Post on 07-Nov-2021
Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.
t]∏¿ ˛ 102 hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\n-Ihpwkmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-c-hp-amb ASn-Ød
kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)
bqWn‰v 1 ˛ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpwbqWn‰v 2 ˛ tIc-f-hn-Zym- ymkw ˛ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpwbqWn‰v 3 ˛ hnZym- ymkZ¿i-\-߃bqWn‰v 4 ˛ A[ym-]IhnZym-`ymkw
ska-ÿ ˛ 1
2
hnZym`ymkØns‚ Zm¿i\nIhpw kmaqlnIhpw
NcnX]chpamb ASnØd
bqWn‰v : 1 hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw
BapJw
hnZymebhpw kaqlhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w, C¥y≥ hnZym`ymØns‚ hf¿®bpw
hnImkhpw, C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bv°p klmbIambn h¿Øn®
\nba\n¿ΩmWßfpw hnZym`ymkIΩoj\pIfpw kzmX¥ym\¥cw C¥y≥
hnZym`ymkØn\p≠mb ]ptcmKXn, h¿Øam\ C¥y≥hnZym`ymkw t\cnSp∂ ]iv\߃
F∂nh kaKambn ]Xn]mZn°p∂ bqWn‰mWnXv. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚
NcnX]camb hniIe\ØneqsS AXp t\cnSp∂ ]iv\߃ Xncn®dn™v Bhiyamb
]cnlmc\n¿t±i߃ cq]s∏SpØm≥ Igntb≠Xp≠v. CXn\mhiyamb Bib]camb
ASnØdbp≠m°pIbmWv Cu bqWn‰ns‚ e£yw.
]T\t\´w
hnZym`ymkhpw kaqlhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w hniIe\w sNbvXp Is≠Øp∂p.
][m\mib߃
-$ hnZymebw Hcp kmaqlnI ÿm]\w.
$ hnZymebhf¿®bn¬ kaqlØn\pw kmaqlnI hf¿®bn¬ hnZymebØn\pw ]¶p≠v.
$ kaqlØns‚ ImgvN∏mSpw BibßfpamWv hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°w
Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.
$ s]mXphnZymeb߃ atXXcP\m[n]Xyÿm]\w.
Xmsgs°mSpØ tNmZyßtfmSp≈ \nßfpsS ]XnIcWw F¥mWv?
$ hnZym`ymkØn\v kmaqlnIe£yßfpt≠m? Ds≠¶n¬ Fs¥ms°?
$ hnZymebw Hcp kmaqlnIÿm]\amsW∂v ]dbp∂Xv F¥psIm≠mWv?
$ \mSns‚ ]ptcmKXn°pw t£aØn\pw hnZym`ymkw klmbIamtWm? F¥psIm≠v?
$ tIcfØnse hnZymeb߃ kmaqlnI C—Iƒ A\pkcn®mtWm ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv?
F¥psIm≠v?
Cu taJebpambn _‘s∏´ Bib߃ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\v hmb\bneqsS Bib߃
tiJcn°mhp∂XmWv. CXn\mbn D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂ ]pkvXI߃.
1. hnZym`ymkØns‚ kmaqly`qanI- sP. tPmk v (tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn‰yq v)
2. Sociology – Principles of Sociology with an itnroduction to Social thought – C.N. Shankar
Rao S. Chand & Company Ltd.
3. hnZym`ymkw- tUm. sI. inhZmk≥]n≈ (Iem\ntIX≥, \µmh\w) D≈S°w
3
Df-f-S°w
hy‡nXzhnIk\]InbbmWv hnZym`ymkw. iniphns‚ hnZym`ymkw amXm]n-
Xm°fpsSbpw kaqlØns‚bpw DØchmZnØamWv. a\pjykaqlØns‚
Bhn¿`mhtØmsSm∏w hnZym`ymkhpw \nehn¬ h∂p. kaqlØns‚ hf¿®bv°pw
hnIk\Øn\pw H∏w hnZym`ymkcoXnbpw AXns‚ D≈S°hpw amdpIbpw
hnIkn°pIbpw sNbvXp. C∂v hnZym`ymkw hyhÿm]nXamhpIbpw Gsd°psd
cmjvSßfpsS DØchmZnØambn amdpIbpw sNbvXncn°p∂p.
kaqlØnemWv hy‡nhfcpIbpw hnIkn°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv. `mj, s]cpam‰coXnIƒ,
hn´phogvN sNbvXv s]mcpØs∏´p Pohn°m\p≈ Ignhv F∂nhsb√mw HmtcmcpØcpw
t\Sp∂Xv kmaqlnIPohnXØneqsSbmWv. hy‡nhnIk\w \S°p∂Xv AXmXv
kaqlØns‚ ]mcºcyw A\pkcn®mWv `mj, aXw, kwkv°mcw, BNmc߃,
PohnXcoXnIƒ apXembhbmWv kaqlØns‚ ]mcºcysØ \n¿Wbn°p∂Xv.
]mcºcysØ \n¿Wbn°p∂ CØcw LSIßsf Hmtcm hy‡nbpw hna¿i\m∑Iambn
hnebncpØn kzmwioIcn°pIbpw hy‡nXzhnIk\w t\SpIbpw sNøp∂ ]InbbmWv
hnZym`ymkw.
Hmtcm ImesØbpw kmaqlnImh-iy-ß-fmWv hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°hpw coXnbpw
Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. kaqlPohnXØns‚ ]mcw`L´ßfn¬ D]Poh\am¿K߃
t\Sp∂Xn\p ]cnioen∏ns®Sp°embncp∂p hnZym`ymkw. hymhkmbnIbpKØn¬
sXmgnseSp°p∂Xn\v [mcmfw BfpIƒ Bhiyambn h∂t∏mƒ km¿∆XnIhnZym`ymkw
F∂ Bibw \nehn¬ h∂p. _lpP\hnZym`ymkw i‡ns∏SpIbpw imkvXt_m[hpw
kmaqlyNn¥mcoXnIfpw P\mbØmZ¿ißfpw A°meØv hnZym`ymkØneqsS ]I¿∂p
\¬Is∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. A‘hnizmkßfn√mØ, kmaqlnIt_m[ap≈ hy‡nIsf
cq]s∏SpØp∂XneqsS amXta hymhkmbnIbpKØn\mhiyamb sXmgn¬ tk\sb
kr„n°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q F∂XpsIm≠mbncn°Ww AØcØnep≈ hnZym`ym-kØn\v
B ImeØv cq]w sImSpØXv.
kaqlØns‚ C—bmWv hnZym`ymkØn\p cq]w \¬Ip∂sX¶nepw B kaqlsØ
]cnh¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ A]mcamb i‡n hnZym`ymkØn\p≠v. a\pjyhwisØ
]ptcmKXnbnte°p \bn® I≠p]nSnØßsf°pdn®pw kmaqlnI ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\p
\nZm\ambnØo¿∂ ]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw ]‰n ]Tn°p∂ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v X߃
Pohn°p∂ kaqlØnse ]iv\߃ ]cnlcn°p∂Xns\°pdn®p Nn¥n°m\p≈
hna¿i\mflI _p≤n cq]s∏Spw. \nehnep≈ hyhÿIsfbpw coXnIsfbpw
kr„n]cambn \ncq]Ww sNbvXv ]cnh¿Ø\Ønte°p \bn°m≥ Ah¿°p Ignbpw.
Cßs\bp≈ kmaqlye£yßtfmsSm∏w hy‡nPohnXw sa®s∏Sm\pw hnZym`ymkw
klmbn°p∂p. A`ykvXhnZy\mb Hcmƒ°v PohnXmtbm[\w t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ Ignhpw
PohnXsØ BkqXnXambn apt∂m´p \bn°p∂Xn\p≈ t_m[hpw D≠mbncn°pw. C∂v
temIsغmSpw ZmcnZ\n¿am¿P\Øn\p≈ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-°m-Wp-∂Xv \nc-£-
cXm\n¿am¿P\sØbmWv.
4
hnZym-`ymkw F∂ ÿm]\w
kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ hnZym-`ymkw Hcp ÿm]\ (Institution)amWv.
ÿm]\w F∂m¬ Hcp sI´n-S-a-√. kaql Pohn-X-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ e£y߃
\nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\n-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hu]-Nm-cnI kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmWv Ah. IpSpw-
_w, Kh¨sa‚ v, kºZv hyh-ÿ, hnZym- ym-kw, aXw F∂nh-bmWv ][m-\-s∏´ ÿm]-
\-߃.
BZna kaq-l-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymkw F∂ ÿm]-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A—≥ aIs\
th´bmSm≥ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. AXv hnZym- ym-k-a-√, A—s‚ IpSpw-_-]-c-amb DØ-c-
hmZn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw hf¿∂p k¶o¿W-am-b-tXmsS hnZym- ymkw
F√m-h¿°pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Int´≠ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. kmam-Py-߃ hf¿∂-t∏mƒ
\nIpXn ]ncnhpw tcJ-Iƒ kq£n-°epw Bh-iy-am-bn. CXn\v Fgp-Ødn-bp-∂-h¿
thWw. aX-߃ hf¿∂-t∏mƒ ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿ Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. Aßs\ Fgp-
Xm\pw ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Im\pw th≠n ]Tn-®-hcmWv NcnX-Ønse BZysØ hnZym¿Yn-
Iƒ. CXp hf¿∂p hnI-kn®p ÿncw A[ym-]-I-cp-ff hnZym-e-b-ap-≠m-bn. AhnsS
\n∂pw ÿnc-ambn hnZy-t\-Sp∂ coXn \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Hmtcm Ime-sØbpw
kmaqlyPnhn-Xm-h-iy-a-\p-k-cn-®p-ff ]uc-k-aq-lsØ hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂Xv hnZym- ym-k-
Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.
hnZymebw Hcp kmaqlnIÿm]\w
Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkw hfscb[nIw i‡n]m]n®ncn°p∂ C°meØv \ΩpsS
\m´nep≈ hnZymebßfpsS NcnXw \mw a\ nemt°≠Xp≠v. Hmtcm hnZym-ebØn\pw
Hcp IYbp≠v. Ah sI´n∏SpØXv ]mtZinI kaqlambncn°pw. ]tZisØ Ip´nIfpsS
hnZym`ymkamWv CXn\p≈ t]cIi‡n. Aßs\ F√mhn`m-Khpw hnZym`ymkw
t\SnbXmWv tIcfØns‚ C∂sØ ]ptcmKXn°p≈ ][m\ImcWw. Hmtcm
]tZisØbpw hnZymeb߃ Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n amXa√,
kmaqlnImhiy߃°pth≠n°qSn D]tbmK-s∏SpØp∂ ][m\s∏´ tIµßfmWv.
Hmtcm]tZisØbpw hnZymeb߃ ]mtZinIkaqlhpambn G‰hpw _‘s∏´p
]h¿Øn°p∂ CSßfmWv XßfpsS Ip´nIƒ hnZyt\Sp∂ ÿm]\sa∂ \nebn¬
F√mh¿°pw AXnt\mSp aaXbp≠v. hnZymebØn\p th≠n F¥psNøp∂Xn\pw Ah¿
XømdmWv. BbXn\m¬ ]mtZinIIq´mbvaIƒ hf¿Øp∂Xn\p klmbIamb tIµßƒ
IqSnbmWbh. hnZymeb߃ sI´nepw a´nepw ]gabpsS K‘w hln°p∂sX¶nepw
\mSns‚ ]ptcmKXn°p ASnØdbn´ ÿm]\sa∂ \nebn¬ kaqla\ n¬
hnZymebtØmSp≈ kvt\lw F∂pw \ne\n¬°pw. kaqlw hnZymebsØbpw hnZymebw
kaqlsØbpw ]ckv]cw cq]s∏SpØp∂ BtcmKyIcamb Hcp ]mcºcyamWv
\ne\n¬°p∂Xv.
hnZymebw Hcp atXXc P\m[n]Xyÿm]\w
Hmtcm hnZymebØnepw AXns‚ kao]ÿ kaqlØnse Ip´nIfmWv ]Tn°p∂Xv.
PmXnaXh¿Kt`Zsat\y hnZymebw F√m¿°pap≈XmWv. F√mhn`mKßfpw
hnZymebØn¬ tXmtfmSptXmƒ tN¿∂p ]Tn°p∂Xn\m¬ atXXcamb Hcp A¥co£w
5
kr„n°p∂Xn¬ s]mXphnZymeb߃ apJy ]¶phln°p∂p. AXpsIm≠v Ahsb
atXXcP\m[n]Xyÿm]\߃ F∂phnfn°mw. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ hn`mh\sNøp∂
atXXcP\m[n]Xy kaqlØns‚ kr„nbn¬ s]mXphnZymeb߃
][m\]¶phln°p∂p.
XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃-
1. \nehnep≈ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØn\v hy‡nXzhnIk\Øn\p Ignbp∂pt≠m?
hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØpI.
2. "s]mXphnZymebßfpsS XI¿® kmaqlnIPohnXØn¬ ]XymLmXßfp≠m°pw"
- ]kvXmh\tbm-Sv ]XnIcn°pI.
3. \nßfpsS ]tZiØp≈ Hcp ss]adn hnZymebsØ°pdn®v hnhctiJcWw \SØn
dnt∏m¿ v Xbmdm°pI. At\zjnt°≠ Imcy߃.
˛ hnZymebhpw ]mtZinIÿm]\ßfpw XΩnep≈ _‘w.
˛ hnZymebhpw ]mtZinIkaqlhpambp≈_‘w.
˛ c£nXm°fpambp≈ _‘w.
C¥ybnse hnZym`ymkw
]T\t\-´w
- hnhn[Imeßfnse C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ hniIe\w sNøp∂p.
][m\mib߃:
$ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw
$ thZImehnZym`ymkØns‚ khntijXIƒ - D≈S°w, t_m[\coXn.
$ _p≤ssP\ CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw - D≈S°w, t_m[\coXn.
$ _n´ojv hnZym`ymkØns‚ hym]\hpw khntijXIfpw.
$ kzmX¥ym\¥chnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®, Du∂¬taJeIƒ, ÿnXn
hnhc°W°pIƒ -hniIe\w sNbvXv hna¿i\m∑IImgvN∏mSv cq]oIcn°¬.
d^d≥kv
1. C¥y≥hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS - Xmbm´v i¶c≥ (sI.Fkv.Sn.F
]kn≤oIcWw)
2. hnZym`ymkw - `mcXØn¬ - tUm. Sn.sI. aplΩZv.
3. Education in India (1781-1985) Policies planning and implimentation. (Cetnre for Research in
Rural & Industrial Development – 1985)
4. Development of Education System in India and Statistics – Sujata Acharya. (Mother's Books
International – NewDelhi – 2014)
6
Xmsgs°mSp°p∂ tNmZyßtfmSp ]XnIcn°pI.
$ C¥ybv°p X\Xmb hnZym`ymk]mcºcyw D≠mbncpt∂m? Ds≠¶n¬ AXns‚
kz`mhw F¥mbncp∂p?
$ kzmX¥yw t\Sptºmƒ C¥ybpsS km£cXm\nehmcw F¥mbncp∂p?
$ 14 hb phscbp≈ F√mIp´nIƒ°pw \n¿_‘nXhpw km¿hXnIhpamb
hnZym`ymkw \S∏m°pw F∂v cWLS\bpsS \n¿t±iIXØzßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØm≥
ImcWsa¥v?
$ kzX¥ym\¥cw C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkcwKØp≠mb hf¿®sb°pdn®p ]dbptºmƒ
FSpØp]dtb≠ hkvXpXIƒ Fs¥ms°? hnZym`ymk ImcyØn¬ kwÿm\߃
hyXykvX\nehmcw ]pe¿Øm≥ ImcWsa¥v?
1. thZImehnZym`ymkw
]mNo\`mcXØnse hnZym`ymkcoXnsb°pdn®v thZ߃, D]\njØpIƒ,
CXnlmk߃ F∂nhbn¬ \n∂p a\ nem°mw.
hnZym`ymke£y߃
hy‡nbpsS kaKhnIk\amWv e£ywh®ncp∂Xv. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpw Bflo-
bhpamb hnIk\amWv CXv. hy‡nbpsS PohnXsØ _“Ncyw, Km¿lÿyw,
hm\]ÿw, k\ymkw F∂p \mev BiaßfmbnXncn°pIbpw CXneqsS kaKhnImkw
hn`mh\ sNøpIbpw sNbvXncp∂p.
PohnXsØ k^eam°m\pw Bflmhn\v tam£w ssIhcn°m\pw DXIp∂
hnZym`ymkamWv BkqXWw sNbvXncp∂Xv. `uXnIamb t\´ßsf°mfp]cn
k\mX\kXysØ Is≠ØpIbpw AXpambn Xmc-Xayw ]m]n°pIbpambncp∂p.
]mNo\`mcXobcpsS PohnXe£yw, hnZym`ymkw Cu e£yw ssIhcn°m\p≈
Hcp]m[nbmbncp∂p. `uXnIkpJßfn¬ apgpIn°gnbp∂h¿°v ap‡n e`n°pIbn√.
hy‡nIfpsS a\ ns\ hn⁄m\w IpØn\nd®v ho¿∏pap´n°msX AXns\ kwkvIcn
°pIbpw ]h¿Ø\£aam°pIbpamWv th≠sX∂v ]mNo\`mcXob¿°dnbm ambncp∂p.
D≈S°w
thZ߃, CXnlmk߃, ]pcmW߃, hymIcWw, PohimkvXw, KWnXw, X¿°w,
cmPyX¥w, i–imkvXw, Oµ v, ambmPmew, \£XhnZy, bp≤apdIƒ, kwKoXw,
\rØw, in¬∏hnZy, Bbp¿thZw apXembh.
hnZym`ymkkºZmbw/A[ym]\coXn
tNmZtymØcßfSßnb kwhmZcoXnbnemWv A[ym]\w \S∂ncp∂Xv. hnhcW߃,
IYIƒ, k≥am¿KIYIƒ apXembh D]tbmKn®v Kpcp injy∑m¿°p hn⁄m\w \¬In.
Kpcphns‚ IqsS Xmakn®v hnZyb`ykn°p∂ KpcpIpehnZym-`ymkcoXnbmWv A∂v
s]mXphn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂Xv.
A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn _‘w
]mNo\`mcXob hnZym`ymkØn¬ A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn_‘Øn\v [m¿anIamb
]cnip≤nI¬∏n°s∏´ncp∂p. tIhew hn⁄m\w ]I¿∂p\¬Ip∂ hy‡nsb∂Xnep]cn
7
k≥am¿KImcyßfnepw kZmNmcyaqeyßfnepw Bflob Imcyßfnepw am¿KZ¿inbpw
D]tZiI\pambncp∂p. injysc Bflobamb ]q¿ÆXbnte°pw XpS¿∂p
km£m¬°mcØnte°pw \bn°pIbmbncp∂p Kpcphns‚ e£yw.
thZImesØ A_m-“W hnZym`ymkw, kvXohnZym`ymkw F∂nhsb°pdn®v
hnhc߃ e`yamWv. AXp tiJcn°pI. ¢mkvUbdnbn¬ FgpXpI.
2. _p≤ssP\aXIme hnZym`ymkw
lnµpaXØnse PmXnhyhÿbv°pw _m“Wta[mhnXzØn\pw sh√phnfn
bpb¿Øns°m≠v _n.kn. 600 ¬ _p≤aXw Bhn¿`hn®p.
_p≤hnlmcßfmbncp∂p hnZym`ymktIµßƒ PmXn]cnKW\IqSmsX Gh¿°pw
AhnsS ]thi\a\phZn®ncp∂p. X∑qew F√mPmXnbnepw s]´h¿ AhnsS\n∂pw
hnZyt\Sn. _m“Wta[mhnXzØn¬ \n∂pw hnZym`ymkØns‚ IpØI FSpØpam‰n
hnZym-`ymkw P\Iobam°nam‰n F∂Xv _p≤aX hnZym`ymkØnse hnπhIcamb-
hiamWv.
hnZym`ymke£y߃
hy‡nbpsS k¿htXmapJamb hnIk\amWv hnZym`ymke£yw. PohnXØns‚ ]caamb
e£yw \n¿hmW]m]vXnbmbXpsIm≠v, hnZym`ymkw Cu e£yØn¬ Du∂nbp≈-
Xmbncp∂p. aqeym[njvTnXambncp∂p hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIƒ. B[ymflnImcy-
ßtfmsSm∏w uXnIImcyßfnep≈ ⁄m\Øn\pw _p≤aX hnZym`ymk kºZmbØn¬
]m[m\yw \¬Inbncp∂p.
D≈S°w
FgpØv, hmb\, KWnXw, \q¬\q¬∏v, s\bvØv, Xp∂¬]Wn, IWs°gpØv, s]bn‚nMv,
sshZyw, aXw, XØzimkvXw, bp≤imkvXw apXembh.
A[ym]\coXn
kwkmc`mjbnep≈ hnhcWw, ]`mjWw, N¿® F∂nhbneqsSbmWv A[ym]\w
\SØnbncp∂Xv. A[ym]I¿ ]dbp∂ Imcy߃ Hm¿abn¬ hbv°pIbpw
a\∏mTam°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. hnZym¿YnIfpsS ]`mjWNmXpcyw hnIkn∏n°m≥
CSbv°nsS N¿®Ifpw kwhmZßfpw kwLSn∏n®ncp∂p. ]K¤cmb ]`mjIsc
£Wn®phcpØn aXw, XØzimkvXw F∂o hnjbßsf°pdn®v ]`mjW߃
\SØn®ncp∂p.
A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn _‘w
_p≤hnlmcßfn¬ BNmcy∑mcpw injy∑mcpw kaqlambn Pohn®p. X∑qew
kmaqlnIPohnXØns‚ kZvKpW߃ ]TnXm°ƒ°p e`n®p. injy≥ Kpcphn\v
F√mhn[Ønep≈ tkh\ßfpw sNøWw. Kpcphns‚ Zn\Ncy, `n£mS\w, `£Ww,
hkvX[mcWw F∂o Imcyßsf√mw i≤n°pIbpw At±lsØ ]cnNcn°pIbpw
sNøWw.
8
]mNo\`mcXØnse hnZymtIµßƒ
]mNo\`mcXØn¬ AXn]ikvXßfmb k¿∆IemimeIƒ D≠mbncp∂p.
cmPyØns‚ ]e`mKßfn¬ \n∂pw ssN\, Xn_Øv, P∏m≥, _¿a, ioe¶, sX°pIng°≥
Gjybnse cmPy߃ apXemb CSßfn¬ \n∂pw Dff hnZym¿YnIƒ ChnsS
Xmakn®p]Tn®ncp∂p.
X£ine
_n.kn. Fgmw\q‰m≠n¬ Km‘mccmPyØns‚ Xeÿm\amb X£ine ]kn≤amb
Hcp hnZymtIµambncp∂p. sshZyw, cm„X¥w, in¬∏hnZy, kwKoXw, hmWnPyimkvXw,
hymIcWw, kpIpamcIeIƒ F∂nhbnse√mw ]K¤cmb A[ym]I¿
AhnsSbp≠mbncp∂p. A[ym]I¿ Hmtcm hnZym¿Ynsbbpw ]tXyIw i≤n®ncp∂p.
hnZym¿YnIƒ°v F´ph¿jw hnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ kuIcyw ChnsS D≠mbncp∂p.
]thi\Øn\v PmXobamb ]cnKW\Iƒ D≠mbncp∂n√.
\fµ
_olmdnse ]m‰v\bpsS ASpØp ÿnXnsNøp∂ \fµ ]kn≤amb
hn⁄m\tIµambncp∂p. F.Un. 414 apX¬ 454 hsc cmPmhmbncp∂ IpamcKp]vX-\mbn-
cp∂p \fµbpsS ÿm]I≥. GXm≠v 1½ In.ao‰¿ \ofhpw ap°m¬ In.ao hoXnbpap≈-
Xmbncp∂p \fµ k¿∆Iemime hf∏v. henb sse_dnbpw F´phenb lmfpIfpw
ap∂qtdmfw apdnIfpw ChnsSbp≠mbncp∂p. hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw ChnsS
`£Ww kuP\yambncp∂p. AKm[]finX∑mcpw ]kn≤cmb KŸImc∑mcpambncp∂p
A[ym]I¿. Ch¿ hnZym¿YnIfp-sS kplrØp°fpw am¿KZ¿inIfpambncp∂p. \fµbn¬
GXm≠v ]Xn\mbnctØmfw hnZym¿YnIfp≠mbncp∂p. Bdphb n\p apºv FgpØpw
hmb\bpw ]Tn®ncp∂p. CXn\ptijap≈ c≠mw L´Øn¬ ]mWn\obkqXßfmbncp∂p
]Tn®ncp∂Xv. 11 apX¬ 15 hb phscbp≈ ]mbØn¬ a‰p]ehn⁄m\imJIfpw
]Tn∏n®p t]m∂p. hcsamgn hnIkn®n´n√mØ A°meØv ]`mjWw, hnhcWw, N¿®Iƒ,
kwhmZw apXembcoXnIfmbncp∂p hnZym`ymkØn\v Ahew_n®ncp∂Xv.
hnIaine
F.Un F´mw \q‰m≠n¬ KwKmXocsØ hnIainebn¬ ÿm]n°s∏´p hn⁄m-\-tIµw
]kn-≤-amWv. _p≤-aXm\pbmbnbmb [¿Ω]mecmPmhmbncp∂p CXns‚ ÿm]I≥.
XØzimkvXw, hyIcWw, X¿°imkvXw, almbm\_p≤aXZ¿i\w apXemb
hnjb߃ ChnsS ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p. AKm[]finX∑mcm-bn-cp∂p Cu ÿm]\Øns‚
A[n]≥.
3. CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw
F.Un 12˛-mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\Øn¬ apkveow`cWw ÿm]n°m\nSh∂tXmsS
C¥ybn¬ CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw ]Ncn°m\nSbmbn. ap…o߃°p aX-]-camb
t_m[\w \¬IpIbpw t]¿jy≥, Xp¿°n apXemb `mjIfn¬ hn⁄m\ap≈hsc
kr„n°pIbpambncp∂p CXns‚ ][m\ e£yw. hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßfpsS \SØn∏n\v
[\klmbw \¬IpIbpw [mcmfw a‡_Ifpw aZkIfpw ÿm]n°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.
hnZym`ymke£y߃
9
Ckvemans‚ hnZym`ymkho£Ww `uXnIXbpw BflobXbpw XΩnep≈
BtcmKyIcamb ka\zbamWv. hn⁄m\kºZmbw, kz`mhcq]h¬°cWw,
CkvemanIXØz-߃°-\pkrXamb ]mtbmKnIPohnXw apXemb CkvemanI
hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yßfmWv. kXyk-‘X, kvt\lw, klnjvWpX, ss[cyw,
tZikvt\lw, klPohnkvt\lw, kuµcyt_m[w apXemb KpWßfpw aqeyßfpw
hnIkn∏ns®-Sp°p∂Xn\pw CXp i≤n®p.
D≈S°w:-
CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw \S∂ncp∂Xv a‡_Ifnepw aZkIfnepambncp∂p.
]mYanIhnZym`ymkÿm]\ßfmb a‡_Ifn¬\n∂pw FgpØv, hmb\, Jp¿ B≥
]mcmbWw, ]hmNIhN\߃, CkvemanINcnXhpw IYIfpw ]mYanIKWnXw
apXembh]Tn∏n®p. hnhcWhpw ]`mjWhpambncp∂p A[ym]\coXn.
sk°≠dnhnZy`ymkw \¬Inbncp∂ aZkIfn¬ Jp¿ B≥ kq‡ßfpsS hymJym\w,
`mj, hymIcWw, kmlnXyw, KWnXw, hm\imkvXw, `qanimkvXw, sshZyw,
X¿°imkvXw, NcnXw, hmkvXpin¬∏hnZy, IsøgpØphnZy F∂nh ]Tn∏n®p.
A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn_‘w:-
CkvemanIhnZym`ymkØn¬ ]finX∑m¿°pw A[ym]I¿°pw ]tXyIamb BZchpw
ÿm\hpw \¬Is∏´ncp∂p. kaqlØn\p t\XrØzw \¬tI≠ NpaXe
]finX∑m¿°msW∂v Ckvemw IcpXp∂p. DZvt_m[\w ]finX∑mcpsSbpw
A[ym]IcpsSbpw IYbmWv. A[ym]I¿°pw ]finX¿°pw th≠ kuIcyhpw
kwc£Whpw \¬tI≠Xv kaqlØns‚bpw `cWm[nImcnIfpsSbpw NpaXebmbn
IW°m°nbncp∂p. hy‡nt_m[\Øn\pw sNdpkwLßfmbn Xncn®p≈
t_m[\Øn\pw A[ym]\coXnbn¬ ÿm\ap≠mbncp∂p. Hcp ]mTw ]Tn°mØ
hnZym¿Yn°p ASpØ]mTw ]Tn°m\p≈ A¿lXbp≠mbncp∂n√. AXpsIm≠v
]T\Øn¬ anSp°cmbh¿°v thKØn¬ ]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°m\pw Db¿∂]T\w
\SØm\pw Ahkcw e`n®ncp∂p.
4. _n-´ojv ImehnZym`ymkw
1498 -¬ hmkvtImUKma tImgnt°msSØnbtXmsS aX]NmcWw e£yam°n anj\dnam¿
C¥ybnseØnØpSßn. t]m¿®pKokpIm¿ tKmh, Zma≥, Znbp, sIm®n apXemb CSßfn¬
hnZymeb߃ ÿm]n®p. ^©pIm¿ t]m≠nt®cn, amln. Nµ\K¿ F∂nhn--Sßfn¬
hnZymeb߃ Bcw`n®p. Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpw hnZymeb߃ Xp-Sßn.
C¥ybn¬ anj\dn]h¿Ø\߃ btY„w \SØp∂Xn\pw C¥ysb kmaqlnIambpw
kmºØnIambpw D≤cn°p∂Xn\pw ChnsS ]m›mXy hnZym`ymkw ]Ncn∏n°Wsa∂v
Ah¿ Xncn®dn™p. 1813- se Nm¿´¿ BIvSv ]Imcw ssIkvXhanj\dnam¿°v
aX]NmcWw \SØp∂Xn\p≈ kzmX¥yw e`n°pIbpw C¥y≥P\Xsb hnZym`ymkw
sNøn°p∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnØw Iº\nbptSXmbnØocpIbpw sNbvXp.
1835 se sa°mfbpsS an\nSvkv B[p\nIC¥y≥hnZym`ymkØns‚ \btcJbmbn-Øo¿∂p.
"`cWI¿Øm°fmb \Ωfpw \m´pImcmb C¥y°mcpw XΩn¬ Bibhn\nabw sNøm≥
klmbn°p∂ Hcp h¿KsØ -c‡Ønepw h¿WØnepw C¥y°mcmsW¶nepw
A`ncpNnbnepw ho£WØnepw kZmNmc t_m[Ønepw Cw•ojpImcmb Hcp h¿KsØ-
10
kr„n°m≥ Ignbp∂sX√mw sNtø≠nbncn°p∂p'' F∂p ]kvXmhn®psIm≠v
C¥ybnse _n´ojv hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yw At±lw hniZam°n.
XmaknbmsX C¥ybpsS hnhn[]tZißfn¬ hnZym`ymkhIp∏pIƒ Xp--SßpIbpw
kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kzImcyGP≥knIƒ°v kvIqfpw
tImtfPpw \SØm≥ [\klmbw \¬In. kvXohnZym`ymkw t]m’mln ∏n°p∂Xn\p≈
\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®p. Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]NmcWtØm-sS B[p\nI
ImgvN∏mSpIfpsSbpw en_d¬at\m`mhØns‚bpw hym]\hpw \S∂p. CXns‚ ^eambn
hnZym`ymkcwKØv henbam‰ßƒ D≠mbn.
$ ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m[yXbmsW∂p AwKoIcn®p. AXn\mbn
Xt±ikzbw`cWÿm]\ßfpw Kh¨sa‚pw ^≠p\o°n hbv°m≥ Xocpam\n®p.
$ A[ym]I]cnioe\w \¬In ka¿Ycmb A[ym]Isc kr„n°pI.
$ kvXohnZym`ymkw t]m’mln∏n°pI.
$ k¿∆IemimeIfpsS ta¬t\m´Øn¬ D∂XhnZym`ymkw hym]n∏n°pI.
$ ]mhs∏´ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v kvtImf¿jn∏v, D®`£W]cn]mSn.
$ hnZym`ymkw kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpam°pI.
$ A[yb\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww.
$ bphm°sf D∂XhnZym`ymkØn\pw sXmgnen\pw ]m]vXcm°p∂ sk°≠dn
hnZym`ymkw.
apXemb ImgvN∏mSpItfmSpIqSnb ]h¿Ø\߃°v hnZym`ymkcwKØv XpS-°w Ipdn®Xv
_n´ojv cWImeØmWv. B[p\nI hnZym`ymkØn\v ASnØd bnSp∂ hºn®Im¬hbv∏p-
Ifmbncp∂p A∂p \S∂Xv. C∂sØ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°w, A[ym]-
\coXn, hnebncpج kºZmbw F∂nhbpsSsb√mw BZycq]߃ Cu ImesØ
hnZym`ymk kºZmbØn¬ Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.
5. kzX¥ym\¥chnZym`ymkw
C¥ykzmX¥ywt\Sptºmƒ 36 tImSntbmfw hcp∂ P\ßfn¬ 83% BfpIfpw
\nc£ccmbncp∂p. mcXobs‚ icmicn Bbq¿ssZ¿Lyw 32 hb pw Btfmlcnhcpam\w
237.5 cq]bpambncp∂p. kmºØnIambpw hnZym`ymk]cambpw BtcmKy]cambpw hfsc
timN\obamb AhÿbmWv \nehnep≠m bncp∂Xv.
Hcp tkmjy-enÃpkaqlw sI´n∏Sp°pI F∂ e£ytØmsSbp≈ ]h¿Ø\amWv
`cWLS\ \nehn¬h∂Xn\ptijw C¥ybn¬ \S∂Xv. kmºØnIhpw cm„obhpw
kmaqlnIhpamb hf¿®bv°v hnZym`ymkw IqSntb Ignbq. kmaqlnI ]cnh¿Ø\w
km[yam°m\p≈ i‡amb D]m[nbmbn hnZym`ymksØ Xncn®dn™XpsIm≠mWv
`cWLS\bn¬Øs∂ km¿∆P\o\ hnZym`ymkw \n¿_‘nXambn ]Jym]n®ncn°p∂Xv.
hnZym`ymkhym]\Øn\pth≠n kzX¥C¥ybn¬ kp][m\amb ]e NphSphbv∏pIfpw
\-S∂p.
$ tIµkwÿm\Xeßfn¬ hnZym`ymk`cWkwhn[m\߃ cq]s∏SpØn.
11
$ ]©h’c]≤XnIfn¬ IqSpX¬ XpI hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n \o°nh®p.
$ hnZym`ymkcwKsØ ]iv\߃ ]Tn°p∂Xn\v hnZKv[kanXnIsf \ntbmKn®p.
$ hnZKv[IΩ‰nIfpsS \n¿t±i߃ \S∏m°p∂Xn\v ]tXyI ]≤XnIfpw
]cn]mSnIfpw \S∏m°n.
$ CXns‚ ^eambn C¥ybnse hnZym`ymkcwKØv h≥ ]ptcmKXnbp≠mbn.
XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃
(1) thZImehnZym`ymksØ°mƒ P\Iobambncp∂p _p≤ssP\ hnZym`ymkw F∂p
]dbp∂Xv F¥psIm≠mWv?
(2) _n´ojv hnZym`ymkamWv C¥ybnse B[p\nI hnZym`ymkØn\v ASnØdbn´Xv
F∂ A`n]mbtØm-Sv tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? -F¥psIm≠v?
(3) "sa°msfbp--sS hnZym`ymk ImgvN]mSn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Sm≥ C¥y≥
hnZym`ymkØn\v CXphsc Ign™n---´n√" - hkvXpXIsf hniIe\w sNbvXv
A`n]mbw tcJs∏SpØpI.
(4) kzX¥C¥ybn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hnIk\Øn\mbn \S∂
]cnia߃ kwKln°pI.
(5) ]mNo\`mcXØnse kvXohnZym`ymkØns‚ Ahÿsb¥mbncp∂p?
kntºmknbw
C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ][m\s∏´ Hmtcm L´ßsf°pdn®pw - thZIme
hnZym`ymkw, _p≤ssP\hnZym`ymkw, CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw, _n´ojv
hnZym`ymkw, kzX¥ym\¥chnZym`ymkw - ]tXyIw t]∏dpIƒ Xbmdm°n
AhXcn∏n®p \SØp∂ N¿®. N¿®bn¬ DcpØncnbp∂ Bib߃
tImUoIcn®p knwtºmknbØns‚ dnt∏m¿´pw Xbmdm°pat√m.
temIhnZym`ymkw
]T\t\´w
hnhn[ImeL´ßfnse temIhnZym`ymkØns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ XmcXayw sNøp∂p.
hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bv°p t]cIamb kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhpamb ImcW߃
Xncn®dnbp∂p.
][m\mib߃:-
$ CuPn]vXv, saks]m--t´manb, Kokv Xp-Sßnb ]mNo\\mKcnIXIfn¬ X\Xmb
hnZy`ymkkºZmbw D≠mbncp∂p.
$ a[yImehnZym`ymkØn¬ aXØns‚ kzm[o\w D≠mbncp∂p.
$ km¿∆XnIhnZym`ymksØ°pdn®p≈ Nn¥Iƒ i‡ambXv hymhkm
bnIbpKØnemWv.
12
$ Ccp]sØm∂mw \q‰m≠nse sXmgn¬ tk\bv°p≠mtI≠ IgnhpIƒ ]cºcmKX
hnZym`ymkØneqsS t\SnsbSp°m\mhn√. Db¿∂\nebnep≈ hniIe\tijn
]iv\hniIe\tijn F∂nh B¿Pn°m\p≈ Ahkcw F√mh¿°pw e`yam°Ww.
N¿®sNøpI
(1) C¥ybpsS hnZym`ymk]mcºcyw t]mse temIsØ a‰p ]tZißfnepw
]mNo\ImeØpXs∂ hnZym`ymk kºZmbw \nehnencp∂ncp∂p. CXn\v C¥y≥
hnZym`ymkkºZmbØn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥¶nepw hyXymkw D≠mbncpt∂m?
(2) hymhkmbnI hnπhw hnZym`ymkØn¬ sNepØnb kzm[o\w F¥mbncp∂p?
(3) temIhnZym`ymkØn¬ kaImenI ]hWXIƒ tIcfhnZym`ymkØn¬ FXamXw
ZriyamWv?
D≈S°w
temIØv hyhÿm]nXamb hnZym`ymkcoXn \nehn¬ h∂n v 150 - 200 sIm√w amXta
Bbn´p≈q. NnecmPyßfn¬ tIhew 50 sIm√w amXw.
temIsØ ]pcmX\ \mKcnIXIfnse√mw AhcptSXmb hnZym`ymkcoXn D≠mbncp∂p.
3500 _n.knbn¬ Xs∂ CuPn]vXn¬ hnIknXamb lntcm•n^nIvkv en]nIƒ D]tbmKn®v
FgpXnbncp∂p. ]m∏ndkv CeIfnembncp∂p A∂v FgpXnbncp∂Xv.
1. ]mNo\CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkw
CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkØn\v 3000 _n.kn apX¬ Dff NcnXap≠v. hnZykº∂cpw
_p≤nimenIfpamb ]ptcmlnX∑mcmbncp∂p hnZym`ymksØ \nb¥n®ncp∂Xv.
]utcmlnXy ]cnioe\Øn\p≈ hnZymebßfpw ]I¿s∏gpØpIm¿°p≈ (Scribes)
hnZymebßfpw CuPn]vXnep≠mbncp∂p. 5 hb n¬ Bcw`n°p∂ ]T\w 16,17 hb phsc
\o≠p\n∂ncp∂p. CXn¬ 13,14 hb mIptºmƒ ]mtbmKnI]cnioe\w \¬InØp-Sßpw.
]utcmlnXy ]cnioe\w \-S°p∂ t£XIemeb (Temple College) ßfn¬ 17-˛mw
hb nemWv ]T\w Bcw`n®ncp∂Xv. AXv Bhiym\pkcWw \o≠p\n¬°pambncp∂p.
ImWm]mTw ]Tn°en\pw Hm¿ai‡n h¿[n∏n°p∂Xn\pw hnZym`ymkØn¬ henb
]m[m\yw D≠mbncp∂p.
FgpØv,hmb\, KWnXw, aXImcy߃, ZqanimkvXw, \£XimkvXw, sshZyw apXemb
hnjb߃ BWv kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw ]Tn®ncp∂Xv. Ch ]Tn®Xn\ptijw Ip´nIƒ AhcpsS
IpesØmgnepIƒ A`ykn®ncp∂p.
ac∏eIIfnembncp∂p sNdnbIp´nIƒ FgpXnbncp∂Xv. apXn¿∂ Ip´nIƒ ]m∏ndkv
CeIfnepw FgpXnbncp∂p.
I¿i\amb A®-S°w hnZymebßfn¬ \n¿_‘ambncp∂p. kmwkvImcnIhpw
hnZym`ymk]chpamb hn\nabØn¬ hogvNIƒ kw`hn°mXncn°m\mWv Cßs\ A®-
S°w ]men®ncp∂Xv. ]cºcmKXcoXnbn¬ \n∂pw Nn¥Iƒ hyXnNen°p∂Xn\v ]pcmX\
CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkØn¬ A\phmZap≠mbncp∂n√. kaqlØnse D®\oNXzw
hnZym`ymkØnepw AtXt]mse ]men®pt]m∂p.
