaneTs gauTanabra da orive dagmo. totalitarizmis

msxverplTa dRed ki - 23 agvisto, molotov-ribentropis paqtis gaformebis

TariRi daawesa. im fonze, rodesac vladimer putini acxadebs, rom sabWoTa

kavSiris daSla saukunis yvelaze didi geopolitikuri katastrofa iyo,

bunebrivia am ori narativis urTSeTavseba Zalzed rTulia.

saqarTveloSi postsabWoTa narativis gadawerasa da ruseTisagan

distancirebis fonze bunebrivia dris wesrigSi dadga arCevanis gakeTebis

Sirebi .... partiebi…..... parlamenti......…” am Sexedulebam maSin asaxva hpova istoriografiaS-

ic.

1945 wlis pankratovas redaqciiT gamosul ssrk-s istoriaSi stalini normandiis dakave-

bas afasebda, rogorc “brwyinvale miRwevas” da, rom “omebis istoriam ar icis sxva

msgavsi magaliTi samxedro xelovnebis aseTi ostatobis Cvenebisa.”

erTi wlis Semdeg aRniSnuli wigni Canacvlebul iqna axali redaqciiT, romelSic ikiT-

xeboda, rom 1944 wlis 6 ivniss, mokavSireTa Zalebma ganaxorcieles Crdilo safrange-

Tis dakaveba. aRniSnulma teqstma saboloo saxe Sostakovis stalinuri premiis mflo-

bel saxelmZRvaneloSi miiRo, romlis Tanaxmadac inglisi da amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-

tebi omis sami wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveli saSualebiT cdilobdnen meore frontis gax-

snisgan Tavis aridebas, magram sabWoTa armiis grandiozuli gamarjvebebis Semdeg naTe-

li gaxda, rom SeiZleba man martokam daamarcxos mteri, daikavos germaniis teritoria

da gaanTavisuflos dasavleT evropa safrangeTis CaTvliT. 1944 wlis ivlisSi inglisma

da amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma datoves inglisi da dabanakdnen safrangeTis Crdilo-

eT sanapiroze. amrigad sabWoTa narativi mkveTrad pozitiuridan negatiuri Sefasebis-

ken sul ramdenime weliwadSi Seicvala da sabolood mivida daskvnamde: “sabWoTa kav-

Sirma omi martom moigo” (Yakobson, S. 1949. pp.127-128 )

124

sakiTxi, rogor da rodis unda aRiniSnos es dRe, rogorc meore msoflio

omi Tu rogorc didi samamulo omi. arCevani faqtiurad utoldeboda

orientaciis da faseulobebis sakiTxs.

situacia ufro metad gaamwvava im faqtma, rom ruseTis federaciis

prezidentma dimitri medvedevma qarTvel xalxs da veteranebs 2009 wels

miuloca samamulo omSi gamarjvebis 64 wlisTavi da xazi gausva, rom

qarTvel xalxs mSvidobas, sikeTes da Tanxmobas usurvebda.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti ruseTis prezidentis molocvaSi is

iyo, rom saqarTvelos da ruseTis federacias Soris dRes daZabuli

urTierTobis aRdgenis perspeqtivad „saerTo istoriuli warsuli,

keTilmezoblobisa da megobrobis tradiciebi“ esaxebodaT da amasTanave

pirdapiri adamianuri kontaqtebi, kulturul da sazogadoebriv sferoebSi

TanamSromloba qarTul da rusul marTlmadideblur eklesiebs Soris

kavSirebi aRniSnul imedebs kidev aZlierebda (medvedevi d. 8 maisi, 2009).

saqarTvelos arsebuli xelisuflebis aryofnam am diskursSi kidev ufro

gaaZliera arsebuli daZabuloba da sabolood dasva sakiTxi Tu rodis

unda aReniSnaT dResaswauli 8 Tu 9 maiss.

diskurSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi 2009 wlis 8 maiss sagareo saqmeTa

ministrma grigol vaSaZem Semoitana, rodesac saqarTveloSi akreditebul

diplomatiur korpusTan erTad yvavilebiT Seamko, vakis parkSi, ucnobi

jariskacis saflavi. misi TqmiT ruseTi separatiulad iseve rogorc sxva

mravals am TariRsac 9 maiss aRniSnavs. maSin rodesac danarCeni

civilizebuli msofliosaTvis faSizmi 8 maiss damarcxda (internetwyaro #).

sagareo saqmeTa ministris aRniSnuli gancxadebis Semdeg aRniSnuli

kiTxva sazogadoebaSi diskusiis sagani gaxda. aRniSnuls daemata kidev erTi

aspeqti ra iyo saqarTevloSi 8 Tu 9 maisis aRniSvnis mizezi: faSizmze

gamarjvebis aRniSvna Tu saWota dResaswaulisadmi pativis migeba?!

pirveli sakiTxi iyo Tu ramdenad unda aRgveniSna stalinis

koaliciis wevroba da wiTel armiaSi samsaxuri ara Tavisufali, aramed

125

dapyrobili qveynis statusiT, miTumetes qarTvelebi mowinaaRmdege

hitleris armiaSi ibrZodnen; Tuki germanelebTan mebrZol qarTvelebs

hqondaT gaTvla rom nacizmis gamarjvebiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobas

daubrunebdnen, wiTlebis mxares mebrZilebs aranairi nacionaluri mizani

ar qoniaT;

8 Tu 9 maiss gamarvebiT saqarTveloSi totalitarizmi ar

damarcxebula, is kvlavac gagrZelda maSin xom ar ajobebs totalitarizmis

damarcxebasTan erTad komunizmis damarcxebis dRec avRniSnoT Tunda 31

dekembers ssrk-s daSlis dRes;

sazogadoebis meore nawilisTvis meore msoflio omis aRniSvna

civilizebul samyaros wevrobasTan asocirdeboda;

meore msoflio omSi monawileobas daaxloebiT 700 000 adamiani

Rebulobda monawileobas saidanac 300 000 am brZolaSi daiRupa da es is

adamianebi arian romelTac TavianTi sicocxliT Seitanes wvlili nacizmis

damarcxebaSi.

aRniSnuli diskusiidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT rom 8

maisis dawesebis ZiriTadi mizani sabWoTa istoriidan gaqcevis mcdeloba da

civilizebuli samyaros nawilad gaweris mcdeloba iyo.

§6.3. warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis fedraciaSi

istorikosebis roli warsulis Txrobisas umniSvnelovanesia,

ramdenedac is qmnis im narativs, romelsac sazogadoeba imaxsovrebs,

romelic iqceva koleqtiur mexsierebad da ayalibebs ganwyobas movlenaTa

mimarT. istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis sizustis Sesaxeb

urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi arsebobs. Tumca istorikosis, rogorc

WeSmaritebis maZieblis funqcia da misi zegavlenis SesaZleblobebi

126

narativis formirebis procesSi sazogadoebaSi farTod aRiarebul Temas

warmoadgens.

XX saukunis istoriografiaSi dominanturi adgili ekava

pozitivistur moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac warsulis obieqturi

Seswavla da gadmocema SesaZlebeli iyo da cdilobdnen istoriografia

WeSmaritebis Txrobis CarCoSi moeqciaT, ramdenadac WeSmaritebis wyaros

istorikosebi uSualod arqivebSi, dokumentebsa da pirvelad monacemebSi

eZebdnen da maTze dayrdnobiT mouTxrobdnen sazogadoebas warsulis

Sesaxeb (Lopes, C).

