Post on 24-Apr-2015
Sermo Lupi ad Anglos The Sermon of the Wolf to the English.
1 Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, quando Dani maxime persecuti sunt eos quod fuit anno millesimo
XIIII ab incarnatione domini nostri Iesu Cristi:~~~ Leofan men gecnawað þæt soð is: ðeos worolde is on ofste & hit nealæcð þam ende. & þy hit is on worolde aa swa leng swa wyrse, & swa hit sceal nyde for folces synnan fram 5 dæge to dæge, ær antecristes tocyme, yfelian swyþe. & huru hit wyrð þænne egeslic & grimlic wide on worolde. Understandað eac georne þæt deofol þas þeode nu fela geara dwelode to swyþe, & þæt lytle getreowþa wæran mid mannum, þeah hy wel spræcan. & unrihta to fela ricsode on lande, & næs a fela manna þe smeade ymbe þa bote swa georne swa man scolde, ac dæghwamlice man ihte yfel æfter oðrum, & unriht rærde & unlaga 10 manege ealles to wide gynd ealle þas þeode.
& we eac forþam habbað fela byrsta & bysmara gebiden, & gif we ænige bote gebidan scylan þonne mote we þæs to Gode ernian bet þonne we ær þysan dydan. Forþam mid miclan earnungan we geearnedan þa yrmða þe us on sittað & mid swyþe micelan earnungan we þa bote motan æt Gode geræcan, gif hit sceal heonanforð godiende 15 weorðan. La hwæt we witan ful georne þæt to miclan bryce sceal micel bot nyde, & to miclan bryne wæter unlytel, gif man þæt fyr sceal to ahte acwencan. & micel is nydþearf eac manna gehwilcum þæt he Godes lage gyme heonanforð georne bet þonne he ær dyde, & Godes gerihta mid rihte gelæste. On hæþenum þeodum ne dear man forhealdan lytel, ne micel, þæs þe gelagod is to gedwolgoda weorðunge, & we forhealdað æghwær Godes 20 gerihta ealles to gelome. & ne dear man gewanian on hæþenum þeodum, inne ne ute, ænig þæra þinga þe gedwolgodan broht bið & to lacum betæht bið. & we habbað Godes hus, inne & ute, clæne berypte ælcra gerisena, & Godes þeowas syndan mæþe & munde gewelhwær bedælde. & sume men secgað þæt gedwolgoda þenan ne dear man misbeodan on ænige wisan mid hæþenum leodum, swa swa man Godes þeowum nu deð to wide, þær 25 Cristene scoldan Godes lage healdan & Godes þeowas griðian.
Ac soð is þæt ic secge: þearf is þære bote forþam Godes gerihta wanedan to lange innan þysse þeode on æghwylcan ænde, & folclaga wyrsedan ealles to swyþe, syððan Eadgar geendode. & halignessa syndan to griðlease wide & Godes hus syndan to clæne berypte ealdra gerihta & innan bestrypte ælcra gerisena. & wydewan syndan wide 30 fornydde on unriht to ceorle & to mænege foryrmde & gehynede swyþe, & earme men syndan sare beswicene & hreowlice besyrwde, & ut of þysan earde wide gesealde swyþe unforworhte fremdum to gesealde, & cradolcild geþeowede þurh wælhreowe unlaga, forlytelre þyfþe wide gynd þas þeode. & freoriht fornumene & þrælriht genyrwde & ælmæsriht gewanode. Frige men ne motan wealdan heora sylfna ne faran þar hi willað ne 35 ateon heora agen swa swa hi willað. Ne þrælas ne moton habban þæt hi agon on agenan hwilan mid earfeðan gewunnen. Ne þæt þæt heom on Godes est gode men geuðon. & to ælmesgife for Godes lufan sealdon. Ac æghwilc ælmesriht þe man on Godes est scolde mid rihte georne gelæstan. Alc man gelitlað oððe forhealdeð, forðam unriht is to wide
mannum gemæne & unlaga leofe. & hrædest is to cweþenne Godes laga laðe & lara 40 forsawenne, & þæs we habbað ealle þurh Godes yrre bysmor gelome, gecnawe se þe cunne. & se byrst wyrð gemæne þeh man swa ne wene eallre þysse þeode butan God beorge.
