Post on 29-Mar-2018
Mitigation and Adaptation strategies for built environment: some key approaches 2nd International Conference Responding to Climate Change, UK Indian Perspectives June 20,2012 Mili Majumdar, Director, Sustainable Habitat Division, TERI
Urbanization and Population Growth
Population of India will reach from current 1.2bn to 1.4bn by 2025
By 2030, 40.8% (600mn) of India’s population will be living in urban areas compared to current 28.4%
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India's Urbanization
Urban (%) Rural (%)
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India's Population Growth
Urban Sprawl
Key Impacts:
Urban heat island (increasing temperature impacts energy use)
Urban flooding
Mainstreaming adaptation and mitigation
• Influencing the urban planning policies, programs and legislation
• Sectoral policies and programs to address sector specific challenges
Mainstreaming adaptation through resilient city planning approaches
GRIHA (Green rating for integrated habitat assessment): National rating programme on green buildings
Incentivising sustainable habitats (Case Study of Pimpri Chinchwad)
Select Facilitating mechanisms and programs to achieve the objectives
Need to Mainstream Adaptation • Climate resilient cities would have the institutional, structural,
social and economic capacity to withstand the impacts of climate change
• Cities are critical to the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change.
• In the Indian urban scenario, climate risks such as precipitation and temperature extremes are not only an environmental issue but have clear economic and social consequences
• Engaging exclusively in climate adaptation planning without focusing on mainstreaming climate considerations into development discourse would not bear desired results.
• Tremendous gains are to be had from mainstreaming climate risk reduction into on-going and planned investment, existing capital stock, and associated city planning, government and management practices.
Institutionalizing Climate Adaptation in Indian Cities – Challenges Involved
• Lack of capacity within the local government .
• Development plans of cities do not factor climate change related factors in a targeted way.
• Integrating adaptation at municipal level would be difficult because of the perception of contest for budget.
• Lack of data and modeling framework at the city level
• Lack of understanding of the impacts of climate change and the fact that adaptation interventions are best employed and covered at local level.
• Creating awareness amongst the local government that adaptation is synonym to their functions and their development goals
• Already pressing development pressures might overlook adaptation issues
Need for a robust ‘Institutional Policy Arena’ To be made available to support city resilience building
About Gorakhpur
Medium sized city in the State of Uttar Pradesh Population -692,519 (UA area, 2011) Location- 26° 45’ N and 83° 24’ E Height- 80m above sea level Set in the foothills of the Himalayas, in the ‘terai’ region at the convergence of Rapti and Rohin rivers
Example: Gorakhpur Problem water logging
No customized bye laws for housing
Leading to buildings with no adaptation to waterlogging, flooding
and dampness
Need customized bye laws to influence housing designs
Need to influence the Building Construction
Act 2008
Key urban sectors that have mitigation and adaptation potential to address climate change impacts
• Transport • Buildings • Water and sanitation • Solid Waste
Mitigation and adaptation strategies: Urban settlements and buildings
Mitigation and adaptation strategies
Alternative sources of energy
Reduction in embodied energy by deploying efficient
construction methods and techniques
Reduction in demand of energy for thermal comfort and illumination by
climate responsive design
Utilizing efficient mechanical and electrical systems and products for
thermal comfort and illumination
Sustainable urban drainage systems and
adequate green spaces
Low carbon transport
Policy and regulatory approaches/National programs and plans
– Environmental clearance
– Energy Conservation building code
– Mandates on green rating
– National mission on sustainable habitats
Voluntary and market driven approaches
– Green building rating systems
– Appliance labeling (partly mandatory)
Current approaches to enable sustainable built environment
Lack of integration and uniformity and clarity on application domain (e.g. ECBC does not talk about residential buildings); Environmental clearance is a nightmare for many builders; piecemeal approach results in islands of excellence in a sea of environmental chaos;
implementation challenges
GRIHA (Green rating for integrated habitat assessment): National rating programme on green buildings , a change agent
GRIHA-Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation of a green building ,and in turn ….measure “greenness” of a
building in India
What gets measured gets managed
GRIHA as a change agent in site management and design approach and a tool to promote adaptation/mitigation
Reduced paving and green spaces: difficult to implement in urban areas due to conflicting statutory requirements
Mulching to be done on stored top soil for its preservation
Tree preservation done, area around tree barricaded
The frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most land areas
Rainfall in Mumbai (India), 2005: 1 million people lost their homes
GRIHA Compliant Building: ECBC +
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conventional building ECBC compliant building
GRIHA compliant building
Energy saving potential in a ECBC and GRIHA compliant building
ECBC Compliance: Insulation High Performance glass Controls Efficient electrical , mechanical
and lighting systems Incremental cost: 15% Payback period < 5 years
GRIHA Compliance: • ECBC + • Passive principles (shading,
orientation, controlled glass area) • Higher indoor design conditions
(higher by 1 deg C) • Optimized lighting design No further incremental cost Payback period: < 4 years
Indoor Design Conditions
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1 0 C decrease in temperature increases cooling load by 3.5%
Indians have a higher tolerance threshold for heat and cold because we live in non AC homes and in hotter climates.
Adaptive comfort is now being given priority internationally as well, so as to reduce AC energy requirement, which comprises the highest percentage in commercial and residential building energy consumption
Adaptive comfort in Non AC buildings
Table 9: Desirable Wind Speeds (m/s) for Thermal Comfort Conditions Clause 5.2.3.1
Dry Bulb Temperature
Relative humidity percentages
oC 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 28 29 0.06 0.19 30 0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85 31 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10 32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 34 1.85 2.72 35 3.20 None Higher than those acceptable in practice
Energy Performance Indices
These are merely the ‘passing marks’ that a building must attain to get graded. One needs to significantly cross this level to get higher marks
under GRIHA. Every 10% reduction below the mentioned level yields two additional points
How does GRIHA make a difference?
