Object Process Methodology

OPM

ד"ר אבי סופר

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OPM Basic Concepts

Emphasis Equally balancing static (structure) and dynamic (behavior)

aspects of the system Comprehension

Precise and concise syntax Dual notation: semantically equivalent intuitive graphics and

natural (yet formal) text Continuity

A unified model that supports the entire lifecycle Versatile complexity management mechanisms

Execution Ability to accurately represent threads of execution (scenario

simulation).

OPM is a comprehensive, generic, systems development and lifecycle support paradigm.

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OPM Syntax: Core Symbols

Entities: Object - A thing that exists for some time

Process - A thing that transforms an object State - A situation at which an object can be

Structural Relations Procedural Links

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OPM Object-Process Methodology

OPM integrates structure, function, and behavior into a single, unified model

Speaker handles Presenting.Audience can be Curious or Delighted.            Curious is initial.            Delighted is final.Presenting requires Ideas.Presenting changes Audience from Curious to Delighted.

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OPCAT Modeling

OBJECT

A thing that exists

PROCESS

A thing thattransforms objects

STATE

Describes theObject’s situation

LINKS

Procedural

Structural

Object-Process Diagram (OPD)

Object-Process Language (OPL)

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Example: Aggregation-participation

A structural relation between the whole and its parts

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Example: Exhibition-characterization

A structural relation between a thing and its features

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Example: Generalization-specialization

A structural relation between a thing and its specializations Known as the “is-a” relation

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Example: Classification-instantiation

A structural relation between a thing and its instances

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Example: General Link

A simple relation between two things

Unidirectional

Bidirectional

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Example: Bi-directional Tagged Links

A relation between two things whose semantics is expressed through tags

Each tag results in a separate sentence.

Single tag.

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System Structure: parts and features

Aggregation: Object consists of parts Exhibition: Object has features

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OPM Behavior Modeling: Procedural links

Enabling Links Agent link Instrument link Condition link

Transforming Links Result/Consumption (input/output) link Effect link

Event Links State change links Exception link Invocation link

Denote how processes relate to objects

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Enabling Links

Agent links connect agents and the processes they enable. An Agent is an intelligent enabler, who controls process executions in the way that suites his/her/its needs.

Instrument  links connect instruments and the processes they enable. An Instrument is an enabler that is not agent, e.g.: tools, information, data, etc. Processing will occur when enabler is available ("wait until“).

Condition links connect processes with object states: Processing will occur if and only if the object is in the certain state (“gate keeper”).

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Enabling Links - Example

Editor handles Word Processing.Word Processing requires Word Processor.Computer can be On or Off.Computer consists of Word Processor.Word Processing occurs if Computer is On.

Word Processing requires Word Processor.

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Transforming Links (1)

Effect link: Object is changed in an unspecified way

Word Processing affects Document.

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Transforming Links (2):

Express how a process transforms the state of objects (1) Result Link: Create (generate) a new object

Object does not exist before the process starts

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Transforming Links (2):

Express how a process transforms the state of objects (2) Consumption Link: Destroy (consume) an existing object

Object does not exist after the process ends

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Transforming Links (3): Change state

Express how a process transforms the state of objects

Text can be Raw or Edited.Word Processing changes Text from Raw to Edited.

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States

SymbolDescription / OPL sentence

Stateful object with two states

A situation at which an object can exist.

Website can be reachable or unreachable.

ValueA value that an object can assume.

Temperature is 15.

Stateful object with three

states: initial, default, and

final

A state can be initial, default, or final.

Car can be new, which is initial, used, which is default, or junk, which is final.

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Moving from initial to final

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Event Links

LinkSymbolDescription / OPL sentence

InvocationP1 Invokes P2 (timing unspecified)

State Enterance/change

State entrance event links (top) connect between states and the processes which are triggered when the corresponding objects enter the specific states. The process may change the object state.(bottom) denotes that the triggered process changes the object state.

Time-out Exception

Time-out exception links connect timed processes or states with processes that should be activated in cases the processes/states violate their time constraints.

 Denote process executions due to internal and external events.

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Event Links constructs State entrance event

links Left figure: When Object Status enters its before state, State Entrance Processing is activated. It does not change Object Status.

Right figure: When Object Status enters its before state, State Entrance Processing is activated. It also changes Object Status from before to after.

State change event link connect between objects and the processes which are triggered when there is a change of value or state in the corresponding

objects.

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Event Links constructs

Invocation

Time-out exception links connect timed processes or states with processes that should be activated in cases the processes/states violate their time constraints. 

After 3 minutes that Timed Processing runs, Exception Handling should be activated.

After 3 minutes that Object Status is in its timed state, Exception Handling should be activated.

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Procedural Links - Example

OPLCustomer handles

Password EnteringPassword Correct can be

Yes or NoPassword Entering yields

Entered PasswordPassword Checking

requires Stored Password and Entered Password. 

Password Checking affects Password Correct

Approving occurs if Password Correct is Yes

Approving yields ApprovalRepeating occurs if

Password Correct is NoRepeating invokes

Password Checking.

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OPM complexity management

Detail-based scaling: System modeling at any desired level of detail

Flexible combinations of three abstraction/refinement scaling modes: Processes: Out-zooming/In-zooming Objects: Folding/Unfolding States: Suppressing/Expressing

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Complexity Management: the System Map

First two nodesFirst two nodes

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A completeA complete

system mapsystem map

What about Unfolding ?

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OPM modeling example: Word Processor

The editor uses a word processor in order to convert the content of a document from raw text to properly edited material.

OPD Tree

Hierarchy

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Model Refinement: Process In-Zooming

Exposing the details inside a complex process

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Model Refinement: Unfolding Document

Avi SofferAnalysis of Case-studies32

Comparing OPM and UML

TargetConsistencyContinuityClarity

UML /

RUPGeneral purpose

Inconsistency, redundancy,

shallow semantics

Non-integrated process

Complex network of diagrams

OPMGeneral purpose

Clearly-defined semantics, process-driven consistency

Inherently-integrated process (complexity management)

Small set of well-defined building blocks

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Two system decomposition strategies

structurestructure behaviorbehavior statesstatesa

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UML: aspect-based decompositionUML: aspect-based decomposition

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OPM

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OPM

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difficult transitiondifficult transition

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Simulation by animation

Start the simulation process

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Foundation Constructing in-zoomed

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Certificate is being created

Automated Telling Machine (ATM) SystemAutomated Telling Machine (ATM) System

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Transaction Execution zoomed-inTransaction Execution zoomed-in

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Account Checking blown upAccount Checking blown up

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Transaction Processing zoomed-inTransaction Processing zoomed-in

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