Mitigation and Adaptation strategies for built environment: some key approaches 2nd International Conference Responding to Climate Change, UK Indian Perspectives June 20,2012 Mili Majumdar, Director, Sustainable Habitat Division, TERI

Urbanization and Population Growth

Population of India will reach from current 1.2bn to 1.4bn by 2025

By 2030, 40.8% (600mn) of India’s population will be living in urban areas compared to current 28.4%

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Where Indian cities stand

Urban Sprawl

Key Impacts:

Urban heat island (increasing temperature impacts energy use)

Urban flooding

Construction ignoring existing site features (biodiversity, topography, geology etc.)

Encroaching green areas/inadequate access and infrastructure

Inadequate capacities of infrastructure

Architecture does not reflect climate responsiveness

Mainstreaming adaptation and mitigation

• Influencing the urban planning policies, programs and legislation

• Sectoral policies and programs to address sector specific challenges

Mainstreaming adaptation through resilient city planning approaches

GRIHA (Green rating for integrated habitat assessment): National rating programme on green buildings

Incentivising sustainable habitats (Case Study of Pimpri Chinchwad)

Select Facilitating mechanisms and programs to achieve the objectives

Need to Mainstream Adaptation • Climate resilient cities would have the institutional, structural,

social and economic capacity to withstand the impacts of climate change

• Cities are critical to the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change.

• In the Indian urban scenario, climate risks such as precipitation and temperature extremes are not only an environmental issue but have clear economic and social consequences

• Engaging exclusively in climate adaptation planning without focusing on mainstreaming climate considerations into development discourse would not bear desired results.

• Tremendous gains are to be had from mainstreaming climate risk reduction into on-going and planned investment, existing capital stock, and associated city planning, government and management practices.

Institutionalizing Climate Adaptation in Indian Cities – Challenges Involved

• Lack of capacity within the local government .

• Development plans of cities do not factor climate change related factors in a targeted way.

• Integrating adaptation at municipal level would be difficult because of the perception of contest for budget.

• Lack of data and modeling framework at the city level

• Lack of understanding of the impacts of climate change and the fact that adaptation interventions are best employed and covered at local level.

• Creating awareness amongst the local government that adaptation is synonym to their functions and their development goals

• Already pressing development pressures might overlook adaptation issues

Need for a robust ‘Institutional Policy Arena’ To be made available to support city resilience building

About Gorakhpur

Medium sized city in the State of Uttar Pradesh Population -692,519 (UA area, 2011) Location- 26° 45’ N and 83° 24’ E Height- 80m above sea level Set in the foothills of the Himalayas, in the ‘terai’ region at the convergence of Rapti and Rohin rivers

Example: Gorakhpur Problem water logging

No customized bye laws for housing

Leading to buildings with no adaptation to waterlogging, flooding

and dampness

Need customized bye laws to influence housing designs

Need to influence the Building Construction

Act 2008

Key urban sectors that have mitigation and adaptation potential to address climate change impacts

• Transport • Buildings • Water and sanitation • Solid Waste

Mitigation and adaptation strategies: Urban settlements and buildings

Mitigation and adaptation strategies

Alternative sources of energy

Reduction in embodied energy by deploying efficient

construction methods and techniques

Reduction in demand of energy for thermal comfort and illumination by

climate responsive design

Utilizing efficient mechanical and electrical systems and products for

thermal comfort and illumination

Sustainable urban drainage systems and

adequate green spaces

Low carbon transport

Buildings: GHG emissions reduction potential for buildings stock in 2020

Policy and regulatory approaches/National programs and plans

– Environmental clearance

– Energy Conservation building code

– Mandates on green rating

– National mission on sustainable habitats

Voluntary and market driven approaches

– Green building rating systems

– Appliance labeling (partly mandatory)

Current approaches to enable sustainable built environment

Lack of integration and uniformity and clarity on application domain (e.g. ECBC does not talk about residential buildings); Environmental clearance is a nightmare for many builders; piecemeal approach results in islands of excellence in a sea of environmental chaos;

implementation challenges

GRIHA (Green rating for integrated habitat assessment): National rating programme on green buildings , a change agent