Forþam hit is on us eallum swutol & gesene þæt we ær þysan oftor bræcan þonne we bettan, & þy is þysse þeode fela onsæge. Ne dohte hit nu lange inne ne ute: ac wæs 45 here & hungor, nu bryne & blodgyte on gewelhwylcan ende oft & gelome. & us stalu & cwalu, stric & steorfa, orfcwealm & uncoþu, hol & hete, & rypera reaflac derede swyþe þearle. & us ungylda swyðe gedrohtan, & us unwedera foroft weoldan unwæstma; forþam on þysan earde wæs, swa hit þincan mæg, nu fela geara unrihta fela & tealte getrywða æghwær mid mannum. Ne bearh nu foroft gesib gesibban þe ma þe fremdan, ne fæder his 50 bearne, ne hwilum bearn his agenum fæder, ne broþor oþrum. Ne ure ænig his lif ne fadode swa swa he scolde, ne gehadode regellice, ne læwede lahlice. Ac worhtan lust us to lage ealles to gelome, & naþor ne heoldan ne lare ne lage Godes ne manna, swa swa we scoldan. Ne ænig wið oþerne getrywlice þohte swa rihte swa he scolde, ac mæst ælc swicode & oþrum derede wordes & dæde, & huru unrihtlice mæst ælc oþerne æftan 55 heaweþ mid sceandlican onscytan & mid wrohtlacan -- do mare gif he mæge.
Forþam her syn on lande ungetrywþa micle for Gode & for worolde, & eac her syn, on earde, on mistlice wisan hlafordswican manege: & ealra mæst hlafordswice se bið on worolde þæt man his hlafordes saule beswice. & ful micel hlafordswice eac bið on worolde þæt man his hlafordes saule beswice. & ful micel hlafordswice eac bið on worolde 60 þæt man his hlaford of life forræde, oððon of lande lifiendne drife, & ægþer is geworden on þysan earde: Eadweard man forrædde, & syððan acwealde & æfter þam forbærnde; and Æþelred mon dræfde ut of his earde. & godsibbas & godbearn to fela man forspilde wide gynd þas þeode, toeacan oðron ealles to manegan þe man unscyldige forfor, ealles to wide. & ealles to mænege haligestowa wide forwurdan þurh þæt þe man -- sume men 65 ær þam gelogode swa manna ne scolde, gif man on Godes griðe mæþe witan wolde.
& cristenes folces to fela man gesealde ut of þysan earde, nu ealle hwile, & eal þæt is Gode lað, gelyfe se þe wille. Eac we witan georne hwær seo yrmð gewearð & scandlic is to specenne þæt geworden is to wide. & egeslic is to witanne þæt oft doð to manege, þe dreogað þa yrmþe hwilum, þæt sceotað togædere & ane cwenan gemænum ceape bicgað 70 gemæne & wið þa ane fylþe adreogað, an æfter anum & ælc æfter aðrum hundum geliccast þe for fylþe ne scrifað. & syððan wið weorðe syllað of lande feondum to gewealde Godes gesceafte -- & his agenne ceap þe He deore gebohte. Eac we witan georne hwær seo yrmð gewearð þæt fæder gesealde bearn wið weorþe, & bearn his modor, & broþor sealde oþerne fremdum to gewealde, & ut of ðisse þeode. Eal þæt syndan micle & egeslice dæda, 75 understande se þe wille. & gyt hit is mare & eac mænigfealdre þæt dereð þysse þeode: mænige synd forsworene & swyþe forlogene & wed synd to brocene oft & gelome, & þæt is gesyne on þysse þeode þæt us Godes yrre hetelice on sit, gecnewe se þe cunne.
