Transcript of Smithie
- ii () 2006/6/19
- iii ()( /) ()
- iv Abstract This thesis discusses Michael Smiths argument for
his theory of Naturalistic Moral Realism. Smith points out, there
exists the moral problem in ethics. The moral problem occurs when
we cannot accommodate both the objectivity and the practicality of
moral judgement, if we accept Humes theory of human psychology.
This problem makes the idea of morality altogether incoherent, and
engenders vast discussions and disagreements in contemporary
meta-ethical theories. Smith attempts to provide his solution to
the moral problem. His solution is, in part, to defend two claims.
His defense of the first claim consists in a naturalistic account
of moral realism. According to Smith, moral judgements describe
some natural states of affairs, and express beliefs that have
cognitive natural content. But Moore (a non-natural realist) and
Ayer (an expressivist/ emotivist) point out, moral concepts are
unanalysisable. They maintain that we cannot define the moral in
terms of the natural. Moreover, Ayer claims that moral judgements
do not describe any natural states of affairs; rather, they express
attitudes. For Ayer, moral judgements have only non-cognitive
content. Smith argues that his naturalistic moral realism can make
sense of another form of definitional naturalism, which offers a
non-reductive way of analysis (dispositional analysis). That moral
concepts are analyzable provides an important premise for Smiths
argument for his second claim, that is, moral facts are facts about
the reasons that we all share. In this thesis, first, I explain
what the moral problem is and Smiths claim about how to solve the
problem. Then, I explain Moores and Ayers arguments against the
idea that moral concepts are analyzable. And I explain Smiths
responses to both of them. But even if it can be justifiable that
moral concepts are analyzable, is it also reasonable and necessary
to argue for naturalistic moral realism? I will discuss Smiths
arguments. In the final chapter, Smiths idea of dispositional
analysis is further discussed, and I shall offer my tentative
reflections about Smiths claims.
- v .1 .....7 .7 ....15 ....20 ....21 vs. .23 ....24 ....28
....55 ........58 .....60 ....61 ....65 79 .....81 ---85 ......101
......109 .......110 .......117
- A B B A (conflict)A B A B A B A B B A A B A B A B (i.e. )
()
- 2 --- --- ()(
- 3 )1 (Michael Smith) (Davie Hume) (inert)
(agreement)(disagreement) (Hume,1973: 509-10)(passions)(volitions)
(Hume,1973: 510) (Hume,1973: 522) (Smith,1994: 7) 1 A.J AyerGilbert
Harman
- 4 (1994) (1).(2). (3).( ) (fact) (Smith,1994: 13) (accommodate)
(Moore,1093) (Ayer,1936)(/)
- 5 ()---() --- (dispositional analysis) --- ---C (desire)C
(1994: 184) (morality) --- (1). --- --- (2).
- 6 --- ---(morality)(broader naturalism) (3). () ---
- (the moral problem) 2 1. (1994: 11) (1994: 5) (1994: 5)
(disagreement) --- 2 (Hume)
- 8 () 3 3 (Charles L. Stevenson1963:1-9) (disagreement in
beliefs)SARSSARS (disagreement in attitude) (psychological
disposition) AB (1).(2).
- 9 () () (discover)(1994: 5) () ( ) (circumstances) (1994: 5)
4(1994: 5) 4 (John Rawls) John Rawls,(1951),Outline of a Decision
Procedure for Ethics
- 10 ( )(1994: 6-7) ( ) (1994: 6) (1994: 12) (1). (2).