XX s-Si aRmocenebulma konstruqtivistulma xedvam istoriis Sinaarsi

istorikosis winaSe dasaxul mizans dauqvemdebara da aqcenti

didgvarovanTa yofis aRweridan, romelic aqamde dominanturi iyo,

socialur-ekonomikur sakiTxebze da ubralo adamianebis cxovrebaze

gadaitanes. xolo XXI saukuneSi mdgomareoba gaimyara

dekonstruqtivistulma xedvam, romelic istoriis Seqmnisas aqcents

mmarTveli wreebis da maTi interesebis did zegavlenaze da hegmonuri

narativebis arsebobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. swored es ukanaskneli

Zleva saSualebas visaubroT politizirebuli istoriis Sesaxeb, romlic,

rogorc wesi, politikur dRiswesrigs aris morgebuli da miznad

gadawyvetilebaTa legitimaciis amaRlebas, sazogadoebis misadmi

mxardaWeras isaxavs miznad.

„WeSmariti“ istoriis gamovlenis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvavea

gardamavali sazogadoebebisTvis, romelmac totalitaruli an

avtoritaruli mmarTveloba gamoiara. sazogadoebis interess

samarTlianobis aRdgena warmoadgens, xolo xelisuflebisaTvis aRniSnuli

sakiTxi erTis mxriv legitimurobis, xolo meores mxriv moraluri

kaTarzisis gavlis saSualebas warmoadgens.

am mimarTulebiT mexsierebis politikis formirebisas erT-erT

gavrcelebul strategias istoriuli WeSaritebis damdgeni komisiebis

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formireba warmoadgens. aRniSnuli komisia, rogorc wesi miznad isaxavs

gamoikvlios warsuli danaSaulebi, adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi,

romelic rogorc wesi wina mmarTvelobis dros ganxorcielda. aRniSnuli

komisia aseve momavali TaobaTa ganaTlebasac isaxavs miznad raTa gaacnos

warsulis saSinelebebi, rom momavalSi veravin SeZlos adamianis uflebaTa

darRvevis faqtebis uaryofa.

amasTanave komisia miCneuli rogorc politiuri iaraRi, ramdenadac

gadawyvetilebas misi Seqmnis Sesaxeb Rebuloben ara istorikosebi, aramed

politikosebi1, gansxvavebiT istoriis didaqtikuri daniSnulebidan is ufro

metad warsulTan, wina mmarTvelobasTan distancirebas, mis

arademokratiulobis damtkicebas cdilobs.

istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisiebi SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes,

rogorc „oficialuri, droebiTi, arasasamarTlo faqtebis damdgeni organo,

romelic cdilobs adamianis uflebaTa da humanitaruli samarTlis

darRvevis mamxilebeli faqtebis gamovlenas (Amnesty International, 11 June 2007.).

komisiebi, rogorc wesi:

Øorientirebulni arian warsulis Seswavlaze;

Øufro xSirad swavloben ara mxolod erT konkretul movlenas

aramed periods;

Øarian garkveuli vadiT Seqmnili, rogorc wesi es vada meryeobs

eqvsi Tvidan or wlamde da muSaobas asruleben angariSis

SeqmniT;

Øarian oficialurad sanqcionirebulni saxelmwifo instituciis

mier (Hayner, B. Ash, T. 2002. p14);

1 germaniaSi komisia Seiqmna parlamentis mier, xolo estoneTSi, latviaSi, litvasa da

rumineTSi prezidentis brZanebiT.

128

gavrcelebuli tipologizaciis Tanaxmad istoriuli WeSmaritebis

damdgeni komisia miznad isaxavs:

Øavtoritetuli Canawerebis momzadeba Tu ra xdeboda warsuli

reJimis ganmavlobaSi;

ØmsxverplTaTvis iseTi platformis Seqmna, romelic saSualebas

miscems sazogadoebisaTvis sakuTari ideebis gaziarebis

SesaZleblobas;

Øsakanonmdeblo, struqturuli da sxva saxlis cvlilebebi, raTa

moxdes danaSaulebaTa prevencia;

Øgamovlena im pirebisa, romlebic iyvnen pasuxismgeblebi

aRniSnuli danaSaulis CadenaSi (Popkin M. Roht-Arriaza N. 1995. pp 79.);

bolo 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi kerZod 1974 wlidan 30-ze meti

WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisia Seiqmna afrikaSi (samxreT afrika, uganda,

libia, maroko, zimbabve Cadi, burundi nigeria da siera leone), aziaSi (Sri

lanka, nepali da samxreT korea), centralur da laTinur amerikaSi (haiti,

bolivia, urugvai, el salvadori argentina, gvatemala, Cile, ekvadori,

panama da peru) da TviT kanadaSic ki sadac damyarda axali demokratiebi,

xelisuflebaSi movidnen axali mmarTvelebi, romlebic swored istoriuli

WeSmaritebis damdgeni komisiis saSualebiT Seecadnen gaeanalizebinaT

warsuli, epovaT samarTali da ezrunaT dayofili sazogadoebis Serigebaze.

istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisiebi sabWoTa sistemis daSlis

Semdeg ramdenime saxelmwifoSi Seiqmna da miznad sabWoTa danaSaulebis

gamovlenas isaxavda miznad. maT Soris iyo germania, rumineTi da baltiis

saxelwifoebi, mogvianebiT maT saqarTveloc SeuerTda da es ukanaskneli

kvlevis hipoTezis Tanaxmad swored baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebis

magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna.

postsabWoTa komisiebs marTalia TiToeul qveyanaSi garkveuli

Tavisebureba axasiaTebs, magram maTgan SesaZlebelia germanuli da

129

ruminuli magaliTebis gamoyofa, xolo baltiispireTis SemTxvevebi met-

naklebad SesaZlebelia gaerTiandes erT jgufad.

pirveli komponenti, riTac germaniis magaliTi gansxvavdeba sxva

saxelmwifoebisgan da maT Soris qarTuli SemTxvevisganac aris

sazogadoebis informirebulobis sakiTxi. germaniaSi aRniSnuli komisiis

muSaobas Tan axlda saxalxo ganxilvebi 1 Tumca gansxvavebiT samxreT-

afrikis komisiisgan damnaSaveebisa da msxverplTa pirispir Sexvedrebis

organizeba ar momxdara; sxva saxelmwifoebSi komiisiis muSaoba daxurulad

da sazogadoebisgan izolirebulad mimdinareobda; Tumca gansxvavebiT sxva

komisiebisagan latviaSi komisiis Sedeegebis gacnoba sazogadoebisaTvis

konferenciaTa seriis saSualebiT moxda, sadac daswreba Tavisufali iyo

da CarTulobis komponents am etapze garkveulwilad akmayofilebda.

baltiis pireTis saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen SeeswavlaT okupaciis

yvela mimartuleba, romeliv qveyanam gamoiara, kerZod, litvis komisia

swavlobda litvis okupaciis sakiTxs rogorc nacistebis, aseve

komunistebis mier, Sesabamisad komisia moicavda or komitets, romelic

aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT muSaobda; estoneTis SemTxvevaSi ikupaciis

sakiTxi qronologiurad iyo dayofili kerZod 1) estoneTis okupacia

sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1940-1941 ww-Si; 2) estoneTis okupacia nacisturi

germaniis mier da 3) xelaxali okupacia sabWoTa kavSiris mier. aseve

latviis SemTxvevaSi komisiis erTi jgufi muSaobda sabWoTa kavSiris mier

1940-1941 ww-Si latviis okupaciaze, ori jgufi holokostisa da kacobriobis

1 komisiis muSaobisas 1992 wlis maisidan 1994 wlis maisamde komisiis muSaobis

farglebSi moewyo 44 sajaro ganxilva, 40 damatebiT daxuruli ganxilva da 150 Sexvedra

komitetebTan, im sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad, romelic sazogadoebasi yvelaze

mtkivneulad aRiqmeboda. komisiis muSaobis Sedegad gamoica 148 akademiuri naSromi,

romelic 95 ZiriTad sakiTxs Seexeboda. (McAdams A. 2001)

130

winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulis sakiTxebze, xolo meoTxe jgufi 1944-1956

wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris mier qveynis xelaxla okupaciis sakiTxs

swavlobda.

istoriuli WeSmaritebis dadgenis sakiTxi ruseTis federaciaSic

daisva da gansxvavebiT zemoTaRniSnuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebic

istoriis sabWoTa kavSiriseuli versiis gadafasebas cdilobdnen, am

SemTxvevaSi piriqiT komisia swored sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis

reinterpretirebis gamovlenac cdilobda da maT winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

radganac saqarTveloSi istoriuli sinamdvilis Semswavleli komisia

garkveuliwilad gamoZaxilsac warmoadgens komisiis gadavwyviteT es

ukanasknelic gagveanalizebina, miTumetes, komisiis wevrTa gancxadebis

Tanaxmad istoriis araswori interpretaciis erT-erT umTavres wyaros

saqarTvelo da misi xelisufleba warmoadgenda.