And la! Hu mæg mare scamu þurh Godes yrre mannum gelimpan þonne us deð gelome for agenum gewyrhtum? Ðeh þræla wylc hlaforde æthleape & of Cristendom to 80 wicinge weorþe, & hit æfter þam eft geweorþe þæt wæpngewrixl weorðe gemæne þegene & þræle: gif þræl þæne þegen fullice afyllen licge ægylde ealre his mægðe, &, gif se þegen þæne þræl þe he ær ahte fullice afylle, gylde þegengylde. Ful earhlice laga & scandlice, nydgyld þurh Godes yrre us syn gemæne; understande se þe cunne. & fela ungelimpa
gelimpð þysse þeode oft & gelome: ne dohte hit nu lange inne ne ute. Ac wæs here & hete 85 on gewelhwilcan ende, oft & gelome, & Engle nu lange eal sigelease & to swyþe geyrigde þurh Godes yrre. & flotmen swa strange þurh Godes þafunge, þæt oft ongefeohte anfeseð tyne, & twegen oft twentig, & hwilum læs hwilum ma, eal for urum synnum. & oft tyne oððe twelfe, ælc æfter oþrum, scendað to bysmore þæs þegenes cwenan & hwilum his dohtor oððe nydmagan, þær he on locað, þe læt hine sylfene rancne 90 & ricne & genoh godne ær þæt gewurde. & oft þræl þæne þegen þe ær wæs his hlaford cnyt swyþe fæste & wyrcð him to þræle þurh Godes yrre. Wala þære yrmðe & wala þære woroldscame þe nu habbað Engle eal þurh Godes yrre. Oft twegen sæmæn, oððe þry hwilum, driwað þa drafe cristentra manna fram sæ to sæ -- ut þurh þas þeode, gewelede togædere, us eallum to woruldscame, gif we on eornost ænige cuþon ariht understandan. 95 Ac eal ne þæne bysmor þe we oft þoliað, we gyldað mid weorðscype þam þe us scendað. We him gyldað singallice & hy us hynað dæghwamlice; hy hergað & hy bærnað, rypaþ & reafiað, & to scipe lædað. & la hwæt! Is ænig oðer on eallum þam gelimpum butan Godes yrre ofer þas þeode swutol & gesæne?
Nis eac nan wundor þeah us mislimpe: forþam we witan ful georne þæt nu fela 100 geara mænn na ne rohtan, foroft, hwæt hy worhtan wordes oððe dæde. Ac wearð þes þeodscipe, swa hit þincan mæg, swyþe forsyngod þurh mænigfealde synna & þurh fela misdæda: þurh morðdæda & þurh mandæda, þurh gitsunga & þurh gifernessa, þurh stala & þurh strudunga, þurh mannsylena & þurh hæþene unsida, þurh swicdomas & þurh searacræftas, þurh lahbrycas & þurh æswicas, þurh mægræsas & þurh manslyhtas, 105 þurh hadbrycas & þurh æwbrycas, þurh siblegeru & þurh mistlice forligru & eac syndan wide, swa we ær cwædan, þur aðbricas & þurh wedbrycas, & þurh mistlice leasunga forloren, & forlogen ma þonne scolde, & freolsbricas & fæstenbrycas wide geworhte oft & gelome. & eac her syn on earde Godes wiðersacan, apostatan abroþene & cyrichatan hetole, & leodhatan grimme ealles to manege, & oferhogan wide godcundra rihtlaga & 110 cristenra þeawa, & hocorwyrde dysige æghwær on þeode oftost of þa þing þe Godes bodan beodaþ & swyþost on þa þing þe æfre to Godes lage gebyriað mid rihte. & þy is nu geworden wide & side to ful yfelan gewunan þæt menn swyþor scamað nu for goddædan þonne for misdædan; forþam to oft man mid hocere god dæda hyrweð & Godfyhte lehtreð ealles to swyþe & swyþost man tæleð & mid olle gegreteð ealles to gelome þa þe riht 115 lufiað. & Godes ege habbað be ænigum dæle. & þurh þæt þe man swa deð þæt man eal hyrweð þæt man scolde heregian & to forð laðet þæt man scolde lufian. Þurh þæt man gebringeð ealles to manege on yfelan geþance & on undaede, swa þæt hy ne scamað na þeh hy syngian swyðe & wid God sylfne forwyrcan hy mid ealle ac for idelan onscytan. Hy scamað þæt hy betan heora misdæda, swa swa bec tæcan, gelice þam dwæsan þe for 120 heora wrytan lewe nellað beorgan: ær hy na ne magan, þeh hy eal willan.
Her syndan þurh synleawa, swa hit þincan mæg, sare gelewede to manege on earde. Her syndan, swa we ær sædon, mannslagan & mægslagan & mæsserbanan & mynster hatan & hlafordswican & æbere apostatan, & her syndan mansworan & morþorwyrhtan, & her syndan hadbrecan & aewbrecan, & ðurh siblegeru & ðurh mistlice 125 forligeru forsyngode swyðe, & her syndan myltestran & bearn myrðrah & fule forlegene horingas manege, & her syndan wiccan & wælcyrian, & her syndan ryperas & reaferas & woruldstruderas & ðeofas & þeodscaðan, & wedlogan & wærlogan. & hrædest is to cweþenne mana & misdæda ungerim ealra: & þæs us ne scamað na, ac þæs us scamað swyþe þæt we bote agennan, swa swa bec tæcan, & þæt is gesyne on þysse earman 130 forsyngodan þeode. Ea la! Micel magan manege git hertoeacan eaþe beþencan þæs þe
anman ne mehte on hrædinge asmeagan, hu earmlice hit gefaren is nu ealle hwile wide gynd þas þeode. & smeage huru georne gehwa hine sylfne, & þæs na ne latige ealles to lange. Ac la, on Godes naman, utan don swa us neod is, beorgan us sylfum swa we geornost magan, þe læs we ætgædere ealle forweorðan.
