Microsoft Word - 1.DOC1.1
, .
. ( (, fluid) )
[( )] , [(, fluid
mechanics)] [()].
, ,
, () , ,
.
,
. ,
, .
[]
.
1.2
, ,
.
() () .
1.1 ()

2
,
4000 .
() ,
. .
,
( 1.1 ).
, ,
, , .
180 .
1 240 , 2000
.
,
, (
) .
.
, , ,
, .
1.2
1.3

3
. 1.2 ()
2700 .
. 1.3
. ()
.
, .
, [
] , [ () ]
. 3(, )
.
(), (), (),
(), (), , () ()
. 1.4
, 1.5 , ()
(Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519)
.

.
1.4

.
.
,
, (), , ()
. ()
. , 17 20
.
2 . () ().
.
.
(, viscosity) μ , ρ
() ν . 55 ,
1.5
(a) (b)
1.6
1.7
5
15 1. , ,
, 1000 5%
.
.
1.6(a)
. 1.6(b)
, .
, 1.7
,
.
2
. [(, laminar flow)], [(,
turbulent flow)] .
1.8
. ()
(Osborne Reynolds 1842-1912)
, .
. ,
.

6
,
. ,
. ,
. .
(2)
100 ( )
.
1.9 ,
1.10(a)
, 1.10(b)
, .
[ ()] .
, ,
ν ν/Ud 2320 , ν/Ud
. [ ] ,
()
. [ Re ] .
(3)
, () TV
. .
1.11(a) .
(a)
(b)

7

. ,
. 1.11(b)
,
. 2
. 2 [(, forced vortex)], [(,
natural vortex)] .
, , () .
, ,
. .
1.4
,
.
(1) ( )
.
.
. ,
.
.
() . 1.12
.
.
1.12
(2) ( )
.
, .
() () ,
( 1.13).
() ,
, . [
] .
1.14 (a) ,
, (b)
, . 14(c)

. () ()
.
1.13

(3) ( )
1981 4 12 7
( 1.15).
?
m υ () υm
.
. () ()
.
1.5
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.15 1.16 () (
)
10
, ( 1 )
.
() ( 1.16), (),
() .
.
A B ,
. (, pressure loss) h
.
2υλ= (Darcy-Weisbach )
, d , υ , g , λ
() .
λ , 1944 Moody Re λ
() . [Moody ] ,
.
1.6
[()] , , , ,
, . 312
, 16.5 km . 305 14 ,
578 km , ( 1.17).
. ,
. , , ()
.
. ,

. Chezy υ .
mic=υ
m [
] , i . c () ,
[Chezy ] .

(1)
(, internal flow) ,
(, external flow) . ,
,
, 1.18 . ,
() .
[(, boundary layer)] .
Prandtl 1904
8 , 12 .
(,
friction drag) , Prandtl
.
50
Kline . Kline
1.17

, ()
() ,
. [(bursting) ] ,
( 1.19).
(2) ?
.
(Ludwig Prandtl 1875-1953) .

. (Blasius), (Karman)
.
.

.
1.19
13
1.20(a) ,
, () 1.20(b)
, () , () ,
(, lift) .

U (, drag) D
, .
2
=
A , DC [, drag
coefficient] ().
DC , DC
. DC 0.3 0.5 .
(, separation) , .

() 1.21
() ,
.

14
(, separation point) ,
, .
CD 3 1 .
.
() CD ()
.
Karman ()
1.22
. [Karman ] , 1
, f .
d Uf 2.0=
U , d . Karman f

1.22 Karman
, .
Karman . ()
.
. Karman .

,
. ().
(4) ()

1.23 ,

. Magnus 1852 Magnus
.
, , , .

.
. Karman
,
.