- 11 (Hume) () (Smith,1994: 9) (Smith,1994: 7)(passion)
(original) (reason)(truth) ()()() (Hume,1984: 462-3) 5 (moral
realism) () 5 ( )
- 12 --- (cognitivism) (Smith,1994: 9) (Hume,1984: 460-1)
(Hume,1984: 447) ( )() (non-cognitivism)(1994: 10) (irrealism) ---
(expressivism) (Smith,1994: 10)
- 13 --- ()--- 2. (1). (2). (3).- ()(1994: 12) (1) (2)
(3)(1)(2)(3)
- 14 (3) (Smith,1994: 12) --- ( 1.)( 2.) 6() (1)(internalism)
(externalism)7(2) 8(3) (1994: 13) (moral nihilism) (accommodate) 6
A.J AyerR.M HareSimon BlackburnAllen Gibber 7 Philippa FootThomas
ScanlonPeter RailtonDavid Brink 8 Thomas NagleJohn McDowellMark
PlattsDavid McNaughtonJonathan Dancy
- 15 9 ( )(capture) (platitudes)
(objectivity)((1))(practicality)((2)) (supervenience) ( )
(substance) (identify)(1994: 127) (motivating reason)(normative
reason)A A (explanatory)(justification)A (Smith,1994: 95) 9
p.4-5
- 16 A(normative requirement)A A (truths)A
(desirable)(required)(Smith,1995: 95) (prudence) (Smith,1995: 96)A
A A A (psychologically real) (Smith,1995: 96) (categories)
(desirable)(required) A (Humean)
- 17 (Smith,1994: 98)(- ) --- (norms)(Smith,1994: 130) () ()
(Smith,1994: 130) (anti-Humean) C C(Smith,1994: 181) --- ACBC
(categorical)(hypothetical) (social matter) (Smith,1994: 181) C C
CC
- 18 (1994: 182) --- (1994: 183-4) (1994: 184) ()C CC
(appropriate substantive kind) (1994: 184) --- --- (1) (2)
(3)(1)
- 19 (2)(1994: 185) (broader naturalism) C() C() --- (Smith,1994:
185) C C (conceptual claim) F C (substantive claim) F C F
(conclusion) --- (Smith,1994: 186) ()(Smith,1994: 186) ( ) () ()
---
- 20 (Smith,1994: 186) (legitimate) (Mackie) (Smith,1994: 186)
(legitimate) (Smith,1994: 187) (a priori truth)--- (reflection)
(conversation)(obvious)(1994: 187) (1994: 187) (1994: 187)
- 21 (thick) (1994: 188) (Smith,1994: 188) (1994: 188) ---
(Smith,1994: 189) (1994: 13) ---
- 22 C CC // --- () ---
- vs. (fact) (Ayer) --- ()(Moore) (open question argument)
(reasoned argument) (supervenience) 10 (Smith,2004a: 192)
(A.J.Ayer) 10
- 24 (Smith,1994: 17) (Ayer,1936: 108) --- () () (What is
good)()()(1903: 2-3)() () ()(simple) ()() () (axiom) (1903: 5-7) ()
(definitions)(real
- 25 nature)(mean) (complex) --- (1903: 7)( )(1903: 17) () NMMN
() ---(1903: 17) ()(analytically equivalent) (a priori
equivalent)(Smith,2004a: 192) ( immediately obvious) 95% 5% (closed
question)--- (open question)--- (reasoned argument)
- 26 (Smith,2004a: 193) EN NENE (sound) (2004a: 193) ---
(Ayer,1936: 112) (Smith,1994a: 17) (Ayer,1936: 103) --- () ---
- 27 (subjectivists) (utilitarians) (1936:104) (1936: 104) (1936:
104) (general subjectivism)(1994: 18) (fist person subjectivism)
(1994: 18) ( ) (1936: 104) X X (absolute)(intrinsic) (1936: 105)
(1936: 105) (naturalistic fallacy)---N MM N(Smith,1994:17-8)
- 28 F(F )XFX (Smith,1994: 27) () ()(simple) NMN MN=M X( )() X