13
2. saks∏mt´manbbnse hnZym`ymkw:-
]pcmX\ CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkØn\p kam\amb coXnbnep≈ hnZym`ymkambncp∂p
saks]mt´manb≥ kwkvImcØnepw \ne\n∂ncp∂Xv. hnZym`ymkcwKØv t\XrXzw
hln®ncp∂Xv ]ptcmlnXh¿Kambncp∂p. hnZymeb߃ ]h¿Øn®ncp∂Xv
t£XßtfmS\p_‘n®mbncp∂p. F√mt£Xßfnepw sse_dn ]h¿Øn®ncp∂p.
saks∏mt´manb≥ hnZym`ymkØn¬ FgpØn\p henb ]m[m\yap≠mbncp∂p. _n.kn.
3000Ønse Iyq\nt^mw FgpØv hfsc k¶o¿Æambncp∂Xn\m¬ AXv ]Tn°m≥ 12
sIm√tØmfw th≠nbncp∂p. ]Wap≈h¿°v amXambncp∂p A∂v hnZym`ymkw e`n®Xv.
]`pIpamc∑m¿, kº∂I®hS°m¿, ]ptcmlnX∑m¿ apXembhcmWv A∂v ]Tn®ncp∂Xv.
s]¨Ip´nIƒ hnZymebØn¬ t]mbn hnZyb`ykn®ncp∂n√.
Ip´nIsf FgpØv, hmb\, KWnXw, NcnXw, F∂nh ]Tn∏n®p. `mhnbnse sXmgn¬
km[yX ap≥\n¿Øn sshZyw, kwJymimkvXw, F≥Pn\obdnMv, P¥pimkvXw,
\£XimkvXw, hmkvXphnZy F∂nhbpw ]Tn∏n®p.
Ip´nIƒ°v ac°jvWßfpsS ]pdØmbncp∂p A[ym]I¿ FgpXns°mSpØncp∂Xv.
injy∑m¿ AXv Bh¿Øn®v ]I¿Øn FgpXn ]Tn°pIbmbncp∂p ]Xnhv.
hnZym`ymkØn¬ I¿i\amb A®S°Øn\v ]m[m\yap≠mbncps∂¶nepw A[ym]I¿
Hcp apXn¿∂ ktlmZcs\t]mse hnZym¿Ynsb ]T\Øn¬ klmbn®p.
3. ]pcmX\Koknse hnZym`ymkw
temIhnZym`ymkNn¥bv°v Aaqeyamb kw`mh\ \¬Inb alØmb ]mcºcyamWv
Kokn\p≈Xv. Koknse \KccmPyßfpsS Bhn¿`mhtØmsS hnZym`ymkØn\v hy‡hpw
\n›nXhpamb cq]w ssIh∂p. ][m\ \KccmPyßfmb kv]m¿´bpw GY≥kpw c≠pXcw
hnZym`ymksØbmWv ]Xn\n[m\w sNbvXncp∂Xv. A\pkcWbpw Iqdpw kXyk‘-
Xbpap≈ [oc∑mcmb amXrImtbm≤m°sf hf¿ØnsbSp°pI F∂Xmbncp∂p kv]m¿´≥
hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yw. Hcp Ip´n Ggp hb phsc amXmhns‚ ta¬t\m´Ønem-
bncn°pw. AXn\ptijw k¿°m¿ sNehn¬ hnZymebßfn¬ h®v Hm´w, Nm´w,
a¬∏nSpØw, ssk\nI IhmØv apXemb ImbnIm`ymk߃ ]cnioen°p∂p.
]Xns\´papX¬ Ccp]Xp hb phsc ssk\nI imkvXhpw Bbp[hnZybpw
A`ykn°p∂p. ]ns∂ ]ØpsIm√w ssk\nItkh\w \SØWw. ap∏XmasØhb n¬
Ah\p ]q¿W]ucXzhpw hnhmlØn\p≈ A\paXnbpw e`n°p∂p. s]¨Ip´nIƒ°pw
C]Imcap≈ hnZym`ymkamWv e`n®ncp∂Xv. ssk\nImIaW߃ km[mcWambncp∂-
Xn\m¬ CØcØnep≈ hnZym`ymkw A∂p ]k‡ambncp∂p.
GY≥kn¬ Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymk®paXe apJyambpw IpSpw_Øn\mbncp∂p.
s]mXphnZymeb߃ A∂n√mbncp∂p. Ggphb nemcw`n°p∂ hnZym`ymkw
IpSpw_Øn\v kmºØnI ÿnXnbps≠¶n¬ 15,16 hb phsc XpS¿∂ncp∂p. ][m\ambpw
kwKoXhnZymebw, ImbnIm`ymkhnZymebw F∂v c≠pXcw hnZymeb߃ AhnsS
D≠mbncp∂p. kwKoXhnZymebßfn¬ XpS°Øn¬ kwKoXhpw Imhyhpw amXw
]Tn∏n°p∂p. XpS¿∂v \mSIw, NcnXw, ]`mjWIe, imkvXw F∂nhbpw ]Tn∏n°pw.
IfnIfpw hymbmaapdIfpw ImbnIa’cßfpw a‰pambncp∂p ImbnIm`ymkhnZym-
ebßfn¬ ]Tn∏n®ncp∂Xv. 16˛mw hb n¬ _me∑m¿ CØcw ]T\߃ \n¿Ønh®v
14
kvt‰‰v \nb¥WØnep≈ Pnwt\jyØn¬ ]thin°pIbpw AhnsS ]Tn°pIbpw
sNøp∂p. ImbnI a’c߃, cmjvSob kwhmZ߃, apXn¿∂hcpambp≈ kº¿°w
F∂nhbn¬ IqSn Ah¿ ]mb]q¿ØnbmbhcpsS NpaXeIƒ \n¿∆ln°m≥ ]m]vXn
t\Sp∂p. ]n∂oSv hnhn[ ]co-£-Iƒ hnPbn®p Ign™m¬ Ah¿ ]q¿Æ]ucXzØn\v
A¿lcmIp∂p.
D∂X hnZym`ymkw
Koknse kmaqlnI kmºØnI cm„ob]cnh¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn hnZym`ymkw
IqSpX¬ ss[jWnIambnØo¿∂p. tkm^nÃpIƒ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ ]pXnb hn`mKw
A[ym]I¿ Bhn¿`hn®p. ChcpsS ]bXv\^eambn c≠p-Xcw hnZym-e-b-߃
Bhn¿`hn®p.
1. ]`mjW]cw
2. Zm¿i\nIw
_p≤nPohnIƒ°p ]mtbmKnI ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]cnioe\w \¬IpIbmbncp∂p
]`mjW]camb hnZymebßfpsS e£yw. c≠matØXmIs´ \ymbhmZØn\pw
Zm¿i\nI Nn¥bv°pw ]m[m\yw sImSpØp tπt‰m ÿm]n® A°mZanbpw
Acnkvt‰m´nens‚ sseknbhpw c≠matØXn\v DZmlcWamWv. GY≥kv,
AeIvkm≠nb XpSßnb k¿∆IemimeIƒ hf¿∂p h∂Xv Cu c≠n\w
hnZymebßfn¬ \n∂mWv.
4. a[yIme hnZym`ymkw
bqtdm∏n¬ ItØmen°cpsS samWmkvSnIfmbncp∂p a[yImesØ hnZymtIµßƒ
F.Un. 312 ¬ tIm¨Ã≥‚nbn≥ NIh¿Øn InkvXpaXw kzoIcn®tXm-sS InkvXpaXw
tdmamkmamPyØnse AwKoIrXaXambnØo¿∂p. saUn‰td\nb≥ XSØnse an°
hnZymebßfpw InkvXpaX]NmcWw Gs‰SpØp. hnZyt\Snbh¿°v kaqlØnepw
`cWØnepw ][m\s∏´ ÿm\w e`n®ncp∂Xn\m¬ hnZym`ymkØns‚
]m[m\ysØ°pdn®v F√mhcpw t_m[hm∑mcmbncp∂p,
12˛ -mw \q‰m≠nse a[yIme \thm∞m\tØmsS hnZym`ymkcwKØv
]cnh¿Ø\ßfp≠mbn. k\ymkhrØn ]Tn°m\pt±in°p∂h¿°v 15 hb n\p
apºpXs∂ [mcmfw ]Tn°m\p≠mbncp∂p. hmb\, [ym\w, ]m¿Y\ F∂nhbmbncp∂p
][m\ambpw ]T\hnjb߃. \Kc]tZißfn¬ PohnXØn\v Ipsd°qSn
D]Imc]Zamb hnjb߃ ]Tn°m\p≠mbncp∂p. em‰n≥, hymIcWw, ]`mjWw,
\ymbw, t£XKWnXw, Aw¶KWnXw (Arithematic) Du¿PX¥w, cm„X¥w,
kmºØnIimkvXw apXemb hnjb߃ AhnsS ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p. IqSmsX \q¬\q¬°¬,
Irjn, sshZyw XpSßnb sXmgnepIfpw ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p.
C‰en, ^m≥kv, Cw•≠v XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬ k¿∆IemimeIƒ DZbw sIm≠Xpw
C°meØmWv.
bqtdm∏n\pw ]pdØpw a[ybpKßfn¬ hnZym`ymkhf¿®bp≠mbncp∂p. _mKvZmZv
CØcØnep≈ Hcp tIµambncp∂p. _mKvZmZnse 'House of Wisdom' F∂ KŸime 9
apX¬ 13- mw \q‰m≠phsc Adnhns‚ tIµambncp∂p. AhnsS ss]ØtKmdkv, tπt‰m,
15
Acnkvt‰m´n¬, lnt∏mIn‰kv, bp¢nUv, kpipX≥, NcI≥, Bcy`´≥, _“Kp]vX≥
XpSßnbh¿ temIØn\p \¬Inb hn⁄m\w apgph≥ ]I¿ØnsbgpXn kq£n®ncp∂p.
Hcp e£tØmfw P\kwJymbp≠mbncp∂ _mKvZmZv A°meØv sshZyimkvXw,
ckX¥w, PohimkvXw, `qanimkvXw F∂nhbpsS ]ikvXamb ]T\tIµambncp∂p..
5. hnZym`ymkw hymhkmbnIbpKØn¬
F√mh¿°pw hnZym`ymkw F∂ Bibw i‡amIp∂Xv hymhkmbnIbpKØnemWv.
hnizmkßfpsSbpw BNmcßfpsSbpw temIØv IpSpßn°nS°p∂ kaqlsØ AXn¬
\n∂pw tamNn∏n®v ]pXnbsXmgn¬ taJebn¬ AWn\ncØp∂Xn\p hnZym`ymkw
AXymhiyambncp∂p.
_n´\n¬ 1833-- ¬ D≠mb ^mŒdn BŒv A\pkcn®v ^mŒdnsØmgnemfnIfpsS a°ƒ°v
Znhkw 2 aWn°q¿ kabsØ \n¿_‘nX hnZym`ymkw sImSp°Wsa∂p Xocpam\n®p.
1880 BIptºmtg°pw 10 hb phscbp≈ apgph≥ Ip´nIƒ°pw \n¿_‘nX hnZym`ymkw
sImSp°m≥ _n´\n¬ Xocpam\n®p. C°meØmWv A[ym]I]cnioe\߃
Bcw`n°p∂Xv.
Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠n¬ temIbp≤߃°ptijw hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ hºn®
]cnh¿Ø\߃ D≠mbn. Adnhns‚ hnkvt^mS\w \S°pIbpw imkvXm[njvTnX
hyhkmb߃ hym]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kwLSnXsXmgnemfnh¿Kw, sSenhnj≥
F∂nhbpsS hchpw kmaqly cmjvSob PohnXsØ BgØn¬ kzm[o\n® kw`hß
fmbncp∂p. bp≤m\¥cw an°hmdpw cmPy߃ kzmX¥yw t\SpIbpw AhnSßfn¬
hnZym`ymkcwKØv FSpØp]dbØ° am‰ßfp≠mhpIbpw sNbvXp. hymhkmbnI
]ptcmKXn°v hnZym`ymkw IqSntb Ignbq F∂mbnØo¿∂p.
˛ hnZym¿YnIfpsS FÆw h¿[n®p.
˛ D∂XhnZym`ymkØn\v ]m[m\yw IqSn.
˛ hnZym`ymkhpw kºØpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ]I-S-ambn
˛ KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw F∂ Nn¥ i‡ambn.
˛ hnZym`ymk a\»mkvXØns‚ kzm[o\w h¿[n®p,
F∂nhbpw C°mesØ FSpØp]dbØ° am‰ßfmWv.
6. temIhnZym`ymkØnse kaImenI]hWXIƒ:-
temIsØ an° cmPyßfnepw \n¿_‘nX hnZym`ymkw \ne\n¬°p∂p F∂XmWv
h¿Øam\ImeØns‚ Hcp ][m\khntijX. 30 sIm√߃°p≈n¬ NcnXØn¬
C∂phscbp≈Xn¬ IqSpX¬ BfpIƒ°p Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw e`n°psa∂v
bps\kvtIm \nco£n®n´p≠v.
\nc£ccpsSbpw kvIqfn¬ t]mImØhcpsSbpw FÆw IpsdZiIßfmbn
Ipd™psIm≠ncn°pIbmWv. 1960- ¬ 36% \nc£ccp≠mbncps∂¶n¬ 2000 ¬ AXv 25%
Bbn.
16
World Declaration as Education for All UNESCO – 1990
1990 - ¬ Xmbe‚ nse tPmavXo\n¬ h®p \S∂ temIhnZym`ymk
tIm¨^d≥kv ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymk߃ \ndth‰p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp
]h¿Ø\cq]tcJ Xbmdm°n, Ip´nIƒ, sNdp∏°m¿, apXn¿∂h¿
F∂nßs\ Bcpambns°m≈s´, Ah¿s°√mw hnZym`ymkØn\p≈
AhImiap≠v F∂v tIm¨^d≥kv ]Jym]\w \SØn.
hnIkzccmPyßfn¬ 1970- ¬ \n∂pw 2000 BbtXmsS \nc£ccpsS FÆw ]IpXnbmbn.
hnIknX \mSpIfnemIs´ 6% F∂Xv 1% Bbn Ipd™p. Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚
]IpXnbmIptºmtg°pw temIw kmt¶XnIambpw kmºØnIambpw hf¿∂p. CXv
sXmgn¬taJebnepw PohnXØnepw henb ]cnh¿Ø\߃ hcpØn. 1980 ItfmsS
Kh¨sa≥dpIfpw hnZym`ymk hnZKv[cpw ]apJcmb sXmgn¬ZmXm°fpw UnPn‰¬ (Digital)
sXmgnen-S߃°mhiyamb sshZKv[yw. hnZym`ymkØneqsS D≠m°p∂Xns\°pdn®p
Nn¥n®pXpSßn. Ccp]sØm∂mw \q‰m≠n\v Cu taJebnep≈ sshZKv[yw
AXy¥mt]£nXamWv.
]cºcmKXamb A°mZanI AdnhpIfpsS ÿm\Øv hniIe\mflNn¥,
]iv\]cnlcWtijn, Sowh¿°v F∂nh Bhiyap≈XmWv ]pXnb ImesØ
sXmgnepIƒ.
hnIknXcmPyßfnse hnZym`ymkamXrIIƒ
1. ^n≥em‚ v
$ 6 hb p apX¬ Hcp sIm√sØ ]oss]adn hnZym`ymkw
$ 7 hb p apX¬ 16 hb phsc 9 sIm√sØ ASnÿm\ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw.
$ cmhnse 8, 9 aWn apX¬ kvIqƒ Zn\߃ Bcw`n°p∂p. 1, 2 aWn°v
Ahkm\n°p∂p.
$ A[ym]Is‚ icmicn hm¿jnI iºfw 70000 tUmf¿.
$ 9 sIm√sØ hnZym`ymkØn\ptijw A°mZanItam sXmgne[njvTnXtam
Bb D∂XhnZym`ymkw Xncs™Sp°mhp∂XmWv.
$ t_m[\am[yaw ^n\njv `mj. (Finish)
$ kzoUnjv, Cw•ojv `mjIfpw ]Tn°p∂p.
$ temIØv KWnXw, kb≥kv, `mj F∂nhbn¬ ap∂n´p \n¬°p∂p.
$ anI® A[ym]I¿, kvIqfpIƒ°v kzb`cWm[nImcw F∂nh ^n≥e‚ v
hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]tXyIXbmWv.
17
P∏m≥
$ P\\w apX¬ kvIqƒ]mbw Bcw`n°p∂p F∂p IcpXp∂ cmPyamWv P∏m≥.
$ ]okvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw P∏m\n¬ i‡n]m]n®phcp∂p.
$ Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkw - 6 h¿jw
$ anUn¬ kvIqƒ - 3 h¿jw
$ sslkvIqƒ - 3 h¿jw
$ k¿∆Iemime - 4 h¿jw
Cßs\bmWv hnZym`ymkImew. CXn¬ Fensa‚dn anUn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw
(9 h¿jsØ) \n¿_‘amWv.
$ t_m[\am[yw - Pm∏\okv `mj.
¢mkpIƒ cmhnse 8.45 apX¬ D®bv°v 3.15 hsc.
(6½ aWn°q¿ ]h¿Øn kabw)
$ kvIqfn¬ t]mjI kar≤amb `£Wap≠v.
$ ¢mkvapdnIƒ hrØnbm°p∂Xv hnZym¿YnIfpsS NpaXebmWv.
$ kvIqƒ kabØn\ptijw Ip´nIƒ ]eXcw h¿°vtjm∏pIfn¬ t]mbn
sXmgnepIƒ ]Tn°p∂p.
$ kvIqƒ ]thi\w - 100%
$ km£cX - 100%
$ IqSpX¬ cmPyßfnse hnZym`ymk kºZmbsØ°pdn®v hnhc߃ tiJcn®v
N¿® sNøpat√m?
XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃-
1. C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKn®v temIhnZym`ymkØnse \qX\ ]hWXIƒ Is≠Øn
¢mkn¬ s]mXphmbn AhXcn∏n°pI.
2. Gjy, bqtdm∏v, B^n°, Atacn°≥, h≥IcIfnse hnIknX hnIkzccmPy-
߃°nS--bnse hnZym`ymk]hWXIƒ Is≠Øn XmcXayw sNøpI.
3. thZImehnZym`ymkhpw ]mNo\\mKcnIXIfnse hnZym`ymkhpw XΩn¬ XmcXayw
sNøpI.
4. hyhkmbnIbpKw hnZym`ymkØn¬ ]cnh¿Ø\w hcpØnbn´pt≠m? AXns‚
ImcWw F¥mWv?
5. temIcmPyßfnse kvIqƒ hnZym`ymk LS\, kz`mhw F∂nh tiJcn°pI.
Ref:- 1. Encyclopaedia Britanica – Volume – 6
2. hnizhn⁄m\tImiw - N.B.S volume 9
3. History of Education – Wikipedia,
4. History of Education – Nirmalkaur, Mittal Publications –NewDelhi 2005.
18
C¥y≥hnZym`ymkw IΩoj\pIƒ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ
BapJw
C¥ybpsS kzmX¥yØn\p apºpw ]nºpambn \nch[n hnZym`ymk IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ
cq]s∏´n´p≠v. Ahsb hna¿i\mflIambn kao]n°m≥ Hcp `mhnA[ym]I\v
IgnbWw. F¶n¬ amXta h¿Øam\ hnZym`ymk ]iv\ßsf IrXyXtbmsS
kao]n°m\pw hniIe\w sNbvXv ]cnlmc߃ cq]s∏SpØn \S∏nem°m\pw Ignbq.
GsX√mw IΩoj\pIfmWv kzmX¥yØn\p apºv C¥ybn¬ \nehn¬ h∂Xv?
AhbpsS \n¿t±ißfpw ip]m¿iIfpw C¥ybpsS hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø\ßsf
FXamXw [\mflIambn (Positive) apt∂dm≥ klmbn®p?
kzmX¥Øn\ptijw h∂ hnZym`ymk IΩoj\pIfpw \nba\n¿ΩmWßfpw
GsX√mw?
\mw t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymkkakyIsf Ah Fßs\ ]Xntcm[n®p?
Ahbnse \n¿t±ißfpw ip]m¿iIfpw \S∏nem°p∂Xn¬ \mw hnPbn®n´pt≠m?
F¥psIm≠v?
XpSßnb \nch[n tNmZy߃ kzbw tNmZn®psIm≠p thWw Ahsb kao]n°m≥.
H∂mw bqWn‰n¬ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bv°pw hnImkØn\pw klmbIamb
\nch[n \nba\n¿ΩmW߃, hnZym`ymk IΩoj\pIƒ, dnt∏m¿´pIƒ F∂nh
Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v. AhbpsS D≈S°w Adnbm\pw hniIe\w sNøm\pamWv Cu
L´Øn¬ e£yanSp∂Xv.
ChnsS N¿® sNøs∏Sp∂ tcJIƒ
1. sa°msf an\pSvkv - 1835
2. hpUvkv sUkv]m®v - 1854
3. l≠¿ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ v - 1882
4. l¿tSmKv IΩ‰n dnt∏m¿ v - 1929
5. km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿ v - 1944
6. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ - 1950
7. sk°‚dn hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ - 1953
8. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ - 1966
9. tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw - 1968
10. tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw - 1986
11. t]mKmw Hm v B£≥ - 1992
12. biv ]m¬ IΩ‰n dnt∏m¿ v - 1993
13. tZiob]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv - 2005
19
14. hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaw - 2009
15. F≥.kn.F v.Sn.C ñ 2009
F∂o IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´pIfpsS ]k‡n, ]m[m\yw, AhbpsS hniIe\w F∂nh
]T\hnjbam°pIbmWv.
1. sa°msf an\pSvkv (1835)
B[p\nI C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn¬ henb ]¶phln®
\nba\n¿ΩmW tcJbmWv 1835 se sa°msfbpsS an\pSvkv. h¿Øam\Ime
hnZym`ymksØt∏mepw kzm[o\n°p∂ Cu tcJbpsS hniIe\w A[ym]I
hnZym¿YnIsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw ][m\amWv. Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØn\pw ]m›mXy
Bib߃°pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂Xn\v ]m[m\yw \¬Ins°m≠mWv \n›nXtcJ
ASnÿm\am°nb hnZym`ymkw \S∏nem°nbXv. kzm`mhnIambpw Cu tcJ
sImtfmWnb≥ Xm¬∏cyßfpsS `mKamWv.
kzmX¥ym\¥c `mcXØn¬ amXr`mjbneq∂nb ]T\sØ \ncmIcn°p∂
]hWXbmWv \ap°v ImWm≥ IgnbpI. almflmKm‘n, SmtKm¿, XpSßnb
hnZym`ymkNn¥IcpsS Bibßsf adnI--S∂v C∂pw ]m›mXy`mjtbmSpw
hnZym`ymk coXntbmSpw D≈ A`n\nthiw F¥psIm≠v F∂ tNmZyw \mw
D∂bnt°≠nbncn°p∂p. hniZamb ]T\hpw N¿®Ifpw hniIe\hpw
A\nhmcyamIpIbmWnhnsS.
1813 apX¬ \m¬∏Xp h¿j°mew C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkNcnXØn¬ hnhmZßfpsS
Imeambncp∂p. 1806 -1813 hsc C¥ybn¬ Kh¿W¿ P\dembncp∂Xv ant‚m ]`phmbncp∂p.
Cw•ojpIm¿ `mcXob kwkv°mcØn\v th≠X t]m’ml\w \¬IWsa∂v At±lw
i‡ambn hmZn®p. Aßs\ ]uckvXyhmZnIfmb Iº\n DtZymKÿmcpw anj\dnamsc
A\pIqen°p∂ ]m›mXyhmZnIfpw c≠ptNcnbmbn amdn. Iº\n UbdŒ¿ t_m¿Unepw
Cu c≠p ho£W߃°pw GXm≠v Xpey]mXn\n[yamWv D≠mbXv. 1835- ¬ Cu ]iv\w
A∂sØ Kh¿W¿P\dembncp∂ hneyws_‚n°v ]`phns‚ Xocpam\Øn\v hnSm≥
t_m¿Uv Xocpam\n®p.
A∂v ]_vfn°vC≥kvS£≥ P\d¬IΩ‰nbpsS ]knU‚pw Kh¿W¿ P\dens‚
Imcy\n¿∆lWkanXnbnse \nbaImcymwKhpw sa°msf ]`phmbncp∂p.
At±lsØbmWv Cu hnhmZhnjbØn¬ Xocpam\saSp°m≥ NpaXes∏SpØnbXv.
Aßs\bmWv sa°msfbpsS ]kn≤amb 'an\nSvkv' P∑saSpØXv.
1835 s^_phcn amkØnemWv C¥y≥ hnZym`ymk NcnXØnse ASnÿm\
tcJIfnsem∂mb "sa°msf an\pS vkv' ]pdØph∂Xv. 1813 -˛se Nm¿´dnse
hyhÿbvs°mØv GXpXcØnep≈ hnZym`ymkamWv `mcXØn¬ \S∏nemt°≠Xv
F∂v hy‡ambn \n¿hNnt°≠Xv sa°msfbpsS NpaXebmbncp∂p. sa°msfbpsS
hmZ߃ Cßs\ kwKln°mw.
$ 1813 se Nm¿´dn¬ D]tbmKn®ncp∂ "kmlnXyw' F∂Xv Cw•ojv kmlnXyamsW∂pw
"]finX\mb C¥y°mc≥' F∂XpsIm≠v A¿Yam°nbXv tem°ns‚ XXzim-
20
kvXw, an¬´s‚ IhnX F∂nßs\ Cw•ojv hn⁄m\Øn¬ Bg-Øn¬ Adnhp
t\Snb hy‡nbmsW∂v At±lw hymJym\n®p.
$ imkvXhn⁄m\w Cw•ojv mjbneqsS amXta t\Sm\mIq F∂v Xd∏n®p ]d™p.
$ ]uckvXy hnZym`ymkÿm]\߃ XpS¿∂p \SØp∂Xnt\mSv hntbmPn∏p
tcJs∏SpØn.
$ C¥y≥ \m´p`mjIsf Cw•ojv kmlnXyØn¬ \n∂pw imkvXØn¬ \n∂pw
sXcs™SpØ ]Zßfp]tbmKn®v kº∂am°pI.
$ C¥y°mcpsS CSbn¬ bqtdm]y≥ kmlnXyhpw imkvXhpw ]Ncn∏n°Ww.
$ ]T\am[yaw Cw•ojv B°p∂Xn¬ Hcp hn`mKØn\pw FXn¿∏ns√∂p
]tXyIw ]kvXmhn®p.
$ "C¥ybnsebpw, Atd_ybnsebpw kIekmlnXysØ°mfpw hneaXn°s∏´XmWv
Hcp AeamcbnsemXpßp∂ bqtdm]y≥ kmlnXyw' F∂v A`n-]m-b-s]- p.
$ Cw•ojv `mjbpsS A]mcamb Ignhpw hnZym`ymk am[yaambn AwKoIcn°s∏Sm≥
AXn\p≈ F√m A¿lXbpw FSpØp ]d™p.
$ `cWcwKsØ C¥ybnse D∂XIpePmX¿°v `cW`mjbmb Cw•ojn¬
]mhoWyap≠v. Cw•ojv ]uckvXy\mSpIfnse apgph≥ ]tZisØbpw `mjbmIm≥
km[yXbp-≈XmWv.
$ "`cWI¿Øm°fmb \Ωfpw \m´pImcmb C¥y°mcpw XΩn¬ Bib hn\nabw
sNøm≥ klmbn°p∂Xpw c‡Ønepw h¿ÆØnepw C¥y°mcmsW¶n-epw
ho£WØnepw _p≤ni‡nbnepw kZmNmct_m[Ønepw Cw•ojpImcpamb Hcp
h¿KsØ kr„n°m≥ Ignbp∂sX√mw \mw sNtø≠nbncn°p∂p,' F∂ ]kvXmh\-
bneqsS C¥ybnse _n´ojv hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yw At±lw hy‡am°n.
sa°msfbpsS e£yw C¥ybn¬ \S∏nembXns‚ ^e-ambn D]cnh¿KsØ Cw•ojns‚
kzm[o\Øn\v Hcp ]cn[nhsc C∂pw ASnas∏SpØm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. h¿Øam\-ImeØv
Cu an\nSvkv hniIe\hnt[bam°n. AXns‚ kzm[o\Øn¬ \n∂pw C¥y≥
hnZym`ymksØ tamNn∏n°m\p≈ ia߃ \SØntb Xocq.
2. hpUvkv Ukv]m®v (1854)
C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ as‰mcp \mgnI°√mWv 1854 se hpUvkv Ukv]m®v F∂
tcJ. 1853 ñ ¬ CuÃn¥ym Iº\nbp-sS Nm¿´¿ ]pXp°p∂tXmS\p_‘n®v C¥ybpsS
hnZym`ymk\nesb∏‰n _n´ojv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ skeIvSv IΩn‰n Hcp kaKAt\zjWw
\SØnbncp∂p. Ign™ ImesØ hnZym`ymk\b߃ AhtemI\w sNøpIamXa√
`mhnhnZym`ymk\bw cq]oIcn°pI IqSnbmbncp∂p AXns‚ apJye£yw. B
At\zjWØns‚ ^eambmWv CuÃv C¥ymIº\nb-p-sS UbdŒ¿am¿ 1854 Pqsse 19 \v
NcnX]kn≤amb hpUvkv sUkv]m®v F∂ tcJbneqsS C¥ybnse _n´ojv Kh¿W¿
P\den\v hnZym`ymk]camb am¿K\n¿t±i߃ \¬InbXv. A∂sØ CuÃn¥ym-
Iº\nbp-sS I -tSmƒt_m¿Uns‚ A[y£\mbncp∂ NmƒkvhpUns‚ t]cnemWv B
tcJ Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.
21
A°mewhsc hnZym`ymkcwKØv AhKWn°s∏´ ]e Imcy߃°pw ]m[m\yw
\¬Ins°m≠mWv 1854-se \bw cq]h¬°cn®n´p≈Xv.
$ ]m›mXyimkvXßfptSbpw hn⁄m\Øns‚bpw kwkv°mcØns‚bpw alØmb
]tbmP\߃ C¥y≥ P\Xbv°v FØn®psImSp°Ww.
$ CXv C¥y≥P\XbpsS I¿Ωtijnbpw k∑m¿§nIt_m[hpw hnIkn∏n°pw.
C¥ybn¬ e`yamb hn`hßfpsS hnImkØn\v CXv klmbn°pw. AXphgn
kmºØnIh¿[\hn\pw hmWnPyhnImkØn\pw hgnsXfn°pw.
$ bqtdm]y≥ hn⁄m\w Dƒs°m≈p∂ IeIƒ, imkvX߃, Z¿i\w, kmlnXyw
F∂nhbpsS A`yk\amWv hnZym`ymkw sIm≠pt±in°p∂Xv.
$ Cw•ojv `mjbneq-sS ]T\w \SØm\mKln°p∂hscsb√mw AXn\p klmbn°pw.
$ km[mcW°m¿°v ]mtZinI`mjbn¬ hnZym`ymkw \SØm≥ Ahkcap≠v.
F∂m¬ ]mtZinI`mjbn¬ hnZym`ymkw \SØp∂hcpw Cw•ojv `mj
\n¿_‘ambpw ]Tn®ncn°Ww.
$ Cu tcJ ]uckvXyhnZym`ymksØ X≈n∏dbp∂n√. F∂m¬ AXv A_≤
PSneamsW∂pw B[p\nI ssh⁄m\nI [mcWIƒ hy‡am°m≥ Ignbns√∂pw
]Xn]mZn°p∂p.
Cu tcJsb B[mcam°nbp≈ Nne ]h¿Ø\ßfpw \n¿t±ißfpamWv NphsS
tN¿°p∂Xv.
$ _wKmƒ, aZmkv, t_mws_, ]©m_v, hS°p]Sn™md≥ ]hniy F∂nhnSßfn-
temtcm∂nepw hnZym`ymkhIp∏pIƒ XpSßn.
$ Hmtcm kwÿm\Ønepw Cu hIp∏ns‚ Xeh\mbn s]mXphnZym`ymk UbdŒsdbpw
At±lsØ klmbn°m≥ ]cntim[t\mZtymKÿ≥amscbpw \nban®p.
$ I¬°Ø, t_mws_, aZmkv F∂o kwÿm\ßfn¬ k¿∆IemimeIƒ
ÿm]n°m\p≈ \n¿t±iw \¬In.
$ cmPyØpS\ofw kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw ÿm]n°m\p≈ \n¿t±ihpw hpUvkv
Ukv]m-®nep≠mbncp∂p.
$ Cw•ojntem C¥y≥`mjIfntem A[ym]\w \SØp∂ sslkvIqfpIfpw anUn¬
kvIqfpIfpw ]mtZinI`mjIƒ A[yb\am[yaambp≈ ]mYanI hnZymebßfpw
\msSm´p°pw ÿm]n°pIbmbncp∂p e£yw.
$ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kmºØnI _m[yX Ipdbv°p∂Xn\mbn kzImcy GP≥knIƒ°v
Km‚ v -C≥ FbvUv \¬In hnZym`ymkÿm]\߃ -Bcw`n®p.
$ Kh¨sa‚ v klmbw ]‰p∂ kzImcy hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßfn¬ ]cntim[\°mbn
DtZyKÿ∑msc G¿s∏SpØn.
$ A≤ym]I]cnioe\ tIµßƒ Hmtcm kwÿm\Øpw XpSßm≥ \n¿t±in®p.
$ Kh. DtZymKßfn¬ Cw•ojv ]mhoWyap≈hsc \nban°m≥ \n¿t±in®p.
22
$ kvXo hnZym`ymkw t]m’mln∏n°phm≥ th≠\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°m≥ \n¿t±in®p.
$ hpUvkv Ukv]m®neqsS XpSßnb ]e]cnjvImcßfpw C∂pw C¥ybn¬
\ne\n¬°p∂p≠v.
3. l≠¿ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ v (1882)
1882- ¬ CuÃv C¥yIº\nbpsS cm„ob A[nImcw Ahkm\n∏n°pIbpw cWw _n´ojv
cmPmhv t\cn´v \SØm≥ Xocpam\n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]Xn\meph¿j߃°p tijw
1882 -¬ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v ]Tn®v dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n°m≥ C¥y≥
hnZym`ymkIΩoj≥ \nbanXambn. 1854 -se hpUvkv Ukv]m®v ]Imca√ C¥ybnse
hnZym`ymkw \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂sX∂ ]cmXnIfpw i‡ambncp∂p. CsX√mw
IW°nseSpØv hneyw l≠dpsS t\XrXzØn¬ 21 AwKßfSßnb Hcp IΩ‰n
hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v ]Tn°m≥ \nban®p.
IΩojs‚ ][m\ ip]m¿iIƒ
1. ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw Dd∏mt°≠Xv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m[yXbmWv. AXns‚ Dt±iyw
kmam\y P\Øn\p hnZym`ymkw \¬IpIbmbncn°Ww. D∂XhnZym`ymk-Øn\p≈
Nhn´p]Snbmb√ ]mYanI hnZym`ymksØ ImtW≠Xv. ]mYanIL- Øn¬ A[yb\
am[yaw ]mtZinI`mjIƒ Xs∂bmbncn°Ww.
2. ]n∂m° kapZmbßfn-te°pw tKmXh¿Kßfnte°pw hnZym`ymkw hym]n∏n °m≥
th≠X[\w \o°nhbv°Ww. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]mTy]≤Xn _n´ojv
`cW]tZiØv H∂p Xs∂bmbncn°Ww.
3. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw sa®s∏SpØm≥ F√m Xt±ikzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfpw
]tXyI ^≠v G¿s∏SpØWw. Ahbv°v Kh¨sa‚ v [\klmbw \¬IWw.
4. F√m ss]adn A[ym]Icpw A[ym]I ]cnioe\w kn≤n®nhcm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
AXn\pth≠ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°Ww.
5. kvXohnZym`ymkw t]m’mln∏n°m≥ th≠n s]¨]≈n°qS߃°v th≠X
[\k--lmbw \¬tI≠XmWv.
XpSßn \nch[n \n¿t±i߃ IΩoj≥ _n´ojv Kh¨sa‚n\p ap∂n¬ ka¿∏n®p.
4. l¿tSmKv IΩn‰n (1929)
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`tØmsS C¥ybn¬ tZiob ]ÿm\w i‡nbm¿Pn®ncp∂p.
1921- ¬ \n lIcW ]ÿm\sØ XpS¿∂v ]£pœamb C¥y≥ cm„obcwKw temI
i≤ ]nSn®p]‰n. 1919 -se \nba]Imcap≈ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßsf∏‰n
At\zjn°m≥ 1927 -¬ \nbanXamb sska¨ IΩojs\ C¥y≥ t\Xm°ƒ
_lnjvIcn®p. F¶nepw C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v At\zjn®p dnt∏m¿´v
ka¿∏n°m≥ A∂v Um°m bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse sshkvNm≥kedmbncp∂ k¿ ^nen∏v
l¿tSmKv sNb¿am\mbn IΩ‰nsb NpaXes∏SpØn. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ apt∂m´p
\bn°m≥ ]m]vXamb \nch[n ip]m¿iIƒ IΩ‰n dnt∏m¿´n¬ D≠mbncp∂p.
][m\ ip]m¿iIƒ
23
1. ]mtbmKnI PohnXØn\v hnZymYnIsf Xbmdm°p∂ sXmgne[njvTnX tImgvkpIƒ
anUn¬ kvIqƒ XeØn¬ XpStß≠XmWv.
2. hnZym`ymkcwKsØ A]hybw (Wastage) KXntcm[w (Stagnation) aqeap≠mIp∂
\„w, hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ kvXo ]pcpj≥am¿ XΩnep≈ A¥cw F∂nh
ZqcoIcn®v Imcy£aX h¿[n∏n°Ww.
3. kvXohnZym`ymkØn\pw kvXoIƒ°p hnZym`ymktaJebnse hnhn[ Xeßfn¬
]mXn\n[yw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw th≠\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°m≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.
4. A[ym]IcwKtØ°v ka¿∞cmbhsc BI¿jn°phm≥ ]cnioe\w, thX\w,
tkh\ hyhÿIƒ F∂nh sa®s∏SpØm≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.
5. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw \meph¿jam°pI, ]mtZinI kuIcy߃°pw
Imemhÿbv°pw A\pkrXambn kvIqƒ kabhpw HgnhpImehpw \n¿Wbn°pI,
]mTy]≤Xnsb KmaoW PohnXhpambn _‘n∏n°pI XpSßnb ip]m¿iIfpw \¬In.
F∂m¬ \n¿`mKysa∂p]dbs´ InbmflIamb Cu \n¿t±i߃ ^e]Zambn
\S∏m°p∂Xn\v 1930 ˛ -31 ImesØ BtKmf kmºØnIamµyw XS ambn.
5. km¿P‚v dnt∏m¿ v (1944)
C¥ybnse hnZym`ymk\b߃ F¥mbncn°Wsa∂Xns\∏‰n Hcp dnt∏m¿´v
ka¿∏n°m≥ A∂sØ hnZym`ymk D]tZjv-Smhmbncp∂ k¿ tPm¨ km¿P≥dnt\mSv
Kh¨sa‚ v Bhiys∏´p. 1944- ¬ At±lw ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿´mWv km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿´v
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ `mKamb ip]m¿iIfn¬ C¥y≥ tZiob
t\Xm°fpsS ho£Whpw kzm[o\hpw ]Xn^en®ncp∂p F∂ ]tXyIX ImWm\mhpw.
][m\ ip]m¿iIƒ
1. Btfmlcn 11 cq]sb¶nepw hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n C¥ybn¬ sNehnSWw. (CXv
_n´Wn¬ 33 cq]bmWv)
2. hnZym`ymkw kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpam°Ww.
3. 3- apX¬ 6 hb phscbp≈ Ip´nIƒ°mbn ]oss]adn hnZym`ymk kuIcyw ss]adn
hnZymebßfpsS `mKambn G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. sk°‚n L´Øn¬ icmicn Ignhn¬
anI®p \n¬°p∂-h¿°p amXw ]thi\w \¬IWw. kmt¶XnIhpw
A°mZanIhpamb tImgvkpIƒ \S∏m°Ww.
4. A[yb\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww. F∂m¬ Hcp `mjsb∂\nebn¬ Cw•ojv
]Tn°Ww.
5. ]mhs∏´h¿°v kvtImf¿jn∏v \¬IpI, F√mh¿°pw BtcmKy]cnc£, Ip´nIƒ°v
D®`£Ww, imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb sh√phnfn t\cnSp ∂h¿°v ]tXyI
]T\ kuIcyw Dd∏m°pI.
6. A[ym]I]cnioe\w sa®s∏SpØpI.
7. hnZym`ymkw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A\nhmcyamb DØchmZnØamsW∂pw cmjvSØns‚
24
hnImkw hnZym`ymksØ Bibn®ncn°p∂p F∂pw dnt∏m¿ v \nco£n°p∂p.
8. ss]adn-, anUn¬ L´Ønep≈ hnZym`ymkØn\p Km‘nPnbpsS ASnÿm\
hnZym`ymk Bib߃ \S∏nem°m≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXp. Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚
ASnÿm\Øn¬ tIµØn¬ Hcp hnZym`ymkImcya¥mebw ÿm]nXambn. C¥y≥
bqWnthgvkn‰n Km≥dv IΩoj≥, Bƒ C¥ym Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ sS°\n°¬
FPypt°j≥, P\d¬ _yqtdm Hm v FPypt°j≥ F∂o ÿm]\ßfpw cq]o-
Icn-°s∏´p.