§6.4 warsulis falsifikaciasTan brZola ruseTis federaciaSi

ruseTis federaciaSi warsulis aRqma politikuri kursis da dRis

wesrigis cvlilebazea damokidebuli. prezident v. putinis prezidentobis

bolo wlebSi da gansakuTrebiT d. medvedevis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis

Semdeg centralurma xelisuflebam aqtiurad daiwyo uaxlesi warsulis

Sefasebis gakontroleba da mtkiceba imisa, rom sabWoTa wyobileba sulac

ar iyo cudi. marTalia, mas qonda garkveuli Secdomebi, magram yavda iseTi

geniosi, rogoric ioseb stalinia, romlis Zlierma menejerulma unarma

meore msoflio omis mogeba didwilad ganapiroba. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba

aisaxa a. filipovis redaqtorobiT gamosul ruseTis istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelmac mogvianebiT istoriis oficialuri versiis

saxe miiRo.

131

yvelaze xmamaRali ganacxadi, romelmac, rogorc ruseTSi aseve mis

farglebs gareTac didi rezonansi gamoiwvia „ruseTis interesebis

sawinaaRmdegod istoriis falsifikaciasTan mebrZoli komisiis“ Seqmna iyo,

romelic uSualod prezident medvedevis brZanebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. misi

TqmiT am komisiis Seqmnis aucilebloba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom “istoriis

falsifikaciis mcdeloba sul ufro mkacri, boroti da agresiuli xdeba”.

komisias daevala Seiswavlos da gaanalizos informacia, istoriuli

faqtebisa da movlenebis falsifikaciis Sesaxeb, romelic mimarTulia,

saerTaSoriso arenaze ruseTis prestiJis Semcirebisken, aseve saxelmwifo

organoTa qmedebebis koordinacia. aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi da

adekvaturi reagirebisaTvis Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. rac

Seexeba “adekvatur reagirebas”, komisiis TiToeuli wevri erTxmad

amtkicebda, rom darRvevis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi, aranairi sadamsjelo

zomebi ar miiReboda, Tumca 2009 wlis gazafxulze sazogadoebam ‟‟Новая

газета‟‟-s saSualebiT Seityo, rom mecnierebaTa akademiam gasca instruqcia

regionaluri institutebisadmi, raTa SeedginaT istoriis

falsifikatorTa siebi. aRniSnuli faqtis gaxmaurebis Semdeg komisiaSi

ganacxades, rom es mecnierebaTa akademiis iniciativa iyo, xolo, Tavis

mxriv, akademiaSi Tavi imiT imarTles, rom siebi dasjis ki ara,

sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis dgindeboda.

aRniSnuli komisia 28 wevrisgan Sedgeboda da mas saTaveSi

prezidentis administraciis xelmZRvaneli sergei nariSkini edga, romelmac

komisiis muSaobis mizani Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: istorikosTa muSaobis

organizeba da ara koniuqturidan gamomdinare daskvnebis gakeTeba.

aseve garkveva Tu konkretulad, romeli falsificirebuli faqtebi

ayeneben ruseTis interesebs zians. manve daakonkreta falsificirebuli

istoriis kerebi, rogoric, magaliTad, mezobeli saxelmwifoebia, sadac

nacvlad keTilmezobluri damokidebulebis damyarebis mcdelobisa,

dakavebulni arian sxvadasxva saxis pretenziebis wamoyenebiT. maT Soris

132

teritoriuli, ekonomikuri, materialuri da a.S.. misi TqmiT „falsifikaciis

winaaRmdeg“ brZolis efeqtur saSualebad axali masalebis, maT Soris

gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis moZieba-damuSaveba esaxebaT.

komisiis wevrma s. markovma kidev ufro daazusta da gamyalbebelTa

Soris “ukraina, saakaSvilis reJimi, estoneTisa da latviis xelisufleba”

moixsenia. komisiis ZiriTad miznad ki “istorikosebisaTvis normaluri

pirobebis Seqmna” daasaxela, raTa normaluri muSaobis da Sesabamisi

interpretirebis saSualeba mieceT“, Tu ras gulisxmobda istorikosebis

samuSao pirobebSi ar daukonkretebia. eqspertebi saubroben xelisuflebis

mxridan momaval signalze, romelic ruseTis federaciis sinamdvileSi

“kargad muSaobs”. sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi istorikosTa naSromebi an ar

daibeWdeba, an, uares SemTxvevaSi, moxvdeba im “Sav siaSi”, romelTa Seqmnis

mcdelobaze zemoT visaubreT. amasTan, komisis moRvaweoba eqspertTa

nawilis azriT, SesaZlebelia aRviqvaT, rogorc saxelmwifo ideologiis

Camoyalibeba, rac ruseTis federaciis konstituciiT akrZalulia.

Tumca s. markovis gancxadeba ori tipis istoriis arsebobis Taobaze,

sadac pirveli-gankuTvnilia mxolod profesionali istorikosebisaTvis,

sadac SesaZlebelia saubari nebismieri simwvavis faqtebze da igi dafaruli

unda iyos sazogadoebisaTvis, meore istoriaSi ki romelic gankuTvnilia

publikisaTvis aqcenti keTdeba pozitiur urTierTobaze, erTa Soris

megobrobaze, mimaniSnebelia sadiskusio sivrcis daxurvis SesaZleblobaze,

romelic istoriis instrumentalizaciis erT-erTi niSania.

sazogadoebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobis safuZveli SesaZloa TviT

komisiis Semadgenlobamac warmoSva. 28 wevridan 6-ia mxolod istorikosi,

danarCeni nawili dakompleqtebulia sagareo dazvervis, uSiSroebis sabWos

sxvadasxva saministroebis warmomadgenlebiT da ruseTis armiis generaluri

Stabis ufrosic ki. komisiis mdivania isaak kalinini, romelic aqtiuri

lobisti iyo a. filipovis saxelmZRvanelosi “ruseTis istoria”, sadac

stalini moxseniebulia, XX saukunis efeqturi menejeris saxeliT, xolo

133

represiebi ki ganxilulia, rogorc “izderJka”. amasTamnave am

saxelmZRvaneloSi mTeli paragrafi eTmoba v. putinis “suverenuli

demokratiis koncefcias.

§6.4.1 sabWoTa istoriis sadao sakiTxebi

komisia muSaobs sami mimarTulebiT: ukraina, baltiis qveynebi da

saqarTvelo. xolo gansaxilveli movlenebi ki ZiriTadad XX saukunes exeba.

esaa meore msoflio omi da misi Sedegebi. aseve ialtis konferenciis

Semdeg Seqmnili viTareba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba meore

msoflio omis dawyebis mizezs da stalinis politikas. gavrcelebuli

Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, omis dawyebaSi germanias, italias da iaponias

edeboda brali. magram bolo dros aqtiurad daiwyo saubari masSi sabWoTa

kavSiris, rogorc erT-erTi agresoris rolze. rac, bunebrivia, ruseTisTvis,

rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris uSualo memkvidrisTvis, miuRebelia.