FF() XX ---XXF
- 29 (Smith,1994: 26) (Externalist Naturalistic Moral Realism)---
(Internalist Naturalistic Moral Realism)--- () (utilitarians)
(utilitarianism) (non-subjective definitional naturalism)---
(Smith,1994: 27) XX (Smith,1994: 27) 11 --- () 11 BrinkRailton
(Smith,2004a:196)
- 30 (Smith,1994: 28)(a priori necessity) (a posteriori
necessity)XFXG FGFG(pick out) (Smith,1994: 28) () (Smith,2004a:
196)H2O H2O H2O --- (a priori truth) (discover)--- (a posteriori
truth) (Smith,2004a: 197) (rightness)(wrongness) ()() (2004a: 197)
() (fix) (2004a: 201)
- 31 (2004a: 197) (2004a: 198) () (Smith,2004a: 198) ( ) (2004a:
198) (2004a: 198) () ( ) (2004a: 198) ---
- 32 (2004a: 198) (reasoned argument) (Gilbert Harman) (perceive)
(1977: 4) (perception) --- --- (Harman,1977: 5)
- 33 (2004a: 199) (non-reductive) (summary-style)(dispositional
analysis) (analytic truth) (1994: 29) (mastery)
(constraints)(2004a: 199) (platitudes)------ (Smith,1994: 29)
- 34 (remarks)(platitudinous) (Smith,1994: 30) --- (capture)
(dispositions)(Smith,1994: 30) (1994: 30) (prima facie a priori)
(Smith,1994: 31) 12 (habit)13(1994: 30) () 12 --- ---
Saul.A.Kripke(1982) Philip Pettit(1990) 13 (2004c:242)
(platitudinous)( )
- 35 (Smith,1994: 30-1) (being red) (redness)(relevant)
(Smith,1994: 31) (conjunction) --- ( ) () (Smith,1994: 31)
(encapsulate)(summarize)(systematize) (1994: 31-2) --- () (
)---
- 36 (1994: 32) --- (rightness) (1994: 32) A B A XBXAB (Hare)
(good)() (1952: 148)
- 37 (Hare,1952: 148-9) (radical relativism) (Smith,1994: 34)
(really) (1994: 34) --- ---(Smith,1994: 34-5)(
- 38 ) --- (build into) (1994: 35) --- (Paradox of Analysis) ---
(reductive) (1994: 35) FXF XFXFX
- 39 F XFX(1994: 36) X C*CXC*XC(1994: 36) A A(AA/ ) (open
question)(1994: 36) ( )(Paradox of Analysis)(1994: 37) CC*C*C C
C*(unobvious)(informative) C*CC*C C* (Smith,1994: 37) (1994: 37)
(nature
- 40 of conceptual analysis)(1994: 37) C CC C* CC*C
---C(Smith,1994: 38) C (transparent)14(summarize) (1994: 38)
(knowledge-how) ---(knowledge-that)(1994: 38)CC*C (2004a: 199-202)
14 (transparency) (Smith,1993:273-4)
- 41 CCr XCr Cr (2004a: 200) X X ( ) (2004a: 200) (irrelevant)
--- (2004a: 200) C CC
- 42 () (practical) (Smith,1994: 39) (objective)AB AB AB AB
- 43 15(Smith,1994: 40) (supervenience) 16 (Smith,1994:
40)(substance of morality)(Philipa Foot) (Ronald Dworkin)
(Smith,1994: 40) (procedures)(John Rawls,1951) (Outline of a
Decision Procedure for Ethics) (reflective equilibrium)17
(Smith,1994: 40)18 () 15 (circumstances) 16 17 (1971:18) 18 (1994:
40-1)
- 44 (1994: 41) (Smith,1994: 41) X XX X XX (1994: 42) W1 FF W2
F
- 45 (Smith,1994: 42) --- (1994: 42) () (1994: 42) ( ) (1994: 43)
vs. ---
- 46 --- (reductive)(1994: 44) (redness)--- R-C-L-J R-C-L-J
(Frank Ramsey)(Rudolf Carnap) (David Lewis) (Frank Jackson)
(network analysis) (explicitly)(summary) --- (Smith,1994: 44-5)