Cu dnt∏m¿´nse ip]m¿iIƒ ^e]Zam°m≥ _n´ojv Kh¨sa‚n\v km[n®ns√¶nepw
]n∂oSp≈ hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø\߃°v hgnIm´nbmhm≥ km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿´v
klmbIambn.
6. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ (1950)
kzmX¥ym\¥c`mcXØns‚ hnZym`ymk e£y߃ \n›bn°p∂Xn\v A-Snÿm\ambXv
C¥y≥`cWLS\bmWv. Hcp tkmjyenÃv P\m[n]Xy-atXXc cm„Ønse ]uc≥amcpsS
\m\mhn[Ønep≈ P\m[n]XyAhImi߃ kwc£n°pIbpw sI´pd∏p≈ Hcp cm„w
]SpØpb¿Øm\p≈ hyhÿIƒ Dƒs°m≈pIbpw sNøp∂ AXn][m\tcJbmWnXv.
`cWLS\ apt∂m´phbv°p∂ e£ykm£mXv°mcØn\v P\XbpsS hnZym`ymkw
A\nhmcyamWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ `cWLS\bnse Nne hIp∏pIƒ hnZym`ymk Øn\v
hfscb[nIw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xv.
][m\ `cWLS\mhyhÿIƒ NphsS tN¿°p∂p.
1. kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw
2. \yq\]£ßfpsS ]tXyI hnZym`ymk AhImi߃
3. aX]camb hnZym`ymkw
4. Zp¿_ehn`mKßfpsS hnZym`ymkw
5. hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ tIµkwÿm\k¿°mcpIfpsS ]¶v.
6.1. kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw
`cWLS\bpsS 45-˛mw hIp∏mWv kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb km¿∆XnI
hnZym`ymksØ∏‰n ]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv. `cWLS\ \S∏nem°p∂Xp apX¬ ]Øp-
h¿jØn\p≈n¬ cm„Ønse F√mIp´nIƒ°pw ]Xn\mephb p ]q¿Ønbm°p-
∂Xphsc kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkw \¬IWsa∂mWv Cu hIp∏v
A\pim-kn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cu e£yw ]q¿ØoIcn°m\p≈ ia߃ C∂pw
XpScpIbmWv.
6.2. \yp\]£ßfpsS ]tXyI hnZym`ymk AhImi߃
XßfptSXmb ]tXyI`mjtbm en]ntbm kwkv°mctam D≈ GXp hn`mKw `mcXob
]uc∑m¿°pw Ahkwc£n°m\p≈ AhImiap≠v F∂v `cWLS\bpsS 29(1) hIp∏n¬
hy‡am°p∂p.
cmjvSØns‚ DSaÿXbnep≈tXm AXns‚ kmºØnI klmbØm¬
25
\SØs∏Sp∂tXm Bb Hcp hnZym`ymkÿm]\Ønepw aXØns‚tbm PmXnbptStbm
h¿KØns‚tbm `mjbpsStbm t]cntem at‰sX¶nepw ImcWhimtem Hcp ]uc\pw
]thi\w \ntj[n°m≥ ]mSns√∂v 29(2) hIp∏v A\pimkn°p∂p.
`cWLS\bpsS 30- mw hIp∏nepw \yp\]£ kapZmb߃°v hnZym`ymk ÿm]\߃
\SØm\p≈ AhImißsf∏‰n ]dbp∂p≠v. 1) aXtØtbm `mjtbtbm
ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ F√m \yp\]£ßƒ°pw AhcpsS C„m\pkcWw hnZym`ymk
ÿm]\߃ ÿm]n°m\pw \SØm\pap≈ AhImiw D≠mbncn°pw. 2) aXØns‚tbm
`mjbpsStbm ASnÿm\Øn¬ \yp\]£ßƒ \SØp∂ ÿm]\߃°v kmºØnI
klmbw \¬Ip∂Xn¬ cm„w hnthN\w ImWn°m≥ ]mSns√∂pw `cWLS\
A\pimkn°p∂p.
`mj, \yp\]£kapZmbØn¬s∏´hcpsS Ip´nIƒ°v ss]adnXeØn¬ AhcpsS
amXr`mjbn¬ hnZym`ymkw \¬Im-\p≈ DØchmZnØw kwÿm\߃°p≠v.
Bhiysa¶n¬ CØcw kuIcyw e`yam°m≥ kwÿm\߃°p \n¿t±iww \¬Im≥
]knU‚n\v A[nImcaps≠∂pw 350 F hIp∏p hyhkvY sNøp∂p.
6.3. aX]camb hnZym`ymkw
`cWLS\bpsS 28˛-mw hIp∏nemWv aXhnZym`ymkw ]cma¿in°p∂Xv. F∂m¬
aXkzmX¥yw hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ps≠¶nepw k¿°m¿ hnZymebßfn¬ bmsXmcphn[
aXt_m[\hpw ]mSns√∂p hyhÿsNøp∂p.
6.4. Zp¿_ehn`mKßfpsS hnZym`ymkw
`cWLS\bpsS 46 -mw hIp∏v ]´nIPmXn, ]´nIh¿Kw apXemb Zp¿_ehn`mKßfpsS
hnZym`ymk]chpw kmºØnIhpamb Imcyßfn¬ Xm¬∏cyw ImWn°m\pw Ahsc
F√mhn[ NqjWØn¬ \n∂pw kwc£n°m\pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf D]tZin
°p∂tXmsSm∏w CXv AhcpsS _m[yXIqSnbmsW∂v A\pimkn°p∂p.
17 -mw hIp∏v AbnØw \ntcm[n°pIbpw AXv XpS®pam‰pIbpw sNøp∂p. 378 -mw hIp∏n¬
]´nIPmXn ]´nIh¿K°m¿°p `cWLS\ \¬Ip∂ kwc£Ww kw_‘n® Imcy߃
Dd∏m°m≥ ]tXyI DtZymKÿs\ \nban°m≥ hyhÿ sNøp∂p.
6.5. hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ tIµkwÿm\ DØchmZnØw
`cWLS\bn¬ hnZym`ymkw kwÿm\߃ ssIImcyw sNtø≠hnjbambmWv
\n¿t±in®ncn°p∂Xv. 1976 -se 42- mw `cWLS\mt`ZKXn ]Imcw AXp tIµØns‚bpw
kwÿm\Øns‚bpw Iq´pØchmZnØap≈ hnjbambn AwKoIcn®ncn°p∂p. (I¨Id‚ v
enÃv) tIµ`cW]tZißfnse hnZym`ymkw tIµKh¨sa‚ns‚ t\cn´p≈ ta¬
t\m´ØnemWv.
7. sk°≠dn hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ (1953)
\nehnep≈ sk°≠dn hnZym`ymksØ ]cntim[n®v AXns\ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\m-
hiyamb ip]m¿iIƒ ka¿∏n°m≥ aZmkv k¿∆Iemime sshkv Nm≥kne¿
tUm.e£vaW kzman apXenbmcpsS A[y£Xbn¬ Hcp IΩojs\ 1952 -¬
C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v \nban®p. sNb¿am≥ Dƒs∏sS 9 AwK IΩoj≥ Hcp h¿jw sIm≠v
]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Æambn 1953 ¬ dnt∏m¿ v ka¿∏n®p.
26
sk°≠dn hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ (1953)
][m\ip]m¿iIƒ
$ Hcp P\m[n]XykaqlØnse ]uc\v Bhiyamb ioe߃, kao]\߃,
kz`mhKpW߃ F∂nh sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkØns‚ `mKambn hf¿∂phcWw.
sk°≠dn kvIqƒ ]mTy]≤Xn hn\nabØneqsS Nn¥bnepw FgpØnepw
kwkmcØnepw hy‡XssIhcn°Ww. imkvXob Aht_m[w, \qX\mi߃
Dƒs°m≈m\p≈ Ignhv, Hmtcm hy‡nbpsSbpw A¥ ns\bpw alXzsØbpw Ipdn®p≈
t_m[w, klPohnItfmsSmØv sskzc-ambn Ignbm\p≈ Ignhv F∂nh B¿Pn°Ww.
$ 4/5-+3+4+3 F∂ IaØn¬ hnZym`ymkL´ßƒ \n›bn®p. (bYmIaw ss]adn
Pq\nb¿t_kn°v, lb¿ Fen-sa‚-dn, ko\nb¿ t_knIv, lb¿sk°≠dn, _ncpZw)
$ C‚¿ aoUntb‰v \n¿Øem°n. C‚¿ aoUntb‰v L´Øn¬ \n∂pw -Hcp h¿jw
lb¿sk°‚dnbnte°pw Hcp h¿jw D]cn]T\Ønte°pw tN¿Øp.
$ lb¿sk°‚dn tImgvkv ]q¿Ønbm°nbhcpw Hcp h¿jsØ bqWnthgvkn‰n tImgvkv
]q¿Ønbm°nbhcpw saUn°¬ F©n\obdnMv XpSßnb sXmgne[njvTnX
hnZym`ymkØn\v ]thi\w e`n°m≥ A¿lcmbncn°pw.
$ ]_vfnIv kvIqfpIƒ XpScWw. F∂m¬ AhnSsØ hnZym`ymkw kmam\y
hnZym`ymkØns‚ coXnbpambn HØpt]mIWw.
$ Kma]tZißfn¬ dknU≥jy¬ kvIqfpIƒ ÿm]n°Ww.
$ sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkw ]p\:kwhn[m\w sNøp∂Xn\v tIµßƒ [\klmbw
\¬tI≠XmWv.
$ 200 ]hrØnZnhkw Dd∏m°Ww. BgvNbn¬ Bdp ZnhksØ ]T\Znhkw.
Imemhÿ, ]mtZinI Bhiy߃ F∂nhbv°v CWßpw hn[w ]T\kabw
IaoIcn°m≥ hnZymeb߃°v kuIcyw \¬IWw.
$ Kh. ]Jym]n°p∂ s]mXpAh[n°pw 2 amksØ a[yth\¬ Ah[n°pw ]pdsa
15 Znhkw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ 2 HgnhpImew IqSn D≠mbncn°Ww.
$ anUn¬ kvIqfn¬ 2 `mj, Pq\nb¿ t_kn°ns‚ BZyZibn¬ Cw•ojpw lnµnbpw
Htc h¿jw c≠p ]pXnb `mj XpSßcpXv. sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°≠dn ImeØv
Ipd™Xv c≠p`mj. Chbn¬ H∂v amXr`mjtbm ]mtZinI mjtbm Bbncn°Ww.
$ sk°≠dn L´Øn¬ apgps° A[yb\ am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww/
]mtZinI`mj. AtXmsSm∏w `mjm\yq\]£Øn\v tIµhnZym`ymk
D]tZiIt_m¿Uv \n¿t±in® hn[Ønep≈ kuIcyw thWw.
$ A[yb\coXnbn¬ am‰w hcpØWw. AdnhpIƒ sImSp°pI F∂ e£yw amXw
t]mc A`ncpNnbpw aqeyhpw hfcWw, hmNm-in-£Ww, a\x∏mTw ]Tn°¬
F∂nhbn¬ \n∂pwamdn Dt±iy]q¿∆hpw aq¿Øhpw bYm¿Y kmlNcyhpambn
_‘s∏´Xpambncn°Ww A[ym]\coXn.
$ hnZymebßfn¬ aX]T\w XnI®pw "hf≠dn" A-Snÿm\Øn¬ amXambncn°Ww.
AXv kvIqƒ ]T\kabØn\p tijambncn°Ww. CXv c£nXm°fptSbpw
amt\Pvsa‚ns‚bpw kΩXtØmsSbmbncn°Ww.
27
$ sSIvÃv ]pkvXIØns‚ \nehmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn\v D∂Xm[nImcap≈ Hcp sSÃv
_pIv IΩ‰nsb \nbant°≠XmWv.
$ ]co£mcoXnbn¬ am‰w htc≠XmWv. C∂sØ ]co£mcoXn Icn°peØns‚
kz`mhw \n¿Wbn°p∂p. A√msX Icn°pesØ Bkv]Zam°nb√ ]co£
\S°p∂Xv.
$ hnZymebØn\v ]pdØv Cu A[nImcnIƒ \SØp∂ s]mXp]co£IfpsS FÆw
Ipdbv°pI. H_vPŒohv ssS∏v ]co£ G¿s∏SpØpI.
$ sk°≠dnhnZym`ymkt_m¿Uv cq]oIcn°pI.
$ 1:30 F∂ A\p]mXØn¬ ¢mkpIƒ \n¿Wbn°pI. Hcp kvIqfn¬ ]camh[n 500-- ˛
750 Ip´nItf ]mSp≈q.
$ sSbn\nMv tImtfPnse ]T\w kuP\yam°Ww. ssÃ∏‚ v \¬IWw. tkh\Ime
]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂h¿°v iºfw \¬IWw.
$ kvIqƒ sset_dnbpw sset_dnb\pw D≠mIWw.
$ kvIqfns‚ cWm\paXn, A[ym]IcpsS tkh\ thX\ hyhÿIƒ F∂nh A°mZ
anI \nehmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn\v klmbIamb coXnbnemhWw.
$ A[ym]IcpsS s]≥j≥ ]mbw 60 B°Ww.
$ slUvamÿ Bbn anIhp≈ BfpIsf e`n°m≥ thX\w h¿[n∏n°Ww.
$ kvIqƒ C≥kvs]£\n¬ A°mZanI Imcy߃°v ap¥nb ]cnKW\ \¬IWw.
sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkØn\v kzX¥`mcXØn¬ Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂Xn\v - Cu
IΩoj\v km[n®p. hfsc ImenIamb hnZym`ymk ]iv\߃°p IqSn ]cnlmcamIp∂
XcØn¬ Zo¿L ho£Wap≈ ip]m¿iIƒ apt∂m´phbv°m≥ Cu IΩoj\p Ign™n-
- p≠v.
8. C¥y≥hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ (1964- 66)
iniphnZym`ymkw apX¬ _ncpZm\¥c KthjWwhscbp≈ hnZym`ymksØ AXns‚
kaKXbn¬ I≠psIm≠v ]iv\߃ a\ nem°p∂Xn\pw ]cnlmc߃
\n¿t±in°p∂Xn\pw th≠n Hcp hnZym`ymkIΩojs\ \nban°p∂Xn\v 1964-¬
C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v Xocpam\n®p. A∂sØ bp.Pn.kn sNb¿am\mbncp∂ tUm.Un. Fkv.
tImØmcnbmbncp∂p IΩojs‚ sNb¿am≥. 17 AwKßfmWv IΩoj\n¬ D≠mbncp∂Xv.
IΩoj≥ ]¥≠p SmkvIvt^mgvkpIsfbpw Ggp ]h¿Ø\ Kq∏pIsfbpw \nban®p.
PohnXØns‚ hnhn[ XpdIfnep≈ 9000 t]cn¬ \n∂v hnhc߃ tiJcn®p. 2400
satΩmdm≠߃ kzoIcn®p. 1966 Pq¨ 29 \v dnt∏m¿ v ka¿∏n®p. Iaaoj≥ dnt∏m¿´n\v
\¬Inb t]cv "hnZym`ymkhpw tZiob hnIk\hpw' -F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.
aq∂p`mKßfmbmWv dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°nbn´p≈Xv. dnt∏m¿´ns‚ BZysØ `mKw
hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£ysØbpw F√m kvt‰‰pIƒ°pw _m[Iamb Nne
s]mXpXØzßsfbpw ]Xn]mZn°p∂p. tZiobe£yw h®v hnZym`ymkcoXnsb
28
\hoIcnt°≠ BhiyIX, LS\m]camb ]p\xkwhn[m\w, hnZym¿YnIsf
tN¿°p∂Xn¬ A\ph¿Ønt°≠ s]mXp\bw, A[ym]IcpsS ]Zhn Db¿Ø¬,
hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ AhkckaXzw Dd∏m°¬ XpSßnb Imcy߃ hniZambn N¿®
sNøp∂p.
IΩojs‚ \n¿t±i߃
_rlØmb aq∂p ]≤XnIfmWv IΩoj≥ \n¿t±in®Xv.
1. hnZym`ymkØns‚ B¥cnI]p\:kwLS\
a\pjys‚ PohnXhmhiyßfpambn A`nejWobambn s]mcpØs∏Sp∂ coXnbn¬
hnZym`ymkØns‚ B¥cnILS\bn¬ am‰w hcpØWw. F∂m¬ amXta AXv
kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb ]cnh¿Ø\߃°p≈ Hcp]m[n
bmbnØocpIbp≈q. AXn\v IΩoj≥ A©pam¿KßfmWv \n¿t±in®n´p≈Xv.
$ hnZym`ymksØ D¬∏mZ\hpambn _‘n∏n°pI. (]hrØn ]cnNb
sXmgne[njvTnX hnZym`ymkØneqsS)
$ hnZym`ymk]≤XnIfneqsS kmaqlnIamb DZvKY\hpw tZiob DZvKY\hpw
i‡am°pI. `mjm\bw, ]T\am[yaw-, amXr`mj, CXc`mjm]T\w, s]mXp-
hnZymebw.
$ kmaqlnI aqey߃ hnIkn∏n®v P\m[n]Xyw i‡am°pI. kuP\y hnZym`ymkw,
htbmP\hnZym`ymkw, ]T\Øn¬ Ignhp≈h¿°v XpS¿]T\mhkcw. Xm¬∏cyhpw
Ignhpw D≈ taJeIfn¬ ]tXyI]cnioe\w, kvXoIƒ°v XpeyAhkcw.
$ hnZym¿YnIfpsS Pn⁄mk DW¿ØpI. imkvXkmt¶XnI ]T\ßfneqsS
B[p\nIh¬°cWw Dd∏m°pI.
$ hnZym¿YnIfn¬ aqeyt_m[w, icnbmb at\m`mh߃, ASnÿm\ ss\ ]pWnIƒ
F∂nh hnIkn∏n°pI. kmt¶XnI hn⁄m\hpw [m¿ΩnI aqeyßfpw
]qcIambncn°Ww.
2. hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcw sa®s∏SpØpI
hnZym`ymk \nehmcw HmtcmL´Ønepw hnIkn°Ww.
Nne taJeIfn¬ A¥mcm„ \nehmcw t\SWw
3. hnZym`ymk kuIcyßfpsS hnIk\w
cm„Øn\pth≠ a\pjyhn`hßfpsS \n¿Wbhpw F√mh¿°pw AhkckaXzw
e`yam°m\p≈ cmPyØns‚ _m[yXbpw IW°nseSpØmbncn°Ww hnZym`ymk
hnIk\ BkqXWw \StØ≠Xv.
2. ]mYanIhnZym`ymksØ°pdn®p≈ ip]m¿iIƒ
$ 7, -8 h¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ ]mYanI hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]thi\]mbw 6 hb n¬
IpdbcpXv.
$ ss]adnL´Øn¬ ]mTy]≤Xn efnXambncn°Ww. Cu L´Øn¬ `mjm, KWnXw
Chbn¬ Du∂nbm¬ aXn.
29
$ A∏¿ss]adnL´Øn¬ ]mTy]≤Xn Kl\hpw hnimehpambncn°Ww.
$ ]T\e£yhpw ]T\\nehmchpw hy‡am°nbncn°Ww.
$ `cWLS\ A\pimkn°p∂ \n¿_‘nXhpw kuP\yhpamb ]mYanI
hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°Ww.
$ 1975 -76 BIptºmtg°pw 11 hb v ]mbamb F√mIp´nIƒ°pw 5 h¿jsØ sa®s∏-
´Xpw Imcy£ahpamb hnZym`ymkhpw 1985 -86 BIptºmtg°pw 7 h¿jsØ hnZym`ym-
khpw e`n®ncn°Ww.
$ A]hybhpw (drop-out) KXntcm[hpw (detention) Ignbp∂X Ipd®p sIm≠phcnI.
$ sXmgn¬]cnioe\Øn\v Ahkcw Hcp°Ww.
$ ]mtZinI XeØn¬ ]mYanIhnZym`ymk hnIk\Øn\v ]≤Xn Xbmdm°Ww.
$ ]mYanIhnZymeb߃ H∂cIntemao‰¿ Np‰fhn¬ Dd∏m°¬, 2- -5 I ntemao‰¿
Np‰fhn¬ A∏¿ss]adn hnZymebhpw.
$ F√mIp´nIsfbpw hnZymebØn¬ ]thin∏n°pI.
$ ]pXnb ]thi\Øn\v ImteIq´n cPnÿ sNøp∂ kºZmbw
BhnjvIcn°pI.
$ ¢mkv Ib‰w (F¬.]n, bp]n) 80 -100 iXam\ambn Db¿ØpI.
$ sImgn™pt]m°v XSbp∂Xn\p≈ am¿Kßfpw IΩoj≥ \n¿t±in®p.
""C∂v Bhiyap≈ Imcyßfn¬ G‰hpw ][m\amb H∂v C∂sØ hnZym`ymk
coXnbnep≈ \o°pt]m°n√mØ kz`mhØn\pam‰w hcpØpIsb∂XmWv. AXn
thKw amdns°m≠ncn°p∂ Cu temIØn¬ Hcp Imcyw Xo¿®. C∂sØ
hnZym`ymkkºZmbw C∂ns‚ Bhiyw \ndth‰p∂nSw \mfsØ BhiyØn\v
AXv AXbpw ]‰pIbn√''. (Un.Fkv. tImØmcn)
9. tZiobhnZym`ymk\bw (1968)
hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ (1964) ASnÿm\Øn¬ tIµKh¨sa‚ v 1968 tZiob
hnZym`ymk\bw ]Jym]n®p. \n¿_‘nX kuP\yhnZym`ymkw DSs\ \S∏nem°pI
F∂Xpw tZiob hnZym`ymk \bØns‚ AXn][m\amb Hcp hiambn
AwKoIcn®ncn°p∂p. "kvIqfn¬ tNcp∂ Hmtcm hnZym¿Ynbpw tImgvkv ]q¿Ønbm-
°p∂pt≠m F∂v Dd∏phcpØphm≥ ]‰nb ]cn]mSnIƒ BhnjvIcnt°≠ XmWv F∂v
hyhÿ sNbvXncp∂p.
]Tn∏p \n¿Ønt∏mIp∂ Ip´nIƒ°v th≠n ]tXyI A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymk-
]≤XnIfpw BhnjvIcn°s∏´p.
"\ΩpsS hnZym`ymk e£yßfn¬ hfsc ]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ H∂v ]n∂m°w
\nev°p∂hcpw A[x-ÿnXcpamb kaqlßsfbpw hy‡nIsfbpw AhcpsS
Zb\obÿnXnbn¬ \n∂pw IcIb‰phm\p≈ Hcp ]nSnh≈nbmbn
hnZym`ymksØ D]tbmKn°m\pXIpw hn[w AhkckaXzw
e`yam°pIbmWv "
- hnZym`ymkIΩoj≥-
30
$ AhkckaXzw F∂ e£yw Dd∏m°m≥ hnZym`ymk\bw apt∂m´p sh®
\n¿t±i߃
1. \memw ]©h’c ]≤Xn°p apºpØs∂ ]mYanI L´Øn¬ okv kºZmbw
Hgnhm°pI.
2. ]mYanIXeØnse hnZym¿YnIƒ°v ]mT]pkvXIßfpw ]Tt\m]IcWßfpw
kuP\yambn \¬IpI.
3. ]Tn∏n¬ Xm¬∏cyhpw tijnbpap≈hsc t]m’mln∏n°pI. kvtImf¿jn∏v
\¬IpI.
4. ]n∂m°kapZmbw, Fkv.kn, Fkv.Sn, hnIemwK¿ F∂nhcpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v
]tXyI t]m’ml\w \¬IpI.
Cu e£yw km£mXv°cn°m≥ Nne am¿K߃ AwKoIcn®ncp∂p, Ahbn¬ NneXv
NphsS tN¿°p∂p.
$ hnZym`ymkkuIcyßfpsS ImcyØnep≈ ]mtZinIAkaXz߃
ZqcoIcn°p∂Xn\v Kma]tZißfnepw a‰p ]n∂m° taJeIfnepw kvIqƒ
ÿm]n°pI.
$ s]mXphnZymeb߃ XpSßpI.
$ s]¨Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v Du∂¬ \¬IpI.
$ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpambn sshIeyap≈ hnZym¿YnIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v
kuIcysamcp°pI.
tZiobhnZym`ymk\bw 1968
Cu \bw tZiob hnIk\w e£yw hbv°p∂Xmbncp∂p. tZiotbmZvKY\w
i‡ns∏SpØm\pw hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\Øns‚ hnπhmflIamb
]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw F√mtaJebnepw KpWX
h¿[n∏n°p∂Xn\pw imkvXkmt¶XnIhnZy°v henb i≤ \¬Ip∂Xn\pw
aqeyt_m[w hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw hnZym`ymksØ PohnXhpambn
_‘n∏n°p∂Xn\pw e£yan´p.
Cu \bw \S∏m°nbXneqsS Xmsg∏dbp∂ KpW^e߃ C¥y≥hnZym`ymk
taJebn¬ D≠mbn.
$ hnZym`ymk kuIcyßfpsS henbtXmXnep≈ hym]\w C¥ybnepS\ofw kw`hn®p.
C¥ybnse 90% Kmaßfnepw Hcp Intemao‰dn\p≈n¬ hnZym`ymk ÿm]\߃
D≠mbXv Cu \bØns‚ `mKambmWv.
$ as‰mcp ][m\Imcyw hnZym`ymkØns‚ LS\ C¥ybn¬ Gsd°psd F√m
kwÿm\ßfpw AwKoIcn®p. 10+2+3 F∂ ]T\ kwhn[m\w an° kwÿm\ßfnepw
\nehn¬ h∂p.
31
$ kvIqƒ ]mTy]≤Xn, imkvXw, KWnXw F∂nh \n¿_‘nX hnjbambn. ]h¿Øn
]cnNb ]T\Øn\v hnZymebØn¬ Hcp ÿm\w e`n®p.
$ _ncpZ]q¿∆ tImgvkpIƒ ]p\xIaoIcn®p. _ncpZm\¥c ]T\Øn\pw
KthjWØn\pw kuIcysamcp°n.
10 tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw (1986) (F≥.]n.C. 1986)
1968 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw hnπhmflIamb \nch[n \b]cn]mSnIƒ apt∂m´p
h®p. F∂m¬ c≠p Zim–w XnIbp∂Xn\p apºpXs∂ 1986 -¬ ]pXnb tZiob hnZym`ymk
\bw cq]oIcn°pIbp≠mbn.
F¥psIm≠mWv CX sNdnb CSthfbn¬ ]pXnb tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw
cq]s∏SptØ≠n h∂Xv?
hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ ]ISamb F¥pam‰amWv ]pXnb tZiobhnZym`ymk
\bw 1986 apt∂m´p hbv°p∂Xv?
1968 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bØns‚ `mKambn AhXcn∏n°s∏´ ]≤XnIƒ
\S∏nem°p∂Xn\v kq£vahpw hniZhpamb X¥ßfpw kv]„amb NpaXeIfpw
kmºØnI IaoIcWßfpw A\nhmcyambncp∂p. AXv ^e]Zambn \n¿hln°m≥
Ign™ncp∂n√. X¬^eambn KpW]cX, KW]cX, e`yX, D]tbmKw F∂o
taJebneq≠mbncp∂ ]iv\߃ Ip∂pIqSpIbpw C∂v ASnb¥nc ]m[m\yw \¬In
]cnKWnt°≠ Hcp Imcyambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp. ]pXnb tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw
cq]s∏SpØn apt∂dpI F∂Xn¬ Ipd™ Hcp ]cnlmchpw Cu L´Øn¬ C√ F∂
\neh∂p.
1985 BKÃn¬ "Challenges of Education - A policy perspective'' F∂ tcJ tIµ Kh¨sa‚ v
]kn≤oIcn®p. Cu tcJbpambn _‘-s∏´ N¿®IfpsS XpS¿®bmWv tZiob
hnZym`ymk\bw 1986.
1986- ¬ C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ v AwKoIcn® tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw C¥ybpsS XpS¿∂p≈
hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ptcmKXnsb kKuchw kzm[o\n®n´p≠v. Cu tcJ ]¥≠v
`mKßfnembmWv hnIkn∏n®n´p≈Xv. AhbpsS hniZmwißfmWv NphsS tN¿°p∂Xv.
BapJw:-
hnZym`ymkhym]\Øns‚ BhiyIXsb°pdn®pw kaImenI sh√p
hnfnIsf AXnPohnt°≠Xns‚ A\nhmcyXsb°pdn®pw ]dbp∂p. cmPyw
t\Snb KpW^e߃ F√mh¿°pw e`n°m≥ hnZym`ymkw F√mh¿°pw
Dd∏mt°≠Xp≠v. Cu e£ykm£m¬°mcØn\v ]pXnb tZiob
hnZym`ymk\bw cq]oIcn°m≥ \msSm´p°pw kwhmZ߃
kwLSn∏n°pIbpw PohnXØns‚ kakvXtaJeIfn¬ D≈hcn¬ \n∂pw
A`n]mbßfpw \n¿t±ißfpw kzoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp.
1968 se \bØns‚ anIhpw ]cnanXnIfpw Is≠Øn. \m¬°hebn¬
FØn\n¬°p∂ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØn\v hnIk\Øns‚ ]pØ≥
32
amXrIbneqsS apt∂dp∂Xn\p≈ ]≤XnIƒ A\nhmcyam°n. ]pXnb
\nch[n sh√phnfnIsf AXnPohn°p∂Xn\v ]pXnb hnZym`ymk\bw
\n¿_‘am°pIXs∂ sNbvXp.
$ hnZym`ymkØns‚ kØbpw ]¶pw hniZam°phm\mWv ASpØ L´Øn¬
ian°p∂Xv. F√mhcptSbpw hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw AXphgn Hmtcm
hy‡nbptSbpw k¿∆tXmapJamb hf¿® km£mXvIcn°p∂Xn\pw CXp e£yw
hbv°p∂p. hnZym`ymkw C∂tØ°pw `mhnbnte°pap≈ khntijamb
\nt£]amsW∂XmWv tZiob hnZym`ymk\bØns‚ kØ.
$ tZiob hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\w : bmsXmcp hn[Ønepap≈ hnthN\an√msX
F√mh¿°pw hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂ kwhn[m\amWnXv. 10+2+3 F∂ hnZym`ymk
LS\ Gsd°psd F√mhcpw AwKoIcn®p. BZysØ 10 h¿jsØ 5+3+2 F∂p
XcwXncn°m\pw ChnsS Dt±in®p.
tZiobhnZym`ymkkwhn[m\w Hcp tZiob]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSns\ ASnÿm\am°n-
bmbncn°pw. CXn¬ s]mXphmb Hcp `mKhpw ]mtZinIhpw Abhp≈Xpamb Hcp CShpw
D≠mbncn°pw.
kam[m\]camb klh¿ØnØw A¥¿tZiob klIcWw F∂o Bib߃
bphXeapdbnte°v FØn°pI, AhkckaXzw Dd∏m°pI, F√m Ip´nIfpw ASnÿm\
ss\]pWnIƒ t\Sp∂p F∂pd∏m°pI, kmt¶XnI ]T\Øn\pw D]cn]T\Øn\pw
kuIcysamcp°¬, KthjWw t]m’mln∏n°¬, km¿∆XnIamb
Fensa‚dnhnZym`ymkw, km£cXm ]cn]mSn, htbmP\ hnZym`ymkw F∂nh
t]m’mln∏n°¬ F∂n-hbv°v tZiob hnZym- ym-k-\bw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
Imºv ]mTy]≤Xn (Core elements of curriculum) LSI߃
1. C¥ybpsS kzmX¥ykac NcnXw
2. `cWLS\ XØz߃
3. P\m[n]Xyhpw atXXcXzhpw
4. C¥ybpsS ]mcºcyhpw kwkvImchpw
5. kaXzhmZw
6. enwKkaXzw
7. ]cnÿnXn kwc£Ww
8. kmaqlnI AkaXz \n¿am¿P\w
9. sNdnb IpSpw_sa∂ k¶¬∏w
10. imkvXob at\m`mhw
bp.Pn.kn, kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymk Iu¨kn¬ (AICTE), Im¿jnI KthjW Iu¨kn¬
(ICAR), C¥y≥ saUn°¬ Iu¨kn¬ (IMA) F∂nh i‡ns∏SpØn. NCERT, NIEPA
XpSßn \nch[n tZiob ÿm]\ßsf tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw \-S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbn
]s¶Sp∏n®p.
33
$ kaXzØn\pth≠nbp≈ hnZym`ymkw
hnZym`ymktaJebnse AkaXzw C√mbvasNøp∂Xn\pw CXphsc Ahkcw
\ntj[n®hcpsS khntij Bhiyßsf A`nkwt_m[\sNøp∂Xn\pw ]pXnb tZiob
\bw ]m[m\yw \¬In.
$ kvXokaXzØn\pth≠nbp≈ hnZym`ymkw
kvXoIfpsS PohnXØn¬ ASnÿm\ am‰ßƒ hcpØp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp GP≥knbmbn
hnZym`ymksØ D]tbmKn°m\p≈ Ahkcsamcpßn.
kvXoIfpsS \nc£cX \n¿am¿P\w sNøp∂Xn\pw sImgn™pt]m°v XSbp∂Xn\pw
\nch[n kwhn[m\w hn`mh\w sNbvXp.
$ ]´nIPmXn/]´nIh¿K hn`mK°mcpsS hnZym`ymkw
]´nIPmXn hn`mK°mcpsS hnZym`ymkØn¬ a‰p≈hcpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v Xpeyamb
\ne Dd∏m°pI, CXn\mbn kmºØnI klmb߃ kvtImf¿jn∏pIƒ, tlmì
kuIcyw, -A[ym]I \nba\w XpSßn \nch[n ]≤XnIƒ BhnjvIcn°s∏´p.
]n∂m° hn`mKw, \yq\]£w, `n∂tijn°m¿, htbmP\߃ ChcpsSsb√mw
khntijXIsf ]cnlcn°m\p≈ \n¿t±i߃ ]cn]mSnIƒ F∂nh \n¿t±in®n´p≠v.
$ hnhn[ L´ßfnse hnZym`ymkw
]q¿∆ ssiihIme kwc£Whpw hnZym`ymkhpw (Early Childhood care and Educa-
tion)
iniphnImkØn\mbn. ]tXyIn®v ]T\Øn¬ H∂mwXeapdbn¬s∏´hcpsS
hf¿®bv°pth≠n tZiob hnZym`ymk]≤Xn ]tXyIw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p. Ip´nbpsS
hnIk\Øns‚ kaKkzm`mhw Xncn®dn™v ]q¿∆ssiihIme hnZym`ymkØn\v henb
]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.
CXn\mbn km[yamb DZvKYnX tkh\ßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw apt∂m´phbv°p∂p. (Daycare
Centre........) Ip´nbpsS hy‡nXzhnImkØn\p klmbn°p∂ Ifnbneq∂nb
A\p`h߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p. A£c-˛A°]T\w Cu L´Øn¬ \ncp¬kml-
s∏SpØp∂p.
$ Fensa‚dn FPypt°j≥
]Xn\mep hb phscbp≈ Ip´nIfpsS kºq¿Æ kvIqƒ ]thi\Øn\pw
sImgn™pt]m°v C√mXm°n Fesa‚dnhnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm°p∂Xn\pamWv Du∂¬
\¬Ip∂Xv. AtXmsSm∏w hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpWta∑ Db¿Øp∂Xn\pw e£yw
hbv°p∂p.
iniptIµnXkao]\w: ]h¿Ø\m[njvTnXhpw ]Inbm _‘nXhpamb ]T\coXnbmWv
ss]adnXeØn¬ th≠Xv. H∂mw Xeapdbn¬s∏´ Ip´nIfpsS ]T\thKX
]cnKWn°pIbpw Bhiyamb ]cnlmct_m[\w \SØpIbpw thWw. ss]adnL´Øn¬
kºq¿Æ ¢mkv Ib‰w (non-detention policy) Dd∏m°Ww. imcocnIamb in£
hnZym`ymkkwhn[m\Øn¬ \n∂pw I¿i\ambpw Hgnhm°Ww. Ip´nIfpsS
kuIcym\pkcWw kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø\kabw, Ah[n°mew F∂nhbn¬ am‰w hcpØWw.
34
$ hnZymeb kuIcy߃ : hnZymebßfn¬ ASnÿm\ kuIcy߃ Hcp°¬, Hcp
hnZymebØn¬ c≠v A[ym]Iscsb¶nepw Dd∏n°¬ (AXn¬ Hcmƒ
h\nXbmbncn°Ww) Bhiyamb ]T\kmaKnIƒ e`yam°¬.
hnZymebØn¬ \n∂pw sImgn™pt]mbh¿°v A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymkkuIcyw
Hcp°n. tZiob]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv cq]oIcn°m\p≈ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°pw.
sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkw: Cu L´Øn¬ kb≥kv, kmaqlyimkvXw, am\hnI
hnjb߃ F∂nhbn¬ A\p`hsamcp°mw. sXmgne[njvTnXhnZym`ymkØn\v Cu
L´Øn¬ Ahkcsamcp°pw. sk°≠dn hnZymebßfpsS hym]\w tZiobhnZym`ymk
\bØns‚ `mKamWv. ]Xn`Ifmb Ip´nIfpsS hf¿®bv°mhiyamb Ahkcsamcp°pw.
\n¿[\cmb Ip´nIƒ°pw Ahkcw e`n°pw. CXns‚ `mKambn D∂X\nehmcap≈
anIhns‚ tIµamb hnZymeb߃ ÿm]n°pw. dknU≥jy¬ kz`mhap≈ ^okvclnX
hnZymebß-fmbncn°pw ÿm]n°pI.
sXmgne[njvTnX hnZym`ymkw: a\pjyhn`htijnbpw ss\]pWnIfpw hnIkn∏n
°p∂Xn\pw sXmgne[njvTnXhnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw e£yw hbv°p∂p.
Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkØn\ptijw sshhn[yam¿∂ sXmgn¬]T\Øn\v Ahkc-
samcp°pw. BtcmKytaJe, Irjn, kmaqlytkh\ taJe, hmWnPytaJe XpSßnb
CSßfnse sXmgn¬km[yX ]cnKWn°mw. CXn\mbn sXmgn¬]T\tIµßƒ k¿°m¿,
kzImcytaJeIfn¬ ÿm]n°mhp∂XmWv.
$ D]cn]T\w -˛ KthjW]T\w - D]cn]T\Øn\pw KthjW ]T\Øn\pw henb
]m[m\yamWv tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw 1986 ñ \¬Inbn´p≈Xv. am\hcmin t\cnSp∂
kmaqlnIhpw kmwkv°mcnIhpw ss\\nXIhpw Bflobhpamb ]iv\߃
]Xn^en∏n°m≥ Ahkcsamcp°p∂XmhWw D]cn]T\w. ]T\hnjbßfpw
tImgvkpIfpw ]p\¿\n¿hNn°Ww. KthjW]T\߃ k¿∆IemimemXeØn¬
t]m’mln∏n°pIbpw Ahbv°v klmb߃ \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. AsXmsSm∏w
KthjWØns‚ \nehmcw Db¿ØpIbpw thWw.
Hm∏¨bqWnthgvkn‰nIfpw hnZqchnZym`ymkhpw D∂X]T\Øns‚ P\m[n]Xy
h¬°cWhpw hym]\hpw Dd∏m°pw. Cu e£ykm£m¬°mcØns‚ `mKambm-Wv
CµncmKm‘n Hm∏¨ bqWnthgvkn‰n ÿm]nXambXv. AtXmsSm∏w KmaoW
bqWnthgvkn‰nIƒ F∂ Bibhpw ]pXnb hnZym`ymk\bw apt∂m´ph®p.
kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymkw, hnZym`ymkamt\Pvsa‚ v -F∂nhbpsS hnIk\w e£yw
hbv°Ww. hnZym`ymkkwhn[m\sØ ^e]Zambn Nen∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ X¥ßfpw
]InbIfpw tZiob\bØn¬ hniZam°p∂p≠v.
hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°w, ]Inb F∂nhbn¬ \ΩpsS kmwkv°mcnIØ\na
\ne\n¿Øm≥ ian°Wsa∂pw Ip´nIfpsS kuµcyZ¿i\mht_m[w, tbmPn∏v
(Harmony) ip≤oIcWw (Refinement) F∂nhbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬IpIbpw thWw.
Hu]NmcnI tbmKyXIƒ°∏pdw ]Xn`m[\cmb hy‡nIfpsS tkh\w hnZymebßfn¬
e`yam°Ww. `mjm]T\w, ]hrØn]T\w, ]cnkc]T\w, KWnX]T\w, imkvX ]T\w,
ImbnI aqeyhnZym`ymkw F∂nh°v Du∂¬ \¬IWw. sse_dnIƒ, B[p\nI-
kmt¶XnI hnZy. hnhn[am[ya߃ F∂nh hnZymebØn¬ ]tbmP\s∏SpØWw.
35
aqey\n¿Wbw
aqey\n¿Æb ]Inbbnepw ]co£bnepw am‰ßƒ \n¿t±in°p∂p≠v.
]co£Iƒ hnZym`ymkØn¬ KpW]camb am‰ßƒ hcpØm≥ klmbn
°p∂XmhWw.
]T\DtZiyhpw ]co£mkºZmbhpw XΩn¬ ]ckv]c]qcIambncn°Ww. A X v
Ip´nbpsS hnImkØn\pw ]T\t_m[\ ]Inb \hoIcn°p∂Xn\pw
klmbn°Ww.