135 An þeodwita wæs on Brytta tidum, Gildas hatte. Se awrat be heora misdædum, hu hy mid heora synnum swa oferlice swyþe God gegræmedan, þæt He let æt nyhstan Engla here heora eard gewinnan, & Brytta dugeþe forðon mid ealle. & þæt wæs geworden þæs þe he sæde, þurh gelæredra regolbryce & ðurh læwedra lahbryce, þurh ricra reaflac & þurh gitsunge wohgestreona; ðurh leode unlaga & þurh wohdomas, ðurh biscopas asolcennesse 140 & unsnotornesse, & þurh lyðre yrhðe Godes bydela, þe soþes geswugedan ealles to gelome & clumedan mid ceaflum þær hy scoldan clypian. Þurh fulne eac folces gælsan & þurh oferfylla & mænigfealde synna heora eard hy forworhtan & selfe hy forwurdan. Ac wutan don swa us þearf is warnian us be swilcan, & soþ is þæt ic secge, wyrsan dæda we witan mid Englum, sume gewordene þonne we mid Bryttan æhwar gehyrdan. & þy us is 145 þearf micel þæt we us beþencan & wið God sylfne þingian georne. & utan don swa us þearf is gebugan to rihte & be suman dæle unriht forlætan, & betan swyþe georne þæt we ær bræcan. & utan God lufian & Godes lagum fylgean, & gelæstan swyþe georne þæt þæt we behetan þa þe fulluht underfengan, oððon þa þe æt fulluhte ure forespecan wæran, & utan word & weorc rihtlice fadian, & ure in geþanc clænsian georne, & að & wed wærlice 150 healdan, & sume getrywða habban us betweonan butan uncræftan. & utan gelome understandan þone miclam Dom þe we ealle to sculon & beorgan us georne wið þone weallendan bryne helle wites, & geearnian us þa mærþa & þa myrhða þe God hæfð gegearwod þam þe his willan on worolde gewyrcað. God ure helpe, Amen.
A aa, a
adv always, ever abreoþan
intr to fail, to deteriorate, to decay ac
conj but, nevertheless, moreover ac gif unless, except acwellan
v to kill, destroy acwencan
v to quench, extinguish adreogan
v to suffer, endure, practice, do afyllan
v to cause to fall, to slay, to kill agan
v to own (agen pp) agen
n property
aginnan v to begin
aht f possessions
ahwar anywhere, at any time
ana adj, adv one, alone, only
and conj and (usu & or 7)
apostata m apostate
ariht properly, aright
ascunian v to shun, to irritate
asmeagan v to consider, elicit, devise
asolcennes f sloth, laziness, sleepiness
ateon v to draw up, pull out, lead out, draw
að m oath
aðbrice m perjury
awritan v to write, compose
Æ æbere
adj manifest, notorious, public, open, evident æfre
adv ever, at any time æftan
adv from behind, behind æfter
prep w d i a after, behind adv afterwards, thereafter æghwær
everywhere, in every direction æghwilc
adj each, all
ægþer, æwæðer pron, adv every one, either, both
ægylde adv receiving no wergild as compensation for a death
ælc pron subs each one, any, all, every
ælc adj, pron each, any
ælmesgifu f alms, charity
ælmesriht n right of receiving alms
ænde m end, conclusion
ænig pron and sb any, any one (ænige ðinga: anyhow, somehow)
ær adv, prep, conj before, before that
æswic m infamy, offence
æt prep, adv near, at, by, to
ætgædere adv together
æthleapan v to run away
æwbreca m adulterer
æwbryce m adultery
B bændan
v to bend bærnan
v to kindle, burn be
prep w d by bearn
n child, son, dependent bearnmyrðra, -re
mf murderer, -ess of a child
bedælan v to deprive, strip, release
behatan v to promise, pledge oneself, vow
beodan v to command, summon
beon v bið, is, nis, syndan, synd, syn, sy: to be
beorgan v to preserve, defend, save, spare
berypan v strip, rob
bestrypan v strip, plunder
beswican v deceive, betray
besyrwan v to ensnare, deprive, deceive