200kwhr/sqm/annum
100kwhr/sqm/annum
Typical office building- 8 hr use 30% - 50% reduction in energy consumption compared to GRIHA benchmarks 40 - 65 % reduction in building water consumption compared to GRIHA base case At no/negligible incremental cost
45 lpd
31.5 lpd
• Passive architectural design • Daylight integration • Shaded windows • Roof insulation • RE integration • Solar water heaters
• Low flow fixtures
Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority (PCNTDA) Pune
ECBC compliant envelope and systems
Well shaded envelope with 75% areas day lit
Efficient water fixtures and recharge of ground water
Efficient lighting with controls
100% electricity through Solar PVs
Civil Services Officers Institute, Chanakyapuri
Wall insulation in ground floor
AAC blocks used for upper floors
Double Glass Units meeting GRIHA SHGC requirements
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) on site
Dual plumbing
Efficient water fixtures
Efficient lighting with controls
Solar PVs and Solar Water Heater installed
HAREDA Akshay Urja Bhawan Chandigarh
Roof insulation
High performance glazing meeting GRIHA SHGC requirements
Building Management System (BMS)
VRV systems
42 KW of RE (SPV)
Efficient lighting with controls
Looking beyond buildings :Goals for large developments(upcoming variant for GRIHA)
Carrying capacity of land with respect to water availability and green cover provision
Setting carbon footprint goals and compare with national benchmarks and plan developments ensuring that carbon footprint not exceeded
Land suitability with respect to planned development
Benefits
• 1 million sqm of GRIHA 5 star certified project can save
• Enough electricity to power about 10,000 urban homes
• Enough water to meet needs of 3000 urban homes
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: Targets
S. No.
Application Targets Phase 1 (2010-13)
Phase 2 (2013-17)
Phase 3 (2017-22)
1 Solar Thermal Collectors
7 million square meters
15 million square meters
20 million square meters
2 Off Grid Solar Applications
200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW
3 Grid Power including roof top and small plants
1100 MW 9000 MW 20000 MW
Source: JNNSM Guidelines
GRIHA meets objectives of key government policies and programs
Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy
Solar buildings program for energy efficient buildings
GRIHA- national building rating system (partly mandatory)
Solar cities programme Incentives for integration of
renewable energy & GRIHA
Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry
of Power
Energy Conservation Building Code (voluntary)
Appliance labeling (partly mandatory)
Star rating programme for existing buildings (rates commercial buildings on energy performance)
Ministry of Environment &
Forests
Environmental Clearance (Mandatory)
Resource (energy, water) efficiency integral part of clearance
ECBC mandatory
Ministry of Urban Development
National Mission on Sustainable Habitats – energy efficiency in buildings – management of solid waste – accelerating modal shift to
mass transport
Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal
Corporation, Maharashtra
Partly mandatory to comply with GRIHA
Incentives for GRIHA
Central Public Works
Department/ Thiruvanantha-
puram PWD
Mandatory to comply with GRIHA
Revised specification, schedules and plinth area rates
GRIHA has been recognized by
CPWD schedules and specifications are being revised as per GRIHA benchmarks
The Cabinet of the Government of Delhi has passed a resolution to make all future buildings minimum 3 Star GRIHA compliant.
The Public Works Department of Thiruvananathapuram, Kerela has decided to adopt GRIHA and give tax reduction to various categories of green buildings.
The Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC), Maharashtra has adopted GRIHA for mandatory compliance in Government projects. The PCMC has committed to provide financial incentives to developers (upto 50% rebate in premium paid by developers to the municipal body for 5-Star GRIHA compliance) and occupants of GRIHA compliant projects (property tax rebate of 10%, valid for 5 years).
PCMC endorses GRIHA
Rebate on premium for developers
Property tax rebate for occupants/ owners of GRIHA compliant homes
Role of PCMC
Setting up of Environmental Cell at PCMC
Release of financial incentives:
Rebate on Premium
GRIHA Star Rating Points achieved Discount in premium
* 51-60 10% For the first 25 projects ** 61-70 20%
*** 71-80 30%
**** 81-90 40%
***** 91-100 50%
10 % rebate on property tax for 5 years (subject to compliance with GRIHA)
Annual revenue through Premium: RS. 100 crores
Revenue invested in through 3 star GRIHA compliance: Rs. 4 crores
Indirect benefits from complying with GRIHA 3-star
35% reduction in quantity of potable water required
35% reduction in amount of waste water generated
15% of treated waste water shall be used for various applications in new buildings
Impact of Premium rebate on PCMC revenues
Benefits to end users
For an average flat of 1000 sq.ft having to pay base tax @Rs6000 annually, a rebate of Rs600/year shall be offered
For a property of 50,000 sq.ft (about 50 flats), a tax rebate of Rs.30000/year is proposed.
For a property of 4, 00,000 sq.ft, (about 400 flats) a tax rebate of Rs.240000/year is proposed.
Impact of Property tax rebate (typical case)
Indirect benefits from complying with GRIHA 3-star
Rain water harvesting
Solid waste management
Use of solar thermal systems
Benefits through appropriate adaptation and mitigation is a goal that can be achieved with a holistic thinking
Awareness and integrated approach yields maximum benefits
Implementation challenges are there but can be overcome with innovative thinking.
Existing processes need modification to accommodate climate change concerns
Conclusion