Hm¿a]cntim[\°v ]m[m\yw IpdbWw. \nc¥chpw kaKhpamb aqey
\n¿ÆbØn\v F√mtaJebnepw Du∂¬ \¬IWw.
aqey\n¿Wbw Ip´n°pw A[ym]I\pw c£nXmhn\pw klmbIamhWw.
am¿°n\p]Icw tKUv kºZmbw \S∏nem°Ww.
A[ym]I≥
A[ym]Is‚ sXcs™Sp∏v, A[ym]IkwLS\IfpsS ]¶v, A[ym]I
hnZym`ymkw Hcp XpS¿]Inb, \qX\kwcw`߃, Ub‰pIƒ XpSßnb
Imcy߃ tZiob hnZym`ymkØn¬ hy‡am°p∂p≠v. IqSmsX hnZym`ymk
amt\Pvsa‚ v, hn`h߃, `mhnhnZym`ymk Z¿i\w F∂nh AhXcn∏n°p∂p.
lkzsa¶nepw hnZym`ymkØns‚ kakvX taJeIsfbpw kv]¿in°p∂p.
tZiobhnZym`ymk\btcJ ñ 1986 se `mhn C¥ybpsS Hcp hgnIm´nbmWv.
11. t]mKmw Hm v B£≥ 1992.
1986 - se tZiobhnZym`ymk\bw hnebncpØp∂Xn\mbn 1990 \hw_¿ 7 \v
BNmcycmaaq¿Øn A[y£\pw a‰p 16 AwKßfpaSßp∂ Hcp IΩ‰nsb tIµKh¨
sa‚ v cq]oIcn®p.
AXns‚ ]cnKW\mhnjb߃ ChbmWv.
1. 1986 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bhpw AXns‚ \S∏m°epw hnebncpØpI.
2. hnZym`ymk\bØnse ip]m¿iIfn¬ hcptØ≠ am‰ßƒ \n¿t±in°pI.
3. ]cnjvIcn® \bw \n›nXkabØn\Iw \S∏m°p∂Xn\p≈ ]h¿Ø\]≤Xn
ip]m¿i sNøpI.
CXn\mbn 6 k_vIΩ‰nIƒ cq]oIcn®v ]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n®p.
BNmcy cmaaq¿Øn (1913-˛2010) kmaqly ]h¿ØI≥,
Km‘nb≥, hnZym`ymk hnN£W≥, 1990 se cmaaq¿Øn
dnhypIΩn‰n A[y£≥ imw`mcXn (Shrambharathi) bpsS
UbdŒ¿ (NGO) ]Zvaio Ahm¿Uv e`n®p (1999)
][m\ iq]m¿iIƒ
$ s]¨Ip´nIfpsS km¿∆XnI hnZymeb ]thi\w Dd∏m°p∂Xn\v ]mtZinIamb
sshPmXy߃ IW°nseSpØp thWw BkqXWw \StØ≠Xv.
36
$ hnZym`ymk tImπIvkv XeØn¬ thWw BkqXWw \SØp∂Xv. hntIµnIrXhpw
]¶mfnØ]chpamb BkqXWw ]mtZinI Bhiy߃ ]cnKWn°p∂Xn\v
klmbn°pw.
$ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ kvXoIsf [\mflIambn AhXcn∏n°p∂ kµ¿`߃
D≠mIWw. DZmlcWambn NcnX]T\Øn¬ kzX¥ykacØnep≈ kvXoIfpsS
]¶mfnØw FSpØp ]dbWw.
$ KWnXw, imkvXw F∂nh Db¿∂ ]m[m\ytØmsS s]¨Ip´nIsf ]Tn∏n°Ww.
$ B¨, s]¨ hyXymkan√msX ]mTy]≤Xn \S∏m°Ww.
$ ASnÿm\ \nba߃ kw_‘n® Adnhv (kvXoIfpsSbpw Ip´nIfpsSbpw kpc£
kw_‘n®v) `cWLS\ \¬Ip∂ ]cnc£ F∂nh kw_‘n® Bib߃
N¿® sNøs∏Sp∂p.
$ enwKkaXzw Dd∏m°Ww. ]mT]pkvXIØnse enwK AkaXzw Hgnhm°p∂Xn\v
]tXyI ]cnKW\\¬IWw.
$ s]¨Ip´nIƒ°pth≠n sXmgn¬ hnZym`ymkw hnZym`ymktImπIvkv hgn \¬Im≥
BkqXWw sNbvXv \S∏nem°mw.
$ A[ym]I ]cnioe\w, A[ym]I hnZym`ymkw ]p\¿\hoIcn°Ww.
$ tkh\Ime ]cnioe\w Ub‰pIƒ kvIqƒ tImπIvkpIfpambn IqSnbmtemNn®v
\S∏nem°Ww.
$ kvXoIfpsS ]T\tIµhpw kmaqlyimkvX KthjWtIµhpw F√m k¿∆Iem
imeIfnepw F´mw ]©-h-’c]≤Xnbp--sS `mKambn cq]oIcn°Ww.
$ kvXoIsf kw_‘n®v ]T\ KthjWßfnse Is≠ØepIƒ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬
Dƒs∏SpØWw.
$ kvXoim‡oIcWØn\mbn "alnf kamJy' t]mep≈ ]h¿Ø\߃ Bcw`n°pI.
$ ]´nIPmXn, ]´nIh¿K, ]n∂m°hn`mK߃, `n∂tijn°m¿, XpSßnbhcpsS
hnZym`ymk D∂a\Øn\v \nch[n ]tXyI ]≤XnIƒ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.
$ s]mXphnZymebßfpsS hym]\w Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkØns‚ e`yX h¿[n∏n°pw.
Cu taJebv°p IqSpX¬ XpI hIbncpØp∂XneqsS `uXnI kuIcyhnIk\w
km[n°pw.
ss]adn XeØn¬ ]T\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww. sk°≠dnXeØn¬
]mtZinI`mj ]Tn∏n°Ww. 10 h¿jØn\p≈nembn s]mXphnZymeb߃ L´w
L- ambn \n¿an°Ww. kvIqƒ ^okv, Im∏nt‰j≥ ^o F∂nh \n¿am¿P\w sNøWw.
C\nbpw \thmZb hnZymeb߃ Bcw`nt°≠Xn√. \nehnep≈Xns\ (261)
\hoIcn°pIbpw hn`hkº∂am°pIbpw thWw.
Ahiy]T\ ]cn]mSnbn¬ ]q¿∆ssiihIme ]cn-N-c-Whpw hnZym`ymkhpw (ECCE)
Dƒs∏SpØWw. hnZym`ymk AhImiw auenImhImiØns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬sIm≠p
hcphm≥ iant°≠XmWv.
37
F≥.]n.C JfinI 5.5 ]Xn]mZn® Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIam°pI,
KpW\nehmcap≈ hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°pI XpSßnbhtbmSv Xmsg∏dbp∂
aq∂pImcy߃ IqSn Dƒs∏SpØWw.
$ tkh\taJebpsS tbmPn®p≈ ]h¿Ø\w.
$ kaqlhpw hnZymebhpw XΩn¬ _‘n∏n°pI.
$ hntIµoIrXhpw ]¶mfnØcoXnbnep≈Xpamb hnZym`ymkBkqXWhpw
amt\Pvsa‚pw
Cßs\ F≥.]n.C 1986 ]n∂oSv hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ h∂ ]cnh¿Ø\ßfpsS ASntcJ
bmbn ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂p.
12. biv]m¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ v
B¿.sI.\mcmbW≥
kvIqƒ_mKns‚ `mcw Ip´nbpsS \Sphfbv°pI amXa√, sNdp∏w
apX¬°p≈ ]T\`mcw Zp lam°n am‰pI IqSn sNøp∂p. tlmwh¿°pIfpw
S-yqj\pw ]co£Ifpw ImcWw Ifn°m≥ t]mepw kabw e`n°p∂n√. ]T\w
Atßb‰w kt¥mjclnXamb ]Inbbmbn amdp∂p. (cmPyk`bnse i≤-
£-Wn-°¬ ]kwKØn¬ \n∂v)
B¿.sI.\mcmbWs‚ A`n]mbtØmSv \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? ho´pap‰Øp hcp∂
kvIqƒ _ n¬ IbdnbmWv C∂v Ip´nIƒ kvIqfnte°v t]mIp∂Xv.ChnsS ]mT]pkvXI
k©nbpsS `mcw ]iv\amhp∂pt≠m? Ds≠¶n¬ F¥mWv ]cnlmcw? F¥psIm≠v?
kvIqƒ hnZym¿YnIfpsS ]T\`mcw AXv ]pkvXIØns‚Xmbmepw D≈S°Ønt‚Xm-
bmepw Ip´nbpsS A°mZanI KpWta∑sb tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂p≠v F∂v \nch[n
]T\߃ km£ys∏Sp∂p≠v.
Cuiz¿`mbv ]t´¬ dnhypIΩ‰n.1977
F≥.kn.C.B¿.Sn h¿°nMvIΩn‰n.1984
cmaaq¿Øn IΩn‰n - 1992.
]T\`mcw Ipd®psIm≠v KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂Xv Fßs\sb∂v
\n¿t±in°m≥ s]m^. biv]mens‚ t\XrXzØnep≈ tZiob D]tZiIkanXnsb 1992
am¿®v 1 \v tIµam\htijnhnIk\ hIp∏v \ntbmKn®p. Cu IΩ‰n 1993 Pqsse 15 \v 28
t]Pv hcp∂ -`mc-am-ImØ ]T\w (Learning without burden) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ dnt∏m¿´v
ka¿∏n®p.
Medium of instruction
The question of medium of instruction, particularly in early life, will not be fully resolved
till the time our dominant and externally connected sections of Socitey continue to
38
give more importance to elementary graces in foreign language, that to intimate
connection with the vernacular knowledge with our children gain during every week
of their growing up before they go to school. It is because of this reason that we have
restrained ourselves from repeating the recommendation that mother tongue alone
should be the medium of instruction at the primary stage.
s]m^. biv]m¬ IΩn-‰n-bpsS ][m\ \n¿t±i߃
$ ss]adn¢mkpIfn¬ ]T\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww.
$ Ip´nIfpsS kwL]h¿Ø\ßfpw kwLt\´ßfpw t]m’mln∏n°pI. hnZyme
bßfn¬ klIcWmflI]T\Øn\v Ahkcsamcp°pI. hy‡nKX t\´ßƒ-
°mbp≈ ia߃ Ip´nIfn¬ ]ncnapdp°w D≠m°pIbpw kt¥mjIcamb
]T\Øn¬ \n∂v ]n¥ncn∏n°pIbpw sNøpw.
$ ]mT]pkvXIcN\ hntIµoIcn°pIbpw AXn¬ A[ym]IcpsS ]¶mfnØw
Dd∏m°pIbpw sNøpI.
$ BZyIme iniphnZym`ymkw kw_‘n®v \nba\n¿ΩmWw \SØWw. Cu L´Øn¬
FgpØpw hmb\bpw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xpw ]co£Iƒ \SØp∂Xpw \ntcm[n°Ww.
$ `mctadnb ]pkvXI߃ t]dnt∏mIp∂Xv C√mXm°m≥ Ah Ip´nIƒ hy‡nKXambn
hmßp∂Xv C√mXm°Ww. ]pkvXI߃ kvIqfns‚ kzØmbncn°Ww. Ah
kvIqfn¬ kq£n°pIbpw thWw.
$ ss]adn¢mkpIfn¬ Krl]mTw \¬tI≠Xn√. A∏¿ss]adn ¢mkpIfn¬ Krl]mTw
\n¿_‘sa¶n¬ Ah ]mT]pkvXIhpambn _‘s∏´XmIcpXv.
$ A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn A\p]mXw 1:40- ¬ \n∂pw 1:30 B°Ww.
$ ]T\Øn¬ CetSmWnIv am[yaØns‚ km[yX D]tbmKs∏SpØWw.
$ A[ym]I ]cnioe\߃ Imcy£aam°Ww.
$ sk°‚dn, ss]adn, t\gvkdn A[ym]I]cnioe\Øn\v th≠nbp≈ _n.FUv
t]mKmw Bcw`n°pI.
$ kn._n.Fkv.kn ]mTy]≤Xn tIµob hnZymebßfnepw \thmZb hnZymeb
ßfnepambn ]cnanXs∏SpØWw.
$ hnt√Pv, tªm°v, Pn√ Xeßfn¬ hnZym`ymk IΩ‰nIƒ cq]oIcn°pIbpw hnZymeb
πm\nßv kq∏¿hnj\pw \SØpIbpw thWw.
$ kvIqƒ \SØn∏n\v Bhiyamb [\klmbw (iºf _n√ns‚ BsIØpIbpsS
10%) kvIqƒ ]cn]me\Øn\mbn A‰Ip‰∏WnIƒ, ]Tt\m]IcW߃
hmßp∂Xn\v, kvIqƒ sdt°mUpIƒ hmßp∂Xn\v D]tbmKs∏SpØWw.
$ kvIqƒ XpSßp∂Xn\p≈ AwKoImcw \¬Ip∂ \nbaw I¿i\am°pIbpw s]mXp
taJebv°pw kzmImcytaJebv°pw Htc \nbaw \njv°¿jn°pIbpw thWw.
$ 10,12 ¢mkpIfnse s]mXp]co£bn¬ ]mT]pkvXItIµoIrXhpw Iznkv amXr-I-bn-
ep-f-f-Xp-amb tNmZy߃ Hgnhm°n Bibm[njvTnX tNmZy߃ \¬Ip∂ coXn
Ahew_n°Ww. Cu Hcp ]cnjv°cWw amXw aXn ]T\\nehmcw Dbcp∂Xn\pw
39
a\∏mT]T\w Ahkm\n∏n°p∂Xn\pw. `mj, KWnXw, kb≥kv, `qanimkvXw
apXemb hnjbßfpsS ]T\coXnbn¬ am‰w hcpØWw.
13. tZiob ]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv 2005 (NCF 2005)
am\hhn`h hnIk\ a¥n temIk`bn¬ sNbvX ]kvXmh\b\pkcn®v 2004 Pqsse
amkØn¬ F≥.kn.C.B¿.Sn bpsS \n¿∆lWkanXn tbmKw tNcpIbpw tZiob
]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv ]cnjv°cn°phm≥ Xocpam\n°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1993- se
"`mcamImXp≈ ]T\w' (Learning without burdon) F∂ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ kØ
Dƒs°m≠psIm≠v Xbmdm°nb F≥.kn.F v 2000 ]pXp°Wsa∂v hnZym`ymkskI´dn
F≥.kn.C.B¿.Sn UbdŒ¿°v \n¿t±iw \¬In. CX\pkcn®v s]m^. biv]m¬
sNb¿am\mbn Hcp \mjW¬ Ãnbdnßv IΩ‰nbpw 21 \mjW¬ t^m°kv Kq∏pIfpw
D≠m°n. C¥ybnse kaqlØns‚ F√mXpdIfnepw s]´hcn¬ \n∂v A`n]mb߃
kzoIcn®p sIm≠mWv F≥,kn.F v 2005 Xbmdm°nbXv.
tZiob ]mTyIaØns‚ ]pXp°nb N´°qSv Bcw`n°p∂Xv choµ\mYSmtKmdns‚
""\mKcnIXbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw' F∂ ]_‘Øn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤cWntbmSpIqSnbmWv.
\mKcnIXbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw - choµ\mY SmtKm¿
""Ip´nbmbncp∂ ImeØv sem´psemSp°p km[\߃ D]tbmKn®v Rms\s‚
Ifn∏m´ßfp≠m°pambncp∂p. `mh\bn¬ \n∂pw IfnIƒ°v cq]w sImSp°pambn
cp∂p. Fs‚ kt¥mjØns‚bpw kzX¥yØns‚bpw temIØv Fs‚ Iq´pImcpw
]¶mfnIfmbncp∂p. Ah¿ IqSnbp≠mIptºmtg Fs‚ kt¥mjw ]q¿ÆamIpambn
cp∂p≈q. Fs‚ ssiihØns‚ kz¿§temItØ°v Hcp\mƒ apXn¿∂hcpsS hn]Wn
temIØp \ns∂mcp ]tem`\w IS∂ph∂p. Hcp Cw•ojv ISbn¬ \n∂pw hmßnb
Hcp Ifn∏m´w RßfpsS Iq´pImcn¬ Hcmƒ°pIn´n. AXv e£WsamØXmbncp∂p.
Abmƒ AXn¬ Al¶cn°m≥ XpS-ßn. IfnIfn¬ i≤ Ipd™p. hne ]nSn® B
Ifnt°m∏v Rßsf sXmSo®n√. AXv Xt‚XmbXn¬ A`nam\w sIm≠v
Iq´pImsc°mƒ ap¥nbh\mWv Xms\∂v Abmƒ ta\n \Sn®p. ImcWw AhcpsS
Ifn∏m´ßƒ hneIpd™hbmbncp∂p. Abmƒ Rßsf°mƒ ]cnjvIrX\msW∂v,
A¿Yiq\y-sa¶nepw e£WsamØ Hcp Ifn∏m´Øns‚ DSabmWt√m Abmƒ!
D’mlØ≈en¬ Hcp Imcyw Abmƒ a\ nem°nbn√. Bkµ¿`Øn¬
\n mcsa∂p tXm∂nb Hcp Imcyw e£WsamØ Xs‚ Ifn∏m´sØ°mƒ hne]nSn®
as‰m∂v Cu ]tem`\Øn\Sn-as∏´XneqsS X\n°v \„ambn F∂v anSp°\mb Hcp
Ip´nbpsS kzbw Xncn®dnhv. Ifn∏m´w AbmfpsS kºØns‚ amXw cq]w
Dƒs°m≈p∂p. Abmfnse Ip´nbpsS k¿§mfl-IXtbm, IfnIfn¬ \n∂p In´p∂
B\µtam IfnbpsS temIØv Iq´pIm¿ \¬Ip∂ ]¶mfnØtam H∂pw
Dƒs°m≈p∂n√.''
_meyØns‚ kØbmWv "k¿KmflIXbpw Afh‰ B\µhpw' F∂v Ihn AXn¬ \sΩ
Hm¿an∏n°p∂p. apXn¿∂h¿ Ai≤ImcWw AXpc≠pw \in∏n°mdp≠v. kzmX¥ym\¥c
ImeL´Øn¬ \nch[n ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjv°mc߃ \S∂n´p≠v. 1986 -se
tZiobhnZym`ymk \bamWv, Hcp tZiob hnZym`ymk ]≤Xn°v cq]w sImSp°m\mbn
\n¿t±in®Xv. AXv `cWLS\bn¬ ]d™n´p≈ cm„hnImk ]cnt]£ysØ
40
]Xn^en∏n°p∂ ASnÿm\LSItØmSp IqSnb Hcp tZiob ]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv
F∂ Bibw apt∂m´p h®p. CXn\mbn 1992 -¬ Xbmdm°nb I¿Ω]≤Xnbn¬ (POA)
Du∂n∏d™n´p≈ Imcy߃ ]k‡n, KpWta∑, Abhv (flexibiltiy) F∂nhbmWv.
kmaqlnI\oXnbnepw kaXzØnepw A[njvTnXamb atXXchpw sshhn[ysØ
AwKoIcn°p∂Xpw XpeymhImißtfmSp IqSnbXpamb Hcp kaqlambmWv `cWLS\
C¥ysb ImWp∂Xv. Cu ImgvN∏mSns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnimeamb Nne hnZym`ymk
e£y߃ Cu tcJbn¬ sImSpØn´p≠v. kzX¥amb Nn¥bpw ]h¿Ø\hpw
a‰p≈hcpsS kuJytØmSpw D≈ _lpam\w, ]pXnb kµ¿`ßtfmSv k¿§mflIambpw
hg°tØmSpIqSnbpw ]XnIcn°m\p≈ Ignhv apXembhsbms° CXn¬s]Spw.
]T\sa∂Xv Ip´nIƒ°v `mchpw ]oUbpw BbnØo¿∂n´p≠v F∂Xv hnZym`ymk
e£y߃°pw KpWta∑bv°pw h∂ KpcpXcamb hyXnbm\sØbmWv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.
CXv icnbm°m≥ ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcWØn¬ A©v \nbmaI XØzßfmWv Cu
tcJ \n¿t±in°p∂Xv. Ah XmsgsImSp°p∂p.
1. Adnhns\ kvIqfn\p ]pdØp≈ PohnXhpambn _‘s∏SpØpI.
2. ImWm∏mTw ]Tn°p∂ coXn Hgnhm°pI.
3. ]mT]pkvXI߃°∏pdtØ°v ]mTy]h¿Ø\ßsf hnIkn∏n°pI.
4. ]co£Iƒ IqSpX¬ Abhp≈Xm°pIbpw ¢mkv apdnbnse ]T\m\p`hßfpambn
DZvKYn°pIbpw sNøpI.
5. cmPysØ P\m[n]Xycm„obØn¬ ]ckv]cw Xm¬∏cyw FSp°p∂Xpw
hyXymk߃°XoXamb Hcp kzXzw hf¿Øns°m≠phcnI.
F≥.kn.F v 2005 A©v A[ymbßfnembn IaoIcn®ncn°p∂p. ]T\sØ kw_‘n®
ImgvN∏mSv, ]T\hpw ⁄m\hpw, ]mTy]≤Xn taJeIfpw hnebncpØepw kvIqfpw ¢mkv
A¥co£hpw LS\m]camb sa®s∏SpØepIƒ F∂nhbmWv Ah.
$ ss]adn¢mkpIƒ BZyIme inip hnZym`ymkØns‚ XpS¿®bmWv. AXn\m¬
AXns‚ XpS¿®bmbmIWw ss]adn ¢mkpIfnse ]mTyIaw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.
$ ]TnXmhns‚ hnImkw, ]T\w F∂nhsb kw_‘n®v kaKamb ImgvN∏mSp
≠mbncn°Ww.
$ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈ hnZym`ymk (Inclusive Education) ImgvN∏mSv
D≠mbncn°Ww.
$ Adnhv \n¿ΩmWØn\pw k¿§mflIXbv°pw Ahkcw \¬IWw.
$ \n¿ΩmWw, Is≠ج, A]KY\w, hna¿i\mflItijn F∂nh hf¿ØWw.
$ ]mtZinI AdnhpIƒ°pw A\p`h߃°pw ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ ÿm\w
\¬IWw.
$ ]cnkc_‘nXamb t]mPŒpIfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xn\pw AXphgn Adnhp
\n¿an°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcw thWw.
$ amXr`mj t_m[\am[yaambncn°Ww.
41
$ C¥ybpsS _lp`mjmkz`mhsØ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØnse kºØmbn
D]tbmKn°pI.
$ KWnX]T\Øn¬ Nn¥bpsS KWnXh¬°cWØn\mbn Du∂¬ \¬IpI.
$ imkvX]T\Øns‚ D≈S°w, ]Inb, `mj F∂nh ]TnXmhns‚ ]mbw,
_u≤nI\nehmcw F∂nhbv°v tbmPn®Xm°pI.
$ hkvXpXIƒ ]Tn®v ]co£sbgpXp∂Xn\v ]m]vX\m°p∂Xn\p ]Icw
kmaqly ]h¿Ø\ßsf hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØp∂Xn\p≈
Ignhp≠m°pIbmbncn°Ww kmaqlyimkvX]T\Øns‚ e£yw.
$ LS\m]camb ]cnjv°cWßfpsS e£yw hnZym`ymkKpWta∑-bmbncn°Ww.
$ ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjv°cWØnse hyhÿmkw_‘nbmb G‰hpw ][m\
\S]Sn ]co£m]cnjv°cWamWv. tNmZyßfpsS kz`mhØn¬ am‰w hcpØn
aqey\n¿ÆbØn¬ Hm¿Ωi‡ntb°mƒ ]m[m\yw k¿§mflIXbv°pw
bp‡nNn¥bv°pw \¬IWw.
$ \nc¥c aqey\n¿Æbhpw B`y¥chnebncpØepw kpXmcyXbpw
i‡ns∏SpØn ]co£sb ]T\m\p`hhpambn Iq´nbnW°pIbmWv th≠Xv.
$ hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\ßfpsS \hoIcWØn\v kmaqlnI]¶mfnØw
Dd∏m°Ww.
14. hnZym`ymk AhImi \nbaw 2009 (RTE 2009)
(kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkw e`n°phm\p≈ Ip´nbpsS AhImi
\nbaw 2009)
P\m[n]XyhyhÿbpsS CgIƒ _es∏SpØp∂Xn¬ km¿∆XnI ]mYanI
hnZym`ymkØn\v ][m\]¶ps≠∂v \ΩpsS `cWLS\ Xs∂ AwKoIcn®n- p≠v. Cu
e£yw t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠nbmWv C¥y≥ dn∏_vfn°ns‚ 60 -mw h¿jØn¬ ]m¿esa‚ns‚
Ccpk`Ifpw hnZym`ymk AhImi_n√v ]mkm°nbXv. Cu _n√n\v 2009 BKÃv 26 \v
C¥y≥ ]knU‚ns‚ AwKoImcw e`n°pIbpw 01.04.2010 apX¬ Cu \nbaw ]m_eyØn¬
hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXnse ][m\ hyhÿIƒ Nph--sS tN¿°p∂p.
$ Cu \nbaw Bdp apX¬ ]Xn\mephb phscbp≈ Ip´nIƒ°v kuP\yhpw
\n¿_‘nXhpamb ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw hyhÿ sNøp∂p. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw
F∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv 1-˛-8 hscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnse hnZym`ymkamWv.
CXn\p≈ F√mkuIcyßfpw Hcp°pI F∂Xv kapNnXKh¨sa‚ ns‚
NpaXebmWv.
$ hnZymeb ]thi\Øn\v bmsXmcp hn[Ønep≈ Xe-h-cn-∏-Whpw ]mSn√.
$ kvIqfn\v Hcp amt\Pvsa‚ v IΩn‰nbp≠mbncn°Ww. F√mkvIqfqIƒ°pw kvIqƒ
hnIk\]≤Xnbp≠mbncn°Ww.
$ `cWLS\ hn`mh\w sNbvXn´p≈ aqey߃°v A\pkrXambXpw Ip´nbpsS
k¿∆tXm∑pJ hnIk\w e£yw h®p≈Xmbncn°Ww ]mTy]≤Xn. AXv Ip´nbpsS
Adnhv, Ignhv, _p≤n, ImbnIhpw am\knIhpamb IgnhpIƒ F∂nh
42
hf¿Øp∂XmIWw.
$ ]h¿Ø\m¿[njvTnXhpw iniptIµoIr-Xhpw ]Inbm_‘nXhpambncn°Ww
]T\t_m[\coXn.
$ Ip´nbpsS Imcy߃ a\ nem°m\p≈ Ignhns\bpw a\ nem°nb Imcy߃
]tbmKn°m\p≈ Ignhns\bpw kaKhpw \nc¥chpambn hnebncpØWw.
$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mknse ]T\kabw Hcp h¿jw 800 aWn°q¿/200
]h¿ØnZnhkhpw.
$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mknse ]T\kabw Hcp h¿jw 1000 aWn°q¿/220 ]hrØn
Znhkhpw D≠mbncn°Ww.
$ HcmgvNbn¬ A[ym]Is‚ ]h¿Ø\ kabw 45 aWn°q¿ Bbncn°pw.
$ Hmtcm ¢mkn\pw ]T\t_m[\ D]IcWßfpw Ifn∏m´w kvt]m¿´vkv sKbnwkv
F∂nhbv°pth≠ D]IcWßfpw \¬IWw.
$ ]T\Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \nev°p∂hsc Is≠Øn \nc¥cw ]cnlmct_m[\
]h¿Ø\߃ \¬In [mcWIƒ Dd∏n°Ww.
$ 2002 -˛ ¬ `cWLS\tbmSp tN¿°s∏´ A\pt—Zw 21 F ]Imcw 6 apX¬ 14
hb phscbp≈ Ip´nIƒ°v kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkw
auenImhImiam°n. Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Xr]vXnIchpw \ymbhpamb \nehmcØnep≈
apgph≥ kab ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠nbmWv Cu \nbaw
\n¿Ωn®ncn°p∂Xv.
15. tZiob A[ym]IhnZym`ymk]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv 2009 (NCFTE - 2009)
km¿∆XnI ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw F∂ `cWLS\me£yØn\v ASnhcbn´p sIm≠p≈
cm„ob Xocpam\ambncp∂p. Ip-´nIfpsS hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaw 2009. Cu
\nbaØns‚ e£yw ssIhcn°Wsa¶n¬ hcpw h¿jßfn¬ tbmKyXbpw ]cnioe\hpw
e`n® BhiyambX A[ym]I¿ thWw.
$ A[ym]I]cnioe\Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw,
$ AhcpsS Adnhv.
$ t_m[\imkvX]cambss\]pWnIƒ
$ sXmgnent\mSp≈ ]Xn_≤X
$ kaImenI ]iv\ßtfmSp≈ kwthZ\ioew
$ `cWLS\maqeyßtfmSp≈ BZ¿ihpw A\pIqeat\m`mhhpw
$ Chsb√mw A[ym]Is\ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßfmWv. CØcsamcp
kmlNcyØn¬ A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØn\v ImtemNnXamb ]cnjv°mc߃
thWsa∂v NCF 2009 \n¿t±in°p∂p.
`mhnbnse A[ym]I¿°p≠mbncnt°≠ tbmKyXIƒ ss\]pWnIƒ.
at\m`mh߃ F∂nhsb°pdns®√mw Cu tcJ N¿® sNøp∂p.
43
][m\ \n¿t±i߃
$ Fensa‚dn A[ym]I ]cnioe\Øn\mbn 4 h¿jsØ C‚tK‰Uv t]mKmapIƒ
bqWnthgvkn‰nIfnepw sXcs™SpØ Ub‰pIfnepw Bcw`n°Ww.
$ A`ncpNnbp≈hsc A[ym]I]cnioe\Øn\v sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ X¥ßƒ
BhnjvIcn°Ww.
$ A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ kne_kv, tImgvkns‚ cq]tcJ F∂nh NCTE
Xbmdm°Ww.
$ kvIqƒ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjvIcWØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ A[ym]IhnZym`ymk
]mTy]≤Xn AhtemI\w sNøWw.
XpS¿]-h¿Ø-\-߃
1. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ ]m›mXyh¬°cn°p∂Xn\v 1835 se sa°msfbpsS an\p v
kp][m\ ]¶phln®p. Cu ]kvXmh\sb hniIe\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
2. ""kaImenI C¥y≥hnZym`ymkØ hninjy tIcf hnZym`ymktaJesb
Kkn®ncn°p∂ Cw•ojvh¬°cW ]hWXsb sa°msfbpsS bp‡n Xs∂bmWv
kzm[o\n°p∂Xv'' hniIe\w kzm`n]mbw AhXcn∏n°pI.
3. sa°msfbpsS an\pSvkn\v ]qcIambncp∂p. 1854 hpUvkv Ukv]m®v C¥y≥
hnZym`ymksØ F]ImcamWv hpUvkv Ukv]m®v kzm[o\n®Xv F∂v hniZam°pI.
4. hpUvkv Ukv]m®vs‚ `mKambn cq]s∏´ \n¿t±ißfpw ]h¿Ø\ßfpw Fs¥√mw?
hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØpI.
5. 1882 se l≠¿IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´nse ip]m¿iIƒ Fs¥√mw? ap≥Ime IΩojs‚
ip]m¿iIfn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥√mw ]ptcmKa\mißfmWv l≠¿ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´n¬
\nco£n°m\mhpI? Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
6. 1929- se l¿tSmKv IΩ‰nbpsS ][m\ip]m¿iIƒ Fs¥√mw? Cu IΩ‰n
cq]oIcn®Xns‚ cm„ob ]m[m\yw hy‡am°pI.
7. 1944 se km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿´n¬ C¥y≥ tZiob t\Xm°fpsS ho£Whpw kzm[o\hpw
]Xn^en®ncp∂p. ][m\ ip]m¿iIsf hna¿i\m∑Iambn hnebncp-ØpI.
8. kzmX¥ym\¥c`mcXØnse hnZym`ymke£y߃ \n¿Æbn°p∂Xnepw
]h¿Ø\ ]≤XnIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw hgnIm´nbmIp∂Xv C¥y≥
`cWLS\bmWv. C¥y t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymk]iv\ßsf adnIS°m≥ `cWLS\m
hyhÿIƒ FXamXw klmbIamWv? hniIe\w sNøpI.
9. sk°≠dn hnZym`ymk°Ωojs‚ (1953) khntijXIfpw ]cnanXnIfpw
hna¿i\mflIambn ]Xn]mZn°pI.
10. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ 1966 ñ D≈S°kaKX sIm≠pw ImgvN∏mSns‚ hym]vXn
sIm≠pw Gsd i≤ ]nSn®p]‰nbncp∂p. AXnse ip]m¿iIƒ C∂pw
]mh¿ØnIam°nbn´n√. hna¿i\mflIambn hniIe\w sNøpI.
11. IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´nse ]mYanIhnZym`ymksØ°pdn®p≈ ip]m¿iIƒ tIcfØn¬
44
FXamXw ]h¿Ø\ ]YØn¬ sIm≠phcm≥ Ign™p. hna¿i\mflIambn
hniZam°pI.
12. 1968 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bØns‚ ]m[m\yhpw ][m\ khntijXIfpw
FgpXpI.
13. 1986 se tZiobhnZym`ymk \bw 1968 se \bØn¬ \n∂pw Fßs\
hyXyks∏´ncn°p∂p.
14. 1986 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw tIcf hnZym`ymk cwKØv Fs¥√mw am‰ßfmWv
cq]s∏SpØnbXv! hniIe\w sNøpI.
15. 1992 se cmaaq¿Øn IΩoj≥ ip]m¿iIƒ hniIe\w sNøpI.
16. 1993 se biv]m¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´nse hnπhIcamb \n¿t±i߃ Ipdn°pI.
\n¿t±ißfpsS khntijXIƒ hniZam°pI.
17. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ F]ImcamWv NCF 2005 kzm[o\n°p∂Xv. NCF se
\n¿t±i߃ ]cntim[n®v hnebncpØpI.
18. 2009 se hnZym`ymk AhImi \nbaw, 2011 se N´w F∂nh tIcfØnsebpw
C¥ybnsebpw P\m[n]Xyw, atXXcXzw, kzX¥yw XpSßnb `cWLS\maqey߃
i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xn\v F]ImcamWv klmbn°pI.
19. Hcp cmPyØns‚ ]ptcmKXn \n¿Wbn°p∂Xn¬ A[ym]Is‚ ]¶v kp][m\amWv.
A[ym]I im‡oIcWØn\v NCFTE 2009 hln°p∂ ]¶v hniZam°pI.
20. ss]adnXeØnse ]T\am[yasØ kw_‘n®v kzmX¥yØn\v apºpw ]nºpap≈
IΩoj\pIfpw IΩ‰nIfpw \nch[n \n¿t±i߃ \¬Inbn´p≠v. Ah tImUoIcn®v
]T\am[yaw kw_‘n® kzm`n]mbw hniZam°pI.
21. hnZym`ymkIΩoj\pIfpw dnt∏m¿´pIfpw ImenIambn \S∏n¬ hcpØphm≥ \ap°v
Ignbp∂n√. CXn\p≈ ImcW߃ bp‡n-k-l-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-
߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
d^d≥kv
1. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS ˛ Xmbm v i¶c≥ - (sI.Fkv.Sn.F.)
2. hnZym`ymkw `mcXØn¬ - tUm.Sn.sI. aplΩZv - tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq v
3. National Policy on Education – 1986 – MHRD Delhi – 1986
4. Learning without Burden – Yespal Committee Report – 1993, MHRD NewDelhi 1993.
5. National Curriculum framework 2005 MHRD, NewDelhi, 2005.
6. National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education – 2009 MHRD, New Delhi 2009.
7. History of Education in Modern India 1857-2007. Suresh Chandraghosh – Orient Blackswam
Ltd, Hydrabad.
8. History of Education of India, B,N. Dash, Dominant publishers and District buters, Delhi.
9. The Right of Children to free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.
45
10. Report of the Committee for review of National Policy on Education 1986.
11. hnZym- ymk ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcm-apJw ˛ imkvX kmln-Xy-]-co-jØv
12. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn ˛ tkXp-cm-a≥ sF.]n.-F-kv, amXr- qan ]kn-≤o-I-cWw
13. \ΩpsS `mj \ΩpsS kwkvImcw ˛ FUn-‰¿ tUm. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥
tIc-f- im-kvX-km-ln-Xy-]-co-jØv
C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Ønse ]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßfpw
]T-\-t\´w
kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw C¥y≥hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. ]iv\]cn-lm-c-\n¿t±-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\p tijn-t\-Sp-∂p.
][m-\m-i-b-߃
˛ kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n IqSp-X¬ XpI \o°n-h-®n- p-≠v.
˛ tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw kwÿm\Xeß-fnepw hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn kwL-Sn-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v,
˛ C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ \b-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw Fen-sa‚-dn-Xew apX¬ k¿∆-I-em-im-em-Xewhsc-bp-ff hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v Imc-W-am-bn- p-≠v.
˛ C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v XS-k-ambn Nne ]iv\-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v.
˛ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWw km[m-c-W-°m-c\v hnZym-`ymkw A]m-]y-am°n Xo¿°pw.
˛ km¿h-Xn-I-amb hnZym- ymkKpW-ta-∑-bmWv \ΩpsS tZiobe£yw.
d^-d≥kv
1. Education In India (1781-1985)
Policies Planning and Implementation
(Centre For Research in Rural Industrial Development-1985)
2. Development of Education System in India and Statistics
Sujatha Acharya-Mohit Books International, New Delhi-2014
3. Planning for Educational and Economic Development
Sr. SHARA, TN.RATHO
K.K.SHARAMMA (Sareep Book Publisher-New Delhi-2012)
46
A[ym]Is‚ A\p`h hnhcWw
B‘-bnse Hcp Kma-Ønse hnZym-ebw kµ¿in-®p. A[ym-]-I¿ amX-amWv Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. D®- -£Ww ]mIwsNø¬ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂p-≠v. kabw 12 aWn-tbm-S-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ ]Øn-cp-]Xv Ip´n-Iƒ h∂p. ssIbn¬ ]mX-ß-fp--≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ D®- -£WwIgn-®p ¢mkn-en-cp-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw FhnsS \ns∂m-s°tbm GXm\pw t]¿ kvIqfn-se-Øn. Ip´n-Isf Xncn-®p-hn-fn-°m≥ h∂-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿°v ho´n¬ ]Wn-bp-≠v. Cfb Ip´n-Isf t\m°-Ww. a‰p tPmen-Iƒ°v ho´p-Imsc klm-bn-°-Ww. hnfn--°m≥ h∂-h-cpsSIqsS Ip´n-Iƒ t]mbn.
Cu kw -h-tØm-Sp-ff ]Xn-I-cWw F¥mWv? CXn-\p-ff Imc-W-sa-¥mWv? CsX-ßs\]cn-l-cn°pw?
C¥y-bnse a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fnse kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-sØ°p-dn®v \n߃ F¥mWv a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-f-fXv?
Df-f-S°w
kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv henb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv\mw apt∂m v t]mb-Xv. Hmtcm ]©-h’c]≤-Xn-bnepw IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ XpI hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p th≠n \o°n-h-bv°p-Ibpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Hmtcm Xe-Ønepw ]ptcm-KXnBkq-Xn-X-ambn Dd-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn ÿnXn-hn-hcIW-°p-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\- \ne-hn¬ h∂p ]Øp-h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ 14 hb- p-h-sc-bp-ff F√mIp´n-Iƒ°pw \n¿_-‘nX hnZym- ymkw \¬IpI F∂Xv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ e£y-am-Wv. Zcn-Zy\n¿Ωm¿P-\w, imkvXo-bhpw atXX-c-hp-amb Nn¥, hnI-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv F∂nhDd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-ff ][m-\-s∏´ ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-™-Xp-sIm-≠mWv`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Xs∂ CØ-c-samcp e£yw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-f-f-Xv.
bp≤m-\-¥c hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n (Post War Educational Development In India) D≠mbkm¿P‚ v πm\n¬ 312.60 e£w cq]-bm-bn-cp∂p hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n \o°n-sh-®-Xv.
(A\p-_‘w ImWpI)
CXn¬ 200 e£w cq] ss]adn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ H∂mw]©-h’c ]≤Xnbn¬ 152.9 tImSn cq] hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn \o°n h®p. AXn¬ ss]adnhnZym- ym-k-Øn\v 84.8 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
(A\p-_‘w ImWpI)
c≠mw ]©-h-’c]≤-Xn-bn-em-Is´ 276.94 tImSn cq]bpw ss]adn hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v 93.1tImSnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
(A\p-_‘w ImWpI)
XpS¿∂p-≈ ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fnse hnZym- ymkhnlnXw ]´n-I-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw km£-c-X-bnepw hnZym`ym-k-cw-KØpw D≠mb ]ptcm-KXn cmPy-Øns‚]ptcm-K-Xn°p hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-®n- p-≠v.
]oss]-adn apX¬ lb¿sk-°≠dn hsc-bp-ff hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn hnZym-e-b-߃ hym]-I-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ip´n-Isf Chn-S-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. D∂-X-hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn k¿∆-I-em-im-e-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-Ifpw ÿm]n-°-s∏- p. kmt¶-XnItaJ-e-bnse sXmgn¬ km[y-Xbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw e£ywh®p kmt¶-XnI hnZym- ym-k-
47
Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-Ibpw sF.Sn.sF apX¬ F©n-\o-b-dnMv tImtfPp hsc ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv s]mXp-ta-J-ebv°v ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬kaq-l-Ønse Xmsg-°n-S-bn-ep-ffh¿°-S°w ]Tn®p apt∂m-dm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ e`n-®p.Ah¿ C¥y-bnepw temI-Øns‚ \m\m- m-K-ß-fnepw sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw anI-hp-sIm-≠vAwKo-Imcw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kvXo hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]ptcm-KXn cmPy]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-am-Wv. CucwKØp≠mb ]ptcm-KXn ÿnXn-hn-hcIW-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw. AXp-t]mse ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sSbpw h\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ BZn-hmkn P\-hn- m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw hnZym- ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]tXyIw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n-bn- p-≠v.