Sesabamisad komisias zemoT aRniSnuli faqtebis ganxilva evaleba.

garda amisa SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime konkretuli sadao sakiTxi:

poltavis brZola; golodomori 1932-1933ww.; 1938 wlis 29 seqtembris

miunxenis SeTanxmeba; molotov-ribentropis paqti; katinis saqme; dava

represiis masStabebis Sesaxeb; msxverpli samxedro da samoqalaqo pirTa

Soris; lend-lizi; II msoflio omis periodSi arsebuli ss dajufebebis

legitimaciis procesi da a.S.

falsifikaciasTan brZolaSi aseve aqtiurad Cabmulia ruseTis

Tavdacvis saministro, sadac gamodis internet Jurnali saxelwodebiT:

“Военно-Исторический Журнал”, mudmivad ibeWdeba msgavsi sakiTxebi rubrikiT:

“Против Лжи и Фальсификасий”. amave JurnalSi daibeWda samxedro

institutis TanamSromel polikovnik s. kovalovis statia “Вымыслы и

Фальсификасии в Оценках Роли СССР Накануне и с Началом Второй Мировой

134

Войны” avtori meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi brals sdebda poloneTs,

romelmac ar daakmayofila germaniis teritoriuli pretenzia da

iZulebuli gaxada Tavs dasxmoda poloneTs (internet wyaro #22).. am

statiam didi rezonansi gamoiwvia da saministro iZulebuli gaxda

ganecxadebina, rom maRalCinosani avtoris mosazreba ar iyo saministros

oficialuri Sexeduleba, amis sapasuxod poloneTis sagareo uwyebam

mosTxova ruseTis federaciis elCs poloneTSi aexsna Tu ratom xvdeba

msgavsi Sinaarsis statiebi uwyebis oficialur beWdviT organoSi (internet

wyaro #21)..

garda komisiis Seqmnisa ruseTSi momzadda agreTve sakanonmdeblo

bazac, kerZod, ruseTis dumam miiRo kanoni "axal damoukidebel

respublikebSi yofil ssrk-s teritoriaze nacizmis da misi mimdevrebis

reabilitaciis Sesaxeb”. konstantine zatulini saubrobs aseve sanqciebis

aucileblobaze da, misi TqmiT, aRniSnuli aucileblad Seexeba ukrainas

litvas da estoneTs, „sadac aqtiurad mimdinareobs, antisabWoTa politika“.

fizikuri pirebisTvis kanonproeqti gulisxmobs fulad jarimas 300 aTas

rublamde, aseve patimrobis sam wlian vadas mZime SemTxvevebSi (internet23

wyaro #21).. xolo saxelmwifoebis doneze diplomatiuri kavSiris gawyvetis

doneze gadawydeba.

ruseTisaTvis erT-erT mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgens maTive

sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT „sokosaviT momravlebuli“ sabWoTa okupaciis

muzeumebi romlebic sxva araferia Tu ara rusofobiis da siZulvilis

danergva adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi 1.

1 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ruseTi ara aris is gamonaklisi sadac msgavsi kanonebi

funqcionirebs. magaliTad: safrangeTSi ikrZaleba frangul koloniebSi safrangeTis pozitiuri rolis uaryofa, aseve Turqebis mier somxebis genocidis da holokostis uaryofa. am ukanasknelis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba ikrZaleba germaniaSi da avstriaSi.

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§6.4.2 sabWoTa warulis aRqma da istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis

sakiTxi

ruseTis mTavroba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebs. istoriis oficialuri versia, romelic

saxelmZRvaneloSi unda aisaxos 2003 wels v. putinma, gaaxmovana rodesac

axalgazrda istorikosebTan Sexvedrisas xazi gausva, rom istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebi axalgazrdebSi unda iwvevdes “siamayis grZnobas Tavisi

qveynis istoriisadmi, samSoblosadmi”. aseve 2007 wels erT-erT

konferenciaze isurva, rom istoriis maswavleblebma stalinis periodi

dadebiTi mxriT warmoadginon, radganac man Seqmna sabWoTa kavSiris sidiade

da mougo omi hitlers, xolo misi Secdomebi, sulac ar yofila

gansakuTrebuli da gansxvavebuli. swored msgavsi Sinarsisaa a. filipovis

“ruseTis uaxlesi istoria”, romelic 1945-2006 wlebs moicavs.

saxelmZRvaneloSi stalinis roli calke qveTavadaa ganxiluli da

xazgasmiTaa saubari, rom stalinis mTeli moRvaweoba ruseTis imperiis,

rogorc teritoriuli, aseve politikuri niSniT aRdgenas emsaxureboda

(internet wyaro #12).

zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, komisiac ar uvlis gverds mocemul

sakiTxs. s. nariSkinma gansakuTrebiT yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze, rom

ukanaskneli 15 wlis manZilze Seiqmna araerTi skolis saxelmZRvanelo,

romelTa done da Sinaarsi sadaoa, radganac Seicavs cdomilebebs faqtebsa

da qveynis rolTan msoflio politikasTan mimarTebaSi da komisiis erT-

erTi umTavresi mizani swored specialistebis daxmarebiT

saxelmZRvaneloebis donis amaRleba da istoriis politikuri sicruisgan

gawmenda iqneba.

yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba aseve post-sabWoTa qveynebis istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebi, romelTa Seswavlis mizniT araerTi kvleva Catarda,

136

raTa gaegoT rogor aRiqvamen aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi sakuTar warsuls.

magaliTad “sazogadoebrivi teqnologiebis centrma“ da “evraziis

monitorma” Seiswavla 12 yofili sabWoTa saxelmwifos 187 saskolo

saxelmZRvanelo da maTi TqmiT “mravali axali ram Seityves ruseTis

Sesaxeb”. gamonakliss mxolod somxeTisa da belorusis saxelmZRvaneloebi

warmoadgenda. danarCenSi istoriuli faqtebi da movlenebi gayalbebuli da

„nacionalur interesebze iyo morgebuli“. magaliTad azerbaijanis me-6

klasis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi weria, rom azerbaijanelTa winaprebi

Sumerebis Tanamedroveni arian, radganac Tavdapirveli cnobebi maT Sesaxeb

Sumerul eposebSi moipoveba. xolo saqarTvelos istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebis rukebSi saqarTvelos farglebSi moxseniebulia

Tanamedrove azerbaijanis, ruseTis da TurqeTis teritoriebi. maTi daskvniT

istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi ruseTs brals sdeben genocidSi. magaliTad,

yirgizeTSi, ukrainaSi, xolo azerbaijanSi ssrk-s da ruseTis mTeli

politika amgvaradaa Sefasebuli.

rac Seexeba meore msoflio omis Sefasebas, TiTqmis yvela,

gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos, moldaveTis da uzbekeTis

saxelmZRvaneloebi sabWoTa ruseTs agresorad racxaven da faSistur

germaniasTan erTad Tanabar brals sdeben omis dawyebaSi.

„saqarTveloSi ukve pirveli klasis saxelmZRvanelodanve

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aqtzea saubari, romelic 1991

wlis 9 aprils miiRes. iq konkretulad naTqvamia: 1921 wlis Teberval-

martSi sabWoTa ruseTma SeiaraRebuli agresiis gziT saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos okupacia ganaxorciela, rasac Semdgom fizikuri aneqsia mohyva.

saqarTvelos mTels yofnas sabWoTa kavSirSi Tan sdevda sisxliani terori

da represiebi... kvlevis avtorebis TqmiT saxelmZRvaneloebSi saerTod ar

aris naxsenebi Tu ra sargebeli miiRes yofili ssrk-s respublikebma.

metic gamokveTilia “absoluturi borotebis” Teoriisken mibrunebis

procesi, romelsac ruseTi ganasaxierebs (internet wyaro #13).