bet adv better
betan v to amend, compensate
betæcan v w/d to make over, impart, deliver, dedicate
betweonan prep, adv between, among; meanwhile
beþencan v to think, consider, remember
gebicgan v buy, pay for, acquire
gebidan v remain, experience, endure
bifigan v tremble
biscop m bishop
bismrian v to mock, blaspheme
bið v see beon
blodgyte m bloodshed
boc fn book, Bible
boda m messenger, prophet, herald
bot f remedy, relief, atonement
brecan v to break, shatter, burst
gebringan v to bring, lead forth
broþor m brother, kinsman
bryce mn breach, infringement, fragile; advantage, profit
bryne m a burning, fire, burn
gebugan v to bow
butan prep, conj, adv outside of, except; but; without
bydel m beadle, warrant officer, preacher
gebyrian v to happen, befit
byrst m loss, calamity, injury
bysmor insult, mockery, scandal
C ceafl
m jaw ceap
m cattle, value, property ceorl
m churl, layman, man clæne
adj, adv clean, pure; purely, entirely clænsian
v to cleanse, purify clumian
v to murmur, mumble, mutter clypian
v to speak, cry out, call
gecnawan v to know, perceive
cnyttan v to fasten, bind, tie
cradolcild n child in the cradle, infant
creopan v to creep, crawl
cristen m Christian
cristendom m Christianity, the church
cunnan v cunne, cuþon to know, come to know
cwalu f killing, murder, violent death, destruction
cwene f woman
cweþan v to say, speak, regard, declare
cyning m king, ruler
cyrichata m church-tormentor, persecutor
D dæd
f deed, event; dead dæg
m day dæwamlice
adv daily, of day dæl
m part (be ænigum dæle: to any extent) dedbot
f amends, atonement, repentance deofol
mn devil deore
adj, adv dear; dearly derian
v w d to damage, injure, hurt
dihtan v to arrange, compose, appoint
dohtor f daughter
don v to do, make
draf f action of driving, expulsion; company, band
dræfan v to drive, drive out
gedreccan v to vex, irritate, torment, oppress
dreogan v to suffer, endure, do, work
drifan v to drive
dugan v to avail, be worth
duguþ fm body of noble retainers, man, host, multitude
durran v to dare, venture
dwæs adj, m dull, foolish; clumsy impostor
dwelian v to go astray, lead astray
gedwolgod m false god, idol, image
dysig adj, n, m foolish, ignorant; foolishness, error; fool
E eac
adv also, moreover, and, likewise eal
adj, adj all, entire; fully, entirely eala
interj alas! oh! lo! eald
adj ieldra, ieldest: old, ancient ealles, ealle
adv entirely (ealles for swiðe: utterly, altogether)
eard m native place, land, country, earth
earfeðe, earfoðe n, adj hardship, torment; troublesome, hard, difficult
eargian v to shun, fear, turn coward
earhlic adj shameful, slothful
earm adj poor, wretched
earmlice adv miserably, wretchedly
geearnian v w g/a to earn, merit, win, labor for
earnung f merit, reward, consideration, pay, labor
eaþe n, adv an easy thing, easy; easily, soon, willingly
ege m awe, fear, dread
egeslic adj terrible
ende m end, conclusion, boundary, district
geendian v to end, finish
eornost f seriousness (on eornost: in earnest)
est mf favor, grace, harmony
F fadian
v to arrange, dispose, guide gefaran
v to set forth fæc
n space of time fæder
m father fæste
fast, firmly, securely
fæstenbryce m breach of fast
fela sbn, adj much. many; very much
feawer few
feoh n cattle, movable goods, property
gefeoht n action of fighting, battle
feond m adversary, fiend, Devil
feorh mn life, principle of life
feower four
fesan, fesian v to drive away
flotman m sailor, pirate
folc n folk, people, a nation
folclagu f law of the people, public law