(permutation problem) () (property-name)
- 47 Mrst M[r s t] M[x y z] x y z.M[x y z
]&(x*)(y*)(z*)M[x*y*z*] iff (x=x*,y=y*,z=z*) (Smith,1994:45-54)
x x x y z.M[x y z ]&(x*)(y*)(z*)M[x*y*z*] iff (x=x*,y=y*,z=z*)
x x y z x iff x & x & x & A xB y x y & M (1994:
46)
- 48 () (Smith,1994: 46) xx y z.M[x y z ] & (conceptual
claim) (x*)(y*)(z*)M[x*y*z*] iff (x=x*,y=y*,z=z*) x: y z.M[x y z ]
& (x*)(y*)(z*)M[x*y*z*] iff (substantive claim)
(x=x*,y=y*,z=z*) F F (conclusion) (Smith,1994: 47) (1994: 48) ---
(color wheel)
- 49 xx y z x iff x x y z&( ) yy z w y iff y y z w&( ) zz
w v z iff z z w v&( ) (Smith,1994: 49-50) (1994: 50) (1994: 50)
--- ---
- 50 (permutation problem)(1994: 50) (Smith,1994: 51) (prima
facie a priori)(1994: 51) (Smith,1994: 51) (1994: 51) ( )
- 51 (1994: 53) --- 19(1994: 53) x x y z.M[x y z
]&(x*)(y*)(z*)M[x*y*z*] iff (x=x*,y=y*,z=z*) --- 19
- 52 (1994: 55) (1994: 55) 20 --- --- ( ) /( ) 20 (1936)
- 53 C C (conceptual claim) F C (substantive claim) F C F
(conclusion) (2004a: 202) (justification) () (Smith,2004a:203)
- 54 (amply) (2004a:203) (Smith,2004a:203) (idealized)
(2004a:202) (2004a:203) () (Smith,2004a:203) --- --- //
- 55 (error theory) 21 21 (1994: 64)
- 56 600nm (1). 600nm (2). (1). 600nm 600nm (2). (2)(1)(1) 600nm
600nm (2)
- 57 (2) A( ppqqppq )( ) A ---F
- 58 (N)(M) N=MNM () --- /
- 59 ()
- (really)22(2004a: 181) --- () 23(error theory) (1). (2). (1)(2)
(commitment) (cheaply) 22 23 (1977)
- 61 24(2004a: 183)(1)(2)(semantic) (2004a: 183) (Minimal Moral
Realism) (true)(false) (Minimalism about truth) 25(true)(false) 24
(mentioning) () (Smith 2004:183-184) 25 (truth predicate) (is true)
(It is true that) (deflationary nature of truth) (Jackson, Oppy,
Smith2004)
- 62 (2004a: 184) (strictly) s (is true) ss ss (strictly
speaking) (2004a: 185)
- 63 (2004a: 185) s ss s (truth)s s (2004a:185)(1)(2) (1). (2).
ss ---(truth-apt) ---(non-truth-apt) (2004a: 185-6)
- 64 (purely syntactic feature) (well-formed sentences)
__________ (Lewis Carroll)Jabberwocky26 (2004a: 186-7) (meaningful)
(patterns of usage)--- --- 26 Twas brilling, and the slithy toves
did gyre and gambling in the wabe (conjunction)If the toves are
gyring and gambling in the wabe then I will watch them. I believe
that the toves are gyring and gambling. ______is true the toves are
gyring and gambling in the wabe is true
- 65 27 ( 2004a: 187) (Smith,2004a: 187) () --- --- 27 Moorean (I
have no beliefs)(Smith2004a:187)
- 66 (2004a: 188) --- (internalism constraint) (2004a: 188) ()
--- --- (desires) (averse) (indifferent)(Smith,2004a: 189)
- 67 (2004a: 190) (2004a: 190) (idealized) ---
- 68 (2004a: 191) (2004a: 191) (pick out)(2004a: 191) (supervene)
(conceptual truth) (supervenience constraint) (2004a: 191)
- 69 --- (pick out) ()NN*N** NE (2004a: 223) N E NE (Smith,2004a:
