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Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE
Ege University, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Impact of Power Electronics
on Renewable Energy
Systems
4rd Renewable Energy Systems Winter School
15-18 January 2015
http://www.reswinterschool.com
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Outline
Introduction to renewable energy sources
Need for power processing
Power electronics
Impact of power electronics
in wind energy systems
in photovoltaic systems
in utility power grid
Wide bandgap materials Conclusion
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Introduction to Energy Sources
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(Past) (present) (future)
Solids Liquids Gases
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Energy per capita vs. income per capita
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G D P : G r o s s N a t i o n a l I n c a m e
P e r c a p i t a i n c o m
e
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World primary energy productions
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1980 2009 2010 2040
Liquid fuels %46.2 %34.6 %34 %28
Coal %24.7 %27.6 %28 %27
Natural gas %19 %23.4 %22 %23
Nuclear %2.7 %5.7 %5 %7
Renewable energy %7.4 %8.6 (%16 rise) %11 (%27 rise) %15
Oil is still the mainenergy source. Renewable energyfraction increases yearby year. Most importantly;
Energy consumptioncontinue to increasesteadily.
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Fossil fuels and environmental issues
Global warming,
Environmental pollution,
Acid rains,
Air pollution
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General Trends
Energy consumption increases
More people (born, longer lifetime etc.)
More equipment
Higher living standard
More production But global sources are limited
Climate change a global issue
Therefore we need, new power sources (Renewable!)
efficient usage of existing sources
Energy efficient devices
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Source of energy
There are five ultimate primary sources of useful energy:
The Sun
The motion and gravitational potential of the Sun,
Moon and Earth
Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions
and radioactive decay in the Earth
Human-induced nuclear reactions
Chemical reactions from mineral sources (Oil, coal,natural gas, etc.)
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Renewable vs. non-renewable
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Renewable vs. non-renewable
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Renewable Energy:unlimited rezerveNot be depleted
Non-renewable Energy:Limited rezerveCan be depleted.
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Natural energy currents on earth
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Units terawatts (1012 W)
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Mostly known renewable sources
Solar energy
Wind power
Tidel power
Wave energy
Hydroelectric sources.
Biomass
Jeotermal energy
…
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Electric power theory
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Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
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Apparent, Active and Reactive Power
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RMS value = Effective value
RMS=Root Mean Square
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Electricity Generation and consumption
DC power
Photovoltaic generator
Fuel cell generator
Thermoelectric generator
Dynamo
AC power Synchronous generator
Permanent magnet synchrounous
generator
Induction (Asynchrounous) generator
Squirel cage induction generator
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We need to process power!Solution is Power Electronics
Loads
12V, 24V, 48V… DC loads
120Vac, 230Vac AC loads
Resistive, reactive loads
Variable loads
50Hz, 60Hz AC power
…
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What is power electronics?
Power electronics is a branch of engineering that combines the
generation, transformation and distribution of electric energy throughelectronic means. (Kevin Bai)
Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the
control and conversion of electric power. (Wikipedia)
In broad terms, the task of power electronics is to process and control
the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents in the
form that is optimally suited for user loads. (Mohan et.al.)
Power electronics combine power, electronics and control. (M.Rashid)
Power electronics is the application of static converters to process and
control the electric energy. (Hacı Bodur) Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one form to
another using electronic devices. Conversion is done using electronic
switches, capacitors, magnetics, and control systems (Daniel Hart)
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Interdiciplinary nature of Power Electronics
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Relation with other disciplines
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PowerElectronics
Circuittheory Solid-state
physics
Simulationand
computing
Electricmachines
Powersystems
Electromagnetics
Electronics
Signalprocessings
Controltheory
Power electronics is currently the most active discipline in electric powerengineering
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Scope of power electronics
Applications of power electronics range from high-power conversion
equipment such as dc power transmission to everyday appliances, such ascordless screwdrivers, power supplies for computers, cell phone chargers,
and hybrid automobiles.
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Power Level Example System
0.1-10 W Battery operated equipment
10-100 W Satellite power systems, Offline flyback power supply
100-1 kW Computer power supply, Blender
1-10 kW Electronic welding machine
10-100 kW Electric car, Eddy current braking
100kW-1 MW Micro-SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)
10MW-100 MW Magnetic aircraft lunch, Big locomotives, Power distribution
100MW-1 GW Power plant
>1 GW High Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC)
mi l i W a t t
G i g a W a t t
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PC ATX power supply
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Induction heating
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Microprocessor voltage regulator
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Maglev Train
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Electric car
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Renewable energy
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Smart grid
Electricity grid involves more and more power electronics.
Penetration rate of non-stable renewable power sources into future grid
can be increased only with smart control strategies by using suitable
power electronics equipments.
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Conversion clasification
According to power conversion type:
– AC input - AC output (rectifier)
• Full wave rectifier
– DC input - AC output (inverter)
• 220VAC/50Hz inverter with battery input
– DC input - DC output (converter)
• Voltage regulator
– AC input - AC output (converter, cycloconverter)• Dimmer, speed control of induction machine
According to the power flow direction
– Unidirectional
– Bidirectional
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Photovoltaic MPPT controller
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DC/DC converter input impedance can be altered by using
the “control” input
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VPV
ISC
IPV
VOC
R1
R2
R3
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How bypass diode affects the P-V curve?