137

amrigad, ruseTis federaciaSi warsuli aRiqmeba rogorc oficialuri

ideologiis nawili da morgebulia qveynis Tanamedrove gamowvevebs.

romelic, Tavis mxriv ruseTis, rogorc zesaxelmwifos adgilis

dabrunebas isaxavs miznad saerTaSoriso arenaze. ruseTis SemTxvevaSi

problemas sadiskusio sivrcis ar arseboba, arqivebis daxurva da

saxelisuflebo wreebis mier miRebuli versiis arseboba qmnis.

saqarTvelos rogorc istoriis falsifikaciis erT-erTi wyaros aRqma

dapirispirebuli narativebis warmoSobis da maTi rogorc politikuri

faqtoris gamoyenebisTvis qmnis safuZvels.

§6.5. saqarTvelos istoriuli sinamdvilis damdgeni komisia

omis damTavrebidan ramdenime TveSi saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa

dacvis da sportis ministrad dainiSna nikoloz rurua, romelic cnobili

iyo, rogorc Zalovani struqturebis warmomadgeneli. aRniSnul cvlileba

xelisuflebis argumentaciiT swored kulturis politikis didma

mniSvnelobam ganapiroba. mogvianebiT ki Tavad ministrma qarTul

kulturaze saubrisas mas „saxelmwifoebriobisa da identobis

safuZveli“ uwoda. saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenlobis

aRniSnuli cvlileba eqspertebis mier realuri omis qaRaldze gadatanad

iqna Sefasebuli.

sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia kentis universitetis (aSS)

doqtorant vasil ruxaZis statiam, (internet wyaro #14) romelSiac is

ruseTis 200 wliani mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg koleqtiuri mexsierebis

Seqmnis aucileblobaze saubrobda da am procesSi gadamwyvet rols swored

xelisuflebas aniWebda. misi TqmiT: koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmnas erebi

da sazogadoebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi tragikuli da sisxliani okupaciebis

Semdeg iwyeben, raTa okupaciiT Seryeuli erovnuli identoba da erovnuli

138

erTianobis Camoyalibebas Seuwyon xeli... rac saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda

da amis Sedegia rom dResac arsebobs kolaboracionistebis warmoSobis

safrTxe. am gamowvevis sapasuxo erT erT aucilebel nabijad avtors

istoriuli simarTlis damdgeni komisiis Camoyalibeba miaCnda. ruxaZis

statiis gamoqveyneba win uswrebda komisiis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb

prezidentis gancxadebas, rac misi gancxadebiT SemTxveviTi iyo

(siRrmiseuli interviu v. ruxaZesTan 4 ivlisi, 2014).

istoriuli simarTlis saxelmwifo komisiiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma sazogadoebas 2010 wlis 9

aprils okupaciis muzeumidan ganucxada „dRes rogorc arasdros saWiroa

am istoriis Seswavla, rac aucilebelia brZolis gasagrZeleblad da

movlenaTa uaresi ganviTarebis Tavidan asacileblad“. miuxedavad imisa rom

maSinve gacxadda rom aRniSnuli komisiis xelmZRvaneli vasil ruxaZe

iqneboda, xolo mdivani Tornike SaraSeniZe, uSualod komisis Seqmnis

oficialuri aqtis xelmoweras ramdenime Tve dasWirda da igi oficialurad

2010 wlis 5 agvistos swored 9 aprilis gancxadebis safuZvelze gamocxadda

Seqmnilad.

komisiis debulebis Tanaxmad misi ZiriTadi mizania saqarTvelos XIX-

XX saukuneebis istoriuli mexsierebis, saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis 200-

wliani politikisa da misi Sedegebis Seswavla da safuZvlian samecniero-

istoriul kvleva-Ziebaze damyarebuli daskvna-reportis momzadeba, romelic

srulad aRwers saqarTvelos mier caristuli da sabWoTa ruseTis

okupaciis periodSi gadatanili istoriuli Zaladobis faqtebs. komisiam

aRniSnuli naSromi 2010 wlis 15 dekembramde unda waredgina. aRniSnuli

faqti sazogadoebis mxridan momdinare kritikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi

gaxda.

eqspertebis nawilis azriT drois aseT mokle monakveTSi Rirebuli

naSromis Seqmna, romelic asaxavs ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis 200

wlian periods, SeuZlebelia. magram mogvianebiT T. SaraseniZem ganmarta,

139

rom dokumenti ar iqneboda sqeltaniani samecniero naSromi aramed 40-50

gverdiani naSromi, romelic „mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom waikiTxos

Cveulebrivma adamianma, romelic SesaZloa saerTod ar icnobs saqarTvelos

istorias, an ucxoelebma, romlebmac araferi ician saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

dokumenti unda iyos mokle da datvirTuli da iTargmnos rusul da

inglisur enebze anu, naSromi farTo auditoriisTvis iqneba gankuTvnili da

ara imdenad istorikosebisTvis, vinc saqarTvelos istoria isedac kargad

icis. SemdgomSi Tu vinmes CaRrmaveba moundeba, SeuZlia gaecnos moxsenebebs,

romlebic daweres Cvenma istorikosebma da romlebic edeba safuZvlad am

Cvens saboloo moxsenebas“ (internet wyaro #20)

komisiis xelmZRvanelis TqmiT Seiqmna 105 gverdiani naSromi, romelic

aRwerda me-18 saukunidan sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde saqarTvelos istorias.

miuxedavad imisa komisiis xelmZRvanelis gancxadebiT xelisuflebam

dadebiTad Seafasa organos muSaoba, Tavad dokumenti jerjerobiT sajaro

ar gamxdara. Tumca komisiis wevrebis diskursidan ikveTeboda ramdenime

sintereso tendencia:

1. qarTvelebis wvlili okupaciis procesSi; komisiis musaobis

Sedegad unda gaamalizdes ara mxolod rogoriiyo qarTul

rusuli urTierTobebi, aramed rogori iyo TiToeuli mxaris

roli im politikis formirebaSi rac saboloo jamSi miviReT.

(Tornike SaraSeniZis gancxadebiT georgievskis traqtatis

dadebaSi, romelsac Tavad negatiurad afasebs, didi wvlili

miuZRvis erekle meoris karis garemocvas, romlebic aqtiurad

lobirebdnen aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis dadebas (sabWoTa

kavSiris kvlevis laboratoria. 2010);

2. sazogadoeba ar icnobs istorias amitomac unda gavacnoT. adre

arsebuli istoria xazgasmiT dadebiTad warmoaCenda ruseTis

rols saqarTveloSi, magaliTad ruseTis mier saqarTvelos

teritoriebis dabrunebas, marTalia saqarTvelosTvis dadebiTi

140

Sedegebi qonda, magram ruseTs ufro metad adardebda

SavisRvispireTSi Tavisi strategiuli mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba

vidre saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, miTumetes

baTumis SemoerTebis Semdeg ruseTna aqtiurad daiwyo

demografiul mdgomareobis cvlileba regionSi;

3. warsulidan garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis auilebloba, raTa

momavalSi ar gavimeoroT; komisiis muSaobis Sedegi unda

yofiliyo istoriis, rogorc maswavleblis daniSnulebis

matarebeli. 200 wlis manZilze ruseTTan urTierTobis yvela

mcdeloba saqarTvelosTvis sazianod dasrulda. Sesabamisad

droa garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis da momvavalSi

urTierTobebis swored warsulis gamocdilebis safuZvelze

dagegmvis;

Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis diskursi da damokidebulebebi ruseTis

federaciisa da kolaboracionistebis mimarT am dokumentiT Rebulobda

legitomaciis ufro maRal, xarisxs, ramdenadac aw ukve wyaroebze

dayrdnobiT, mecnierul safuZvelze iqneboda naCvenebi is suraTi, rac

Sedegad moyva qarTul rusul 200 wlian urTierTobas.