2009˛se hnZym- ymkAh-Im-i-\n-baw A\p-k-cn®v Fen-sa‚dnhnZym`ymkw tÉns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cmPysØ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw 8 h¿jsØ hnZym- ym-k-amWv CXn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Intem-ao-‰-dn-\p-f-fn¬ ]mY-anIhnZym-e-b-߃,inip-tI-µo-Ir-X-amb ]T-\-co-Xn, Ip´n-I-fpsS hnI-k\w Dd-∏m-°p∂ aqey-\n¿W-bw, tbmKy-cmb A[ym-]-I¿ F∂n-ßs\ ]T-\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff ka-K-\n-b-a-amWv CXv.
C]-Imcw hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn- p-s≠-¶nepw \nc-h[n ]iv\-߃ hnZym-`ymk taJ-esb Ct∏mgpw Ae- p-∂p-≠v. 14 hb- p-h-sc-bp-ff F√m-h¿°pw \n¿_-‘nXhnZym- ymkw F∂ `c-W-L-S\me£yw- CXp-hsc \ap°v t\Sm≥ Ign-™n- n-√. BZn-hm-kn-I-f-S-°-ap-ff ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ P\-hn- m-K-߃°v Ah-cpsS Ip´n-Isf hnZym-e-b-Øn-e-b-bv°-W-sa∂ t_m[w C\nbpw D≠m-bn- n-√. \nc-£-c-X, A⁄-X, ZmcnZyw F∂n-h-aqew Ip´n-Isf kvIqfn-e-bv°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ FØn-bm¬ Xs∂ ]T\w]q¿Øn-bm-ImsX sImgn-™p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv hSs° C¥y-bnse ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw C∂pw bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv.
˛ hnZym-e-b-ßfpsS Ipd-hv.
˛ ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® A[ym-]-I-cpsS A`m-hw.
˛ kvXo hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Ipdhv
˛ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑-bn-√m-bva ImcWw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ASn-ÿm\tijn-Iƒt]mepw e`n-°mØ Ah-ÿ.
˛ _me-the
apX-em-bh C\nbpw ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ ]iv\-ß-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
hnZym-`ymkcwKsØ kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw I®-h-S-h¬°-c-Whpw krjvSn-°p∂ ]iv\-߃
BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚bpw DZm-c-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw ImeØv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw ItaW ]n≥hm-ßp∂ ]h-WX C¥y-bnepw Zriy-am-Wv. CXp-Im-cWw \msSm- p°pw kzIm-cy-hn-Zym- ymk ÿm]-\-߃ apf®ps]m¥pI-bm-Wv. tIc-f-sam-gn-sI-bp-ff an° kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw C¥y-bnse h≥\-K-c-ß-fn-ep-sams° kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw t]mepw an°-hmdpw kzImcy hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-emWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. D∂-X-hn-Zym- ymkw][m-\-ambpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-emWv \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv km[m-c-W-°m¿°v henbkmº-ØnI`mcw D≠m-°p-∂Xpw Ahsc hnZym- ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂-I-‰p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. I®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym-`ymkw ]Ww sImSpØp hmßp-∂-Xn-\p-ff tijn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ISpØ kmaq-ly-\oXn \ntj-[-amWv kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw ÿm]-\-ßsf ^e-
48
]-Z-ambn tamWn-‰¿ sNøp-∂-Xnt\m hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v \oXn Dd-∏m-°p-∂--Xnt\m Dff ^e-]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfm∂pw C∂v \ne-hn-en-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-߃ XpS-ßp-Ibpw AhnsS KpW-ta-∑-bp-ff hnZym- ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-IbpwsNøpI F∂Xv Ime-L- -Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn\p Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ XpI \o°n-h-bv°-Ww.
\ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ßsf Ae- p∂ as‰mcp apJy]iv\w KpW-ta-∑-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. ]cn-io-e-\wkn≤n® tbmKy-cmb A[ym-]-I-cpsS A`mhw ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw henb ]iv\-am-Wv.CXp ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-\ÿm]-\-߃ Bcw- n-°-Ww. hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Imcy-£-a-ambn tamWn-‰¿ sNøp∂ Ne-\m-XvI-amb hnZym-`ymkUn∏m¿ vsa‚ v thWw. inip-tI-µo-Ir-Xhpw ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsSA`mhw KpW-ta-∑-bn-√m-Ø-Xns‚ Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv. CXp ]cn-K-Wn-°m-\mbn CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS cwKØv hf-sc-b-[nIwapt∂-dnb tIcfw t]mep-ff kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS A\p- hw a‰p-f-f-h¿°v kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-߃
1. C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnZym- ymk \ne-hmcw d -d≥kn-eqsS Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn∏n-°p-I.
2. C¥y-≥ hnZym- ymkcwKsØ ]iv\-ßfpw AXp-]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff \n¿t±-i-ßfpw˛Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®p ]_‘w Xbm-dm°n skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
3. ]pXnb ImesØ Bh-iy߃ A\p-k-cn®p C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Øn¬ hcp-tØ≠am‰-߃ Fs¥ms°?
4. hnZym-`ymk cwKØv KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ \S-]-Sn-IƒFs¥m-s°-bmWv? hnh-cn-°p-I.
5. kvXoI-fp-sSbpw a‰p ]m¿iz-h¬°rXcpsSbpw hnZym- ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn°v th≠n sNøm-hp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
49
A\p-_Ôw
Estimated Annual Expenditure Sargent Plan
Rs in Lakhs
Branches of Education Estimated Gross
Annual
Expenditure
Estimated Income
From Source
other than Public
Funds
Estimated Net Expenditure to
be met from Public funds
1 2 3 4
Basic
Education(Primary and
Middle
200.00 - 200.00
Pre-Primary Education 3.20 - 3.20
High school Education 79.80 29.00 50.00
University Education 9.60 2.90 6.70
Technical, Commercial
and Art Education
10.00 2.00 8.00
Adult Education 3.00 - 3.00
Training of Teachers 6.20 1.70 4.50
School Medical
Services
(10% of the Gross Expenditure of the Stage medical service and
education of the handicapped
Education of the
Handicapped
- - -
Recreative and Social
Activities
1.00 - 1.00
Employment 0.60 - 1.00
Administration - - -
Total 312.60 35.60 27.00
50
TABLE II
Expenditure on Different Branches of Education
Rs in Crores
Sub Heads 1951-52
Actual
1952-53
Actual
1953-54
Actual
1954-55
Actual
1955-56
Revised
1951-56
Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Education
Primary
Basic
12.3 13.3 16.6 20.4 22.2 84.8
Secondary
Education
0.8 1.4 1.7 6.3 10.0 20.0
University
Education
2.0 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 13.7
Technical,
Education
3.7 3.9 4.3 3.9 4.4 20.2
Social
Education
00.2 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.9 4.7
Other
Schemes
19.8 24.6 26.6 37.3 46.8 152.9
Source First Five Year Plan- Review 1951-56 Planning Commission 1956
51
TABLE III
Expenditure during the First Four Years of Second Plan
Rs in Crores
Sub Heads Second
Plan
Provisi
on
1956-
57
Actual
1957-
58
Actual
1958-59
Actual
1959-60
Budget
Likely
expendit
ure
1956-60 Column 8
as
percentage
Col 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Education
Primary Basic
93.1 6.14 12.65 17.01 23.68 26.25 62.05 66.7
Secondary
Education
49.09 4.16 6.44 8.74 13.35 13.50 32.84 66.9
University
Education
46.48 4.90 5.08 10.12 12.38 13.10 33.20 71.4
Technical,
Education
51.23 5.36 6.83 8.38 16.10 13.20 33.72 65.8
Social
Education
5.00 0.56 0.73 0.70 1.13 1.00 2.99 59.8
Other
Programmes
32.12 2.82 3.83 4.60 7.45 6.45 17.70 55.1
Total 276.94 23.94 35.56 49.50 72.99 73.50 182.50 65.9
Source Second Five Year Plan-progress Report 1959-60 Planning Commission 1960
52
TABLE IV
Distribution of Outlay for Education in different Five Year Plans-A Comparison
(Rs in Crores)
Sub Heads First Plan Second
Plan
Third Plan First
Plan%
Second
Plan%
Third
Plan%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Elementary
Education
85 87 200 63.9 41.9 50.0
Secondary
Education
20 48 88 15.1 25.1 21.1
University
Education
14 45 82 10.5 21.6 19.6
Other
Programmes
N A 4 6 NA 1.9 1.4
Social
Education,
Physical
Education and
Youth welfare
14 10 12 10.5 4.8 2.9
Others NA 10 `` NA 4.8 2.6
Total 133 204 408 100.0 98.1 97.6
Cultural
Programmes
- 4 10 - 1.9 2.4
Grand Total 133 208 418 100.0 100.00 100.00
Source Third Five Year Plan-1961-66-60 Planning Commission 1961
53
TABLE V
Progress of Expenditure under Education
Centre and States/Union Territories-1961-65
(Rs in Crores)
Sub Heads Third
Plan
Outlay
1961-66
1961-62
Actual
!962-63
Actual
!963-64
Actual
!964-65
Likely
Expenditure
1961-65
Total
expenditure
Col 7
As
Percentage
of Col 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Elementary
Education
207.00 20.88 28.02 38.40 48.59 136.89 65.6
Secondary
Education
81.00 10.92 16.39 19.65 26.34 73.30 90.5
University
Education
77.90 13.50 15.30 15.03 18.99 68.82 80.6
Social
Education
6.00 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.60 1.97 32.8
Miscellaneous 23.00 4.81 5.65 9.66 15.43 35.55 154.6
Cultural
Programmes 10.00 1.18 1.24 1.16 1.42 5.00
50.00
Scholarship
(Centre) 4.10 0.13 0.30 1.09 3.06 4.58
111.7
NCERT 9.00 0.29 1.18 1.19 1.52 4.18 46.4
Total General
Education
418.00 52.17 68.54 86.63 115.95 323.29 77.3
Total
Technical
Education
142.00 18.57 21.71 24.46 30.32 95.06 66.9
Grand Total 560.00 70.74 90.25 111.09 146.27 418.35 74.7
Source Third Five Year Plan-Progress report 1963-65 Planning Commission 1966
54
TABLE VI
Number of Pupils in Corresponding Age Groups
Stage
1950-51 1955-56 1960-61
(Targeted)
Boys% Girls% Total% Boys% Girls% Total% Boys% Girls% Total%
Primary
(6-11)
59 25 42 69 33 51 26 40 63
Middle
(11-14
Years)
22 5 14 30 8 19 36 10 23
Elementary
(6-14
Years)
46 17 32 57 23 40 70 28 49
Source Second Five Year Plan 1956-61 Planning Commission
TABLE VII
Pupils in the Age Group of 6-11 Years Enrollment in Classes I-V
Year Boys in
Lakhs
Girls in
Lakhs
Total in
Lakhs
Boys in
Lakhs
Girls in
Lakhs
Tota in
Lakhs
1950-51 137.7 53.8 191.5 59.8 24.6 42.6
1955-56 175.3 76.4 251.7 70.3 32.4 52.9
1960-61 233.8 109.6 343.4 80.5 40.4 61.1
1965-66 301.2 195.2 496.4 90.4 61.6 76.4
SourceThird Five Year Plan 1961-66 Planning Commission
TABLE VIII
Pupils in the Age Group of 6-11 Years Enrollment in Classes I-VIII
Year Boys in
Lakhs
Girls in
Lakhs
Total in
Lakhs
Boys in
Lakhs
Girls in
Lakhs
Tota in
Lakhs
1950-51 163.6 59.1 222.7 45.9 17.5 32.1
1955-56 209.5 85.1 294.6 54.6 23.5 40
1960-61 282. 0 124.3 406.3 65.4 30.6 48.5
1965-66 371.2 222.7 593.9 73.0 46.1 59.5
SourceThird Five Year Plan 1961-66 Planning Commission
57
bqWn‰v - 2tIcfhnZym`ymkw - hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw
(15 aWn°q¿)
♦ ]T\t\´w - 1
-tIcfhnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®sbbpw hnImksØbpw kzm[o\n® A\pIqehpw]XnIqehpamb NcnXhkvXpXIƒ hniIe\w sNbvXv \nKa\߃ cq]s∏SpØp∂p.
][m\mib߃
♦ kwLImeØns‚ XpS¿®bmb ssP\-_p≤ ImeL´Øn¬hnthN\clnXamb hnZym`ymkkºZmbw \ne\n∂ncp∂p.
♦ ]≈n°qS߃, FgpØp]≈nIƒ, IfcnIƒ, imeIƒ, aZk.ssIkvXhanjW-dnam¿ hln® ]¶v.
♦ PmXn-P∑n-\mSphmgn hyhÿ hnZym`ymkØn¬ sNepØnb kzm[o\w.
$ tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymkNcnXsØ°pdn®v \n߃°v F¥dnbmw? AXns\Ipdn®vFt∏msg¶nepw BtemNn®n´pt≠m?
$ tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymkNcnXw F∂papX¬ Bcw`n°p∂p?
$ BZyIme kvIqƒ amXrIIƒ Fßs\bmbncp∂p. AhbpsS khntijXIƒFs¥ms°?
$ ssIkvXhanj\dnamcpsS hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\߃ tIcfhnZym`ymksØF]ImcamWv kzm[o\n®Xv?
$ PmXn-P∑n-\mSphmgn hyhÿbpsS ImeØv hnZym`ymkØn\v FXtØmfw ]m[m\yw\¬Inbncp∂p?
ï Cu tNmZy߃°v \nßfpsS ]XnIcWsa¥mWv?
tIcfhnZym`ymkØn\v kº∂amb Hcp NcnXap≠v. kwLImew, ssP\-_p≤ImewXpSßnb Imebfhnse t\cn´p≈ cN\Ifpw a‰p kt¶Xßfpw e`yas√¶nepwA°metØbv°v hnc¬ Nq≠p∂ Ht´sd KŸßfpw teJ\ßfpw \ap°v e`yamWv.Ahsb kw_‘n® enÃv CtXmsSm∏w tN¿Øn´p≠v. B cN\Iƒ]tbmP\s∏SpØns°m≠v Bhiyamb Bib߃ tiJcn°m≥ \n߃iant°≠Xp≠v. AXn\ptijw ¢mkn¬ s]mXpN¿® \SØWw. AXn¬ \nßfptSXmb]¶phln°m≥ i≤n°pat√m.
apIfn¬ sImSpØ Bibßfpambn _‘s∏´ hnhc߃ tiJcn®v \nßfpsS Ubdnbn¬Ipdn°Ww. IqSpX¬ Imcy߃ tiJcn°m\mbn NphsS sImSpØncn°p∂ KŸßfpsSklmbw tXSpat√m.
♦ tIcfkwkvImcw -˛ F. io[ctat\m≥ (t]Pv 21 apX¬ 71 hsc 157˛-175/189˛-204)
♦ tIcfkwkvImcw ˛ s]m^. Fkv. ANypXhmcy¿ (t]Pv 23 apX¬ 162 hsc)
♦ tIcfw aebmfnIfpsS amXr`qan -˛ C.Fw.Fkv
♦ IpSn∏≈n°qSw A£chnZybpsS BZym¶Ww ˛- KwKm[c≥ sNßmeq¿
♦ tIcfw : hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ShpIƒ ˛- tIcf imkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv
58
Cu bqWn‰ns‚ ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ Hcp aƒ´naoUnb ]kt‚j≥ Xbmdm°Ww.]kt‚j≥ Xbmdm°m\mbn kvt‰mdn t_m¿UpIƒ Xbmdm°pat√m.
apIfn¬ tN¿Ø ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´ Nne kqN\Iƒ XmsgsImSp°p∂p.
kwLImew kwLkmlnXyw
Xangnse AXn]mNo\ Km\IrXnIfmWv kwLkmlnXysa∂ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂Xv. tIcfw]mNo\ImeØv XangIØns‚ `mKambncp∂Xn\m¬ kwLIrXnIfpsS ]T\w tIcfØns‚NcnXkmwkv°mcnI ]T\Øn\v klmbIamWv, A\pt]£WobhpamWv. kwLIhnIfn¬ ]ecpwtIcfobcmbncp∂psh∂p≈Xv it≤bamWv.
kwLImesØ°pdn®v hyXykvX A`n]mbßfps≠¶nepw F.Un. BZy\q‰m≠pIƒ F∂vs]mXphn¬ ]dbm≥ km[n°pw. ]pd\m∂qdv, AI\m∂qdv, ]Xn‰pap∏Øv, sXm¬°m∏nbw,Nne∏XnImcw, aWntaJe, Xncp°pdƒ XpSßnbhbmWv ][m\kwLIrXnIƒ.
IrXyamb PmXnhyhÿtbm kmaqlnIamb th¿XncnhpItfm kwLImeØnep≠mbncp∂n√.P\߃ kmaqlnIamb kaXzØnepw kzmX¥yØnepw Ign™pIqSn. PmXnbn√mbvabmWvC°mesØ Hcp ][m\khntijX. PmXnbpsS t]cnep≈ D®\oNXz߃, Xo≠epwsXmSoepwt]mep≈ ZpcmNmc߃ XpSßnbh tIcfobPohnXsØ _m[n®ncp∂n√.
kvXoIƒ°v kaqlØnep≠mbncp∂ Db¿∂]Zhn kwLImeØns‚ it≤bambkhntijXbmWv. Db¿∂ tXmXnep≈ h\nXmhnZym`ymkØns‚ ^eambn Hu∆bmdns\t]mep≈ ]e IhbnXnIfpw A°meØp≠mbncp∂p.
Cßs\ kmapZmbnIamb tNcnXncnhpIƒ AwKoIcn®n´n√mØ Hcp PohnXkºZmbw\ne\n∂ncp∂ ImeØmWv tIcfØn¬ ssP\-_p≤aXßfpw _m“WaXhpw IS∂phcp∂XvP\߃ HtckabwXs∂ ssP\-_p≤ t£Xßfn¬ Bcm[\Iƒ A¿∏n°pIbpwsshZnIhn[n]Imcap≈ I¿Ω߃ A\pjvTn°p∂ coXnbn¬ hntZzjtam, am’cytam]ISn∏n°msX hnhn[aX߃ HØptN¿∂ khntij ImgvNbmWv \nehnep≠mbncp∂Xv.
InkvXphn\p apºv ssP\aXw tIcfØn¬ ]Xy£s∏´p. aXneIw t£Xw, IqS¬amWnIywt£Xw XpSßnbh Hcp ImeØv ssP\t£Xambncp∂p F∂p IcpXs∏Sp∂p. hb\m´n¬_tØcn (KW]Xnh´w), am\¥hmSn apXemb ÿeßfpw ssP\tIµßfmbncp∂p AhnsSC∂pw ssP\t£X߃ \nehnep≠v. tIcfØn¬ ssP\aXØns‚ A[∏X\w F.Un. F´mw\q‰m≠n¬ Bcw`n°pIbpw ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠v Bbt∏mtgbv°pw ]q¿ÆamhpIbpw sNbvXp.
_n.kn. aq∂mw iXIØn¬ AtimIs‚ ImeØpXs∂ tIcfØn¬ _p≤aXw IS∂ph∂p.C∂sØ sIm√w, Be∏pg, Pn√IfnemWv tIcfØnse ][m\ _p≤t£X߃ ]eXpwÿnXnsNbvXncp∂Xv. AhnsS \n∂v e`n®n´p≈ _p≤hnKl߃ _p≤aX]NmcWØn\vsXfnhmWv. Aºe∏pgbnse IcpamSn°p´≥ ]kn≤amb _p≤hnKlamWv. \ºqXncnamcpsShcthmsS F.Un F´mw \q‰m≠nemWv _p≤aXØns‚ A[∏X\w Bcw`n°p∂Xv.
_p≤aXw tIcfØn\p \¬Inb Aaqeykw`mh\ km£cXbpw AXpsIm≠p≠mb hnZym`ymk]NmcWhpamWv. _p≤hnlmcßtfmS\p_‘n®v hnZymimeIfpw BXpcimeIfpw \SØp∂kºZmbap≠mbncp∂p. \ΩpsS FgpØp ]≈nIfpw ]≈n°qSßfpw _p≤aXØns‚kw`mh\bmWv. IpSn]≈n°qShpw IfcnIfpw Aßs\bp≠mbXmWv. t£XßtfmS\p_‘n®v]n¬°meØv Db¿∂ph∂ imeIƒ _p≤aXØns‚ kzm[o\Øm¬ D≠mbXmWv.ioh√`s]cpwime, ]m¿Ynh]pcwime, Im¥fq¿ime XpSßnbh DZmlcWw.
F.Un. H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ InkvXpaXw tIcfØnseØn. _n.knbn¬ Xs∂ tIcfØn\vKokv, tdmw XpSßnb ]m›mXycmPyßfpambn \ne\n∂ncp∂ hmWnPy_‘amWv CXn\p ImcWw.F.Un. 52-˛¬ sk‚ v tXmakv A\pNc∑mtcmsSm∏w apkncnkn¬ (C∂sØ sImSpß√q¿)FØnt®¿∂p F∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. tIcfØnse ssIkvXh¿ aX]NmcWØn¬ amXa√i≤n®Xv. ImeØns‚bpw kaqlØns‚bpw am‰Øn\\pkcn®v Im¿jnI, hymhkmbnI,
59
hmWnPycwKßfn¬ CSs]Sm≥ Ah¿°v Ign™p. hnZym`ymkcwKØp≈ ]h¿Ø\w ]tXyIwFSpØp ]dtb≠XmWv. F¬.Fw.Fkv (e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n), kn.Fw.Fkv (N¿®v anj≥skmssk‰n) _mk¬anj≥ F∂nhbpsS ]h¿Ø\amWv tIcfØn¬ B[p\nI hnZym`ymkØn\vXpS°an´XpXs∂. tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXnbn¬ ssIkvXhk`IfpsS kw`mh\ hfschnes∏´XmWv. A®SnhnZybpsSbpw ]XamknIm]h¿Ø\Øns‚bpw XpS°w InkvXy≥anj\dnamcn¬ \n∂mWv [mcmfw kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw tIcfØnepS\ofw ÿm]n°m≥Ah¿ ap≥ssIsbSpØp.
F.Un Ggmw \q‰m≠n¬ aplΩZp\_nbpsS ImeØpXs∂, C…mwaXktµi߃ hym]mcm¿Ywh∂ Ad_nIƒ tIcfØnseØn®psh∂v ae_m¿ am\zen¬ temK≥ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. F.Un611˛-634 ImeØp Xs∂ C…mwaXw tIcfØnseØn.
Fw.C.F ns‚ (ap…ow FUypt°j≥ skmssk‰n) t\XrXzØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ kvIqfpIfpwtImtfPpIfpw kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßfpw tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXnbn¬it≤bamb ]¶p hln®n´p≠v.
Bcy∑mcmb _m“W¿ IqSpXembn tIcfØnseØnbXv F.Un 8- mw iXIØnemWv ChscbmWv]n¬°meØv aebmf _m“W¿ F∂pw \ºqXncnam¿ F∂pw hyhlcn®p t]m∂Xv. ChcpsShcthmsS lnµpaXw IqSpX¬ ]Nmcw t\Sn. _p≤ssP\aX߃ £bn®p XpSßn. _m“WcpsS]h¿Ø\afiew t£Xßsf tIµoIcn®psIm≠p≈Xmbncp∂p. t£X߃ Bcm[\m-eb߃ amXambncp∂n√. P\ßfpsS tbmKÿehpw A`bÿm\hpw hnZymtIµhpwIemtIµhpsams°bmbncp∂p. _p≤aXØns‚ coXnsb ]n¥pS¿∂v t£XßtfmS\p_‘n®vhnZymimeIƒ ÿm]n®p. hnZym¿YnIƒ°v kuP\yambn Xmakn®p ]Tn°m\p≈ F√mkuIcyßfpw AhnsS G¿s∏SpØn. Xncph\¥]pcØv henbime, Xncph√mime, aqgn°pfwime,]m¿Ynh]pcwime, Im¥fq¿ime, Chsbms° Aßs\bp≈ hnZymimeIfmWv. Chbn¬]m¿Ynh]pcw D]cn]T\Øn\v th≠nbp≈Xmbncp∂p. X¿°w, hymIcWw, aoamwk, thZm¥w,tPymXnjw Chbmbncp∂p ]T\hnjb߃. Cu imeIfn¬ _m“W hnZym¿YnIƒ°pamXamWv]thi\ap≠mbncp∂Xv. a‰p hn`mK°m¿°v hnZym`ymkmhkcw \ntj[n®ncp∂p. AXns‚ ^ew]n¬°me kmaqlyPohnXØn¬ ]Xn^en®p.
]cnWX^e߃
Bcym[n\nthiØns‚ eambn tIcfØns‚ kmaqlnIPohnXØn¬ Imcyamb am‰ßfp≠mbn.a°Ømbambncp∂p ZmbIaw. 11˛ -mwiXIw Ign™tXmsS acpa°Ømbambn amdn.kwkvIrX`mjbpsS kzm[o\w h¿[n®p. aWn]hmfw Hcp kmlnXy`mjbmbn \q‰m≠pItfmfw\ne\n∂p. ktµiImhy߃, Nºp°ƒ, B´°YIƒ XpSßnbhsbms° aWn]hmfcoXnbnep≈hbmbncp∂p.
Bcym[n\nthiØns‚ Zpjv^eßfn¬ ][m\amWv Bcy∑m¿ A\pimkn®p \S∏nem°nbNmXp¿h¿WyhyhÿbpsS Xn‡^e߃. Bcy∑mcpsS hchn\v apºv PmXnbpsStbm,aXØns‚tbm t]cnep≈ th¿Xncnhv ChnSsØ P\߃ °p≠mbncp∂n√. kwLImeØv ChnsShnZym`ymkØn\p≈ Ahkcw F√m P\hn`mK߃°pw Xpeyambncp∂p. F∂m¬Bcym[n\nthitØmsS _lp`qcn]£w hcp∂ iqZhn`mK߃°v (Bcy∑m¿ ChnsSbp-≠mbncp∂ kaqlsØ ]e X´nembn Xncn®p. `cWh¿KsØ AcNPmXn; I®hS°mschWnIPmXn, CXnsem∂pws]SmØ _lp`qcn]£w t]sc iqZPmXn; Ahcn¬ Xs∂ ]db≥,]peb≥ XpSßn A[zm\n°p∂ P\hn`mKsØ A[:ÿnXcm°n XcwXmg vØn)hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ Ahkcw \njn≤ambn. iqZhn`mK߃ hy‡ambpw kv]„ambpwkwkmcn°p∂XpXs∂ \ºqXncnam¿°v AX cka√mbncp∂p. 'ipZa£ckwbp‡wZqcX:]cnh¿PtbXv' XpSßn \ºqXncnamcp≠m°nb \nba߃ CXn\pZmlcWamWv.
P∑nkºZmbw
P∑mhImiap≈ hkvXp°f\p`hn°p∂bmfmWv P∑n. tIcfNcnXØn¬ Zqchym]I^e-ßfpfhm°nb \q‰m≠pbp≤sa∂ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂ tNctNmfbp≤amWv P∑nkºZmbØns‚
60
Bhn¿`mhØn\v B°w Iq´nbXv. ]¥≠mw iXItØmsS, \q‰m≠pbp≤Øn\ptijw t£X-kzØp°ƒ DucmfcpsS tkz—m`cWØn\v hnt[bambn. Ducmf∑msc hnizkn® \nc£ccmbImcmf¿ CsXm∂pw Adn™tXbn√. AtXmsS A_m“W¿ tZh\p ka¿∏n® kzØp°ƒ_m“WcpsS kzØmbn. _m“W¿ Aßs\ hºn® `qkzØn\pSaIfmbn Xo¿∂p.
am¿Ømfih¿ΩbpsS ImeØv XncphnXmwIqdn¬ `q\nIpXn G¿s∏SpØn (1739). sIm®nbn¬ 1762emWv CXmwcw`n®Xv. c≠p cmPyßfnepw tZhkz߃°pw _“kz߃°pw Icw NpaØnbn√.IcØn¬ \n∂v Hgnhm°m\mbn km[p°fmb ]ecpw hkvXp°ƒ tcJbn¬ amXw _“kzam°nF∂m¬ AhcpsS `qan \„s∏Sp∂ ÿnXnbmWp≠mbXv. `q\nIpXn ]ncn°m≥ NpaXe∏´A[nImcnIfn¬ ]ecpw AanXm[nImcap]tbmKn®v hºn® `qkzØn\pSaIfmbn. Sn∏phns‚BIaWsØØpS¿∂v ae_mdn¬ ]pØ≥ P∑nIfp≠mbn. ae_mdn¬ \n∂v XncphnXmwIqdnte°vIpSntbdnb \ºqXncnamcpsS kzØp°ƒ Iøq°p≈ ]amWnam¿ ssIhis∏SpØpIbpwP∑nIfmIpIbpw sNbvXp. P∑nam¿ X߃°p In´nb DSaÿmhImiap]tbmKn®v ]m´wh¿[n∏n°pI, \nesamgn∏n°pI XpSßnbhbv°p≈ A[nImcw D]tbmKs∏SpØm≥ XpSßn.
\mSphmgnIfpw tZihmgnIfpamb kma¥≥amcpw XßfpsS ssk\nIi‡n hgn `qhpSaIfmbn.`‡nsIm≠mWv Irjn°m¿ \ºqXncnamsc qhpSaIfmbn AwKoIcn®sX¶n¬ Bflc£m¿YamWvXºpcm°∑msc `qhpSaIfmbn AwKoIcn®Xv.
tIcfØn¬ \nehnencp∂ PmXn - P∑n - \mSphmgn kºZmbØns‚ Iogn¬ hnZym`ymkwapIƒØ´nep≈h¿°v amXambn ]cnanXs∏SpØm≥ kaqlØns‚ ta¬Ø´nep≈h¿ ian®p.Ah¿Wcmbh¿°v hnZymeb]thi\w A\phZn®ncp∂n√. Xmgv∂PmXn°m¿°v sXmgne-hkc߃ \ntj[n®p. k¿°m¿ tPmenIfn¬ Ah¿°v ]thi\w A\phZn®n√. \nehmcap≈`mjbn¬ kwkmcn°p∂Xn\p t]mepw hnet°¿s∏SpØn. Npcp°Øn¬ `mj, kmlnXyw,`qhpSamhImiw, sXmgn¬, hnZym`ymkmhImiw, s]mXp\ncØneqsSbp≈ k©mcw. B`cW߃AWnbm\p≈ AhImiw, Bcm[\mkzmX¥yw XpSßn F√mImcyßfpw D]cnPmXn°mcpsShIbmbn amdp∂ AhÿbmWv A∂p≠mbncp∂Xv.
\nßfpsS ]XnIcW߃ Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.
$ tIcfw aebmfnIfpsS amXr`qan -˛- C.Fw.Fkv
$ tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ ˛- sI.F≥. KtWiv
$ Educational development in India – A. Abdul Salim, P.R. Gopinathan Nair
$ tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnI NcnXw ˛- P.K.tKm]meIrjvW≥ (Page 103-219)
$ tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkw ]›mØehpw ]cnh¿Ø\hpw ˛ tUm.-]n.-F-kv.-io-Ie ˛ tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ˛ 2012-
$ `cWIqShpw hnZym`ymkhpw tIcfØns‚ A\p`h߃ ˛ - s]m^.hn Im¿ØntIb≥ \mb¿-tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v - 2018
$ kwLImesØbpw ssP\-_p≤ImeL´Ønsebpw kmaqlyPohnXsØ°pdn®p≈\nßfpsS ImgvN∏mSpIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
$ "\ºqXncnamcpsS tIcfØntebv°p≈ hchv \ΩpsS kmaqlnIPohnXsØ ]ptcmKXn-bntebv°v \bn°m≥ klmbn®p.' CXns\ Ipdn®p≈ \nßfpsS A`n]mbsa¥mWv?
$ InkvXy≥anj\dnamcpsS hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\߃ tIcfhnZym`ymksØ apt∂m´v\bn®n´pt≠m?
$ PmXn-P∑n-\mSphmgn hyhÿ F]ImcamWv tIcfØnse kmaqly hyhÿbv°vKpWIcambn Xo¿∂Xv?
61
$ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS ˛- Xmbm´v i¶c≥
-XpSßnb ]pkvXI߃ IqSn hmbn®v t\m´v Ipdn°pat√m.
]T\t\´w-1 (XpS¿®)
2-˛mw bqWn‰nse ][m\mib߃ XpScp∂p.
$ dmWn Kucn ]m¿hXn`mbnbpsS hnfw_cw
$ io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn apXemb kmaqlnI ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS]h¿Ø\߃
$ 1940- se XncphnXmwIqdnse D®`£W]cn]mSn
$ 1957 -se hnZym`ymk_n¬ , 1959 se sI.C.B¿
$ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v B\pIqey߃
$ s]mXphnZym`ymkim‡oIcW ]h¿Ø\߃
$ io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn, XpSßnb kmaqlnI]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS hnZym`ymkcwKsØ ]h¿Ø\߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
$ dmWnKucn ]m¿∆Xn`mbnbpsS 1817- se hnfw_cØns‚ ]m[m\ysa¥v?
$ 1940 - se XncphnXmwIqdnse D®`£W]cn]mSn tIcfhnZym`ymkcwKsØGßs\bmWv kzm[o\n®Xv?
$ 1957 -se tIcf hnZym`ymk_n√ns\°pdn®v \n߃ tI´n´pt≠m? AXns‚]m[m\ysa¥v? C°mcyßfn¬ \nßfpsS ]XnIcWsa¥mWv?
t\csØ kqNn∏n®ncp∂Xpt]mse apIfn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´d^d≥kv \SØn \nßfpsS Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pIbpw ¢mkn¬ s]mXpN¿® \SØntImUoIcn°pIbpw sNøpat√m.
d^d≥kv \StØ≠ ]pkvXI߃
$ Educational development in India – A-Abdul Salim & P.R. Gopinathan Nair (Anmol Publications Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi) (t]Pv 38-40, 71-73, 148-155)
$ tIcfkwkvImcw˛s]m^. Fkv. ANypXhmcy¿ -tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v (t]Pv 181 apX¬ 208hsc)
$ tIcfw : hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ShpIƒ ˛- tIcfimkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv
$ `cWIqShpw hnZym`ymkhpw - tIcfØns‚ A\p`h߃ s]m^.hn. Im¿ØntIb≥ \mb¿(tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v 2018)
Cu `mKsØ Bibßfpƒs∏SpØn aƒ´naoUnb ]kt‚j\mhiyamb kvt‰mdn t_m¿UvXbmdm°pat√m.
apIfn¬ sImSpØ ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´ Nne kqN\Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.
dmWnKucn ]m¿hXn`mbnbpsS hnfw_cw
XncphnXmwIqdnse P\߃°v hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnØw k¿°m¿Gs‰Sp°p∂Xpambn _‘s∏´v 1817- ¬ dmWn Kucn ]m¿hXn`mbn ]pds∏Sphn® hnfw_cw tIcfhnZym`ymk NcnXØnse Hcp \mgnI°√mWv. ]kvXpX hnfw_cØns‚ Ipd®p `mKw ChnsStN¿°p∂p.
"The state should defray the whole cost of education of its people, in order that there might be no back-
wardness in the spread of enlightenment among them; that by diffusion of education they might become
better subjects and public servants and that the reputation of the state might be advanced thereby." Hmtcm
62
kvIqfnepw c≠v A[ym]Isc \nban°m\pw ssZ\wZn\ ]h¿Ø\߃ ]cntim[n°phm\pw Cuhnfw_cØneqsS k¿°m¿ A\phmZw \¬In. DNnXamb tbmKyXbp≈hsc A[ym]Icmbn\nban°m\pw amkiºfambn 50 ]Ww \¬Im\pw ]kvXpXhnfw_cØneqsS A\phmZw e`n®p.hnZym`ymksNehv k¿°m¿ hln°p∂ hfsc hnπhIcamb Hcp hnfw_cambncp∂p dmWn Kucn]m¿hXn`mbnbptSXv.
XncphnXmwIqdn¬ hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIam°p∂Xn\mbn Ht´sd \S]SnIƒ k¿°mcns‚`mKØp\n∂p≠mbn. AXn¬ ][m\amWv hnZym¿YnIƒ°v A\phZn® B\pIqeyßfpw a‰pklmbßfpw. kvIqƒ ]thi\Øn\v Ht´sd XS ßfp≠mbncp∂ Hcp Imebfhmbncp∂p AXv.Cu XS ߃ \o°m\p≈ [mcmfw \S]SnIƒ k¿°m¿ kzoIcn®p. Xmgv∂ PmXnbn¬s∏´hnZym¿YnIƒ°v k_vknUnIfpw sa‰ocnb¬ C≥sk‚ohpw A\phZn®p. oknfhv, ew]vkw Km‚ v,D®`£Ww, ]pkvXI߃, bqWnt^mapIƒ XpSßnbh Ahbn¬ NneXmWv. temh¿ ss]adn¢mknse Ip´nIƒ°v 1904 apX¬ kuP\y hnZym`ymkw \¬Inbncps∂¶nepw 4-˛mw ¢mknseIp´nIƒ ^okv sImSpt°≠ ÿnXnbp≠mbncp∂p. 1923 apX¬ sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIfnepwCw•ojv kvIqfpIfnepw ASn®a¿Øs∏´ hn`mKßfnse hnZym¿YnIƒ°v kuP\yhnZym`ymkhpw]nt∂m°hn`mK߃°v ]IpXn ^oknfhpw A\phZn°pIbp≠mbn. ]n∂oSv CXv ss]h‰vkvIqfnte°v hym]n∏n°pIbpw okns‚ ap°m¬ mKw k¿°m¿ amt\P¿°v \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂coXn \nehn¬ hcpIbpw sNbvXp.
1936 -¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse F√m sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIfnsebpw ASn®a¿Øs∏´ hn`mKØnseaq∂pw \mepw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn°p∂ Ip´nIƒ°v 14 NIw (Rs.0.50) ew]vkwKm‚mbn A\phZn®p. 1935-¬ 60 lcnP≥ kvIqfpIƒ Bcw`n®p. 1938- ¬ Cu kvIqfpIƒ°v Km‚ v C≥ FbvUv, kuP\y]mT]pkvXIw F∂nh A\phZn®p. 1943 apX¬ kuP\ybqWnt^mw \S∏nem°n. ]co£m^okn¬\n∂v Ahsc Hgnhm°n.
XncphnXmwIqdnse D®`£W]cn]mSn
thmf‚dn coXnbn¬ ]e GP≥knIfpw 1920 apX¬ Xs∂ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ Nne kvIqfpIƒtIµoIcn®v D®`£Ww \¬Ip∂ coXn D≠mbncp∂p. qcn]£w Ip´nIfpw Blmcw sIm≠phcm≥IgnbmØ ÿnXnbnepffhcmbncp∂p A°meØv. s]mXpP\ßfpsS kw`mh\ kzoIcn®psIm≠vD®`£Ww sImSp°p∂ coXn ]eÿeßfnepw ]co£WmSnÿm\Øn¬ \S∏nem°pIbp≠mbn.hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIam°p∂Xn\v 1940- ¬ D®`£W]cn]mSn k¿°m¿ \S∏nem°n. HmtcmkvIqfn\pw amkØn¬ 100 cq] CXn\mbn A\phZn®p. 1946 apX¬ 100 ]d (1300kg) Acn ]mhs∏´hnZym¿YnIƒ°v D®`£Ww \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn A\phZn®p.
sIm®nbnse hnZym`ymkw
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ c≠mwZiIw hsc hnZym`ymkhym]\Øn\pw ]ptcmKXn°pwBhiyamb t\cn´p≈ \S]SnIsfm∂pw sIm®nbnse k¿°m¿ Gs‰SpØncp∂n√. 19˛-mw\q‰m≠ns‚ a[y]mZØnepw Ahkm\]mZØnepambn Nne sh¿WmIpe¿ kvIqfpIƒ sIm®nbn¬Bcw`n®p. 1837 epw 1845 epambn c≠v Cw•ojv kvIqfpIƒ Bcw`n®p. cmPIpSpw_mwKßsfbpwDb¿∂ PmXnbnep≈ Ip´nIsfbpw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\pth≠nbmbncp∂p Ah ÿm]n®Xv. 1875 -¬Cu kvIqƒ almcmPmkv tImtfPmbn Db¿Øn. 1873 -¬ Pn√mkvIqfpIfpw Xmeq°v kvIqfpIfpwBcw`n®p. 1890- Iƒ°ptijamWv km[mcW P\Øns‚ hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠ Nne \S]SnIƒsIm®nbn¬ Bcw`n®Xv. B¨Ip´nIƒ°pth≠n ]Øpw s]¨Ip´nIƒ°pth≠n c≠pwsh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIƒ A°meØv Bcw`n®p. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\tØmsShnZym`ymk hym]\Øn\p≈ ASnÿm\samcp°m≥ sIm®n°v km[n®p.
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠n¬ sIm®n cmPyØv hnZym`ymk]cambn henb am‰ßfmWp≠mbXv. 1911- seFPypt°j≥ tImUv 1921- se FPypt°j≥ tImUv, 1944 -se FPypt°j≥ tImUv F∂nh Gsdit≤bamWv.