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Shaded unshaded.
Without bypass diode
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Distributed MPPT concept
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DC/DCconverter
DMPPT is proposed as a solution topartial shading problem
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Grid Connected Photovoltaic System
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•DC/AC inverter
•MPPT tracking eff.>%99
•Power eff. >95%
•Islanding
•Low THD
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Stand-alone PV system
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DC/DCconverter
DC/ACinverter
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Wind power systems
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Blade types vs. rotor eff.
00
1
u
Rw
u
v
For maximumrotor efficiencytip-speed ratioshould be keptcontstant atmaximum rotoreff.
tip-speed ratio
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Fixed speed wind turbines
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Blade rpm is proportional
to the syncronousgenerator (SG) shaft rpm
via gear box.
SG shaft rpm is
proportional to gridfrequency via number of
pole of SM.
So, even if wind speed changes, the turbin rpm is constant thatreduces turbin rotor efficiency.
Not an efficient system
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Fixed speed wind turbines
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Squirrel cage induction generator is connected to the
grid via soft-starter in order to reduce inrush current.
Less efficient. Fixed speed operation reduces rotor
efficiency (Cp factor).
Cheap and robust
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Variable speed wind turbines
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Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) has wound rotor
DFIG can operate at variable speed (30% slip variation) .
Pitch control enables to keep the tip-speed ratio at
optimum value.
AC/DC/AC converter supply exitation current
Use slip rings which requires maintanence
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Variable speed wind turbine
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3 types of generator can be employed.
Syncronous generator
Permanent magnet generator
Squirrel cage induction motor
With/without gear box
AC/DC/AC converter process all power generated.
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Power system voltage levels
Traditional power systems uses transformers to change voltage level.
Disadvantages:
No voltage regulation
No reactive power compensation
No power control flowing on through
Heavy, Large
Expensive
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Future power grid
Use DC and AC
Distributed power
generation
Bidirectional
power flow Low loss
High flexibility
Adaptive Islanding mode on
failures
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Smart grid!
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Solid State Transformer (SST)
Solid state transformer has
been gained remarkableattention due to;
Regulates voltage,
Compensates reactive power
Control of active power Smart control features
Bi-directional power flow
Light, and less volume
Limitations
Expensive
Sightly low efficiency
Reliability need to be tested
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SST includes high frequency transformerand power electronic circuits
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Cascade connection
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SST topologies
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Power semiconductors
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History of power electronics
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Mercury arc rectifier
Vacuum-tube rectifier
Thyratron
Invention of
Power MOSFET andPower BJT
Invention ofThyristor
1900 1957 mid 1970s late 1980s
Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase
Power diodeTyristor
GTO
Power MOSFET
Power BJTThyristor
(microprocessor)
Invention of
IGBT
IGBT
Power MOSFET
Thyristor
(DSP)
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Wide bandgap devices
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
Aluminum Nitride (AIN)
Ultraviolet leds
Gallium Nitride (GaN)
LEDs and Lasers
Silicon devices are able to
reach 10 kV
WB devices operate much
higher voltage, frequency
and temperature than
conventional Si.
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Advantages of SiC over conventional Si
Compared to Si, SiC has;
Ten times the breakdown voltage Three times the bandgap which means can operate at higher temperature
Guaranteed operation temp 150°-170° depending on the package. If it is properly
packaged temp can be higher than 200°
Three times the thermal conductivity
Very low resistance
Sic Mosfet has very fast switching speed
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SiC Mosfet vs. Si Mosfet
Existing Si super junction MOSFETs are only available for
breakdown voltages up to around 900V. SiC-MOSFETs have breakdown voltages up to 1,700V or higher
with low on-resistance
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SiC IGBT vs. Si IGBT
Total Power Loss Comparison of 1.2kV / 10A SiC
DMOSFET vs. Si IGBT (IRG4PH40KD)
Si IGBT Is Impractical at High Frequencies
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Dramatic
Increase inEfficiency of 3-
Phase Solar
Inverter Using
1200V SiC
DMOSFET
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d d h i i
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Vd-Id characteristics
Since SiC-MOSFETs have no threshold voltage (knee) as IGBTs, they have a low
conduction loss over wide current range.
Si-MOSFETs’ on-resistance at 150°C is more than twice that at room temperature,
whereas SiC-MOSFETs’ on-resistance increases only at a relatively low rate.
This facilitates thermal design for SiC-MOSFETs and provides low on-resistance at high
temperatures
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SiC di d i i li ibl
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SiC diode reverse recovery time is negligible
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10 kV 100 A SiC MOSFET M d l
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10 kV, 100 A SiC MOSFET Modules
9% Weight and 12% Volume vs IGBT module
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Incresed switching frequency reduces size of
transformer
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T d t h l i Si IGBT
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Today technology using Si IGBT.
60 Hz Transformer is required for Interconnection to 13.6 kV
Distribution Grid
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