GRIHA-Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation of a green building ,and in turn ….measure “greenness” of a

building in India

What gets measured gets managed

GRIHA as a change agent in site management and design approach and a tool to promote adaptation/mitigation

Preserve protect vegetation and reduce paved areas: controls urban heat island

Reduced paving and green spaces

Reduced paving and green spaces: difficult to implement in urban areas due to conflicting statutory requirements

Mulching to be done on stored top soil for its preservation

Tree preservation done, area around tree barricaded

Pervious paving

Sustainable urban drainage/Rain water harvesting to reduce flooding

The frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most land areas

Rainfall in Mumbai (India), 2005: 1 million people lost their homes

SUDS strategies

Promoting adaptive comfort and energy efficiency: GRIHA approach

GRIHA Compliant Building: ECBC +

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Energy saving potential in a ECBC and GRIHA compliant building

ECBC Compliance: Insulation High Performance glass Controls Efficient electrical , mechanical

and lighting systems Incremental cost: 15% Payback period < 5 years

GRIHA Compliance: • ECBC + • Passive principles (shading,

orientation, controlled glass area) • Higher indoor design conditions

(higher by 1 deg C) • Optimized lighting design No further incremental cost Payback period: < 4 years

Indoor Design Conditions

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1 0 C decrease in temperature increases cooling load by 3.5%

Indians have a higher tolerance threshold for heat and cold because we live in non AC homes and in hotter climates.

Adaptive comfort is now being given priority internationally as well, so as to reduce AC energy requirement, which comprises the highest percentage in commercial and residential building energy consumption

Adaptive comfort in Non AC buildings

Table 9: Desirable Wind Speeds (m/s) for Thermal Comfort Conditions Clause 5.2.3.1

Dry Bulb Temperature

Relative humidity percentages

oC 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 28 29 0.06 0.19 30 0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85 31 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10 32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 34 1.85 2.72 35 3.20 None Higher than those acceptable in practice

Energy Performance Indices

These are merely the ‘passing marks’ that a building must attain to get graded. One needs to significantly cross this level to get higher marks

under GRIHA. Every 10% reduction below the mentioned level yields two additional points

How does GRIHA make a difference?

200kwhr/sqm/annum

100kwhr/sqm/annum

Typical office building- 8 hr use 30% - 50% reduction in energy consumption compared to GRIHA benchmarks 40 - 65 % reduction in building water consumption compared to GRIHA base case At no/negligible incremental cost

45 lpd

31.5 lpd

• Passive architectural design • Daylight integration • Shaded windows • Roof insulation • RE integration • Solar water heaters

• Low flow fixtures

First 5 star rated GRIHA building in IIT Kanpur (RE integration)

Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority (PCNTDA) Pune

ECBC compliant envelope and systems

Well shaded envelope with 75% areas day lit

Efficient water fixtures and recharge of ground water

Efficient lighting with controls

100% electricity through Solar PVs

PCNTDA Pune

100% Renewable energy (SPV) installed on site- 100 KW

Civil Services Officers Institute, Chanakyapuri

Wall insulation in ground floor

AAC blocks used for upper floors

Double Glass Units meeting GRIHA SHGC requirements

Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) on site

Dual plumbing

Efficient water fixtures

Efficient lighting with controls

Solar PVs and Solar Water Heater installed

Civil Services Officers Institute, Chanakyapuri

Renewable energy (SPV and SWH) installed on site

HAREDA Akshay Urja Bhawan Chandigarh

Roof insulation

High performance glazing meeting GRIHA SHGC requirements

Building Management System (BMS)

VRV systems

42 KW of RE (SPV)

Efficient lighting with controls

Looking beyond buildings :Goals for large developments(upcoming variant for GRIHA)

Carrying capacity of land with respect to water availability and green cover provision

Setting carbon footprint goals and compare with national benchmarks and plan developments ensuring that carbon footprint not exceeded