141

daskvna

mexsierebis aqtualizacia da misi gamoyeneba saxelmwifos mSeneblobis

procesSi uaRresad aqtualur Temas warmoadgens. mis aqtualurobas

gansakuTrebiT xels uwyobs is faqti Tuki qveyanas aqvs igive gamowvevebi,

rac wlebis win awuxebda sazogadoebas da aseve gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli

damokidebulebiT sakuTari warsulis misamarTiT.

saqarTvelos SemTxveva yvela zemoTCamoTvlil kriteriums

akmayofilebs. ramdenadac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg darRveuli

identobis da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sakiTxi Tavidan dadga dRis

wesrigSi. saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi Tavisebureba

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aramemkvidreobiToba iyo, kerZod,

damoukideblobis aRdgenidan moyolebuli TiToeuli prezidenti qveyanaSi

mSeneblobis process xelaxla iwyebda, rac TavisTavad zegavlenas axdenda

warsulis memkvidreobis gaazrebisa da mexsierebis politikis formirebis

procesze, mis xasiaTsa Tu strategiaze.

zviad gamsaxurdias da mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis dros

gamokveTilia sabWoTa warsulis gadafasebis, rogorc saxelmwifo

politikis nawilad qcevis mcdeloba, magram am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi,

tendenciebi cvalebadia da is gamokveTilad aris morgebuli sagareo

politikis prioritetebs.

mocemuli kvleva miznad isaxavda arsebul monacemebis gaanalizebis

safuZvelze Seemowmebina oTxi ZiriTadi hipoTeza, romelic cdilobda

aexsna saqarTveloSi mexsierebis politikis xasiaTi, strategiebi,

ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi da aseve misi mimarTuleba.

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hipoTeza #1: mexsierebis politika saqarTveloSi mimarTulia zemodan

qvemoT;

mexsierebis politikis zemodan qvemoT mimarTebaSi igulisxmeba misi

formirebis da gavrcelebis mimarTuleba. saqarTveloSi mexsierebis

politikis tendenciis analizisas ikveTeba, rom ZiriTadi iniciativebi

rogorc wesi zemodan qvemoT aris mimarTuli. ZiriTadad saxelisuflebo

wreebSi formirdeboda is ZiriTadi tendenciebi, romlis ZiriTadi

daniSnuleba sazogadoebrivi azris konkretuli miznis garSemo

gaerTianebaa.

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mesierebis politikaSi ori ZiriTadi

mimarTuleba gamoikveTa, romelTa periodizaciac gansxvavdeba. pirveli

mimarTuleba saqarTvelos gmiruli warsulis gaxseneba da misi, rogorc

magaliTis gamoyenebaa, meore ki exeba 200 wliani warsulis (1801-1991 ww),

Tavisuflebis dakargvis da okupaciis da okupantebis damaxsovrebas.

pirveli mimarTuleba 2003-2006 ww-Si xorcieldeboda da am dros

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa diskursi orientirebuli iyo

saqarTvelos diadi warsulis gaxsenebaze am narativSi saqarTvelos

okupaciis da okupantebis Sesaxeb adgili ar aRmoCnda. 2006 wlidan ki

mexsierebis politikis orientiri saqarTvelos ruseTTan urTierTobis

negatoiuri gamocdilebis aspeqtebze xazgasma iyo.

hipoTeza #2: mexsierebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas hegemonuri nartivis

danergvis mcdeloba warmoadgens, romelic xorcieldeba simbolizaciisa da

viqtimizaciis strategiebiT;

zemoT naxsenebi mexsierebis mimarTulebebis dagegmvisas gansxvvebuli

strategiebi gamoiyeneboda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gmiruli warsulis

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warmoCenisas aqcenti simboloebze da sazogadoebaSi maT danergvaze

xdeboda aqcentireba.

post vardebis revoluciuri saqarTvelos axali saxelmwifoebrivi

simboloebi sWirdeboda, Sesabamisad Seicvala qveynis droSa, gerbi da himni.

Tavad vardebis revolucia (aseve baTumis „ganTavisufleba“) simbolurad

daukavSirda giorgobis TariRs (23 noemberi da 6 maisi) da Tavisuflebis

moedanze aRmarTul wminda giorgis qandakebas, rogorc borotebasTan

mebrZolis da am brZolaSi gamarjvebulis.

saxelisuflebo diskursSi aqtiurad Cndebian Tanamedrove gmirebi,

romlebic axal, modernizebul saqarTvelos qmnian, maT adareben daviT

aRmaSenebels, Tamar mefes saqarTvelos istoriul personaJebs, romelTac

Seqmnes saqarTvelos oqros xana. Tavad mixeil saakaSvilma inauguraciamde

fici daviT aRmaSeneblis saflavze dado, riTac saqarTveloSi diadi

aRmSeneblobis epoqis dasawyisi gamoacxada. qveynis modernizaciis da

ganviTarebisken swrafvis Cvenebisas aqtiurad gamoiyeneba wina

xelisuflebis droindeli mdgomareobis, rogorc cudis da

„damyayebulis“ Sefaseba, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli iqca simbolod,

saiTkenac saqarTvelos arasodes ar unda dabrundes.

simboluria aseve erovnuli gmirebis dafaseba da maTi samSobloSi

Camosvenebis erovnul dResaswaulad qceva, rogoric iyo qaquca

ColoyaSvilis da zviad gamsaxurdias SemTxvevaSi.

mexsierebis politikis meore mimarTulebis analizisas ZiriTadi

strategia viqtimizacia da damnaSavis Ziebaa. Tuki 2006 wlamde

saxelisuflebo diskursSi ar gamoiyeneba termini „okupanti“,

„agresori“ 2006 wlis Semdeg is aqtiurad Cndeba. metic iqmneba mexsierebis

adgilebi, romelibic qmnian xsovnas msxverplis Sesaxeb. esenia okupaciis

muzeumi, aqtiuluri xdeba kojor tabaxmelaSi iunkrebis memoriali,

Tebervlis bolo kvira cxaddeba okupaciis kvireulad da mis aRsaniSnavad

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skolebSi ewyoba RonisZiebebi, icvleba iwyeba meore msoflio omis aRniSvna

(8 maiss) nacvlad didi samamulo omisa (9 maisi), goris centraluri

moednidan gadaaqvT stalinis Zegli da cxaddeba konkursi, rom mis nacvlad

Zeglis pedestalze daidgas erTianobis memoriali. iqmneba WeSmaritebis

damdgeni komisia romelmac unda Seiswavlos ruseT-saqarTvelos

urTierTobis 200 wliani istoria da amiT xeli Seuwyos koleqtiuri

mexsierebis Seqmnas, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelo araerTxel gamxdara

ruseTis msxverpli. am SemTxvevaSi mexsierebis politika ukavSirdeba

erovnul usafrTxoebas da cdilobs aRmofxvras qveyanaSi

kolaboracionistuli ganwyobebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba

hipoTeza #3: mexsierebis strategiis arCevanze zegavlenas axdens

sagareo politikis orientirebi;

zemoT naxsenebi mexsierebis politikis ori mimarTulebis arseboba

sagareo politikuri kursiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod, vardebis

revoluciis Semdeg prezidentma saakaSvilma megobrobis xeli gauwoda

ruseTis federaciis pezidents da SesTavaza urTierTobebis axlidan,

rogorc Tanabaruflebiani partniorebis doneze dawyeba.