for prep, conj, adv before; because; very
forbærnan v burn up, consume by fire
fordon anv to undo, destroy, abolish
foresp(r)eca m sponsor
forfaran v to destroy
forhealdan v to forsake, misuse
forlætan v relinquish, let go
forleogan v to lie, perjure oneself, slander
forleosan v to lose, abandon, let go
forlorenes f state of being forlorn
forlicgan v to commit adultery or fornication
forliger n adultery, wantonness, fornication
forniman v to take away, plunder, deprive of
fornydan v to coerce, compel
foroft very often
forrædan v to plot against, betray
forseon v to overlook, neglect, renounce
forspillan v to lose, waste, disperse, destroy
forswerian v to swear falsely
forsyngian v to sin greatly
forð adv, prep forwards, hence, thence; during
forþam conj, adv for that, because, on that account; consequently
forðfaran v to depart, die, go forth
forweorþan v to perish, deteriorate, pass away
forwyrcan v to do wrong, sin
foryrman v to reduce to poverty, bring low
fostor m nourishment, maintenance, sustenance
fram prep w d/i, adv from; from, forth
fremde foreign, strange
fremu f advantage, gain, benefit
freo adj free
freolsbrice m breach of festival (feast)
freoriht n rights of freemen
frige n free
ful adj, n foul, filthy; filth, crime, offense
ful adj full, filled
fullice adv fully, completely, entirely
fulluht mfn baptism
fylgean v w d/a to follow, pursue
fylþ f uncleanliness, impurity
fyr n fire
G gælsa
f pride, wantonness, luxury ge
conj and, (ge...ge: both...and) gear
nm year gegearwian
v to facilitate, make ready, do georne
adv eagerly, earnestly gieman
v to pay heed to gif
conj if gifernes
f greediness, gluttony, avarice gitsung
f avarice, desire, covetousness God
mn God, image of a god, the Christian deity god
adj, n betera, betest: good; a good thing, advantage
godbearn n a godchild
godcund religious, sacred, divine
goddæd f good work, benefit, good deed
godfyrht God-fearing
gegodian v to improve, get better
godsibb m sponsor
gegræmian v to enrage, provoke, irritate
gegretan v to greet, salute, challenge
grim fierce, savage, grim
grimlic adj fierce, grim
grið n truce
gegriðian v to make a truce or peace
griðleas adj unprotected
gyldan v to yield, pay
gynd, geond prep w a throughout, through
gyt adv yet
H habban
v to have, preserve had
m degree, rank, order hadbreca
m injurer of one in holy orders hadbryce
m injury of one in holy orders
hadian v to ordain, consecrate
halig holy, consecrated
halignes f holiness, sanctuary
hatan v to call, order
hæþen adj, m heathenish; gentile, heathen man (esp. of the Danes)
he pron he
healdan v to hold, contain
heawan v to cut down, stab
hell f Hell
helpan v to help
heonanforð henceforth
heorte f soul, mind, intellect, spirit, heart
her adv here, in this place
here m predatory band, army
hergian v to ravage, plunder
hertoeacan besides
hete m hate
hetelice adv violently
hetol hating, hostile
hlaford m lord, master
hlafordswica m traitor
hlafordswice m high treason, treachery
hocor n insult, derision
hocorwyrde derisive, scornful
hogian v to care for, think about, ponder
hol n slander
hor n adultery
hrædest quickest, briefest
hræding f haste
hreowlice adv grievously, wretchedly
hu adv how
hund m dog, hound
hunger m hunger, desire
huru adv at least, indeed
hus n house
hwa mf, pron who, what
gehwa each one, whoever
hwær adv, conj where, whither, everywhere
gehwær everywhere, in all directions
hwæt n pron, interj why, wherefore, what; lo! behold!