63
s]¨Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw
s]¨Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v sIm®n k¿°m¿ IqSpX¬ ]m[m\yw \¬In. ^okv \nc°vIpdbv°m\pw IqSpX¬ kvIqfpIƒ XpSßm\pw \S]SnIsfSpØp. 1921- se hnZym`ymk tImUvs]¨Ip´nIƒ°v ]tXyI kvtImf¿jn∏pIƒ G¿s∏SpØn. .
]nt∂m°°m¿°pw ASn®a¿Øs∏´h¿°pap≈ hnZym`ymkw
]nt∂m°°m¿°pw ASn®a¿Øs∏´h¿°pap≈ hnZym`ymkØn\mbn DZmckao]\amWv sIm®nk¿°m¿ kzoIcn®Xv. 1914 apX¬ Xs∂ ^oknfhv A\phZn°m≥ k¿°m¿ \S]SnIsfSpØp.]I¬ kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ IgnbmØh¿°mbn 19 cmXnImekvIqfpIƒ XpSßn. kvs]jy¬kvtImf¿jn∏pIƒ, kuP\y Blmcw, hkvXw, ]pkvXI߃, XpSßnbh G¿s∏SpØn. 1943 -¬sIm®ncmPysØ F√m ss]adn kvIqfpIfnepw D®`£W]cn]mSn G¿s∏SpØn.
ae_mdnse hnZym`ymkw
19 -˛ - mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyZiIßfn¬ Xs∂ D∂X\nehmcw ]pe¿Ønb [mcmfwhnZym`ymkÿm]\߃ ae_mdn¬ Bcw`n®p. _n´ojpImcpsS t\cn´p≈ \nb¥WØnep≈]tZiambncp∂p ae_m¿. kvIqfpIfpsS FÆØn¬ ae_m¿ Gsd apºnembncp∂p.XncphnXmwIqdn¬ 264- Dw sIm®nbn¬ 70 -Dw ae_mdn¬ 759 Dw kvIqfpIfpamWp≠mbncp∂Xv.
]sØm≥]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ Xs∂ hfsc hnIkn® Hcp hnZym`ymk]›mØewae_mdnep≠mbncp∂p. 75 hnZym¿YnIƒ ]Tn®ncp∂ Hcp saUn°¬ tImtfPv tImgnt°m´v]h¿Øn®ncp∂p. Hmtcm Pn√bnepw 3 Xmeq°v kvIqfpIƒ hoXw ÿm]n®p. ]mtZinI`mjbmbncp∂p t_m[\am[yaw. _mk¬ anj≥ 1848 -¬ ae_mdnse BZysØ Cw•ojv kvIqƒPn√bn¬ Bcw`n®p. CXmWv ]n∂oSv ae_m¿ InÃy≥ tImtfPmbn amdnbXv. 1858 - ¬ t\m¿Øvae_mdnse BZysØ Cw•ojv kvIqƒ tUm. Kp≠¿´v ÿm]n®p. _Æ≥ Xet»cnbn¬ ÿm]n®kvIqfmWv _Æ≥ tImtfPmbn hnIkn®Xv. 1886- ¬ ]me°m´v ÿm]n® kvIqƒ hntŒmdnbtImtfPmbpw kmaqXncn cmPmhv 1877- ¬ ÿm]n® kvIqƒ Kqcphmbqc∏≥ tImtfPmbpw amdn.
ae_mdnse BZysØ sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqƒ ae∏pdØv 1856 -¬ Bcw`n®p. 1857-¬ A©v Xmeq°vsh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIƒ IqSn ae_mdn¬ ÿm]n°s∏´p. 1864- ¬ td‰v kvIqfpIƒ Bcw`n®p.dnk¬‰v, Km‚ v knÃw 1867- ¬ ae_mdn¬ Bcw`n®p. Ip´nIfpsS lmPcns\ (Ipd™Xv Hcp amkØn¬15 Znhkw) ASnÿm\s∏SpØn Km‚ v A\phZn°p∂ coXnbmWnXv. hnZym`ymk-ta¬t\m´Øn\vUnkvSnIvt_m¿UpIfpw tem°¬ t_m¿UpIfpw \nehn¬ h∂Xv Cu ImebfhnemWv.
kvXohnZym`ymkw
C°meØv ae_mdnse kvXoIfpsS hnZym`ymkw InkvXy≥ anjd\namcpsSbpw a‰v aX]cambGP≥knIfpsSbpw t\XrXzØnembncp∂p. kvXoIƒ ]tXyIn®pw lnµp apkveow kvXoIfpsSsImgn™pt]m°v hfsc IqSpXembncp∂p. Cu ]iv\w ]cnlcn°m≥ 1880- ¬ kvXo hnZym`ymkC≥kvs]Œ¿amsc \nban°pIbpw AhcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ ho´n¬ t]mbn hnZym`ymkw \¬Im\p≈\S]SnIsfSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. CØcw A[ym]I¿°v iºfw \¬Im\mbn Km‚ v C≥ FbvUvA\phZn®p. XncphnXmwIq¿, sIm®n F∂nhnSßfnset∏mse s]¨Ip´nIƒ°p kvtImf¿jn∏pItfm a‰v B\pIqeyßtfm ae_mdnep≠mbncp∂n√. 4.1% s]¨Ip´nIfmWv kvIqfn¬t]mbncp∂Xv. (1895-˛96) s]mXp km£cX 10% Bbncp∂t∏mƒ 1891-˛1901 Imebfhn¬kvXokm£cX 3.9% ¬ \n∂v 3% ambn IpdbpIbmWp≠mbXv.
]nt∂m°°mcpsSbpw ASn®a¿Øs∏´ hn`mKßfpsSbpw hnZym`ymtkm∂a\Øn\mbn´p≈\S]SnIƒ 1885 Imebfhphsc Kh¨sa‚ v Gs‰SpØncp∂n√. Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏´ Ip´nIsfkvIqfntebv°v BI¿jn°m\mbn A[ym]I¿°v C≥sk‚ohv sImSp°p∂Xn\p≈ \S]SnIƒ]n∂oSv Bcw`n®p. cmXnImekvIqfpIfpw kmbm”kvIqfpIfpw CXnte°mbn XpSßn. "On this
situation the inspector of schools in Malabar made the following observation. "They boys will not attend
unless a peon is sent round every morning to fetch them. The masters have to pay frequent visits to the
parents of the pupil and to beg as a personal favour to themselves that children may be sent to school."
64
1905-˛-06 ¬ Km‚ v C≥ FbvUns‚ tImUv ]cnjvIcn®p. A[ym]IcpsSbpw Ip´nIfpsSbpwFÆØn\pw lmPcn\pa\pkcn®v Km‚ v sImSp°m\mcw`n®p. 1912˛-13˛¬ A[ym]IcpsS iºfwh¿[n∏n®p. FbvUUv kvIqfpIfpsS Km‚ v 50% Bbn h¿[n∏n®p. 1921- se am∏nfelfbv°ptijamWv k¿°m¿ sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIsf i‡ns∏SpØm\p≈ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®Xv.1923- ¬ Pn√msk°≠dn FPypt°j≥ t_m¿UpIƒ ÿm]n°s∏´p. 1934-˛¬ sImgn™pt]m°vXSbp∂Xn\p≈ \n¿_‘nX \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°s∏´p. kvIqƒ ]mbØnep≈ Ip´nIsftN¿°mØ c£mI¿Øm°ƒ°v ]ng G¿s∏SpØn. B h¿jw Xmeq°v t_m¿UpIƒ°p ]IcwUnkvSnIv t_m¿UpIƒ ÿm]n°s∏´p. Hmtcm UnkvSnIv t_m¿Unepw Hcp hnZym`ymkHm^oksd\nban®p.
io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn apXemb kmaqlnI ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS ]h¿Ø\߃
tIcfØns‚ kmaqlnI \thm∞m\Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ bpK]`mh\pw Bflob KpcphpamWvio\mcmbWKpcp (1856˛-1928). kh¿W-Ah¿W hnthN\w sImSnIpØn hmW Imeambncp∂pAXv. Ah¿W hn`mKsØ A[:ÿnXcmbn I≠ncp∂p. Ah¿°v t£XØn¬ ]thi\wA\phZn®ncp∂n√. Xo≠¬, sXmSo¬ F∂o A\mNmc߃s°Xnsc Kpcp s]mcpXn. 1888- seAcphn∏pdw inh]XnjvT Aßs\bmWp≠mbXv. AbntØm®mS\ ]t£m`ØnseBZykw`hamb ssh°w kXymKlØn\p Xs‚ kµ¿i\wsIm≠v ]n¥pW\¬In.
1903 -¬ tUm. ]¬∏phns‚bpw Ipamc\mims‚bpw kPohklIcWtØmsS SNDP (io\mcmbW[¿Ω ]cn]me\tbmKw) cPnÿ sNbvXp. aXw, kZmNmcw, hnZym`ymkw, hyhkmbw,F∂nhbneq∂nbmWv tbmKw ]h¿Øn®Xv.
Kpcp Hcn°¬ ]d™p. "C\n t£X\n¿amWa√ hnZymeb\n¿amWamWv P\Xbv°pth≠Xv.][m\tZhmebw hnZymebw Xs∂bmIWw.' CX\pkcn®mWv S.N SÃv cq]oIcn®Xpw AXns‚Iogn¬ tIcfØns‚ \m\m`mKØpw kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw ÿm]n®Xpw. Ah¿W¿°phnZym`ymk Ahkcw Hcp°m≥ CXneqsS Ign™p. tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXnbn¬AhbpsS kw`mh\ hnes∏´XmWv.
Acphn∏pdØp \S∂ SNDP tbmKØns‚ H∂mw hm¿jnIktΩf\Øn¬ Kpcp apt∂m´ph®apZmhmIy߃
$ kwLSn®pi‡cmIp
$ hnZysIm≠v kzX¥cmIpI
$ aXtaXmbmepw a\pjy≥ \∂mbm¬ aXn
$ HcpPmXn HcpaXw HcpssZhw a\pjy\v
tIcfØnse lcnP\ßfpw A[:ÿnX kapZmbßfpw \q‰m≠pIfmbn A\p`hn®p sIm≠ncp∂bmX\Ifpw ZpcnXßfpw I≠pw tI´pw hf¿∂ Aø¶mfn (1863--˛1941) B Ahÿbv°v am‰whcpØm\p≈ iaØnte¿s∏´p. AXn\mbn 1905 -¬ "km[pP\]cn]me\kwL'Øn\v cq]w \¬In.lcnP\߃°v kvIqƒ ]thi\w A\phZn®ncp∂n√. t£X]thi\tam s]mXphgnbneqsSk©cn°mt\m t]mepw kzmX¥yap≠mbncp∂n√.
lcnP\ßsf kwLSn∏n®v s]mXp\ncØneqsS \S∂psIm≠v Cu A\oXns°Xnsc ]Ss]mcpXn.A°meØv CXv Hcp hnπhIcamb kw`hambncp∂p. 1910- ¬ ioaqew ]Pmk`bn¬ AwKambn.lcnP≥ Ip´nIƒ°v hnZymeb ]thi\Øn\mbn \nch[n ]t£m`ßfmWv At±lØns‚t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂Xv. hnZym`ymkØneqsS kmaqlykzmX¥yØnte°v FØpIbmbncp∂pAt±lØns‚ e£yw.
P∑namcpsS s\√dIƒ \ndbv°m≥ AtlmcmXw ]WnsbSp°pI F∂Xp amXambncp∂pA[:ÿnXcpsS tPmen. I„s∏´v ]WnsbSpØp hcptºmƒ aÆn¬ IpgnIpØn AXn¬ Ceh®mWv `£Ww \¬Inbncp∂Xv. tcmK_m[nXcmbm¬ tUmŒ¿ tZlØv sXm´v ]cntim[n°n√.KpfnIIƒ Fdn™p sImSp°pw. PmXnbpsS ASbmfamb I√pame AWn™p \S°m\pw Ah¿
65
\n¿_‘nXcmbn. Acbv°papIfnepw ap´n\pXmsgbpw hkvXw [cn°m\pw A\phmZap≠mbncp∂n√.
XncphnXmwIq¿ I¿jIsØmgnemfnIfpsS BZy]WnapS°v kacw \bn®Xv Aø¶mfn Bbncp∂p.P∑namcpsS ]mStiJcßfn¬ A[:ÿnX hn`mKØn¬s∏´h¿ ]Wn°ndßnbn√. HSphn¬ P∑nam¿IogSßn.
k©mckzmX¥yØn\mbn 1893 -¬ \SØnb hn√ph≠n kacw tIcfNcnXØnse as‰mcp\mgnII√mWv. AXpt]mseXs∂ PmXnbpsS ASbmfamb I√pame Dt]£n°m\pwape°®sI´m\pw ImXnse Ccpºp hfb߃ am‰m\pw At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. AXn\mbn\SØnb kacamWv I√pame kacw.
kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ A\mNmc߃°pw PmXymNmc߃°pw FXnsc t]mcmSm≥ G‰hpwBhiyambXv Adnhp t\SpI F∂XmsW∂v Aø≥Imfn a\ nem°n. AXn\mbnA[:ÿnX¿°pth≠n 1904- ¬ shßm\qcn¬ Hcp IpSn∏≈n°qSw Bcw`n®p. F∂m¬ A[ym]IscIn´mØXp sIm≠v AXv ]qt´≠n h∂p. 1907- ¬ ioaqew Xncp\mƒ BZyambn A[:ÿnX¿°vkvIqƒ ]thi\w \¬In DØchmbn. F∂m¬ kh¿WcpsS FXn¿∏paqew ]thi\w \S∂n√.1910- ¬ ho≠pw DØchnd°n. AXns‚ `mKambn "]©an' F∂ A[:ÿnX _menIbpambnDucq´ºew kvIqfnte°v Aø¶mfn IS∂p sN∂p. P∑nam¿ At±lsØbpw Iq´scbpw BIan®p.kvIqfn\v Xobn´p. AXn\ptijw Aø¶mfn shßm\q¿ NmhSn\Sbnepw ]thi\Øn\mbn FØn.AhnsSbpw BIaWw \S∂p. AXns\Xnsc Aø¶mfn I¿jIsØmgnemfn ]t£m`wkwLSn∏n®p. \o≠ N¿®Iƒ°ptijw 1914 -¬ ho≠pw kvIqƒ ]thi\DØchv Cd°n. Aø¶mfn\bn® Cu kacw 'I≠e' elf F∂v NcnXØn¬ Adnbs∏´p.
1957˛se hnZym`ymk _n¬
tIcfhnZym`ymk NcnXØnse G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ \mgnI°√mWv 1957 -se tIcf hnZym`ymk_n√ns‚ AhXcWw. A[ym]IcpsS tkh\thX\ hyhÿ IrXyam°m\pw Ahcn¬kpc£nXXzt_m[w D≠m°m\pw Cu \nbaØneqsS km[n®p. A[ym]I\nba\Ønse AgnaXnHgnhm°m\pw CXneqsS Ign™p.
k¿°m¿ kvIqfnsebpw ss]h‰v kvIqfnsebpw hnZym`ymkØns‚ F√m tÃPpIsfbpw IaoIcn®p.
$ F√m FbvUUv kvIqfpIfnsebpw A[ym]IcpsSbpw A[ym]tIXc Poh\°mcpsSbpw iºfwk¿°m¿ t\cn´p\¬In.
$ tiJcn°p∂ apgph≥ ^okpw k¿°mcn¬ ASbv°Ww.
$ ss]h‰v kvIqƒ amt\Pvsa‚n\v A‰°p‰∏Wn°pw `qan, sI´nSw, D]IcW߃ XpSßnbhhmßm\pw Kh¨sa‚ v Km‚ v \¬In.
$ ss]h‰v kvIqƒ A[ym]Isc PSC Xbmdm°p∂ enÃn¬ \n∂v amt\P¿am¿ \nban°Ww.
$ ss]h‰vkvIqƒ A[ym]IcpsS tkh\hyhÿ k¿°m¿ kvIqƒ A[ym]IcptSXn\v Xpeyam°n.
$ \nbahncp≤ambn ]h¿Øn°p∂ amt\P¿amcpsS kvIqfpIsf \„]cnlmcw sImSpØvGs‰Sp°mt\m AwKoImcw ]n≥hen°mt\m k¿°mcn\v A[nImcap≠mbncn°pw.
$ ]mtZinIXeØn¬ hnZym`ymkHm^ok¿amsc \nban®p. kwÿm\XeØn¬ HcpD]tZiIkanXn cq]oIcn®p.
Cu _n√v cm„]Xn kp]owtImSXnbpsS ]cnKW\bv°v hn´p. `cWLS\mhncp≤amb NneXvHgnhm°ns°m≠v 1959 s^_phcnbn¬ cm„]Xn _n√n¬ H∏p h®v \nbaam°n. PSC enÃn¬\n∂v amt\P¿am¿ A[ym]Isc \nban°Wsa∂ mKw CtXmsS ]n≥hen°s∏´p. 15 ZnhkØn¬IqSmsXbp≈ ZnhktØbv°v A[ym]Isc kkvs]≥Uv sNøm≥ amt\P¿°v CXneqsS A[nImcwe`n®p.
66
1959˛se tIcfhnZym`ymk\nbaw (KER)
$ \nbaw \nehn¬ h∂v 10 h¿jØn\Iw kwÿm\sØ F√mIp´nIƒ°pw kuP\yh p w\n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkØn\v k¿°m¿ Ahkcw \¬Ipw.
$ Ip´nIfpsS lmP¿ Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pw Cu \nbaw A\pkcn®p≈ a‰pImcy߃\S∏nem°p∂Xn\pw Hcp ]mtZinI hnZym`ymk°Ωn‰nsb \nban°pw.
$ F√m c£mI¿Øm°fpw AhcpsS Ip´n kvIqfn¬ t]mIp∂psh∂v \n¿_‘ambpwDd∏m°Ww. A√mØ]£w in£m\S]Sn°v hnt[bcmIpw.
$ Ip´nIƒ°v kuP\yambn D®`£Ww, bqWnt^mw, ]pkvXIw, teJ\kmaKnIƒF∂nh \¬tI≠Xv k¿°mcns‚ DØchmZnØamWv.
tIcfØn¬ hnZym`ymkw km¿hXnIam°m≥ Cu \nbaØns‚ \S∏nem°eneqsS Ign™p.
lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym`ymkw
tZiob hnZym`ymk \bØn\\pkcWambn ]oUnKn tImtfPpIfn¬ \n∂pw th¿s∏SpØpIbpw]Icw lb¿sk°≥≠dn kºZmbw \nehn¬ hcpIbpw sNbvXp.
1990˛-91 ImebfhnemWv CXn\p≈ BZyia߃ \S∂Xv. imkvXw, lyqam\n‰okv, tImtagvkvF∂o 3 hn`mKßfnembmWv lb¿ sk°≥≠dn tImºnt\j\pIƒ cq]s∏SpØnbXv Cw•ojv`mj F√m tImºnt\j\pIfnepw \n¿_‘amWv. lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym`ymkwkm¿∆XnIambn amdnbXv tIcf hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcapb¿Øm≥ Gsd klmbn®p.2016- ¬ 7248 _m®v lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym¿YnIƒ tIcfØnep≠mbncp∂p. hnZym¿YnIfpsSFÆw 383582. 1999˛-2000 tØmsS lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIambn.
s]mXphnZym`ymk im‡oIcW ]h¿Ø\߃
tIcfØn¬ s]mXphnZym`ymk im‡oIcWØn\mbn Ht´sd \S]SnIsfSpØn´p≠v. DPEP, SSA
t]mPŒpIfpsS `mKambn hnZymebßfpsS `uXnIhpw A°mZanIhpamb Db¿® e£yam°nFSpØ \S]SnIfpsS mKambn hnZym`ymk KpW\nehmcw Db¿∂n´p≠v. F∂mepw A¨ FbvUUvkvIqfpIfn¬ ]Tn°pI F∂Xv A¥ ns‚ `mKamIp∂ coXn kaqlØn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂p. ]ekvIqfpIfpw Ip´nIfpsS IpdhpsIm≠v AS®p]q´¬ `ojWnsb A`napJoIcn®p. A[ym]IcpsSsXmgn¬ \„ambn. ]mhs∏´hcpsS hnZym`ymksØ CXv tZmjIcambn _m[n°m≥ XpSßn.
Cu kmlNcyØnemWv s]mXphnZym`ymksØ kwc£n°pIsb∂Xv k¿°mcns‚ Xs∂DØchmZnØambn k¿°m¿ ImWpIbpw \htIcfanjs‚ `mKambn s]mXp-hnZym`ymk-kwc£Wb⁄w \S∏m°nsIm≠ncn°p∂Xpw. tIcfhnZym`ymk NcnXØnse G‰hpwhnπhIcamb Hcp \S]SnbmWnXv.
s]mXphnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßsf i‡ns∏SpØpI, kvIqfpIsf A¥mcm„ \nehmcØntebv°vDb¿ØpI F∂o e£yßtfmsS tIcf k¿°m¿ \S∏nem°p∂ ]≤XnbmWv s]mXphnZym`ymkkwc£Wb⁄w. Ip´nIfpsS IgnhpIsf ASnÿm\am°n ]T\coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂ kaKhnZym`ymk\hoIcW ]≤XnbmWnXv. 2017 P\phcn 27 \mWv ]≤Xn Bcw`n®Xv. H∂p apX¬]¥≠phsc ¢mkpIfnse F√m Ip´nIƒ°pw Hmtcm ¢mknepw ssIhcnt°≠tijnIfpw[mcWIfpw t\Sn A¥¿t±iob \nehmcØn¬ kvIqƒ ]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°p∂Xn\p≈kwhn[m\w A©p h¿jØn\Iw s]mXphnZymebßfn¬ Dd∏phcpØpI F∂XmWv ]≤XnbpsS][m\ e£yw. Xt±iÿm]\߃, ]q¿∆hnZym¿Yn kwLS\Iƒ. ]n.Sn.F.Iƒ, ]hmknIƒ,Iº\nIfpsS kmaqlnI ]Xn_≤Xm^≠pIƒ F∂nh ka\zbn∏n®v hnZym`ymk \hoIcW]h¿Ø\߃°v A[nIaqe[\w kamlcn°m\p≈ ]h¿Ø\ßfmWv \SØpI.'s]mXphnZymeb߃ anIhns‚ tIµßfm°pI' F∂XmWv anjs‚ kvt‰‰vsa‚ v.
kvIqfpIsf A¥¿t±iob \nehmcØnte°pb¿Øp∂Xn\mbn 8 apX¬ 12 hscbp≈ k¿°m¿/FbvUUv kvIqfpIfnse GItZiw 4500 ¢mkvapdnIƒ sslsSIv \nehmcØnseØn°p∂Xn\p≈
67
]≤XnbmWv sslsSIv kvIqƒ. Cu ]≤XnbpsS BZyL´w ss]e‰v ]≤Xnbmbn 2016 sk]v‰w_¿apX¬ Be∏pg, ]pXp°mSv, tImgnt°mSv t\m¿Øv, Xfn∏dºv \ntbmPIafießfn¬ Bcw`n®p.sFSn@kvIqƒ BWv ]≤Xn \S∏m°p∂Xv. "UnPn‰¬ C≥dmŒohv' ]mT]pkvXIw,F√mhnjbßfpsSbpw ]T\Øn\v klmbIamIp∂ UnPn‰¬ D≈S°tiJcw, F√mh¿°pwapgph≥ kab]T\m¥co£w Dd∏m°p∂ kaKt]m¿´¬, C teWnMv/Fw. teWnMv/teWnMvamt\Pvsa‚ v kwhn[m\w, aqey\n¿Wb kwhn[m\߃ XpSßnbh Cu ]≤XnbpsS `mKambn\S∏nem°p∂hbmWv.
\nßfpsS ]XnIcW߃ Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.
$ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS ˛ -Xmbm´v i¶c≥.
$ tIcfØns‚ kmwkv°mcnI NcnXw -˛ - ]n.sI. tKm]meIrjvW≥ (t]Pv 504˛-587)
$ hnZym`ymkw `mcXØn¬ ˛- tUm. Sn.sI. aplΩZv
$ tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkw ]›mØehpw ]cnh¿Ø\hpw ˛ - tUm. ]n.Fkv. ioIe (tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v- 2012)
XpSßnb ]pkvXI߃ IqSn d^¿ sNøpat√m.
$ "dmWn Kucn ]m¿hXn `mbnbpsS hnfw_cw tIcf hnZym`ymk NcnXØnse\mgnI°√mWv \n߃ Cu ]kvXmh\tbmSv tbmPn°p∂pthm?
$ io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn XpSßnb kmaqly ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS]h¿Ø\ßsf \n߃ Fßs\ t\m°n°mWp∂p?
$ 1957 -se hnZym`ymk_n¬ tIcfhnZym`ymksØ ]ptcmKXnbntebv°v \bn°m≥klmbn®pthm? AXns‚ ]Xn^e\w FXtØmfsa∂v hnebncpØpI.
$ s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb⁄hpambn _‘s∏´ hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\߃ \ΩpsS hnZym`ymktaJesb Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂p?
A\p_‘ambn sImSpØncn°p∂ tS_nfpIƒ ]cntim[n®vAXn¬\n∂p≈ \nßfpsS Is≠ØepIƒ Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.C°mcyw ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNøm≥ i≤n°pat√m.
]T\t\´w 2
♦ tIcfhnZym`ymkØnse ]iv\߃ Xncn®dn™v ]cnlmc߃ \n¿t±in°p∂p.
$ tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkcwKsØ KpW\nehmc]camb ]iv\߃ Fs¥ms°bmsW∂vNq≠n°mWn°pI.
$ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcpsS hnZym`ymk]iv\߃ Fs¥ms°bmsW∂v hnebncpØpI.
tIcfhnZym`ymkØns‚ kmam\yamb NcnXw \Ωƒ a\ nem°n°gn™p. HmtcmImeL´Ønsebpw `cWIqS߃ Gdnbpw Ipd™pw kmaqlyka¿±Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ ]cnjvImc߃ sIm≠ph∂n´ps≠∂pw AX\pkcn®p≈\nba\n¿ΩmW߃ \SØnbn´ps≠∂pw CXn\Iw hy‡ambn´p≠v.
C¥ybn¬ Xs∂ ]ptcmKat\m∑pJamb hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\߃ \S∂n´p≈, \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂ kwÿm\amWv tIcfw. ]eImcyßfnepw \apt°sd apt∂dm≥ km[n®n´p≠v.
68
kºq¿Wkm£cX t\Snb kwÿm\amWv tIcfw. hnZym`ymkcwKØv \nch[nbmb t\´ßƒD≠m°m≥ Igns™¶nepw C\nbpw ]cnlcnt°≠ Ht´sd ]iv\߃ \mw A`napJoIcn°p∂p≠v.
tIcfw t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymk]iv\߃ GsXms°bmWv? \n߃ H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpwC°mcysØ°pdn®v Nn¥n°pIbpw Bib߃ ]¶nSpIbpw sNøpat√m. CXpambn _‘s∏´v]pkvXI߃ hmbn°pIbpw hnhc߃ tiJcn°pIbpw thWw.
apIfn¬ sImSpØ ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´ d^d≥knßn\mbn Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂]pkvXI߃ hmbn°pat√m.
$ tIcfw : hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ShpIƒ˛tIcfimkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv- 2009.
$ tIcf]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv 2007 (KCF 2007)
kaImenI tIcfw t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymk]iv\ßsf°pdn®v ¢mkn¬ kwhmZwkwLSn∏n°m\pw AXneqsS IqSpX¬ Bib߃ Dƒs°m≈m\pw \n߃ ian°pat√m. NnekwhmZhnjbßfpw AXpambn _‘s∏´ kqN\Ifpw Xmsgs°mSp°p∂p. IqSpX¬kwhmZhnjb߃ \n߃ Is≠tØ≠Xp≠v. e`yamIp∂ Bib߃ \nßfpsS Ubdnbn¬Ipdn°m≥ i≤n°Ww.
$ BtKmfh¬°cWØns‚ kzm[o\w tIcfØnse hnZym`ymksØ ]ptcmKXnbntebv°v\bn®n´pt≠m?
$ DPEP, SSA t]msebp≈ hnZym`ymk t]mPŒpIƒ tIcfØn¬ C\nbpw A\nhmcyamtWm?
$ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ønse t_m[\ am[y-a-߃ (ae-bm-fw, Cw•ojv0 Ip´n-bpsS am\-kn-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hf¿®sb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂pt≠m?
$
cmPysØ G‰hpw ivIXamb s]mXphnZym`ymkw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv tIcfØnse s]mXphnZym`ymktaJebnemWv. km¿∆XnIamb ]thi\w (Universal enrolment) km¿hXnI \ne\n¿Ø¬(Universal retention), km¿∆XnI t\´w D≠m°¬ (Universal achievement) XpSßnb Imcyßfn¬tIcfw _lpZqcw ap∂nemWv. CØcØn¬ A`nam\Icamb Ht´sd t\´ßƒ ssIhcn°m≥tIcfØn\p Ign™n´ps≠¶nepw C\nbpw ]cnlcn°s∏tS≠ ]iv\߃ \nehnep≠v.
$ KpW]cXbpambn _‘s∏´ ]iv\߃
$ hnZym`ymkØns‚ I®hSh¬°cWw
$ `uXnIkuIcyßfpsS A]cym]vXX
$ LS\m]camb ]iv\߃
$ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcpsS ]iv\߃
$
$
KpW]cXm]iv\ßfn¬ NneXv Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.
$ Cw•ojv `mjm ]T\]iv\߃
$ aqeyt_m[hpambn _‘s∏´Xv
$ Ip´nIfpsS k¿htXmapJamb hnImkw
$ sXmgn¬ ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ Imcy߃
$ IemImbnI]hrØn]cnNbtaJe.
$ KpWta∑bp≈ A[ym]IcpsS A`mhw
$ kmaqly CSs]S¬
69
$ sF.Sn.bpambn _‘s∏´ Imcy߃
$ ]cnÿnXn]camb t_m[w
$ \nXyPohnXhpambn _‘s∏´ ]iv\߃°v Du∂¬
$ ]oss]adn hnZym`ymkØns‚ im‡oIcWw
$ `uXnI kuI-cy-߃ (]mTy-]-≤-Xn-°n-W-ßp-∂-Xv)
$ ï
XpSßnb taJeIfn¬ C\nbpw Ht´sd apt∂m´pt]mIm\p≠v. IqSpX¬ Imcy߃ N¿®bneqsSIs≠Øpat√m.
hnZym`ymkØns‚ I®hSh¬°cWw
$ hnZym`ymkw em`ap≠m°m\p≈ Hcp Itºmf®c°mIp∂ ]iv\w.
$ hnZym`ymkcwKsØ A\nb¥nXamb kzImcyh¬°cWw.
$ ]mhs∏´ BfpIfpsS a°ƒ°v C„m\pkcWap≈ ]T\w km[yamIp∂n√.
$
$
tIcfhnZym`ymkØnse CØcw ]iv\w ASnb¥ncambn ]cnlcnt°≠Xp≠v, AXn\mhiyamb\nba\n¿amWhpw AXns‚ \S∏m°epw A\nhmcyamWv.
`uXnIkuIcyßfpsS A]cym]vXX
hnZym`ymkcwKsØ KpW]cXsb _m[n°p∂ Hcp ][m\ImcyamWv `uXnI kuIcyßfpsSIpdhv. DPEP, SSA, RMSA t]msebp≈ hnZym`ymk t]mPIv‰pIfneqsS \ΩpsS kwÿm\sØkvIqfpIfn¬ `uXnIkuIcy߃ D≠m°m\p≈ ia߃ \S∂n´p≠v. F∂mepw C°mcyØn¬th≠X apt∂‰w D≠m°m≥ Ign™n´n√. s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb-⁄Øns‚ `mKambnCu cwKØv CSs]S¬ \S∂phcp∂p. k¿°m¿ kvIqfpIsf At]£n®v FbvUUv kvIqfpIfn¬`uXnI kuIcy߃ hfsc IpdhmWv. kvIqƒ sI´nS߃, ¢mkpapdnIƒ, hnhn[Xcw em_pIƒssl-sSIv ¢mkpIƒ tIm¨^d≥kv lmfpIƒ, IemImbnI ]hrØn ]cnNbcwKhpambn _‘s∏´D]IcW߃, sse_dn, ssU\nMv lmfpIƒ, ]mNI∏pc XpSßn \nch[n kuIcy߃ C\nbpw\ΩpsS ]ekvIqfpIfnepw \nehn¬ htc≠Xmbn´p≠v.
LS\m]camb ]iv\߃
tZiob hnZym`ymk\bhpambn _‘s∏´v Ht´sd LS\m]camb am‰ßƒ tIcfhnZym`ymkØn-ep≠mbn´p≠v. Cu taJebpambn _‘s∏´ Nne ]iv\߃ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.
$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkpIƒ LP XeØnepw 6 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkpIƒ UP XeØnepw 9,10¢mkpIƒ sslkvIqƒXeØnepw 11,12 ¢mkpIƒ lb¿ sk°≥≠dn XeØnepw F∂XcØn¬ amtd≠Xp≠v.
$ sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°≥≠dn taJebn¬ `cW]cambpw A°mZanIambpw am‰ßƒD≠mIWw.
$ IqSpX¬ Ip´nIfp≈ kvIqfns‚ ]iv\߃
$ 1 apX¬ 12 ¢mkpIƒ Hcp kvIqfn¬ Xs∂ hcp∂ Ahÿ
$
$
70
]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcpsS ]iv\߃
$ BZnhmkntaJe, Xoc]tZiw XpSßnb taJeIfnse Ip´nIƒ ]q¿Wambpw kvIqfpIfn¬]thi\w t\Sp∂n√. t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ Ahkcan√.
$ `n∂tijnhn`mK°mcmb Ip´nIfpsS ]iv\߃
$ Sm≥kv P≥tUgvkv hn`mK°mcpsS hnZym`ymk ]iv\߃
$ kvXoIƒ, Zp¿_ehn`mK߃, \yq\]£ßƒ, XpSßnbhcpsS ]iv\߃
$ _methe XpSßnb ]iv\߃
$
$
]iv\]cnlmcam¿Kßfn¬ NneXv Xmsg tN¿°p∂p. a‰p ]cnlmcam¿K߃ Is≠ØpI.
$ KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂ ]iv\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS Imc-W-ßfpwIs≠Øn ]cn-l-cn-°p-I.
$ A[ym]IhnZym`ymkw Imcy£aam°pI.
$ s]mXphnZym`ymkcwKw im‡oIcn°pI.
$ c£mI¿Ør hnZym`ymkw km¿hXnIam°pI.
$ hnZqchnZym`ymk kwhn[m\w Imcy£aam°pI.
$ Cw•ojv ]dbp∂Xn\p≈ t]Sn am‰p∂Xn\p≈ ]≤XnIƒ BhnjvIcn°pIbpw Cw•ojvkwkmcn°m\p≈ tijn A[ym]I¿°pw Ip´nIƒ°pw D≠m°pIbpw sNøpI.
$ hnZym`ymkØns‚ F√m e£y߃°pw Du∂¬ \¬IpI.
$ F√m hnjb߃°pw tbmKyXbp≈ A[ym]IcpsS \nba\w.
$ hnhn[Xcw sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymk]iv\߃ ]cnlcn°pI. \nßfpsS]XnIcWw Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.
$ MGLCs (Multi Grade Learning Cetnres), BiakvIqfpIƒ XpSßnb _Z¬ kvIqfpIƒÿm]n°pI.
$ BtKmfhXvIcWØns‚ kzm[o\w tIcfhnZym`ymkØn¬ FX-tØmfw ]Xn^en°p∂p≠v?
$ "tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkcwKw Ip‰a‰XmWv' Cu ]kvXmh\tbmSp≈ \nßfpsS ]XnIcWsa¥mWv?
d^d≥kv kmaKnIƒ
1. tIcfkwkvImcw ˛- F. io[ctat\m≥ - Un.kn. _pIvkv
2. tIcfkwkvImcw -˛ s]m^. Fkv. ANypXhmcy¿, tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v
3. Educational development in India - A. Abdul Salim, P.R. Gopinathan Nair
Anmol publishers pvt. Ltd.(New Delhi)
4. tIcfw aebmfnIfpsS amXr`qan -˛- C.Fw,Fkv - Nn¥ ]ªnt°j≥kv.
5. tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnI NcnXw ˛- P.K. tKm]meIrjvW≥ -tIcf `mjmC≥Ãy‰yq´v
6. hnZym`ymkw `mcXØn¬ -˛- tUm. Sn.sI. aplΩZv, tIcf `mjmC≥Ãy‰yq´v
71
7. tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ -˛- -sI.F≥. KtWiv, kmwkv°mcnI ]kn≤oIcWhIp∏v 1997
8. IpSn∏≈n°qSw A£chnZybpsS
BZym¶Ww - -˛- KwKm[c≥ sNßmeq¿tIcf kmlnXy A°mUan - 2014
9. tIcfw: hnZym`ymkØns‚
]ShpIƒ - -˛- tIcf imkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv - 2009
10. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw |
\q‰m≠pIfneqsS - -˛- Xmbm´p i¶c≥ - sI, Fkv.Sn.F
11. tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkw
]›mØehpw ]cnh¿Ø\hpw - - ˛- tUm. ]n.Fkv. ioIe, tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v -2012
12. `cWIqShpw hnZym`ymkhpw -
tIcfØns‚ A\p`h߃ - -˛- s]m^. hn. Im¿ØntIb≥ \mb¿ - tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v - 2018.
13. ]ptcm-K-a\ hnZym-`ymk Nn¥-I¿ ˛ tUm.]n.-hn.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥ tIcf imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-co-j-Øv.
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
bqWnäv 3
hnZym`ymkZÀi\§Ä
GsXmcp cmPys¯bpw/]tZis¯bpw hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw, DÅS¡w,
]T\ t_m[\coXn, XpS§nbhsbsbÃmw kzm[o\n¡p¶ ][m\ LSI§fnsem¶v
B cmPys¯/]tZis¯ kaqlw s]mXphmbn kzoIcn¡p¶ ZÀi\§fmWv.
DZmlcWambn, \½ptSXv Hcp P\m[n]Xy kaqlamWtÃm.P\m[n]Xy k-
aql¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnImk¯n\pw A\ptbmPyamb ZÀi\§fmWtÃm \mw
hnZym`ymk ¯nepw PohnX¯nepw kzoIcnt¡Xv. CXn\mbn ]mÝmXyhpw ]uckv-
Xyhpw Bb hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä ]cnNbs¸SpIbpw hniIe\w sN¿pIbpw
A\ptbmPyambh kzoIcn¡pIbpw kzmwioIcn¨v hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ
AÀY]qÀWambn ]tbmP\s¸Sp¯pIbpw thWw. CXn\pÅ Ahkcw
krjvSn¡pIbmWv Cu bqWnänsâ ][m\s¸« Dt±iyw
bqWnänse ]T\t\«§ÄþhniZmwi§Ä -
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw, \nÀhN\w, kw-_Ôn¨v hnhn[ ZmÀi\nIcpw
ZÀi\§fpw apt¼m«p h¨ ImgvN¸mSpIÄ, s]mXpkaqlw, c£nXmhv,
hnZymÀYn F¶nhÀ¡pÅ s]mXpImgvN¸mSpIÄ F¶nh XmcXayw sN¿pIbpw
\½psS P\m[n]Xy kaql¯n\\ptbmPyamb \nKa\§Ä
hnIkn¸n¡pIbpamWv Cu bqWnänsâ Hcp ][m\ Dt±iyw
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ DÅS¡w, t_m[\coXn, kzmX´yw, F¶o Imcy§fnÂ
hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä(BibhmZw, ]IrXnhmZw, ]mtbmKnI hmZw, am\hnIXm
hmZw) F¶nhbnse \ne]mSpIÄ ]cntim[n¨v \½psS kmaqlymhØ¡v
A\ptbmPyamb BibKXnIÄ kzoIcn¡pIbpw Ah kvIqÄþ¢mkv dqw
]hÀ¯\§fn ]mtbmKnIambn ]Xn^en¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pI F¶XmWv
asämcp e£yw
dqtÊm,t^m_Â, tPm¬ Uyqbn, sImao\nbkv, ]uttem ^bÀ, XpS§nb
]mÝmXy ZmÀi\nIcpsSbpw, KmÔnPn, hnthIm\µ³, SmtKmÀ, Ac_ntµm
XpS§nb ]uckvXy ZmÀi\nIcpsSbpw ImgvN¸mSpIÄ XmcXayw sN¿pIbpw
P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk¯n\\ptbmPyambh kzoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿pI.
\½psS ]mTy]²Xnbn hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä GsXÃmw hn[¯nÂ
]Xn^en¡p¶p F¶pv ]cntim[n¡pIþ
80
F´mWv ZÀi\w(philosophy)?
Xmsg ]dbp¶ Imcy§fn \n§fpsS A`n]mbsa´mWv??
kvXoIÄ¡v kakvXtaJeIfnepw ]pcpjt\msSm¸w Ahkcw
\ÂtIXps¶v \n§Ä IcpXp¶ptm?
kmaqlyambn ]n¶m¡w \n¡p¶hÀ¡v kw-hcWw \ÂIp¶Xns\ Ipdn¨v
\n§fpsS A`n]mbsa´mWv?
h[in£bv¡v \n§Ä A\pIqeamtWm?
ISp¯ tcmKw _m[n¨v, thZ\b\p`hn¨v, acWmk¶\mbn InS¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v
Zbmh[w A\phZn¡mtam?
Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw hyXykvXamb \ne]mSpIfmWtÃ? efnXamb AÀY¯n Cu
\ne]mSpIÄ \n§fpsS ZÀi\¯nsâ `mKw Xs¶bmWv. C§s\ kmam\y_p²n
bpsS ASnØm\¯n \mw kzoIcn¡p¶ ImgvN¸mSpIsf HcÀY¯n ZÀi\w
F¶p ]dbmw. \½psS kmaqlym\p`h§fpsSbpw PohnXho£W§fpsSbpw
ASnØm\¯nemWtÃm \mw Cu \ne]mSpIÄ kzoIcn¡pI.
AtX kabw “ZÀi\w” Hcp sshÚm\nI imJ F¶ \nebn ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ
Ipsd¡qSn hnimehpw BgapÅXpamb AÀY¯n thWw kao]n¡m³.
ZÀi\w(Philosophy-) F¶ hm¡v cp Ko¡p ]Z§Ä IqSnt¨À¶XmWv 1) Philos-
Sophia. Philos F¶p ]dªm Love –Sophia F¶p ]dªm Wisdom/Knowledge
AXmbXv Philosophy F¶ hm¡nsâ ]Zm\p]ZXÀPa Love of Wisdom/
Knowledge.. ‘hnÚm\¯n\pthnbpÅ kvt\lw’ F¶mWv. hnhn[ sshÚm\nI
imJIfn IqSpX AdnhpIġv thnbpŠimkvXobamb At\zjWamWv
ZÀi\w.. asämcphn[¯n ]dªm bpànbptSbpw ]T\¯nsâbpw Nn´bpsSbpw
^eambpmb Bg¯nepÅ \nKa\§fpw \nco£W§fpamWv ZÀi\§Ä..
hnZym`ymkhpw ZÀi\hpw
kaql¯nsâ KXnhnKXnIsf \nÀWmbIambn kzm[o\n¡p¶ kp][m\amsbmcp
a\pjyhnImk ]InbbmWv hnZym`ymkw. AXpsImp Xs¶ .hnZym`ymks¯
¡pdn¨v hnhn[§fmb ZmÀi\nIcpw ZmÀi\nINn´m[mcIfpw AhÀ Pohn¡p¶
hnhn[ hnjb§fnse D¶XKthjW _ncpZamWtÃm ]n.F¨v.Un.
(tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntemk^n ). GXv sshÚm\nI imJbnepw imkv-
Xobhpw Bg¯nepapÅXpamb ]T\s¯ ZÀi\w F¶mWv A`nkw-
t_m[\ sN¿p¶Xv F¶ÀYw
81
kmaqly Npäp]mSpIÄ¡pw PohnX ho£W§Ä¡pw A\pkcn¨v hnhn[
ImgvN¸mSpIÄ apt¼m«ph¨n«pv. CXv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ DÅS¡s¯bpw
coXnimkvXs¯bpw KWyambn kzm[o\n¨n«papv. AtX¡pdn¨pÅ [mcW \½psS
hnZym`ymk CSs]SepIsf hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\pw Nn«s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pw klmbn¡pw
F´n\mWv ]Tn¡p¶Xv?(hnZym`ymk e£yhpw ZÀi\§fpw)
F´n\mWv hnZym`ymkw-? ]eÀ¡pw ]e D¯camhpatÃ? \aps¡mcp
At\zjWambmtem?
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£ysa´mWv F¶ tNmZy¯n\v Ht¶m ctm hmNI¯nepÅ
]XnIcWw hnhn[ ¢mkpIfn ]Tn¡p¶ Ip«nIfpsS c£nXm¡Ä, A[y]IÀ,
hnZymÀYnIÄ, kaql¯nse hnhn[ Xe§fn ]hÀ¯n¡p¶hÀ F¶nhcnÂ
\n¶pw tiJcn¡mw. \½psS ¢mknse FÃm Ip«nIfpsSbpw ]XnIcW§Ä¡qSn
tNÀ¯v H¶v ]«nIs¸Sp¯n t\m¡q. XoÀ¨bmbpw henb sshhn[yw tXm¶p¶ntÃ?
Adnhv e`n¡m³
kmaqlyt_m[apÅ a\pjy\mbn amdm³
anI¨ sXmgn e`n¡m³
FÃmXcw tijnIfpsSbpw hnImkw- km[yamhm³
kw-kvImc k¼¶\mbn amdm³
A\oXnIÄs¡Xnsc ]XnIcn¡m³
A§s\ hnhn[ ]XnIcW§Ä Dmtb¡mw. FÃmw \½psS kmaqlym\p`h§
fpsSbpw PohnXe£y§fpsSbpw Hs¡ ASnØm\¯nepÅXmWv. HcÀY¯nÂ
\½psS auenIamb ZÀi\§sf ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbpÅXv. C\n \ap¡v ][m\
ZmÀi\nIcpw ZÀi\§fpw F´p]dbp¶p F¶p t\m¡mw
BibhmZhpw hnZym`ymk e£yhpw
t¹täm, AcntÌm«nÂ,t^m_Â, SmtKmÀ, Ac_ntµm XpS§nbhcpsS hnZym`ymk
ZÀi\§Ä ]cntim[n¨p t\m¡q. Fs´¦nepw s]mXpkmZriyw ImWp¶ptm?
HmÀ¡pI
\½ptSXv Hcp P\m[n]Xy kaqlamWv am\hnIXbpw Xpey\oXnbpw ]e
ImcW§fm ]n¶m¡mhØt\cnSp¶hcpw ]bmk§fpapÅhcpambhtcmSvv
AÀlamb ]cnKW\bpw FÃmhÀ¡pw AhcpsS Ignhn\pw ]cnanXn¡pw
A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn hfcp¶Xn\pw hnImkw- km[yam¡p¶Xn\papÅ
Ahkc§fpapÅ Hcp kmaqlymhØbmWv \mw hn`mh\w sN¿p¶Xv.
CXn\\ptbmPyamb ZÀi\§fmWv \mw kzoIcnt¡Xv
82
`uXnImXoXw (Metaphysics) F¶ hm¡mWv BibhmZnIsf kw-_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw
]ca][m\w. \mw ImWp¶hbpw A\p`hn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Cu `uXnItemIw
A][m\amsW¶pw AXn\¸pdw Bib§Ä, Nn´IÄ, F¶nhbmWv ][m\sa¶pw
AhÀ hnizkn¨p. kXyw, kuµcyw,. F¶nh DÄs¡mÅp¶ BibtemIw amXamWv
ØmbnbmbpÅXv. Cu `uXnImXoXtemIamWv ][m\sa¶pw BibhmZnIÄ
s]mXpsh kn²m´n¡p¶pv..Ipw tI«pw sXm«pw cpNn¨pw aW¯pw \mw
A\p`hn¡p¶ Cu `uXnItemIw imizXaÃ.
“Ccp«v \ndª Hcp Kpl t]msebmWv Cu `uXnItemIw” bpànNn´sImpw
kXymt\zjWw sImpw Cu Ccp«ns\ adnIS¡pIbpw bYmÀY kXyw
Is¯pIbpamWv thXv’ t¹täm ]dbp¶p. Hmtcm hyànbpsSbpw B´cnI
\·sbbpw IgnhpIsfbpw kw-kvIcns¨Sp¡pIbpw Bß km£m¡mc¯n\p
kÖcm¡pIbpamWv hnZym`ymkw- sImpt±in¡p¶Xv F¶pw t¹täm DÄ-
s¸sSbpÅ BibhmZnIÄ kn²m´n¡p¶p
PÀ½³ hnZym`ymk Nn´I\mb ^Udn¡v AKÌv t^m_ ]dbp¶Xn§s\:
“Xsâ DÅnepÅ ssNX\y¯nsâ ]Xn^e\ambn, Nn´mtijnbpw a\Êm
¶n[yhpapÅ Hcp hyànbpsS ]ndhn¡v klmbn¡pIbmWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ
e£yw’ hnZym`ymk e£yhpambn _Ôs¸«v t¹täm, t^m_ F¶nhcpsS
\nco£W§Ä X½n F´v s]mXpkmZriyamWpÅXv?
“ a\pjy³ cv temI§fn Dĸ«h\mWv. Hsc®w _mlyamWv. Hsc®w
B´cnIhpw. B´cnIamb am\htijnIsf kw-kvIcns¨Sp¡emWv hnZym`ymk
¯nsâ e£yw’’, F¶v choµ\mYSmtKmÀ \nco£n¡p¶p. SmtKmdns\bpw
HcmibhmZn bmbn ]cnKWn¡mtam?
]pkvXId^d³kn§neqsS Is¯nb aäv BibhmZ \nco£W§Ä Fs´ms¡?
hnZym`ymk e£ys¯¡pdn¨pÅ KmÔnPn,sImao\nbkv, Ac_ntµm F¶nhcpsS
ImgvN¸mSpIÄ ]cntim[n¨pthm?
‘ hnZym`ymk¯nsâ A´naamb e£yw Bßkm£m¡mcamWv F¶p KmÔnPn
]dbp¶p. `uXnIamb t\«§fà Bßobamb kw-kvIcWamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ
e£yamthXv F¶mWv KmÔnPnbpsS A`n]mbw.. F¶m hnZym`ymk¯nsâ
ASnb´nc e£y§fmbn KmÔnPn aäpNne Imcy§Ä IqSn ]dªp.
1) kzmibXzwþ kvIqÄ hnZym`ymkw Xs¶ sXmgn sNbvXpsImv
kzmibam¡Wsa¶v ]dª KmÔnPn PohkÔmcW¯n\pÅ Hcp sXmgnÂ
]cnioe\w hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ][m\ Du¶emhWsa¶v \nÀt±in¨p
83
2) hyànXzkw-kvIcWs¯ hnZym`ymk¯nsâ kw-kvImcnI e£yambn
KmÔnPn ]cnKWn¨p
3) a\pjysâ FÃm tijnIfptSbpw kaXpenXamb hnImkamWv
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yambn KmÔnPn Nqn¡m«nb asämcp kw-KXn. Xe,
lrZbw, ssI F¶nhbpsS kÀhtXmapJhnImkamWv tIheamb Fgp¯pw
hmb\bpw IW¡pw ]Tn¡p¶Xns\¡mÄ ][m\w’, F¶v KmÔnPn ]dªp
4) Ip«nIfn k·mÀKNn´bpw kÂkz`mhhpw hnIkn¸n¡epw
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yambn KmÔnPn ]cnKWn¨p
5) hnZym`ymk¯nsâ kmaqlye£ys¯¡pdn¨pw KmÔnPn ASnhcbn«v
kqNn¸n¨p. Bßkw-kvIcWt¯msSm¸w kmaqlyt_m[apÅ anI¨
]uc\mbn hfcm\pw hnZym`ymkw- DXIWsa¶mWv KmÔnPn apt¼m«p sh¨
\ne]mSv
ta kqNn¸n¨ hnZy`ymke£y§Ä ]qÀWambpw BibhmZhpambn
s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶XmtWm? aäv hnZym`ymk Nn´IfpsSbpw kzm[o\w AXnepv
AtÃ? GsXms¡bmWh
dqtÊmbpw ]IrXnhmZhpw
“]IrXn Fs¶ k´pjvS\pw \Ãh\pambmWv krjvSn¨Xv. Rm³ A§s\
Asæn AXn\p ImcWw Cu kaqlamWv’’.
“A]ISIcamb kzmX´ys¯bmWv Rm³ im´amb ASna¯s¯¡mÄ
hneaXn¡p¶Xv”.
“P\n¡p¶ kab¯v FÃm Ip«nIfpw FÃm \·ItfmSpw IqSnbmWv P\n¡p¶Xv. k-
aqlhpambpÅ kw-kÀKamWv Ahsc No¯bm¡p¶Xv’’.
apIfn sImSp¯sXÃmw ISp¯ ]IrXnhmZnbmbncp¶p Po³ PmIznkv dqtÊmbpsS
\nco£W§fmWv..
Bß]Imi\amWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yambn dptÊmbpw ]IrXnhmZnIfpw
IXv. P·\mXs¶ Ip«nIÄ \·\ndªhcpw Ignhpw ]Xn`bpapÅhcpamsW¶v
kn²m´n¨ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ kzm`mhnIambpw B kzXkn² \·IfpsS
]Imi\amWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ][m\amb e£yambn \nco£n¨Xv.
“\mw ZpÀ_ecmbmWv P\n¡p¶Xv. AXpsImv hfcm\mhiyamb Icp¯v
thWw.\nÊlmbXbpv AXpsImv klmbw thWwþA§s\ P\\kab¯v
Fs´Ãmw ]cnanXnIfptm AXp ]cnlcn¡Â amXamWv hnZym`ymk e£yw”.
kzm`mhnIamb hfÀ¨bv¡pÅ Ahkcw krjvSn¡emWv hnZym`ymkw- F¶mWv
]IrXnhmZ¯nsâ kn²m´w. ]IrXnbpambn CW§n BtcmKyIcambn
84
hfcWw.kzX´hnImk¯n\papÅ IgnhpIÄ ]Zm\w sN¿p¶XmhWw
hnZym`ymkw- F¶v dqtÊmbpw ]IrXnhmZnIfpw ]dbp¶p
“]mtbmKnI PohnX¯n ^e]Zambn Pohn¡m\mhiyamb ss\]pWnIÄ
BÀÖn¡emWv hnZym`ymkw-”, F¶mWv tPm¬ Uyqbn DÄs¸sSbpÅ ]mtbmKnI
hmZnIÄ hmZn¨Xv.Hmtcm Ip«nbpsSbpw \nehnepÅ tijnIfpw ss\]pWnIfpw
hyXykvXamhpsa¶XpsImp Xs¶ s]mXphmbn ]Tt\mt±iy§Ä \nÀWbn¡p
¶Xv icnbsöv Uyqbn ]dbp¶p. P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk¯n\v henb ]m[m\yw
\ÂInb ZmÀi\nI\mWv tPm¬ Uyqbn.. \oXn]qÀWamb Hcp kmaqlymhØbpsS
krjvSnbmhWw hnZym`ymkw- F¶v P\m[n]XyhmZnbmb Uyqbn A`n]mbs¸Sp¶p.
am\hnIXm hmZw
a\pjysâ A\´amb tijnIfn hnizmkaÀ¸n¨v Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw Xsâ
hhn[§fmb tijnIfpw A`ncpNnIfpw ]camh[n hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\pw A§s\
Bßkm£m¡mcw A\p`hn¡m\pw e£yw h¨pÅ ]hÀ¯\§fmWv
am\hnIXmhmZw hnZym`ymk¯n hn`mh\w sNbvXXv.
“hnaÀi\mht_m[w krjvSn¡epw AXphgn hntamN\w t\SepamWv hnZym`ymk
e£yw “ F¶v A`n]mbs¸« ]utem ^bÀ, “B[p\nI PohnXk¦oÀWXIsf
t\cnSm\pÅ ]cnioe\w \ÂIemWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw” F¶p ]dª
Ac_ntµm XpS§nb \nch[n ZÀi\§fpw ZmÀi\nIcpw hnZym`ymke£ys¯
¡pdn¨v \nco£W§fpw \nKa\§fpw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv..
F´mWv ]Tnt¡Xv?(hnZym`ymk¯nsâ DÅS¡hpw hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpw)
F´v ]Tn¡Ww AYhm Fs´Ãmw ]T\hnjb§fmWv ]mTy]²Xnbn DÄ-
s¸tSXv F¶Xp kw-_Ôn¨pw hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä¡pw ZmÀi\nIÀ¡pw AhÀ
apt¼m«v h¨ hnZym`ymke£y§Ä¡\pkcn¨pÅ \nco£W§fpv.
]IrXnhmZw KmÔnPnbpw kzmwioIcn¨n«ptm. KmÔnPnbpsS
ImgvN¸mSpIfn ]IrXnhmZ¯nsâ ]Xn^e\w F´pamXapv?
¢mkvapdn Xs¶ Hcp P\m[n]Xy]cnioe\ thZnbmhWsa¶ UyqbnbpsS
\nÀt±iw \½psS kvIqÄ ]mÀensaâv k¼Zmb¯nÂ
]Xn^en¡p¶ptm?
85
Bßobamb km£m¡mchpw hyànXzkw-kvIcWhpw hnZym`ymke£yambn
¡ BibhmZnIÄ `mj, X¯zimkvXw,kmaqlyimkvXw KWnXw F¶nhbv¡v
]pdsa IeIÄ, kw-KoXw ,Pnw\mÌnIvkv ,AXveänIvkv XpS§nb ImbnI C\§Ä
F¶nh ]mTy]²Xnbn DÄs¸SWsa¶v hmZn¨p.
]IrXnsb Adnbepw AXnt\mSv CW§epamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ]caamb
e£ysa¶v \nÀhNn¨ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ AXn\p klmbIamb imkvXhnjb§Ä¡v
]mTy]²Xnbn A\ptbmPyamb ]m[m\yw \ÂIWsa¶v A\pimkn¨p.
`mjbnepw KWnX¯nepw D]cn]T\¯n\p klmbIamb Imcy§Ä amXw DÄ-
s¸Sp¯nbm aXn F¶mWv AhcpsS hmZw. k¦oÀWamb IhnXItfm kmlnXysam
]Tn¸nt¡XnsömWv AhcpsS A`n]mbw.. BßobImcy§Ä, kw-KoXw,
NnXIe F¶nhsbm¶pw ]IrXnhmZnIÄ¡v ][m\apÅhbÃ, ]mb¯n\\pkcn¨v
]mTy]²Xn hnjb§fnse Du¶en\v amäw thWw F¶v Ip«nvbpsS kzm`mhnI
]IrXs¯ am\n¨pÅ hnZym`ymkk¼Zmb¯n\pthn \nes¡m dqtÊm DÄ-
s¸sSbpÅ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ hmZn¨p.
]mtbmKnIhmZnIfmhs« t]cp kqNn¸n¡p¶Xp t]mse¯s¶ “]tbmP\Icamb”
hnjb§Ä BWv ]mTy]²Xnbn DÄs¸Spt¯Xv F¶ A`n]mb¡mcmbncp¶p
hyànPohnXhpw kmaqlnIPohnXhpw Gähpw ^e]Zambn \nÀhln¡m³
klmbIamb AdnhpIfpw tijnIfpw ss\]pWnIfpamWv Ip«nIÄ
kzmb¯amt¡Xv. tIheamb Bßkm£m¡mc¯n\pw hyànkw-
kvIcW¯n\pw th hnjb§Ä ]mTy]²XnbpsS `mKam¡Wsa¶ BibhmZ
\nÀt±i§tfmSv ]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ hntbmPn¨p. Hcp \nÝnXamb ]mTy]²Xn
FÃm Ip«nIÄ¡pw \nÀt±in¡p¶ k¼Zmbt¯mSp Xs¶ ]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ¡v
tbmPn¸pmbncp¶nÃ. Ip«nbpsS A`ncpNnIÄ, Xm¸cyw kÀthm]cn `mhn
PohnX¯nse ]tbmP\w F¶nh ]cnKWn¨pÅ sshhn[yh¡cWamWv
]mtbmKnI hmZnIfpsS ]mTy]²Xn k¦Â¸¯nsâ ASnØm\ine.
a\pjysâ IgnhpIÄ A`ncpNnIÄ,Xm¸cy§Ä F¶nh ]cnKWn¡p¶Xpw Ahsâ
tijnIfpsS k¼qÀW hnImkw- km[yam¡p¶Xpamb hnjb§Ä ]mTy]²XnbnÂ
DÄs¸Sp¯Wsa¶v am\hnIXmhmZnIÄ \nÀt±in¨p, kmaqlyhnImks¯¡mÄ
hyànhnImk¯n\mWv am\hnIXmhmZnIÄ Du¶Â \ÂInbXv. kzbw
Xncn¨dnbm\pw kzbw hfcm\papÅ A\p`h§fmWv Hmtcm ]TnXmhn\pw
e`nt¡sX¶v AhÀ hnizkn¨p
F§ns\ ]Tn¡Ww?(t_m[\coXnbpw ZÀi\§fpw)
BibhmZw kq£vaambn Hcp t_m[\coXn \nÀt±in¨nÃ. KpcpapJ¯p\n¶pw hnZy
A`ykn¡pI F¶ s]mXp X¯zamWv s]mXpsh ¹täm AcntÌm«n XpS§nbhÀ
86
kzoIcn¨Xv. tNmZy§Ä tNmZn¡pI, kw-hmZ¯nteÀs¸SpI, Dcphn«p ]Tn¡pI,
A\pIcn¨v ]Tn¡pI XpS§nb hnhn[ t_m[\X´§Ä AhÀ \nÀt±in¨p.
BibhmZnbmb slK bpànNn´ DWÀ¯p¶ t_m[\coXnIÄ thWsa¶v
A`n]mbs¸«t¸mÄ IfnIfmWv t_m[\am[yamthsX¶v asämcp
BibhmZnbmb t^m_Â \nÀt±in¨p. t_m[\coXnIfpsS Imcy¯nÂ
BibhmZnIÄ¡nSbnepÅ sshhn[y¯nsâ kqN\IfmWnsXms¡.
t_m[\coXnbnemWv hn]vfhIcamb \nÀt±i§Ä ]IrXnhmZw apt¼m«p h¨Xv
hmNnIamb t_m[\§sf ASnapSn FXnÀ¯ dqtÊm \nco£Ww, A\p`h§Ä
F¶nh hgnbpÅ kzbw ]T\s¯ amXsa AwKoIcn¨n«p-ffp. Hu]NmcnI kvIqÄ
]T\s¯ Ahew_n¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw ]IrXnsb ]mT]pkvXIam¡m³ dqtÊm
D]tZin¨p. Ip«nsb hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fpsS tIµ_nµphm¡m³
\nÀt±in¨XmWv dqtÊmhnsâ asämcp kp][m\ t_m[\ \nÀt±iw
]IrXnhmZnIsft¸mse¯s¶ Ip«nsb tIµoIcn¨pÅ ]T\coXn¡v Xs¶bmWv
]mtbmKnIhmZnIfpw Du¶Â \ÂInbXv. ]mtbmKnI]hÀ¯\§Ä¡mWv
]mtbmKnIhmZnIfpsS ]T\ kao]\§fnse Du¶Â. bYmÀYamb A\p`h§fnÂ
\n¶v ]T\mhkc§Ä krjvSn¡m³ Blzm\w sNbvX ]mtbmKnIhmZnIfmWv
s]mPÎv coXn ]T\¯n\mbn \nÀt±in¨Xv. ‘]hÀ¯n¨p ]Tn¡pI’ F¶XmWv
]mtbmKnI hmZ hnZym`ymk Bib§fpsS apJyamÀK\nÀt±iw .
The School is to be a reflection of the larger society outside its walls,in which life can
be learnt by living. But it should be a purified well balanced society’ John Dewi
Ip«nsb tIµoIcn¨pÅ ]T\coXnIÄ Xs¶bmWv am\hnIXmhmZnIfpw
\nÀt±in¨Xv. Ip«nbpsS ]IrXw, Bhiy§Ä, A`ncpNnIÄ, BKl§Ä F¶nh
]Xn^en¡p¶XmhWw ]T\coXn F¶mWv am\hnIXmhmZnIfpw A`n]mbs¸«Xv.
IÀ¡iamb ]co£Isfbpw \ncpÕmls¸Sp¯p¶ XcXay§sfbpw am\hnàm
hmZnIÄ FXnÀ¯p.
kzmX´ywþA¨S¡w
Bßkm£m¡mcw km[yamhWsa¦n IÀ¡iamb A¨S¡w BhiyamsW
¶mWv BibhmZnIfpsS aXw. B´cnIamb A¨S¡t¯msSm¸w _mlyamb
A¨S¡ \n_Ô\Ifnepw AhÀ \njv¡Àj ]peÀ¯n.
Ip«n¡v hyànKXambn k¼qÀWamb kzmX´yw \ÂInsb¦n amXsa
AhfpsS/Ahsâ ss\kÀKnI tijnIfpsS icnbmb hnImkw- \S¡q F¶v
dqtÊmbpw aäv ]IrXnhmZnIfpw A`n]mbs¸«p. _mlyamb FÃm A¨S¡
\n_Ô\ItfmSpw hntbmPn¨ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ A¨S¡w Ip«nbpsS
87
]hÀ¯\§fpsS ]XymLmX§fn \n¶pw kzbw ]cnioent¡XmsW¶mWv
A`n]mbs¸«Xv.
P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymks¯¡pdn¨pÅ Bib§Ä apt¼m«ph¨hcmWv
]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ. “hnZym`ymkw- Hcp Iq«mbvabmWv. Ip«nIfpsS ]ckv]c
klIcW¯neqsSbpw Bibhn\nab¯neqsSbpamWv ]T\w apt¶tdXv.’ ]m
tbmKnIhmZw \nÀt±in¨p. kzbw \nb´nXamb A¨S¡¯nsâ ]£¯mbncp¶p
]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ.
“Ip«nIfn icnbmb Alwt_m[hpw Bßm`nam\hpw DbÀ¯pIbmWv
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw’’, F¶p hmZn¨ am\hnIXmhmZnIÄ
hyànkzmX´y¯nsâ ]£¯v ASnbpd¨p \n¡p¶hcmWv. IÀ¡iamb A¨S¡
\n_Ô\IÄ Ip«nIfpsS Bßm`nam\s¯ XIÀ¡pw F¶mWv am\hnIXm
hmZnIfpsS ]£w
hnZym`ymk e£y§Ä, DÅS¡w, t_m[\coXn, kzmX´yhpw A¨S¡hpw XpS§nb
taJeIfn hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpsS ImgvN¸mSpIÄ hfsc lkzambn apIfnÂ
sImSp¯n«pv, IqSpX hn]peamb hmb\bneqsS IqSpX hnhc§Ä Is¯q..
Cu ZÀi\§Ä GsXÃmw hn[¯n \½psS ]mTy]²Xnbnepw A\p_Ô km-
aKnIfnepw ]Xn^en¡p¶pv?? Hct\zjWw \S¯n t\m¡q.
hnhn[ hnjb§fnse ]T\ t\«§Ä ]cntim[n¡q. apIfn kqNn¸n¨
GsXÃmw ZÀi\§fnse hnZym`ymk e£y§fpambn AXn\v s]mcp¯apv?
]mT]pkvXI¯nepw A[ym]Iklmbnbnepw \nÀt±in¨ ]T\
]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v GsXÃmw ZÀi\§fnse t_m[\ \nÀt±i§tfmSmWv
s]mcp¯apÅXv?
\n§Ä \nco£n¨ ¢mkv apdnIfnse A[ym]I hnZymÀYn _Ôhpw hnhn[
ZÀi\§fnse kzmX´yþA¨S¡ k¦Â]hpw F§s\ s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶p?
Hcp P\m[n]Xy am\hnIkaqlamWtÃm \½ptSXv. apIfn sImSp¯
hnZym`ymk \nÀt±i§fn GsXm¡ \½psS hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ
kzmwioIcn¡mw?
FÃm \nco£W§fpw kamlcn¨v \aps¡mcp skan\mdmhmw.
hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä \½psS hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ hnhn[ LSI§sf kzm[o\n¡p¶ ZÀi\§sf¡pdn¨mWtÃm
\mw NÀ¨ sNbvXncp¶Xv. hnZym`ymk¯nsâ kp][m\ taJeIfmb ]mTy]²Xn
DÅS¡w, t_m[\ coXn,A¨S¡w, kzmX´yw F¶nhbnepÅ hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpsS
ImgvN¸SpIÄþCu ImgvN¸mSpIÄ GXp coXnbn hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ
88
]Xn^en¡p¶p F¶p Is¯pIbpw A\ptbmPyambh kzmwioIcn¡pIbpamWv
Cu ]T\t\«w sImv Dt±in¡p¶Xv.
Xmsg ]dbp¶ Imcy§tfmSv \n§fpsS ]XnIcWsa´mWv?
BtcmKyþIemþImbnIþ \nÀ½mW ]hÀ¯\§Ä kvIqÄ hnZym`ymk¯nÂ
]m[m\yt¯msS DÄs¸Spt¯XmtWm? F´p sImv?
tXm¸n¡pI, XmcXayw sN¿pI XpS§nbh ]camh[n
\ncpÕmls¸Sp¯p¶Xv tPm¬ UyqbnbpsS ]mtbmKnIþP\m[n]Xy
hnZym`ymk k¦Â¸§tfmSv F´pamXw s]mcp¯apÅXmWv?
in£, iImcw F¶nhsb KmÔnPnbpsS ZÀi\§fpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n
hniZoIcn¡mtam?
Ip«n hfÀ¶phcp¶Xv Hcp sNSn hfÀ¶phcp¶Xp t]msebmWv. Hcp
tXm«¡mcs\t¸mse Ahsb ]cnNcn¡pIbpw ]cnc£n¡pIbpw
sN¿p¶XmWv A[ym]Isâ NpaXe F¶v A`n]mbs¸« kzman hnthIm\µ³
BibhmZnbmtWm ]IrXnhmZnbmtWm? AtXm hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpsS k-
a\zbamtWm hnthIm\µsâ hnZym`ymk ImgvN¸mSpIfn ]ISamhp¶Xv?
DÄt¨À¶ hnZym`ymkw- GsXÃw hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§fpsS
ASnØm\¯nemWv \mw kzoIcn¨n«pmhpI?
am\hnIXm hmZw, P\m[n]XyhnZym`ymkw- F¶o ImgvN¸mSpIfpsS
ASnØm\¯n enwK\oXn F¶ Bibs¯ F§s\bmWv \mw k-
ao]nt¡Xv?
hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpw hnZym`ymk ImgvN¸mSpIfpw
hnZym`ymk]hÀ¯\§fpsS hnhn[ Xe§sf¡pdn v hyXykvXamb ImgvN¸mSp
IfmWv hnhn[ZÀi\§Ä¡pw _Ôs¸« ZmÀi\nIÀ¡papÅXv F¶p \mw Ip.
Nne kqN\IÄ Xmsg tNÀ¡p¶p.
hnZym`ymk e£yw
BibhmZwþ Bßkm£m¡mcamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.
]IrXnhmZwþ Ip«nIfpsS ss\kÀKnI tijnIfpsS hnImkamWv hnZym`ymk
e£yw.
]mtbmKnIhmZw þ ]mtbmKnIPohnXw ^e]Zambpw Imcy£aambpw apt¼m«v
t]mhp¶Xn\mhiyamb [mcWIfpw tijnIfpw BÀPn¡pI
am\hnIXm hmZwþ a\pjysâ kÀhtXmapJ hnImkw-.
t_m[\coXn
BibhmZw
Bß]Imi\amWv(self expression) hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.
Bßkm£m¡mcamWv (Self Realisation)hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.
ta¸dª cv e£y]kvXmh\Ifpw ]ckv]c hncp²amtWm? GXv
ZÀi\§fmbncn¡pw Cu e£yw apt¼m«ph¨n«pmhpI?
89
]mtbmKnIhmZwþ hnZymÀYn tIµ_nµpþ kaqltIµoIrX hnZym`ymkw-þ
]hÀ¯\m[njvTnX ]T\wþ]`mjWcoXn AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃþ
]IrXnhmZwþ hnZymeb§fpw ]mT]pkvXI§fpw hfÀ¨sb ]XnIqeambn
_m[n¡p¶p. þ]IrXnbmWv ]Tt\m]m[nbmthXvþ
A¨S¡w, kzmX´yw
BibhmZwþ \nba§Ä A\pkcn¡m\pÅ ioew hnIkn¸n¡Ww.
]IrXnhmZwþhyàn kzmX´yamWv ][m\wþ
]mtbmKnIhmZwþ A¨S¡w kzbw hnIkn¸nt¡XmWvþkzmX´yw A\phZn¨mte
CXv km[yamhq.
ChbpsS ASnØm\¯n apIfn sImSp¯ tNmZy§tfmSpÅ \n§fpsS
]XnIcW§sf hniIe\w sNbvXpt\m¡q. \½psS hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ
GsXÃmw ZÀi\§Ä GXp coXnbnemWv ]Xn^en¡p¶Xv?
¢mkv apdnbnepw s]mXphmb hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnepw Adnªpw
AdnbmsXbpw hnhn[ ZÀi\§ k½niambn ]Xn^en¡p¶pmhpw. ]`mX
Akw-»n, A¨S¡ \n_Ô\IÄ, ¢mkv apdnbnse ]T\]hÀ¯\§Ä,
,]mT]pkv-XI§Ä, Ip«nIÄ hcp¯p¶ sXäpItfmSpÅ kao]\w, A[ym]I CSs]
SepIÄ XpS§nb taJeIfn GsXms¡ ZÀi\§Ä ]Xn^en¡p¶pv? kvIqÄ
]hÀ¯\§Ä, ]T\ kmaKnIÄ XpS§nbh \nco£n¡pIbmWv CXn\pÅ hgn.
apIfn NÀ¨ sNbvX Imcy§Ä IqSn ]cnKWn¨psImv Hcp kqNI ]XnI
\nÀan¡mw
kqNI§Ä Xbmdm¡pt¼mÄ \ÂtI Nne ]cnKW\IÄ
Ip«nIfpsS sshhn[yw AwKoIcn¡p¶XmWv ]IrXn hmZ¯nsâ s]mcpÄ.
kvIqÄ bqWnt^mw Cu ss\kÀKnIXsb \ntj[n¡p¶XmtWm?
]qÀWambpw ]IrXnhmZs¯ AwKoIcn¨psImv hyhkvYm]nX hnZym`ymkw-
km[yamtWm? kvIqÄ bqWnt^mans\ ]mtbmKnIhmZs¯ ASnØm\am¡n
\ymboIcn¨p IqsS?
]cntim[n¨ ]mT]pkvXI§Ä, ]T\ kmaKnIÄ F¶nhbn am\hnIXm
hmZw F´pamXw ]Xn^en¡p¶p?
¢mkv ap
dnbn \S¡p¶]hÀ¯\§fn am\hnIþP\m[n]Xy ZÀi\§Ä
]Xn^en¡p¶ptm?
A¨S¡s¯¡pdn¨pÅ A[ym]I k¦Â¸w GXp ZÀi\§tfmSmWv
s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶Xv?
\½ptSXv Hcp P\m[n]Xy hyhØbmWv. \oXnbnepw am\hnIXbnepw
kzmX´y¯nepw A[njvTnXamb Hcp kaqls¯bmWv \mw hn`mh\w sN¿p¶Xv.
\½psS hnZym`ymk]hÀ¯\§fn Cu Bib§Ä ]qÀWambpw
]Xn^en¡p¶ptm? \n§fpsS kzX´amb A`n]mbw F´mWv?
hnZym`ymkw-(KmÔnPn), hnZym`ymk¯n hn¹hw(Hmtjm),
]cnhÀ¯t\m·pJhnZym`ymkw-(bXn).. XpS§nb ]pkvXI§Ä IqSn
]cntim[n¡patÃm)
90
]mÝmXyþ]uckvXy ZmÀi\nIcpsS ImgvN¸mSpIÄ Hcp XmcXayw
hnhn[ ZmÀi\nIcpsS ImgvN¸mSpIÄ XmcXayw sN¿p¶ Hcp UnPnä BÂ_w
\ap¡v Xbmdm¡mw.
FÃm ZmÀi\nIcpsSbpw lkzamb PohNcnXhpw t^mt«mbpw AhcpsS hnZym`ymk
Img¸mSpIfpw D²cWnIfpw A\mbmkw- sh_vsskäpIfn \n¶pw e`n¡pw.
AhbpsS B[nImcnIX Dd¸p hcp¯pIbpw efnXamb `mjbnte¡v
hnhÀ¯\wsNbvXv A\ptbmPyhpw BIÀjhpamb
teHu«v \ÂIn \ap¡v Hcp kNnX hnhcWmßI
BÂ_w Xbmdm¡mw
Po³ PmIznkv dptÊm ZcnZ\mb Hcp hm¨p \nÀamW
sXmgnemfnbpsS aI\mbn 1712 Pq¬ 28 \v P\ohbn P\n¨p.
ZpcnX]pÀWamb Ip«n¡me¯v Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw-
e`n¡m³ kmlNcyanÃmsX t]mb dqtÊm ]nXmhn \n¶pw
ho«n \n¶pamWv BZyIme AdnhpIÄ t\SnbXv. 13þmas¯
hbÊn \mSphn«p. ]e tPmenIÄ sNbvXp Pohn¨ dqtÊm
]n¡me¯ ^©v hn¹h¯nsâ ap¶Wnt¸mcmfnbmbn.
kzmX´yw kaXzw, kmtlmZcyw F¶o apZmhmIy§Ä temI¯n\p kw-`mh\ sNbvXXv
dqtÊmbmWv. Emile, Social Contract,New Heloise F¶o Gsd ]ikvX§fmb ]pkvXI§Ä
At±lw cNn¨n«pv. Fanen BWv dqtÊmbpsS hnZym`ymk ImgvN ¸mSpIÄ hniZam¡p¶
IrXn.
ssiihw,Ip«n¡mew, Iuamcw, buh\w, tkm^nb F¶n§s\ A©p `mK§fpÅ Cu IrXn
Fanen F¶ Ip«n¡v ]IrXnbpambn CW§p¶ kzm`mhnIamb A´co£¯n hnZym`ymkw-
\ÂIp¶ IYbmWv AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv.
dqtÊmbpsS hnZym`ymkImgvN¸mSpIsf \ap¡v C§s\ tImUoIcn¡mw
Ip«n¯s¯ t_m[\imkvX]cambn (“Pedagogical Way") t\m¡n¡mWWw.
Ip«nbmWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ tIµ_nµp .
Ip«nIÄ bYmÀY¯n \· \ndªhcmWv;
kaqlamWv a\pjysc Zpjn¸n¡p¶Xv.
Ip«nbpsS ]IrX¯n\\pkcn¨mhWw hnZym`ymkw-.
P·Xm¸cya\pkcn¨mWv]hÀ¯nt¡Xv AÃmsX
_mly\nba§Ä¡\pkrXaÃ.
Bß]Imi\amWv hnZym`ymke£yw .
]tbmK¯neqsSbmWv kn²m´w cq]s¸tSXv;
91
]IrXnbmWv ]Yam[ym]I³.
Cµnb]cnioe\amWv BZyw \ÂtIXv.]n¶oSv aXn k·mÀKnIþ_u²nI
hnZym`ymkw- .
s^Udn¡v AKÌkv t^m_Â
InâÀKmÀ«¬ k¼Zmb¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmb t^m_ PÀa\nssb 1792 G]n 12þ\v
P\n¨p. amXmhnsâ acWs¯¯pSÀ¶v ]nXmhv Dt]£n¨ t^m_ A½mhsâ kw-
c£WbnemWv ]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXv. aXhnizmkt¯mSpw ]IrXntbmSpw AKm[amb
ASp¸apmbncp¶ t^m_ s]ÌtemknbpsS Øm]\¯n tNÀ¶mWv Xsâ hnZym`ymk
Nn´IÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv. 1832þ BZys¯ InâÀKmÀ«¬ t^m_ Bcw`n¨psh¦nepw
kzX´Nn´sb `bs¸« kÀ¡mÀ AXv \ntcm[n¡pIbmbncp¶p. t^m_ensâ acWtijamWv
InâÀKmÀ«¬ k¼Zmbw temI kzoImcyX t\SnbXv .
t^m_ensâ hnZym`ymk Nn´IÄ
FÃmw DZv`hn¡p¶Xv ssZh¯n \n¶mWv.
kzbw ]hÀ¯\§fneqsS ]IminXamhp¶ Hcmßob ssNX\yw FÃm
Ip«nIfnepapv.
IfnbmWv Cu]hÀ¯\§fpsS tIµ_nµp.
kzX´ hfÀ¨, BtcmKy kmaqlyioe§Ä, hfÀ¯Â ,
_p²n]chpw ImbnIhpw sshImcnIhpamb hnImkw-,
kÀKtijnIÄ hfÀ¯Â F¶nhbmWv hnZym`ymk
e£yw.
IY]dbÂ, \nÀ½mW]hÀ¯\§Ä, IcIuie
]hÀ¯\§Ä,Ifn¸m« \nÀ½mWhpw D]tbmKn¡epw,
XmfmßI ]hÀ¯\§Ä, ]ÊnepIÄ, _nÂUn§v
t»m¡pIÄ, ap¯v tImÀ¡Â, tXm«w ]cnNcn¡Â
NnXcN\ NpacpIÄ Ae¦cn¡Â XpS§nb ]hÀ¯\§Ä At±lw
\nÀt±in¨p
I¼nfn¸´pIÄ, NXpc¡«IÄ, tKmf§Ä XpS§nb ]Tt\m]IcW§Ä
kar²ambn D]tbmKn¨p.
tPm¬ Uyqbn(1859þ1952) PohnXw Xs¶ hnZym`ymkw- F¶ ImgvN¸mSv
apt¼m«v h¨ hnJymXZmÀi\nI\mWv tPm¬Uyqbn. 1859þÂ Atacn¡bnse
_Àen§vSWn P\n¨p.1903 Nn¡mtKmbn Øm]n¨ kvIqfn BWv Xsâ
hnZym`ymkmZÀi§Ä At±lw ]co£n¨Xv How we think? The School and the
Society, Democracy and Education, experience and Education, Schools of
Tomorrow XpS§n \nch[n K\vY§fpsS IÀ¯mhmWv Uyqbn.
92
UyqbnbpsS ][m\ hnZym`ymk Nn´IÄ
Ip«nbpsS ASnØm\]IrXw krjvSn]chpw, ]IS\]chpw BImw£
\ndªXpamWv. AXv ]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶XmhWw hnZym`ymkw.-
kmaqlyPohnXw Gähpw anI¨Xm¡m³ th ss\]pWnIfpw
tijnIfpamWv hnZym`ymk¯neqsS \mw kzmb¯amt¡Xv.