am mimarTulebiT garkveuli warmatebebis miRweva, rac gamoixateboda

rusuli samSvidobeobis axalqalaqis bazidan gasvlaSi, aisaxeboda

politikur diskursSi, sadac aqcenti warsul da Tanamedrove miRwevebze da

Sesabamisad maT Semoqmedebze keTdeboda. Rirebulebebis gadafaseba,

mentalobis cvlileba es is Temebia, romelic farulad mianiSnebda

negatiuri gamocdilebis qonaze.

rusul -qarTuli urTierTobis gauareseba, rac saqarTvelo-ruseTis

damakavSirebel energomatareblebze diversiiT da qarTvelebis ruseTis

federaciidan masobrivi deportaciiT daiwyo saxelisuflebo diskursSic

aisaxa. 2007 wlis TebervalSi, pirvelad, prezidentma sakaSvilma pativi

miago kojor-tabaxmelaze 1921 wlis TebervalSi me 11-e armiis winaaRmdeg

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daRupul gmirTa memorials da xazi gausva rom isini saqarTvelos

okupantebTan brZolaSi daRupnen. am periodidan moyolebuli saqarTvelo -

ruseTis urTierTobebi sul ufro metd mwvavdeba, rac Tavis mxriv asaxvas

poulobs mexsierebis politikis xasiaTze. is ufro metad radikaluri xdeba

da ukavSirdeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxs, ramdenadac, 1921 wels

kolaboracionistuli moZraobis wvlili saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

dakargvaSi sakmaod didi iyo. qarTveli politikosTa nawilis mier

gakeTebuli gancxadebebi da maTi vizitebi moskovSi swored msgavs

moZraobTan asocirdeboda xelisuflebisaTvis.

sagareo safrTxe aris erT-erTi amxsneli Tu ratom moxerxda e.w.

Tavisuflebis qartiis (lustraciis kanonis) miReba, rac verc erTma

xelisuflebam 1991 wlidam moyolebuli ver SeZlo. es kanoni unda

gamxdariyo erT-erTi Semakavebeli faqtori msgavsi tipis aqtivobebisa.

hipoTeza #4: socialuri konstruqcionizmi warmoadgens ZiriTad

amxsnels, ramdenadac am Teoriis Tanaxmad sazogadoeba erTgvar

konstruqcias warmoadgens da SesaZlebelia interpretaciebis Sesabamisad

Sinaarsis cvlileba, rac didwilad damokidebulia politikis dRis

wesrigze, faqtebis SerCeviTobiT aris ganapirobebuli, rom mexsierebis

konstruireba da marTva SeuZliaT maT, visac sazogadoebis darwmunebis

meqanizmebze wvdoma exelmwifeba.

zemoTaRniSnuli oTxi hipoTezidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia

visaubroT mexuTe hipoTezis damtkicebis SesaZleblobaze, ramdenadac

saqarTveloSi mexsierebis politika 2003-2012 wlebSi dafuZnebuli iyo

warsulidan faqtebis politikuri dRis wesrigis Sesabamisad SerCevaze, mis

Sesabamis interpretirebasa da sazogadoebisaTvis sxvadasxva produqtis

saxiT miwodebaze. am periodisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia e.w. hegemonuri

narativi, romlis sazogadoebaSi popularizaciisaTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba

informaciis gavrcelebis yvela saSualeba monumentebidan kinofilmebamde.

146

zemoT aRniSnuli debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia

garkveuli daskvenebis gakeTeba . kerZod:

Tavdapirvelad apelireba axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobaze axal

SesaZleblobebze, axal adamianebze, moiTxovda warsulidan faqtebis

gamoTxovas, romelic orientirebuli iqneboda sazogadoebis gaerTianebaze,

Sedakonfliqtebis aRmofxvraze, mankieri Cvevebis daviwyebaze. am procesSi

umniSvnelovanesi iyo diadi brZolebis, gamarjvebebis da maTi avtorebis

memoralizacia.

saqarTveloSi Seiqmna gmirebis „panTeoni“, romelTaTvis unda miebaZaT,

amasTan es gmirebi moicavda ara mxolod istoriul gmirebs, aramed

Tanamedrovedac, moqalaqeebs, romlebic keTilsindisierad asrulebdnen,

maTze dakisrebul movaleobas. es ukanaskneli miuTiTebda, rom qveyanaSi

mdgomareoba ar aris statikuri, aramed dinamiuria, mudmivad progresirebs.

ruseTis federaciidan saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis deportacia,

inergodiversia, embargo qarTul produqtebze. es is faqtorebia, romelTac

saqarTveloSi mexsierebis politikis strategiis radikaluri cvlileba

gamoiwvia.

Tumca gamowvevebis cvlilebTa fonze Seicvala gmirebis panTeoni.

arsebuli „gantevebis vacis Ziebisa“ da „ damfuZnebeli mamebis“ Ziebis

procesi Canacvlda „viqtimizaciis“ strategiiT, rodesac aqcenti gadatanil

iqna Tu ras ver miaRwia qveyanam, ra dakarga mas Semdeg, rac Zaladobis

gamoyenebiT Camoaciles ganiviTarebis arCeul kurss. amasTan msxverplis

mexsiereba moicavda SiSs, rom SesaZloa istoria ganmeordes da

„mterma“ qveyanaSi moeZebnos dasayrdeni, rac man warsulSi moaxerxa.

miTumetes qveyanaSi dResac moiZebnebodnen adamianebi, romelTa xedva

radikalurad gansxvavdeboda arsebuli saxelisuflebo diskursisagan.

147

agvistos omis Semdeg viqtimizaciis procesi SesaZlebelia Sefasdes,

rogorc erTgvari proeqti, romelic kompleqsuri aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT

miznad isaxavda axali koleqtiuri mexsierebis konstruirebas. amasTanave

surda aRniSnuli mexsierebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad qcevas.

amasTanave mexsierebis politikas aramxolod saSinao daniSnuleba,

aramed sagareo gaTvlebic qonda, kerZod, am politikiT saqarTvelos

xelisufleba miznad isaxavda erTian evropul ojaxis wevrad gaxdomas,

ramdenadac misi narativi iqneboda msgavsi aRmosavleT evropuli narativisa,

romelic daupirispirdeboda ruseTs, romelic am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc

sabWoTa kavSiris uSualo memkvidre da misi politikuri kursis

gamgrZelebeli gamodioda.

148

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1. kvlevis laboratoria sabWoTa warsulis, warsulis rekonstruqcia:

istoriografiis roli sabWoTa warsulis gaazrebaSi

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siRrmiseuli interviuebi:

1. farnaoz lomaSvili- istorikosi 15.10.2013

2. gogi gegeWkori- 1992 w. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri

10.10.2013

3. levan berZeniSvili- parlamentari, lustraciis kanonis

iniciatori 12.11.2014

4. gia TorTlaZe- „Tavisuflebis qartiis“ iniciatori 19.11.2014

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5. levan uruSaZe- okupaciis muzeumis direqtori 10.02.2013

6. oTar janeliZe -istorikosi 05.09.2013

7. vasil ruxaZe - istoriuli WeSmaritebisdamdgeni komisiis

xelmZRvaneli 04.07.2014

8. nika rurua - yofili kulturis ministri 20.12.2014

9. omar TuSuriSvili, Sss arqivis direqtori 20.12.2014

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164

mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTvebi

1. 10.09.2004 saqarTvelos prezidentis sajaro gamosvla afxazeTis

umaRlesi sabWos wevrebTan Sexvedraze

2. 26.05.2004 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro

gamosvla saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRisadmi miZRvnil

aRlumze

3. 23.02.2004 saqarTvelos prezidentis sajaro gamosvla jorj

vaSingtonis saxelobis universitetSi

4. 26.05.2005 mixeil sakaSvilis sajaro gamosvla saqarTvelos

damoukideblobisadmi miZRvnil aRlumze

5. 24.02.2005 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili parlamentSi

wlis saangariSo moxsenebiT gamovida

6. 23.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTva

forumze ”evropis gaTavisuflebis axali talRa, demokratia da

transformacia”