hwil f while, time
gehwilc each, any
hwilum adv whilom, sometimes, once
hwylc pron, adj which
hynan v humiliate
gehyran v to hear
hyrwan v to abuse
I ic
pron I ican
v to increase (pret. ihte) idel
adj, n worthless; emptiness ingeþanc
mn thought, mind, conscience, intention innan
prep, adv from within; within, inside, in inne
adv inside is
v see beon
L la
interj lo! behold! ah! (hwæt la: what!) lac
nf offering, sacrifice, gift gelagian
v to ordain lagu
f law lahbryce
m breach of the law lahlice
adv lawfully land
n earth, land lange
adv for a long time
lar f learning, preaching
latian v to linger, delay
lað adj, n hateful, hostile; injury, misfortune
laðettan v to hate
lædan v to lead, to take
læran v to teach
læs adv, sbn, conj less, lest
gelæstan v to furnish, pay, grant, perform
lætan v to allow
læwede adj, sb lay; layman
leasung f false witness, deceit, hypocrisy
lehtrian v to blame
leod m, f man; people
leodhata m persecutor
leof adj dear, beloved
lew f injury
lewian v to injure
gelic adj w d like; similitude
geliccast adj w d most like, as a twin or double
licgan v to lie
lif n life, existence
lifian v to live (libban)
lifiende adj, sb living, having life; the living
gelimpan v to happen, occur, exist
gelitlian v to lessen, diminish, decrease
locian v to see, behold
lof n praise, glory
gelogian v to arrange
gelome adj, adv frequent; frequently
lufian v to love
lufu f love
lust m, adj desire; willing
gelyfan v to believe
lytel adj little, short
lyðre adj wicked
M ma
adv, adj, sb more magan
v to be able man
m man man
n wicked deed, crime mandæd
f wicked deed manig
adj, pron many mannslaga
m manslaughter, murderer
mannslege m manslaughter, murder
mannsylen f manselling (to slavery)
manslyht m manslaughter, murder
manswara m perjurer
mara m greater, more
mægræs m attack on kinsmen, relatives
mægslaga m slayer of a relative, parricide, fratricide
mægð kinsmen, family group, clan
gemæne adj common, public
mænigfeald adv manifold
mærþ f glory, fame, mirth
mæsserbana m murderer of a priest
mæst adj, adv, n most, mostly, most
micel adj mara, mæsta: great
mid prep w d/i/a, adv with; at the same time
milds f mercy
misbeodan v w d to ill-use, injure, do wrong to
misdæd f misdeed, sin
mislimpan impers w d to go wrong, turn out badly
mistlic manifold
modor f mother
morðdæd f murder, deadly sin
morþorwyrhta m murderer
motan v to be allowed to, mot: may, must
mund f security, protection
myltestre f prostitute
mynsterhata m persecutor of monasteries
myrhð f mirth, joy
N na
adv, conj not at all, never, no nama, nome
m name nan
pron,adj, sb w g none; not one; none, no one, nothing naþor
conj neither ne
adv, conj not, no; neither, nor nealæcan
v to approach, to come near neod
f need genoh
adv enough nu
adv now nyde
adv necessarily nydgyld
n tribute nydmage
f close kinswoman nydþearf
f necessity nyhst
adv next
nyrwan v to restrict
O of
prep w d of, from ofer
prep w a over oferfyllu
f gluttony oferhoga
m despiser oferlice
adv overly ofst
f haste oft
adj oftor, oftost: oft, often oll
n contempt on
adv, prep w d, prep w a in, on; in; in, against onsæge
adj attacking onscyte
m attack, assault orfcwealm
m murrain oðer
pron other oððe
conj or oððon
conj or
P pryte
f pride, haughtiness
R ranc
adj proud, noble, strong geræcan
v to reach, attain ræran
v to rear, to raise reafere
m robber, plunderer reafian
v to rob, to plunder reaflac
nm robbery, plunder reccan
v to wreck, care regolbryce
m breach of rules rice
adj, n strong, powerful; rule, reign ricsian
v to bear rule, to govern, to tyrranize riht
n, adj equity, justice; proper, fair gerihte
n right, due rihte
adv right, due, straight rihtlagu
f regular legal ordinance rihtlice
adv properly, justly gerisene
n what is fitting, dignity, honor rypan
v tospoil, plunder, rob rypere
m robber, plunderer
S sacerdbana
m priest-slayer
sar n, adj bodily pain, wound; sore, grievous, painful
sare adv biterly, sorely, grievously
sawol f soul
sæ mf sea
sæman m seaman, pirate, viking
scamian v to shame, to be ashamed
scamu f shame, confusion
scandlic adj shameful, disgraceful
gesceaft fmn created being, creature
scendan v to put to shame
sceotan v to shoot, to strike
scip n ship
scrifan v prescribe, ordain
sculan v to be obliged, must, ought
se dem pron he
se rel pron who, which
se def art the
searacræft m artifice, treachery
secgan v to say
gesib adj, sb related, akin; kinsman
sibleger n incest
side adv widely
sigeleas not victorious, defeated
simble adv ever, continually, constantly
singallice adv incessantly
sittan v to sit
smeagan v to think, ponder
soð n, adj truth, reality; genuine, real
specan v to speak, say
stalu f stealing
steorfa m pestilence
stow f place
strang adj strengra, strengest: strong, powerful, bold
stric n plague, strife, sedition (?)