223)(James Griffin,1992) (Smith,2004a: 231) (e.g. )(identical)---
---
- 70 (Smith,2004b: 208) A B B- A-(Horgan,1993: 150) ABBBA ABAB
A(R.M Hare,1952: 79-81) (operate) () NEN* (2004b: 208) E* NE ---
(trivial)(2004b: 210)
- 71 (G.E.Moore) (1903: 40-1) (causally explaining) (figure in)
(Smith,2004b: 210-1) (Smith,2004b: 211) PP (P)P P P P ( ) W1 W2W1
P
- 72 W2 PP28 (Smith,2004b: 211-2) P P (could) P (2004b: 212)
(could)(such as to) (such as to) (could) (inter-world)(intra-world)
(2004b: 215) 28 PPP PP P PP
- 73 --- (Smith,2004b: 214) (particularity) (particulars)
(Smith,2004b: 214) (Smith,2004b: 214-5) (such as to) 29 ( )()
()(morality) (broader naturalism) 29 p.67-8
- 74 (1992: 314) (trivial) (relevance requirement) (1992: 314)
(subclass) (1992: 315) (1992: 317) 30 (1992: 317-8) 30
(understanding)(figures in) (Smith,2004b:227)
- 75 (begging question) (2004b: 219) (2004b: 220) (a principle of
plenitude about possibilia) (2004b: 220) (conceptual truth)
(Smith,2004b: 220) (substantive evaluate theory) (2004b: 221)
(2004b: 222)
- 76 (barely true) (2004b: 225) (goodness) (2004b: 225)() (O)O
(2004b: 225) (1992: 302)(more general) (more specific)
- 77 (Smith,2004b:226-7) (2004b: 228) ( ) () (could)(2004b: 228)
( )() (2004b: 228-9) (fix) 31 31 ---/ --- () () ()
- 78 (2004b: 228-9) (barely true) --- 32 (pick out) ()() (begging
question) (Griffin,1992:316-7) (identify with) --- (reality)
(Smith,2004b: 223-4) 32 p67.
- 79 (2004a: 192)(rightness) ( ) (such as to) (pick out)
- 80
- (pick out)
- 82 1. 2. ( ) --- --- 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. [] 33(1). (nature of
color)(2). 33 p33.
- 83 (3). S CS C 34 S MS M --- --- (rationalists) (2004c: 253)
(2004c)(John Mackie)(John McDowell) (1977) 34 (Crispin Wright)
(Wright ,1989:134) (extension-determining) (extension-reflecting)
(order-of -determination)------ (Wright ,1989)
- 84 (Smith,2004c: 234)(error theory)(commitment)
(Mackie,1977)(common sense) (McDowell,1998) (McDowell,1998)
(secondary quality)(primary quality) (McDowell,1998)
---(rationalism) (2004c: 235) (is)(seems) (platitudes)
- 85 () --- (phenomenological thesis)--- (Smith,2004c:
235;McDowell,1998: 131-2)(Mackie,1977) (primary quality)
(McDowell,1998) (disposition)(perceptual appearance)
()(McDowell,1998: 133) () (internal relation)(Smith,2004c: 235)
(McDowell,1998: 136)
- 86 (secondary) (Smith,2004c: 236) (Smith,2004c: 236)
(discovery) (prescriptive) (Smith,2004c: 236) 35 (conceptual claim)
(alike) (there to be experienced) (McDowell,1998:136;Smith,2004c:
236) (veridical) () (really)--- 35 ()(1). (2). (to-be-pursuedness)
(Micke,1977) (substantive)(conceptual) (1994:64-65) (error
theory)
- 87 36 (Harman,1977)(only if) (satisfying) 37 (explanatory test)
38X (Smith,2004c: 237) 36 (1998) 37 (observation) (1977:6) --
--(really) (1977:6) 38 John Mackie, Problems from Locke(Oxford:
Clarendon Press,1976),pp.17-18.