7. 22.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma

saerTaSoriso forumi ”evropis gaTavisuflebis axali talRa,

demokratia da transformacia” gaxsna

8. 10.07.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

baTumSi saerTaSoriso konferenciaze - “saqarTvelos mTavrobis

iniciativa samxreT oseTis konfliqtis mSvidobian

daregulirebasTan dakavSirebiT”

165

9. 29.10.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

biznesmenTa forumze

10. 26.05.2005 25 maiss saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma

wlis Semajamebeli brifingi gamarTa

10.05.2005 prezident mixeil saakaSvilis misalmeba amerikis SeerTebul

Statebis prezidentisadmi

11. 15.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis gamosvla gaeros generaluri

asambleis mesamoce sesiaze

12. 03.06.2005 Выступление Президента Грузии Михаила Саакашвили на

саммите СНГ в Тбилиси

13. 10.10.2005saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilisa da litvis

prezidentis valdas adamkusis erToblivi preskonferencia

14. 20.11.2005saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

zugdidSi

15. 21.04.2005saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis

iuridiul fakultetze

16. 01.04.2005saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saxelmwifo

kancelariaSi brifingi gamarTa

17. 26.07.2005 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili

konstituciuri usafrTxoebis departamentSi samarTaldamcavi

sruqturebis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda

18. 25.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma

pervelkurselebs sityviT mimarTa

166

19. 03.05.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTva

qarTveli erisadmi. Tbilisis sakrebuloSi saqarTvelos

prezidenti umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebs Sexvda

20. 11.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

patriotTa pirvel erovnul forumze

21. 04.07.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saxelmwifo

teqnikur universitetSi Jani kalandaZis saxelobis auditoria

gaxsna

22. 09.12.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

quTaisSi zurab Jvanias saxelobis administraciuli skolis

gaxsnaze

23. 31.05.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saqarTvelos

teritoriidan ruseTis samxedro bazebis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT

or qveyanas Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis Taobaze brifingi gamarTa

24. 28.12.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

biznesmenebTan erTad gamarTul saqvelmoqmedo vaxSamze

25. 16.02.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis sajaro gamosvla ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

26. 23.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze

27. 21.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

samebis sakaTedro taZarSi

28. 31.12.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma sazogado

moRvaweebi Rirsebis ordenebiTa da medlebiT daajildova

167

29. 04.08.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

SvedeTSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso forumze

30. 04.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma gia

xeviaSvili ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ministrad waradgina

31. 23.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma axali

airturbinuli eleqtrosadguri gaxsna

32. 22.01.2006mixeil saakaSvilma gazsadenis afeTqebasTan dakavSirebiT

telekompania ”bi-bi-si”-sTvis komentari gaakeTa

33. 20.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

eneTmecnierebis xelnawerTa institutSi

34. 27.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma energomomaragebis sakiTxebze

TaTbiri gamarTa

35. 19.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

energetikis sabWos sxdomaze

35.05.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma sagangebo

gancxadeba gaakeTa

36. 26.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo

gancxadeba

37. 22.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo

gancxadeba

38. 21.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili sakrebulos

wevrebs Sexvda

39. 22.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze

168

40. 24.01.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma da SvedeTis

premier-ministrma ioran personma erToblivi brifingi gamarTes

41. 25.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

qarTvel iunkerTa xsovnisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze

42. 03.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis gamosvla miunhenis 42-e

saerTaSoriso konferenciisadmi miZRvnil sadilze

43. 23.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sityva

mosamarTleTa ficis dadebis ceremoniaze

44. 14.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis

yovelwliuri Semajamebeli moxseneba parlamentis sagazafxulo

sesiaze

45. 18.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis forumze

46. 21.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gancxadeba

uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze

47. 24.02.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saqarTvelos

erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdoma gamarTa

48. 17.03.2006saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma brifingi

gamarTa

49. 14.03.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis

misasalmebeli sityva TurqeTis respublikis prezidentis ahmeT

nejdeT sezeris mimarT

50. 27.03.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze

169

51. 09.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma 9 aprilis

dResTan dakavSirebiT gancxadeba gaakeTa

52. 06.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili rusTavis

„azotis“ qarxanas ewvia

53. 25.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma

energetikuli komisiis sxdoma gamarTa

54. 08.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili regionaluri

mediis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda

55. 03.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi

56. 18.04.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili saparlamento

umravlesobis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda

57. 26.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro

gamosvla saqarTvelos damoukideblobisadmi miZRvnil aRlumze

58. 06.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili aWaris

mTavrobis saxlTan sityviT gamovida

59. 06.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma baTumSi,

evropis moedanze axal monuments Cauyara safuZveli

60. 11.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis

misasalmebeli sityva estoneTis prezidentis arnold ruutelis

mimarT

61. 10.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

mTavrobis sxdomaze

170

62. 03.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili zurab Jvanias

saxelobis saxelmwifo administrirebis skolis

kursdamTavrebulebs Sexvda

63. 27.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma saqvelmoqmedo vaxSamze

biznesmenebs sityviT mimarTa

64. 07.05.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakSvilma da xorvatiis

respublikis prezidentma stiepan mesiCma erToblivi brifingi

gamarTes

65. 14.06.2006 saqarTvelosa da ruseTis prezidentebis erToblivi

brifingi

13.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro

gamosvla baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis prezentaciaze

66. 28.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo

gancxadeba kodoris xeobaSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiT

67. 12.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis Sexvedra

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebTan

68. 17.07.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sagangebo

gancxadeba

69. 05.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axali proeqtis prezentacia gamarTa

70. 15.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

mTavrobis sxdomaze

71. 02.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

poloneTis respublikis prezidentTan erTad gamarTul brifingze

171

72. 22.08.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili saCxeris

samxedro bazis gaxsnas daeswro

73. 30.09.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi

74. 11/23/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

Tavisuflebis monumentis gaxsnis sazeimo ceremoniaze

75. 11/14/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis batoni mixeil saakaSvilis

mimarTva evroparlamentisadmi

76. 11/9/2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili sastumro

„interkontinentalis“ mSeneblobis dawyebis ceremonias daeswro

77. 02.11.2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili israelSi

qarTul diasporas Sexvda

78. 11/11/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma mTavrobaSi

ganxorcielebul sakadro cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT

preskonferencia gamarTa

79. 28.12.2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

biznesmenebTan gamarTul saqvelmoqmedo vaxSamze

80. 12/26/2006 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis studentebs Sexvda

81. 12/9/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma axali

satumros mSeneblobis Taobaze kontraqti gaaforma

82. 12/9/2006 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

zurab Jvanias dabadebis dRisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze

saqarTvelos parlamentSi

172

83. 31.01.2007 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili mTavrobis

sxdomas daeswro

84. 25.01.2007 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili siRnaRSi

axali proeqtis prezentacias daeswro

85. 17.01.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis

misasalmebeli sityva mosamarTleTa ficis dadebis ceremoniaze

86. 23.02.2007 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili sainformacio

saSualebebis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda

87. 22.02.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla

senakis samxedro bazaze

88. 14.03.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma zemo

afxazeTis mosaxleobas sityviT mimarTa

89. 12.03.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma kodorSi

ganviTarebul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, erovnuli uSiSroebis

sabWos sxdomaze gancxadeba gaakeTa

90. 02.03.2007 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma da ukrainis

prezidentma viqtor iuSCenkom erToblivi preskonferencia gamarTes

173