Land suitability with respect to planned development

Benefits

• 1 million sqm of GRIHA 5 star certified project can save

• Enough electricity to power about 10,000 urban homes

• Enough water to meet needs of 3000 urban homes

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: Targets

S. No.

Application Targets Phase 1 (2010-13)

Phase 2 (2013-17)

Phase 3 (2017-22)

1 Solar Thermal Collectors

7 million square meters

15 million square meters

20 million square meters

2 Off Grid Solar Applications

200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW

3 Grid Power including roof top and small plants

1100 MW 9000 MW 20000 MW

Source: JNNSM Guidelines

GRIHA meets objectives of key government policies and programs

Ministry of New and Renewable

Energy

Solar buildings program for energy efficient buildings

GRIHA- national building rating system (partly mandatory)

Solar cities programme Incentives for integration of

renewable energy & GRIHA

Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry

of Power

Energy Conservation Building Code (voluntary)

Appliance labeling (partly mandatory)

Star rating programme for existing buildings (rates commercial buildings on energy performance)

Ministry of Environment &

Forests

Environmental Clearance (Mandatory)

Resource (energy, water) efficiency integral part of clearance

ECBC mandatory

Ministry of Urban Development

National Mission on Sustainable Habitats – energy efficiency in buildings – management of solid waste – accelerating modal shift to

mass transport

Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal

Corporation, Maharashtra

Partly mandatory to comply with GRIHA

Incentives for GRIHA

Central Public Works

Department/ Thiruvanantha-

puram PWD

Mandatory to comply with GRIHA

Revised specification, schedules and plinth area rates

GRIHA has been recognized by

CPWD schedules and specifications are being revised as per GRIHA benchmarks

The Cabinet of the Government of Delhi has passed a resolution to make all future buildings minimum 3 Star GRIHA compliant.

The Public Works Department of Thiruvananathapuram, Kerela has decided to adopt GRIHA and give tax reduction to various categories of green buildings.

The Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC), Maharashtra has adopted GRIHA for mandatory compliance in Government projects. The PCMC has committed to provide financial incentives to developers (upto 50% rebate in premium paid by developers to the municipal body for 5-Star GRIHA compliance) and occupants of GRIHA compliant projects (property tax rebate of 10%, valid for 5 years).

PCMC endorses GRIHA

Rebate on premium for developers

Property tax rebate for occupants/ owners of GRIHA compliant homes

Role of PCMC

Setting up of Environmental Cell at PCMC

Release of financial incentives:

Rebate on Premium

GRIHA Star Rating Points achieved Discount in premium

* 51-60 10% For the first 25 projects ** 61-70 20%

*** 71-80 30%

**** 81-90 40%

***** 91-100 50%

10 % rebate on property tax for 5 years (subject to compliance with GRIHA)

Annual revenue through Premium: RS. 100 crores

Revenue invested in through 3 star GRIHA compliance: Rs. 4 crores

Indirect benefits from complying with GRIHA 3-star

35% reduction in quantity of potable water required

35% reduction in amount of waste water generated

15% of treated waste water shall be used for various applications in new buildings

Impact of Premium rebate on PCMC revenues

Benefits to end users

For an average flat of 1000 sq.ft having to pay base tax @Rs6000 annually, a rebate of Rs600/year shall be offered

For a property of 50,000 sq.ft (about 50 flats), a tax rebate of Rs.30000/year is proposed.

For a property of 4, 00,000 sq.ft, (about 400 flats) a tax rebate of Rs.240000/year is proposed.

Impact of Property tax rebate (typical case)

Indirect benefits from complying with GRIHA 3-star

Rain water harvesting

Solid waste management

Use of solar thermal systems

Benefits through appropriate adaptation and mitigation is a goal that can be achieved with a holistic thinking

Awareness and integrated approach yields maximum benefits

Implementation challenges are there but can be overcome with innovative thinking.

Existing processes need modification to accommodate climate change concerns

Conclusion

Thank you