- 88 (Harman,1977: 22) ---(Harman,1977: 14) (Smith,2004c: 238)
(properly apply) --- (dispositions)(Smith,2004c: 238) virtus
dormitiva (structural ground)(McDowell,1998: 142) (McDowell,1998:
142) --- (Smith,2004c: 238) ---
- 89 (Smith,2004c: 238-9) (really) --- (perceptual awareness of
properties)(genuinely) (taking)(McDowell,1998: 134)
(representational) () (colored objects) (surrogate) (2004c: 239-40)
--- (seem to
- 90 be there) (is)(seems) (is)(Smith,2004c: 240) (dispositional
analysis) (Smith,2004c: 240) (material) (2004c: 240) (2004c:241)
(1998: 136) ------ (1998: 135) (McDowell,1998: 135) (2004c:
241)
- 91 (read off) ( ) (2004c: 241) (2004c: 241) ---
(platitudes)(conjunction) --- ( ) ()
(encapsulate)(summarize)(systematize)
- 92 (idea)(privileged) (Smith,2004c: 242) () (really) (2004c:
243) (genuinely) --- (2004c: 243) --- /(2004c: 243) (Smith,2004c:
244) ((Simon Blackburn) (realist-seeming) ---()
- 93 (2004c: 244) 39(being red) (being nauseating) --- (as
experiences of the nauseating) (Smith,2004c: 245) (out there, on
the object)(2004c: 245) (attention) (Smith,2004c: 245) --- ( ) (in
here, in my body)(Smith,2004c: 245) 39 (Simon Blackburn)
- 94 (primitive) (2004c: 245) (platitudes) / (nature)
(Smith,2004c: 246) --- --- (Smith,2004c: 246) ---(Smith,2004c: 246)
(2004c: 246) ()( )()( )(2004c: 247)
- 95 (Smith,2004c: 247) (Smith,2004c: 247) --- --- (really)
(2004c: 247)
- 96 (Smith,2004c: 249) (governing) (privileged) (casual contact)
(2004c: 248)() (Smith,2004c: 248) ()() (moral perception)
(perceptual knowledge) (2004c: 248) (Smith,2004c:248-9)
(privileged) (quasi-statistical)(Smith,2004c: 248) ()
- 97 --- --- --- (2004c: 249) (2004c: 249)
(rationalism)(Smith,2004c: 250) () (Mackie,1977: 29) ---
- 98 ------ (Mackie,1977: 29-30) (moral norms)() (norms of
practical reason)(2004c: 250) ppqqp pqModus PonensModus Tollens
-(Smith,2004c: 250)40 ---A (desire to)A --- Modus PonensModus
Tollens- (Smith,2004c: 250) () (Smith,2004c: 251)/( ) (Smith,2004c:
251) () (common-sense) 40 (Smith,1994: 250)
- 99 (articulate)(platitudinous)(2004c: 251) 41 (appreciation)
(Smith,2004c: 251) ppqq () (2004c: 252) AB ABBA AB AB AB AB
(disagreement)(difference) (substantive content)(2004c: 252) A BAB
AB(norm) AB AB---AB (Smith,2004c: 252) 41 (Smith,1994: 251)
- 100 ()/() () --- (fill out) (2004c: 253) (Smith,2004c: 253)
---(2004c: 253) --- ---
- 101 (2004c:235-4) 42(relativism) (disagreements)
(Williams,1985: 156) (conflict) (Williams,1985: 156) (Bernard
Williams)(explain away a conflict) (1985: 156-7) (Strict Relational
Relativism) (Williams,1985: 156) (compatible structure) 42 (Bernard
Williams) (the relativism of distance) --- --- ,
- 102 (Williams,1985: 156) (Williams,1985: 157)
(incommensurability) (1985: 157) AB (Williams,1985: 157-8)
(dispositions)(expectations) ()(1985: 158) (1985: 158) (instant
relativism)(Williams,1985: 158)
- 103 (inherent) (S) S S(1985: 159) S S (Williams,1985: 159)
(aspiration) (1985: 159) (Williams,1985: 159) (morality of
universal toleration)(1985: 159) (Williams,1985: 159-60)
(1985:
- 104 160) (platitudes) (build into) ( )( ) (conjunction) ---
(prima facie a priori)43 43 p33-35.
- 105 --- ( )
- 106 ()
- 107 (moral norms)() ppqq ppq A B B AB A AB A AB ABA B BA BC A
ppqqppq
- 108 --- (Mackie) (1977:23) ( moral facts indeed facts about the
reasons that we all share.)(1994:13) (agent) () --- ppqqppq p
- 109 ppqq ppqp
- C C (conceptual claim) F C (substantive claim) F C F
(conclusion) C () (fact) (
- 111 ) (1). (2). (3).-( ) --- --- --- ( )C CC ---
- 112 () (/) () N MNM N=M X --- --- ()
- 113 ( )XX ---
- 114 --- / (e.g.)
- 115 () --- --- --- --- --- p pqqppq ---
- 116 ( ) ppq qppq --- --- (1). (2).
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