strudung f robbery
sum indef pron a certain one, some one, something, one
swa adv and conj, pron so as, consequently, thus, so far as; the same, such, that
swician v to deceive, be treacherous
swicdom m fraud, betrayal, treason
swilc pron such a one, which
geswugian v to remain silent
swutol adj clear, evident
swyþe adj swyþor, swyþost: very, exceedingly
sylf adj self
gesyllan v to sell, give
syndæd f sinful deed
gesyne adj seen, evident
syngian v to sin
synleaw f injury of sin
synn f sin
syððan adv afterwards, after, since, then
T tawian
v to prepare, make ready tæcan
v to show, teach, demonstrate tælan
v to blame, censure tealt
adj unstable, precarious tid
f tide, time to
adv, prep w d too, also; to, for, as tobrecan
v to break in pieces, destroy tocyme
m coming, advent, arrival toeacan
prep and adv besides, moreover togædere
adv together getrywlice
adv truly, loyally getrywð
f loyalty, troth twegen
num two
twelf num twelve
twentig num twenty
tyne num ten
Þ Ð þa
adv, conj then; when þafung
f permission geþanc
mn thought, mind þænne
adv then þær, þar
adv there, where þæs
adv therefore þæs þe
conj according to þæt
conj so that þe
rel pron the, who, which, whom þe
conj than þeah
conj though, although þearf
f need, necessity þearle
adv violently þeaw
m custom, habit þegen, þenan
m thane þegengyld
n compensation for a thane, wergild þencan
v to think, intend
þeod f people, nation
þeodscaða m public pest, criminal
þeodscipe m nation, people
þeodwita m learned man, senator
þeof m criminal, thief
þeow m servant
þeowian v to enslave
þes dem adj this
þes dem pron this
þincan v to seem, to appear
þing n thing
þingian v to intercede
þolian v to suffer, endure
þonne adv, conj then; than
þræl m thrall, slave
þrælriht n the rights of a slave
þry num three
þurh prep w a through, by means of
þy adv therefore
þyfþ f theft
U
uncoþu f disease
uncræft m evil practice
undæd f wicked deed, crime
underfon v to receive
understandan v to understand, perceive
unforworht adj innocent
ungelimp nm mishap, misfortune
ungerim n countless
ungetrywþ f disloyalty, treachery
ungylde n excessive tax
unlagu f violations of law
unlytel adj much
geunnan v to allow
unriht n injustice
unrihtlice adv unjustly, wrongly
unscyldig adj innocent
unsidu m bad custom, vice
unsnotorness f folly, wickedness
unþegenlice adv not thane-like, not in a suitable manner for a thane
un wæstm m failure of crops
unweder n storm
ure poss adj our (see we)
us pron w d or a us (see we)
ut adv out
utan let us (see witan)
ute adv outside, abroad
W wala
interj alas! woe! gewanian
v to diminish warnian
v to warn, to caution wælcyrie
f valkyrie (chooser of the slain), witch, sorceress wælhreow
adj cruel, fierce, bloodthirsty wæpnegewrixl
n hostile encounter wæra
v (see wesan) wærlice
adv warily wærloga
n warlock, traitor wæs
v (see wesan) wæter
n water we
pron we geweald
m power, possession, control wealdan
v w g rule, cause, bring about weallan
v to well, surge, boil wed
n vow, pledge
wedbryce m violation of pledge or vow
wedloga m breaker of a pledge or vow
wel adv well
gewelhwær adv nearly everywhere
gewelhwylc adv nearly every
welwan v to huddle
wenan v to think, believe, imagein, ween
weorc n work, labor
weorð n, adj price; worthy
geweorðan v to become
weorðscipe m worth, respect, dignity
weorðung f honoring
wesan v to be
wicca m wizard
wicce f witch
wicing m pirate, viking
wide adv widely
willa m will, pleasure
willan v to desire, wish, be willing
gewinnan v to conquer, win, gain
wise f way, manner
witan v to know, to show respect
witan v to go (wutan, utan -- in a jussive clause: let us)
wite n punishment, torment
wið prep w a, w d towards, against; for
wiðersaca m adversary
wohdom m unjust judgment
wohgestreon n ill-gotten property
word n word
worold f world
woroldscamu f worldly shame
worolstrudere m spoilator, plunderer
wrohtlac n calumny
wuldor n glory
gewuna m custom
wundor n wonder
wutan let us (see witan)
wyduwe f widow
wyrcan v work, make, do
gewyrht n deed, action, desert
wyrse adv and adj worse
wyrsian v to grow worse, worsen, deteriorate
Y
yfel n, adj evil; evilness
yfelian v to grow evil, to worsen
ymbe prep w a about
yrgan, geyrigde v to dishearten
yrhðu f cowardice
yrmðu f misery
yrre n ire, anger