P\m[n]XyamWv ^e]Zamb kmaqlyPohnX¯nsâ ASnØm\ine,
P\m[n]Xy]cnioe\ IfcnIfmhWw hnZymeb§Ä.
XpeyXbpw klIcWhpamWv P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ apJyBib§Ä.
hnZymeb]hÀ¯\§fn CXv ]ISamhWw.
“D]tbmKtbmKyX’ bmWv UyqbnbpsS apJy ]mTy]²Xn ]cnKW\.
Ip«nbpsS hnImk¯nsâ Hmtcm L«¯nepw DÅ Bhiy§fpambn
_Ôs¸Sp¯n ]mTy]²Xn IaoIcn¡Ww.
Ip«nIfpsS Xm¸cy§Ä¡pw A`ncpNnIÄ¡pw A\pkcn v
AbhpÅXmhWw ]mTy]²Xn.
A\p`hm[njvTnXamhWw ]T\w F¶p Uyqbn
\njv¡Àjn¨p(“ Knowledge gained through experience
is best understood, more useful, and retained longer)
]iv\]cnlcWhpw s]mPIvSpIfpamWv ]T\coXnbmbn Uyqbn \nÀt±in¨Xv.
]TnXmhnsâ Xm¸cya\pkcn¨pÅ ]hÀ¯\§fmWv ¢mkn \St¡Xv
F¶pw kw-LklIcW ]hÀ¯\§Ä P\m[n]Xy ]cnioe\¯n\mbn DÄ-
s¸Sp¯Wsa¶pw At±lw ]dªp.
]usems^bÀ (1921þ1993) _koense dmkns^ F¶ Øe v 1921 Â P\n¨p. 13þmas¯
hbÊn ]nXmhv \jvSs¸«p.ZmcnZyw \ndª Ip«n¡mew. “I didn't understand anything because
of my hunger. I wasn't dumb. It wasn't lack of interest. My social condition didn't allow me to have
an education. “ ^bÀ ]dªp. F¦nepw ]T\w apt¼m«v sImpt]mb ^bÀ 1946-þÂ kmwkvImcnI
hIp¸v UbdIvSdmbn \nbanX\mbn km£cXm ]Øm\¯n kPohamb ^bdnsâ
A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§Ä hyhØsb tNmZywsN¿m³ P\§sf
t]cn¸n¡p¶Xmbncp¶p F¶ Btcm]WapbcpIbpw Pbnen ASbv¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. PbnÂ
tamNnX\mbtijw XpSÀ¶v Nnenbnembnbncp¶p hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§Ä.Pedagogy of the
oppressed, Cultural action for freedom F¶nh ^bdpsS ]ikvX ]pkvXI§fmWv.
^bdpsS hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä.
A[n\nthi¯n\pw NqjW¯n\psaXnsc \S¶ sFXnlmknI t]mcm«§fpsS NcnXapÅ
emän\tacn¡³ kmaqly]Ým¯e¯nemWv ^bÀ hnZym`ymks¯ t\m¡n¡Xv..
93
a\pjyhntamN\¯n\pthnbpÅ H¶mbmWv hnZym`ymks¯ ^bÀ IXv.
A]am\hoIcW¯n\p hnt[bambhsc am\hoIcn¡p¶ ]hÀ¯\amWv hnZym`ymkw-
.aÀ±nXsâ aÀ±ItemIs¯ A\mhcWw sN¿pIbpw AXn \n¶v tamN\w t\SpIbpw
]n¶oSv am\pjnIX \jvSs¸« NqjI\v a\pjy¯zw hosSp¯v \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶ cv
L«§fnembmWv hntamN\ ]hÀ¯\§sf ^bÀ Xcw Xncn¨Xv.
hnaÀi\s¯ hnZym`ymk¯ntâbpw ]T\¯ntâbpw ImXembn ^bÀ \nco£n¨p.
kmaqly]iv\§fn Du¶n \n¶psImpÅ
Hcp ]mTy]²Xn DÅS¡amWv ^bÀ
hn`mh\w sNbvXXv.
]T\w Hcp ]p\:krjvSnbmWv: ]pXnbXv
Is¯emWv.
\nehnepÅ ]T\coXn AdnhpIÄ Ip¯n \ndbv¡p¶ “_m¦n§v” coXnbmWv. AXv
hnaÀi\ Nn´, krjvSn]cX F¶nhsb t]mÕmln¸n¡p¶nÃ.
hnaÀi\mßI Nn´bneqsS AdnhpIÄ amän¸Wnbm³ Ahkcw thWw.
kaqÀ¯ PohnX kmlNcy§fpambn _Ôs¸«mWv hnZym`ymkw- \ÂtIXv.
\nehnepÅ hnZym`ymk coXn hyhØsb \ne\nÀ¯p¶XmWv (t]mänhfÀ¯Â
hnZym`ymkw-)
Iq«mb At\zjWhpw kw-hmZhpw Bibhn\nabhpamWv hnZym`ymk]hÀ¯\§fn \St¡Xv
kzman hnthIm\µ³
1863 P\phcn 12 \v hniz\mYZ¯ F¶ A`n`mjIsâ aI\mbn I¡¯bn P\n¨p. \tcµ³
F¶mbncp¶p BZys¯ t]cv. ]T\¯n kaÀY\mbncp¶ \tcµ³ I¡¯bnse
kvtIm«njv NÀ¨v tImtfPn \n¶pw _ncpZw t\Snb tijw iocmaIrjvW ]calwksâ
injy\mbn. `mcX¯nse ZÀi\§Ä, thZ§Ä, CXnlmk§Ä, ]pcmW§Ä F¶nhbnÂ
AhKmlw t\Snb hnthIm\µ³ B[p\nI kmaqlyPohnX¯nse ]iv\§sf kaKambn
hniIe\w sNbvXmWv Xsâ ImgvN¸mSpIÄ¡v cq]w \ÂInbXv.
hnthIm\µsâ hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä
hnZym`ymkw- a\pjy\n A´Àeo\ambncn¡p¶ ssZhnIk¼qÀWXbpsS
]Imi\amWv F¶mWv hnthIm\µ³ hnZym`ymks¯ \nÀhNn¨Xv. Hcp sNSn
hfcp¶Xpt]mse Ip«nbpw hfcpsa¶pw A[ym]I\v Hcp tXm«¡mc³ sN¿p¶Xv
t]mse XSk§Ä Hgnhm¡p¶ NpaXe amXsa DÅq F¶pw hnthIm\µ³
A`n]mbs¸«p. AdnhpIÄ P·kn²hpw A´Àeo\hpamWv. AXns\ ]pd¯p
sImphcnIbmWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.
ImbnI tijnIfpsS hnImkw-,k³amÀKhnZym`ymkw-, sXmgne`yk\w, _ÒNcyw,
XpS§nbh hnthIm\µsâ ImgvN¸mS\pkcn¨pÅ hnZym`ymk e£y§fmWv.
94
tZiobt_m[w, kzmX´yt_m[w, imkvXþthZm´ ka\zbw XpS§nbhbpw
At±l¯nsâ Du¶epIfmWv.
kvXo]pcpj XpeyX, kakvX P\§fptSbpw kmtlmZcyhpw t£ahpw F¶o
Bib§fpw kzman hnthIm\µ³ apt¼m«p sh¨p.
choµ\mY SmtKmÀ 1861 sabv 7þ\v I¡¯bn P\n¨p. amXmhv acWs¸SpIbpw ]nXmhv
tZt_µ SmtKmÀ \nc´cbmXbn BhpIbpw sNbvXXpsImv ho«nse tPmen¡mcpsS kw-
c£Wbn Bbncp¶p choµ\mY SmtKmdnsâ Ip«n¡mew. kw-KoXw,\r¯w, kmlnXyw
F¶nhsbÃmw \ndªp \n¶ Hcp IpSpw_ambncp¶p SmtKmdntâXv. IhnX, t\mhÂ,\mSIw XpS§n
kakvX kmlnXy imJIfnepw hyànapZ ]Xn¸n¨ choµ\mY SmtKmdn\v 1913 Â t\m_Â k-
½m\w e`n¨p. 1901þÂ Øm]n¨ im´n\ntIX\w BWv SmtKmdnsâ ]ikvXamb BZy hnZym`ymk
kw-cw`w. ]n¶oSv 1921þÂ ]mÝmXy ]uckvXy kw-kvImc§sf ka\zbn¸n¨psImv hniz`mcXn kÀ-
hIemime Øm]n¨p
SmtKmdnsâ hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä
`mcXob XXzNn´bnepw kw-kvImc¯nepw ASnbpd¨ hnizmkapmbncp¶ SmtKmÀ,
kmÀhtZiobXsb BWv ]Yaambn IXv. `mcXob kw-kvImcs¯ temIkw-
kvImc¯nsâ `mKambn SmtKmÀ ]cnKWn¨p. A´ÀtZiob klIcWw,
hniz]ucXzw XpS§nb Bib§Ä apt¼m«ph¨ SmtKmÀ HcÀY¯nepw Hcp
k¦pNnX tZiobhmZnbmbncp¶nÃ
Bßkm£m¡mcamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.
`mh\mtijn,kÀK]cX, bpànNn´ XpS§nb _u²nItijnIÄ
hnIkn¸n¡Ww.
Ip«n¡v Xsâ ]T\coXnIÄ sXcsªSp¡m³ kzmX´yapmhWw.
hnizam\hnIXtbmSv BZchpw kvt\lhpw hnIkn¸n¡Ww.
amXr`mjbmhWw t_m[\am[yaw.
Xt±iobamb AdnhpIÄs¡m¸w B[p\nI imkvX kmt¦XnI hnZybnepw
ss\]pWyw t\SWw.
am\knIhpw kZmNmc]chpamb hnImkw- km[yam¡Ww.
]IrXnbpambn CW§nbpÅ hnZym`ymkamWv
\ÂtIXv.
Ip«nIfpsS A`ncpNn¡\pkcn¨v sshhn[yapÅ ]T\
hnjb§Ä thWw
¢mkv apdn¡¸pd¯v hnimeamb temIamWv Ip«nIÄ
]T\hnjbamt¡Xv
95
KmÔnPn 1869 KpPdm¯nse t]mÀ_Ôdn P\n¨p. 1893-þapX 20 hÀjt¯mfw
Z£nWm ^n¡bn Xmakn¨v hÀWhnthN\¯n\pw ASna¯¯n\psaXnsc ]hÀ¯n¨p.
1914  C´ybn Xncns¨¯n kmamPyXzhncp² t]mcm«§Ä¡v t\Xr¯zw \ÂIn.
AtXmsSm¸w hnZym`ymk]hÀ ¯\§fpw Bcw`n¨p.1937-þÂ hmÀ[m ]²Xn¡v cq]w \ÂIn.
KmÔnPnbpsS hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä
hnZym`ymkw- F¶Xp sImv KmÔnPn AÀYam¡p¶Xv a\Êv, icocw,
Bßmhv F¶nhbnse FÃm \·IfpsSbpw ]cn]qÀW ]Imi\amWv
AÃmsX, tIheamb A£cm`ymkaÃ.
Bßkm£m¡mcamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ]caamb e£yw.
\·þXn·Isf thÀXncn¨dnbm³ ]m]vX\m¡m¯ hnZym`ymkw-
\njv]tbmP\amWv.
Kma¯nse ZcnZsâ ]iv\§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw Is¯p¶XmhWw
hnZym`ymkw-.
icoc¯nsâbpw a\Ênsâbpw Bßmhnsâbpw ka\zb¯nepsS k-
¼qÀWhnImkw- km[yam¡emWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.
hnZym`ymkw- kmÀhXnIhpw kuP\yhpamhWw.
hnZym`ymkw- kuP\yam¡m\pÅ t]mwhgn AXns\ kzmibam¡emWv:
Ip«nIÄ¡v ]Xn^ew e`n¡p¶ `mKnIsXmgn IqSn hnZym`ymk¯nsâ
`mKam¡Ww.
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ `mKambn `mKnI sXmgn IqSn \nÀ_Ôam¡p¶Xv tIhew
hnZym`ymk¯n\p th
]Wapm¡m\Ã. sXmgn sN¿p¶Xv
hyànXz]cnioe\w IqSnbmbn«mWv
KmÔnPn hn`mh\w sNbvXXv.
`mhn PohnX¯n\pXIp¶ sXmgnÂ
]cnioe\hpw hnZym`ymk
]²XnbnepmhWw.
kzbw ]cym]vX Kma§Ä F¶
kz]v\w km£m¡cn¡p¶Xn\pÅ ]hÀ¯\§Ä \mw Bcw`nt¡Xv
hnZym`ymk¯neqsSbmhWw.
]cnØnXn_ÔnXamhWw hnZym`ymkw-.
`mjbpw kmlnXyhpw ]Tn¡WwþF¶m amXr`mjsb hnkvacn¡cpXv.
96
UnPnä BÂ_¯nte¡v
Nne ]mivNmXyþ]uckvXy ZmÀi\nIcpsS hnZym`ymk ImgvN¸mSpIÄ kw-_Ôn¨
Nne kqN\IÄ amXamWv apIfn sImSp¯Xv. sh_v sskäpIfn \n¶pw aäpw
IqSpX hnhc§Ä DNnXamb D²cWnIÄ, NnX§Ä F¶nh e`n¡pw. FÃmw
tNÀ¯v kNnXhnhcW BÂ_w X¿mdm¡matÃm. ]uckvXyþ]mÝmXy ZÀi\§Ä
X½nepÅ XmcXayw IqSn tNÀ¡patÃm
XmcXayw sN¿pt¼mÄþþ
hnZym`ymk e£y§sf F§s\bmWv ]uckvXyþ]mÝmXy ZÀi\§Ä k-
ao]n¡p¶Xv? kmayhyXymk§Ä GsXms¡?
t_m[\coXnbnse kmayhyXymk§Äþ iniptIµoIrXamb coXnIÄ
Bscms¡ \nÀt±in¡p¶p? ]hÀ¯\m[njvTnX coXnIÄ \nÀt±in¡p¶Xv
Bscms¡? ]cnØnXn _ÔnX coXnIÄ Bscms¡ \nÀt±in¡p¶p?
A¨S¡w, kzmX´yw F¶o Imcy§sf F§s\bmWv Hmtcmcp¯cpw k-
ao]n¡p¶Xv? Aäp kmayhyXymk§Ä GsXms¡?
\½psS kvIqÄ ]mTy]²Xnbpw ZÀi\§fpw
\½psS \nehnepÅ kvIqÄ ]mTy]²Xn ]cntim[n¡q? apIfn¸dª
ZÀi\§fpw \½psS ]mTy]²XnbpsS hnhn[ kao]\§fpw ZÀi\§fpw
X½nepÅ _Ôw NÀ¨ sN¿q,
.
hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ZmÀi\nI`qanI þ(thZaWn am\zÂ,Sn sI Un \mbÀ,),
`mcXobhnZym`ymkw(Sn sI apl½Zv)- hnZym`ymkw-(sI tUm.inhZmk³ ]nff. t]Pv
72 apXÂ 104 hsc )
98
bqWn‰v - 4
A[ym]IhnZym`ymkw
BapJw
A[ym]IhnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂ GsXmcp hnZym¿Yn°pw A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØns‚
e£yw, D≈S°w, hn\nabcoXn, hnebncpج F∂nhsb °pdn®pw AXneqsS `mhn
A[ym]Icn¬ cq]s∏´phtc≠ tijnIsf°pdn®pw IrXyamb [mcW D≠mtI≠Xp≠v.
kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]T\]≤Xnbn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXykvXamWv
A[ym]IhnZym`ymkØnt‚Xv. AXv kvIqƒ]mTy]≤Xn, ]mTy]≤XnIƒ°p
ASnÿm\ambn h¿Øn°p∂ Zm¿i\nI]cnkcw, hnZym`ymkhpambn _‘s∏´
kmaqlnIkwhn[m\߃, ]n¥pWmkwhn[m\߃ F∂nhsbms°bpambn
_‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. a‰p sXmgnepIfn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXambn hfscb[nIw
aqeyt_m[hpw at\m`mhhpw ss\]pWnIfpw cq]s∏´phtc≠ A[ym]\ tPmen°v
A\pkrXamb ]T\]≤XnbmWv A[ym]IhnZym`ymkØnt‚Xv. ]ok¿hokv,
C≥k¿hokv A[ym]I]cnioe\sØ°pdn®pw AXpambn _‘s∏´ kwhn[m\ß-
sf°pdn®pw A[ym]IhnZym¿YnIƒ°p kmam\yamb [mcW cq]s∏SpØpIbmWv Cu
bqWn‰ns‚ Dt±iyw.
]T\t\´w :
]o k¿Δokv A[ym]I ]cnioe\Øns‚ BhiyIX Xncn®dnbp∂p.
][m\mib߃
$ Sn.Sn.kn, Un.FUv F∂o t]cpIfn¬ Adnbs∏´ tIcfØnse ss]adn A[ym]I
]cnioe\tImgvkmWv Un.F¬.-FUv Bbn amdnbXv.
$ Fensa‚dn ¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb [mcWIƒ, tijnIƒ,
at\m`mh߃, ss\]pWnIƒ F∂nh cq]s∏SpØpI bmWv Un.F¬.FUv
tImgvkns‚ e£yw.
$ Un.F¬.FUv (D.El.Ed) tImgvkn\v c≠ph¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ \mepskaÃdpIƒ
D≈ Hcp ]mTy]≤Xnbp≠v.
\n߃°v \nßfpsS A[ym]Isc°pdn®p≈ Hm¿aIfnt√? G‰hpw ]nbs∏´
A[ym]I¿, H´pw C„an√mØ A[ym]I¿ - Aßs\bp≈hsc°pdn®p≈ Hm¿aIƒ
AhXcn∏n°q.
-˛ F¥psIm≠mWv \n߃ A[ym]Is\ G‰hpa[nIw C„s∏Sp∂Xv /
C„s∏SmØXv?
˛ A[ym]IhrØn°mhiyamb ASnÿm\tijnIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
˛ \nehnse A[ym]I kaqlsØ°pdn®p≈ \nßfpsS A`n]mbw F¥mWv?
99
D≈S°w
]okvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØn\pw sk°≠dnhnZym`ymkØn\pw CSbnep≈ Hu]NmcnI
hnZym`ymkL´sØ Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkw F∂p ]dbp∂p. C¥ybn¬ CXv 1 apX¬
8 hsc ¢mkpIfmWv. Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkØns‚ Cu BZyL´Øn¬ FgpØv, hmb\,
KWnXw, kao]]cnkcw IemImbnIanIhv F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´ ASnÿm\-
tijnIƒ B¿Pnt°≠Xp≠v.
Hcp hnZym¿∞nbp-sS Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkØns‚ A-SnØdbnSp∂ L´ambXn\m¬
CXv hnZym`ymk]cambn G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ L´amWv. Hmtcm hnjb taJebpsSbpw
ASnÿm\mib߃, ss\]pWnIƒ F∂nh Fensa‚dn L´Øn¬ Ddbvt°≠Xp≠v.
hnImkw ]q¿WamIpItbm Bhiyamb ]T\t\´ßƒ ssIhcn°pItbm sNømØ
]TnXmhmWv Fensa‚dn L´Ønse Ip´n F∂XpsIm≠v Chsc ]Tn∏n°p∂
A[ym]I¿°v apXn¿∂ Ip´nIsf ]Tn∏n°p∂hsc°mƒ IqSpX¬ A[ym]\tijnIƒ
BhiyamWv. Ip´nbpsS hf¿®, hnImkw, ]T\w F∂nhsb°pdn®v imkvXobamb
ImgvN∏mSpIƒ A[ym]I¿°p≠mbncn°Ww. CtXmsSm∏w hnhn[ßfmb hnjb߃
ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ ]T\X¥ßsf°pdn®pw ]T\kmaKnIsf°pdn®pw
At±lØn\v Adnhp≠mbncn°Ww. CXn\p≈ Ahkc߃ Un.F¬.FUv
]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. CtXmsSm∏w Bib]cambn t\Snb AdnhpIsf
]tbmKn®p t\m°m\pw sa®s∏SpØm\pap≈ 100 Znhkw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ ]mtbmKnI
A[ym]I]cnioe\hpw tImgvkns‚ `mKamWv. BsI°qSn Fensa‚dn ¢m pIfn¬
]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb [mcWIƒ, tijnIƒ, at\m`mh߃, ss\]pWnIƒ F∂nh
B¿Pn°pIbmWv Un.F¬.FUv tImgvkns‚ e£yw.
]T\t\-´w
]ok¿hokv A[ym]I ]cnioe\Øns‚ D≈S°w hniIe\w sNøp∂p.
BibtaJeIƒ:
$ Un.F¬.FUv hnjb]camb D≈S°w.
$ kvIqƒ A\p`h]cn]mSn
$ Iymºv
$ ]T\bmX
$ inev]imeIƒ
Un.F¬.FUv ]mTy]≤Xn ]cntim[n®p Is≠ØpI
$ GsXms° hnjbßfmWv ]Tn°m\p≈Xv?
$ GsXms° hnjb߃°v GsXms° skaÃdpIfnemWv FgpØp ]co£?
$ \nc¥chnebncpج F∂m¬ F¥mWv? Un.F¬.FUv tImg vkn¬
\nc¥chnebncpØen\p≈ ]m[m\yw FXtØmfw?
$ kvIqƒ A\p`h]cn]mSn°p XømdmtI≠Xv Fßs\?
$ Iymºv, ]T\bmX F∂nhbpsS Dt±iyw F¥mWv?
100
$ inev]imeIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂XpsIm≠p≈ ]tbmP\w F¥mWv?
$ CXphsc ]Tn® tImgvkpIfn¬ \n∂pw Cu tImgvkn\p≈ hyXymkw F¥mWv?
D≈S°w
$ hnZym`ymka\:imkvXw, hnZym`ymkØns‚ Zm¿i\nImSnØd, amXr`mjm
t_m[\imkvXw, Cw•ojv t_m[\imkvXw, KWnXt_m[\w, ]cnkc]T\w,
imkvX]T\w, kmaqlyimkvX]T\w, IemImbnI ]hrØn]cnNbw, hnhc
hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´v 4 skaÃdpIfnse 35
t]∏dpIfnembn D≈S°w hn\ykn®ncn°p∂p.
$ 100 ZnhksØ ]mtbmKnI hnZymebm\p`h]cn]mSn tImgvkns‚ `mKamWv. 1,2
skaÃdpIfn¬ 5 Znhkw hoXhpw 3,4 skaÃdpIfn¬ 45 Znhkw hoXhpamWv
]mtbmKnI ]cnioe\w. CXn¬ 1,2 skaÃdpIfnse hnZymebm\p`h ]cn]mSnIƒ
hnjbtaJeIfpambn _‘s∏´ ssSHu´pIƒ°pth≠nbp≈XmWv. aq∂mw
skaÃdn¬ temh¿ss]adn Xew ASnÿm\am°nbpw \memw skaÃdn¬ A∏¿
ss]adnXew ASnÿm\am°nbpw Bbncn°pw hnZymebm\p`h]cn]mSn.
hniZmwi߃ Un.F¬.FUv ]≤Xnbn¬ \n∂pw a\ nem°pI.
$ 15 Znhkw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ dknU≥jy¬ kz`mhtØmSpIqSnb IymºmWv
D≠mbncn°pI. A[ym]I hnZym¿YnbpsS kmaqlnI KpW߃, Bib
hn\nab]mShw, t\Xr]mShw, IemImbnI k¿KtijnIfpsS ]cnt]mjWw,
]iv\]cnlcWtijn F∂nhbpsS hnIk\amWv kaqlkº¿° Iymºp sIm≠v
Dt±in°p∂Xv. Iymºn\v ]h¿Ø\ hniZmwi߃ ASßnb samUyqƒ
D≠mbncn°pw. Iymºns‚ BkqXWw, \SØn∏v F∂nh A[ym]I hnZym¿YnIfpsS
t\XrXzØnemWv \St°≠Xv.
$ Hcp ]T\X¥sa∂ \nebn¬ ]T\bmXIƒ BkqXWw sNøm\pw
kwLSn∏n°m\pap≈ A\p`hßfpw tijnIfpw t\SpIbmWv ]T\bmXbpsS
Dt±iyw. ]T\bmXbpsS \n¿hlWw, kmºØnI hn\nabw, hchpsNehp
IW°pIƒ F∂nh A[ym]IhnZym¿YnIƒ kzbw \n¿Δln°Ww. ]T\bmXbpsS
hniZmwi߃ Un.F¬.-FUv ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ sImSpØn´p≠v.
$ H∂p c≠p skaÃdpIfn¬ \StØ≠ hnZymebm\p`h ]cn]mSnIƒ°v Hmtcm
hnjbhpambpw _‘s∏´v ssSHu´ v taJeIƒ \n¿t±in®n´p≠v. Cu
hnjbtaJeIfpambn _‘s∏´v \StØ≠ ]h¿Ø\߃ BkqXWw
sNøp∂Xn\p≈XmWv ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ \n¿t±in°s∏´n´p≈ inev]imeIƒ.
]T\t\´w
A[ym]I tbmKyXm]co£Iƒ, tImgvkpIƒ F∂nhbpsS LS\, ]ckv]c _‘w
F∂nh Is≠Øp∂p.
BibtaJeIƒ
A[ym]I ]cnioe\tImgvkpIƒ.
]n.]n.Sn.Sn.kn
101
Un.F¬.-FUv
_n.FUv
Fw.FUv XpSßnbh.
A[ym]I tbmKyXm]co£Iƒ
sI.sS‰v
kn.sS‰v
sk‰v
s\‰v
D≈S°w:
1. ]o.ss]adn So®¿ sSbn\nwKv tImgvkv (PPTTC)]o -ss]adn XeØnep≈ A[ym]Isc k÷am°p∂Xn\p≈ tkh\]q¿Δ
]cnioe\amWv ]nss]adn So®¿ sSbn\nwKv tImgvkv. lb¿ sk°≥UdnbmWv
CXn\pff ASnÿm\ tbmKyX. Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Xømdm°nb Icn°peØns‚
ASnÿm\ØnemWv tImgvkv \S°p∂Xv. tImgvkv Imemh[n c≠v h¿jamWv.
2. Untπma C≥. emtKzPv FUyqt°j≥
lnμn,kwkvIrXw XpSßnb hnjb߃°p≈ `mjm[ym]Isc cq]s∏SpØp∂
tImgvkmWv Untπma C≥. emtKzPv FUyqt°j≥ (D.L.Ed.), D.El.Ed. F∂ \nßfpsS
tImgvkpambn CXn\p≈ hyXymkw Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v.
3. Un.F¬.FUv (D.El.Ed) Fensa‚dn A[ym]I ]cnioe\ tImgvkv.
4. _n.FUv (B.Ed.) sk°‚dn A[ym]I ]cnioe\ tImgvkv.
5. Fw.FUv (M.Ed.) hnZym`ymkØns‚ _ncpZm\¥c _ncpZw.
A[ym]I]cnioe\ tImgvkpIƒ amXw ]q¿Ønbm°nbm¬ A[ym]Icmbn tPmen
sNøm≥ Ignbn√. A[ym]ItbmKyXbv°mbn ]tXyIw ]co£Iƒ IqSn hnPbnt°
≠Xp≠v.
--˛ Fensa‚dn A[ym]I tbmKyXm ]co£
sI.sS‰v (K.TET) (tIcfKh¨sa‚ v \SØp∂ ]co£)
kn.sS‰v (C.TET) (tIμ Kh¨sa‚ v \SØp∂ ]co£)
˛ sk‰v (SET) (lb¿sk°‚dn A[ym]I\mIm\p≈ tbmKyXm ]co£ tIcfw)
˛ s\‰v (NET) tZiob tImtfPv A[ym]I tbmKyXm ]co£ F∂nhbmWh.
]T\t\´w
tkh\Ime ]cnioe\Øns‚ BhiyIX, Dt±yiyw F∂nh Xncn®dnbp∂p.
102
][m\mib߃
$ A[ym]\w BPoh\m¥]T\w Bhiyap≈ sXmgn¬.
$ A[ym]I≥ At\zjI\pw KthjI\pamWv.
$ A[ym]I¿°mbn tkh\Ime]cnioe\ßfp≠v.
$ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ hcp∂ am‰ßƒ A[ym]I¿ Dƒs°mt≈≠Xp≠v. D≈S°w,
hn\nabX¥ßƒ, ]T\t_m[\kmaKnIƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®v A[ym]I¿°v
[mcWbp≠mbncn°Ww.
D≈S°w
a‰psXmgnepIfn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXambn A[ym]\w \nc¥cw ]T\hpw At\zjWhpw
Bhiyap≈ sXmgnemWv. Pn⁄mkp°fmb Ip´nIsfbmWv A[ym]I¿
A`napJoIcnt°≠Xv. AhcpsS kwib߃°p ]cnlmcw ImWm\pw AXphgn AhcpsS
temIw hnIkn∏n°m\pap≈ DØchmZnXzw A[ym]I\p≠v. hn⁄m\
hnkvt^mS\Øns‚bpw UnPn‰¬ hnhchn\nabØns‚bpw ImeL´Øn¬ kz¥w Adnhpw
Bbp[ßfpw aq¿®Iq´ns°mt≠bncn°pIbmWv th≠Xv. CXn\mbn A[ym]I¿ \nc¥cw
]Tn®psIm≠ncn°Ww. hnZpc]T\Øns‚ km[yXIƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØm≥ [mcmfw
]T\mhkc߃ C∂p≠v. CtXmsSm∏w hnZym`ymkhIp∏ns‚bpw Fkv.Fkv.F,
B¿.Fw.Fkv.F, ssI‰v (KITE- Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education) XpSßnb
GP≥knIfpsSbpw t\XrXzØn¬ \S°p∂ tkh\Ime]cnioe\ßfnepw A[ym]I¿
]s¶Sp°Ww.
A[ym]IhrØn°nSbn¬ `n∂\nehmc°mcmb hnZym¿YnIsfbpw ]tXyI
]cnKW\bp≈hscbpw ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv Ft∏mgpw henb sh√phnfnbpamWv. Hmtcm
]h¿Ø\ßfptSbpw `n∂\nehmckm[yXsb°pdn®pw ]tXyI]cnKW
\b¿ln°p∂h¿°pth≠n Ahsb A\pcq]oIcWw \SØp∂Xns\°pdn®pw
A[ym]I≥ Hcp KthjIs\t∏mse At\zjWw \StØ≠Xp≠v. ]pXnb
]h¿Ø\߃ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw ]Tt\m]IcW߃ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw D≈
KthjW ]h¿Ø\ambncn°Ww CXv. CØcw ]h¿Ø\ cq]Iev]\Iƒ°v
ASnØdbmbn inip a\:imkvXsØ°pdn®pw ]T\kn≤m¥ßsf°pdn®pw
hnZym`ymkZ¿i\ßsf°pdn®pw A[ym]I¿ IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ a\ nem°m≥ ian®p
sIm≠ncn°Ww.
]T\t\´w
hnhn[ A[ym]I]cnioe\kwhn[m\߃, ÿm]\߃ F∂nhbpsS LS\bpw
]h¿Ø\ßfpw hniIe\w sNøp∂p.
BibtaJeIƒ:-
tIμ kwÿm\ A[ym]I ]cnioe\ ÿm]\ßfpw kwhn[m\ßfpw
-- NCERT, RIE, NCTE
- SCERT, IASE, CTE, DIET, I.T.E
- BRC, CRC
103
(1) NCERT (National Council for Educational Research and Training)
tZiob hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ ÿm]\amWnXv. U¬ln Bÿm\ambn
tZiobXeØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ Cu kzbw`cW ÿm]\w cmPyØns‚ kvIqƒ
hnZym`ymkØn¬ kp][m\ÿm\w hln°p∂p. tZiobXeØn¬ CBSEkvIqfpIƒ°mhiyamb ]mT]pkvXIßfpw ]mTy]≤Xnbpw Xbmdm°¬,
kwÿm\߃°p am¿KZ¿iIambn hnZym`ymkhpambn _‘s∏´ hnjbßsf°pdn®v
KthjW߃ \Sج, tZiob]mTy]≤XnN´°qSpIƒ Xømdm°¬, ]pXnb
]T\X¥ßfpw kmaKnIfpw hnIkn∏n°¬, ]ok¿hokv C≥k¿hokv
]cnioe\]cn]mSnIƒ kwLSn∏n°¬, hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS hnImkw
F∂nh Cu ÿm]\Øns‚ NpaXebmWv.
(2) RIE (Regional Institute of Education)
F≥.kn.C B¿.--Sn bp-sS taJe Xncn®pff bqWn‰pIfmWv B¿.sF.CIƒ.
1. B¿.sF.C APvao¿
2. B¿.sF.C t`m∏m¬
3. B¿.sF.C `pht\iz¿
4. B¿.sF.C jnt√mwKv
5. B¿.sF.C ssakq¿
F∂o A©p B¿.sF.CIfmWp≈Xv. Ch ]ok¿hokv A[ym]I]cnioe\ßfpw C≥
k¿hokv ]cnioe\ßfpw \SØp∂p≠v. APvao¿, t`m∏m¬, `pht\iz¿, ssakq¿
B¿.sF.CItfmS\p_‘n®p Demonstration Multipurpose School (DMS) ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v.
Ch \qX\amb ]T\t_m[\ amXyIIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw ssSHu´ v
\SØp∂Xn\pap≈ tIμßfmWv. ]okvIqƒ apX¬ sk°‚dnXew hscbp≈ A[ym]I
]cnioe\]cn]mSnIƒ B¿.sF.CIƒ kwLSn∏n®phcp∂p.
(3) NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education )
cmPysØ A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pth≠n
]h¿Øn°p∂ ÿm]\amWnXv. tImgvkn\pw ÿm]\Øn\pw F≥.kn.Sn.C.bpsS
AwKoImcw BhiyamWv.
(4) SCERT (State Council for Education Research and Training)
kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ÿm]\w F∂Xv kwÿm\ sØ
kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]T\ KthjW]cnioe\߃°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂
ÿm]\amWv. kzbw`cW kz`mhtØmsS ]h¿Øn°p∂ Cu ÿm]\Øn¬ Bdv
Un∏m¿´vsa≥dpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p.
1. Curriculum,Textbooks & Evaluation
2. Teacher Education & Extension
3. Educational Technology
104
4. Art, Physical, Health and Vocational Education.
5. Research Documentation and Dissemination
6. Special Education
$ kwÿm\sØ ]oss]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk°‚dnhscbp≈ hnZym`ymkØn\p≈
]mTy]≤Xn, ]T\kmaKnIƒ, aqey\n¿Wtbm]m[nIƒ, am¿KtcJIƒ F∂nh
hnIkn∏n°pI.
$ ]mTy]≤Xn, ]T\kmaKnIƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈ ]T\ßfpw KthjW ßfpw
\SØpI.
$ tkh\Ime]cnioe\Øn\v t\XrXzw hln°pI.
$ IemImbnI]hrØn hnZym`ymkØn\v Bhiyamb kmaKnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pI.
$ A[ym]I]cnioe\ ]mTy]≤Xn, ]T\kmaKn F∂nh Xømdm°n \S∏m°pI.
$ hnZym`ymkhIp∏p \SØp∂ hyXykvX ]co£Iƒ°p≈ tNmZyamXyIIƒ
hnIkn∏n°pI
IASE ( Institute of Advanced Studies in Education & CTE (College of Teacher Educa-tion)
sk°‚dn, lb¿sk°‚dn A[ym]I¿°v tkh\Ime ]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂
ÿm]\ßfmWv IASE -Dw CTE - Dw. B.Ed, M.Ed XpSßnb tkh\]q¿h A[ym]I
]cnioe\ßfpw Cu ÿm]\ßfn¬ \S°p∂p. CXp IqSmsX B.Ed sSbn-\nMv tImf-
Pp-Ifpw bqWnthgvkn‰n t\cn´p \SØp∂ B.Ed sk‚dpIfpw D≠v.
DIET (District Institute of Education and Training)
Pn√mhnZym`ymk]cnioe\ ÿm]\߃ AYhm Ub‰pIƒ tZiob hnZym`ymk
\bØns‚ `mKambn C¥ybnse Pn√Ifn¬ ÿm]n°s∏´p. Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymk
Øns‚ KpWta∑ Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ BkqXWw sNbvXp
\S∏m°pIbpw ]ok¿hokv A[ym]I]cnioe\߃ \SØpIbpamWv Cu ÿm]\
Øns‚ ][m\ NpaXe. Ub‰n¬ Ggp^m°¬‰nIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v.
1. P.S.T.E (Pre Service Teacher Education)
2. P & M (Planning and Management)
3. ET (Educational Technology)
4. IFIC (In service Field Interaction Innovation Coordination)
5. W.E (Work Experience)
6. DRU (District Resource Unit)
7. CMDE (Curriculum Material Development and Evaluation)
Ggv ^m°¬‰nIfn¬ PSTE ^m°¬‰n ]ok¿hokv hn`mKhpw as‰√m ^m°¬‰nIfpw
C≥k¿hokv ]cnioe\hn`mKhpamWv. ]mTy]≤XnbpsS ^e]Zamb hn\nabØn-
\mhiyamb kmaKnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pI, ]tbmKn®pt\m°pI F∂nh Ub‰pIfpsS
105
][m\s∏´ DØchmZnØamWv. DRU ^m°¬‰n A\u]NmcnIamb
hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\߃ \SØp∂ ^m°¬‰nbmWv. Pn√bnse A°mZanI
]h¿Ø\߃°p t\XrXzwhln°p∂ ÿm]\ßsf∂ \nebn¬ Ub‰pIƒ°v
tIcfØn¬ hfsc ][m\s∏´ ÿm\w ssIh∂n´p≠v. ]mTy]≤Xn
]cnjv°cWßfpambn _‘s∏´ A°mZanI]h¿Ø\ßfnepw SSA, RMSA XpSßnb
t]mPŒpIfpsS A°mZanI t\Xrÿm\Øpw Ub‰pIƒ ]h¿Øn®p hcp∂p.
sF.Sn.C (Institute of Teacher Education)
D.El.Ed tImgvkv \SØp∂ ÿm]\ßfmWv sF.Sn.C Iƒ. Kh¨sa‚ v FbnUUv A¨
FbnUUv taJeIfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ sF.Sn.C Iƒ tIcfØnep≠v.
_n.B¿.kn (BRC – Block Resource Centre)
tªm°v XeØnep≈ A°mZanI]h¿Ø\߃°v t\XrXzhpw \¬IpIbpw ]n¥pW
bpw \¬Ip∂ ÿm]\ßfmWv t_m°v dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ. _n.B¿.knIfn¬ Hcp
tªm°v t]mKmw Hm^okdpw sSbn\¿amcpw (BRP – Block Resource Person) D≠mbncn°pw.
hnZymeb߃ kμ¿in°pIbpw A[ym]I¿°mhiyamb X’ab]n¥pW \¬IpIbpw
sNøpI F∂XmWv _n.B¿.kn sSbn\¿amcpsS ][m\NpaXe. SSA t]mPŒns‚
Iognep≈ A[ym]I]cnioe\߃ \SØpI, ]tXyI]cnKW\b¿ln°p∂ Ip´nIƒ°p
th≠ ]n¥pW Dd∏m°pI, MIS (Management Information System) Um‰ tiJcn°¬,
s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏v AXmXv ImeØp \SØp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v Bhiyamb
]n¥pW \¬I¬ F∂nhbmWv _n.B¿.kn bpsS ][m\ NpaXeIƒ. DIET s‚
A°mZanI ]h¿Ø\߃°v tªm°vXeØn¬ ]n¥pW \¬Iepw BRC IfpsS
NpaXebmWv. _n.B¿.-kn-bpsS A°m-Z-anIv tIm -Hm-Un-t\-‰-dmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv Ub‰v
^m°¬‰n-bm-Wv.
kn.B¿.kn (CRC – Cluster Resource Centre)
tIcfØn¬ ]©mbØv XeØnemWv ¢Ã¿ dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.
_n.B¿.kn bpsS ]h¿Ø\߃ ]©mbØv XeØn¬ GtIm]n∏n®v \S∏m°pIbmWv
¢ÃdpIfpsS NpaXe.
CRC, ¢Ã¿ tIm -HmUnt\‰dpsS t\XrXzØnemWv ]h¿Øn°pI. _n.B¿.kn \SØp∂
A°mZanI ]h¿Ø\߃ ]©mbØv XeØn¬ Gs‰SpØp \SØpI, ]©mbØv
FUyqt°j≥ IΩ‰n hnfn®pIq´pI, s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏pp\SØp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ
]©mbØv XeØn¬ GtIm]n∏n®p \S∏m°pI, kvIqfpIƒ°v X’ab ]n¥pW \¬IpI
F∂nhbmWv kn.B¿.knbpsS NpaXeIƒ.
XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃
(1) GsX√mw hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂ A[ym]I]cnioe\ ÿm]\ßfmWv tIcf-
Ønep≈Xv? AhbpsS ]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®v hnhc߃ tiJcn®v AhXcn∏n°pI.
(2) tIcfØnse A[ym]I hnZym`ymkw sIm≠v A[ym]I¿°v Bhiyamb tijnIƒ,
ss\]pWnIƒ, [mcWIƒ, at\m`mh߃ F∂nh D≠mIp∂pt≠m?
hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØpI.
(3) \nehnep≈ tkh\Ime ]cnioe\Øns‚ kz`mhw F¥mWv? Ah A[ym]Isc
\hoIcn°p∂Xn\v FXamXw klmbIcamWv?