中国青海省黄南蔵族自治州尖扎県における 多民族村の言語使...

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博士論文

中国青海省黄南蔵族自治州尖扎県における

多民族村の言語使用状況に関する研究

周楊措

広島大学大学院国際協力研究科

2019年 9月

中国青海省黄南蔵族自治州尖扎県における

多民族村の言語使用状況に関する研究

D150695

周楊措

広島大学大学院国際協力研究科博士論文

2019年 9月

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1 .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 ....................................................................................................... 2

1.2 .................................................................................................................................... 6

1.2.1 ....................................................................... 6

1.2.2 ........................................................... 7

1.3 .................................................................................................................. 10

1.4 ................................................................................................................................. 10

1.5 .......................................................................................................................... 11

2 ................................................................................................ 13

2.1 ......................................................................................................................... 14

2.1.1 ...................................................................... 14

2.1.2 ......................................................................... 15

2.2 ......................................................................................................................... 18

2.2.1 ...................................................................... 18

2.2.2 ............................................................................. 22

2.3 ......................................................................................................................... 23

2.4 .............................................................................................................. 26

2.5 ................................................................................. 28

2.5.1 ................................................................................................. 28

2.5.2 ................................................................................................................. 32

................................................................................................ 36

3.1 ..................................................................................................................... 37

3.2 ............................................................................................................. 38

3.3 ..................................................................................................................... 40

3.4 ..................................................................................................................... 46

3.4.1 ................................................................................................. 46

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3.4.2 ..................................................................................... 51

3.4.3 ................................................................................................................................. 55

3.5 ..................................................................................................................................... 57

.................................................................................... 58

4.1 ......................................................................................................... 59

4.2 ................................................................................................. 60

4.3 ......................................................................................................... 63

4.4 ................................................................................................................. 64

4.4.1 .............................................................................................. 64

4.4.2 ................................................................................. 66

4.4.3 ................................................................................................................................. 70

4.5 ..................................................................................................................................... 73

................................................................................................ 74

5.1 ..................................................................................................................... 75

5.2 ............................................................................................................. 77

5.3 ..................................................................................................................... 77

5.4 ..................................................................................................................... 79

5.4.1 ................................................................................................. 79

5.4.2 ..................................................................................... 82

5.4.3 ................................................................................................................................. 86

5.5 ..................................................................................................................................... 88

6 .................................................................................................................................... 90

6.1 ................................................................................................................. 91

6.2 ............................................................................................. 92

6.3 ........................................................................................................................... 101

.......................................................................................................................................... 103

.............................................................................................................................................. 112

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1 A B ....... 7

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4 ........................................................................................................ 16

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6 .................................................................... 24

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8 .................................................................................................... 27

9 .................................................................................... 29

10 .................................................. 39

11 .......................................................................................................... 42

12 ...................................................... 45

13 .............................................................................................. 47

14 .............................................................................. 52

15 .............................................................................. 53

16 .............................................................................. 54

17 .................................................................................. 55

18 .................................................................. 56

19 .................................................. 62

20 .......................................................................................... 64

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22 .......................................................................... 68

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24 .............................................................................. 71

25 .............................................................. 72

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31 .................................................................................. 86

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33 .................................................................................................. 91

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Blo bzang snyan grags 1992 Mdo smad gnas chen rma 'gram rdo rje brag gi lo rgyusabazhugs

so, Xining minzu yinshuachang yinshua.

'Brug g.yang mtsho 2018 Bod rigs grong sde'i nang gi rgya rigs khyim tshang gi mi rigs ming

thob dang skad cha gdam ga byed stangs skor la dpyad pa, Mtsho sngon spyi tshogs tshan

rig,pp.155-165.

Dbang grags 2011 Mdo smad lho phyogs rma 'gram btsan rdzong gcan tsha yul gru'i sngon

byung srid pa'i snying gtam, Kan su'u mi rigs dpe skrun khang.

Dkon mchog bstan pa rab rgyas,Brag dgon pa 1982 Mdo smad chos’byung deb ther rgya

mysho,Kan su’u mi rigs dpe skrun khang.

Don grub tshe ring 2011 Bod kyi yul skad rnam bshad, Krung go'i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang.

Hor gtsang 'jigs med 2009 Mdo smad lo rgyus chen mo, Bod kyi dpe mdzod khang.

Pad ma lhun grub 2009 A mdo'i yul skad kyi sgra gdangs la dpyad pa, Mtsho sngon mi rigs

dpe skrun khang.

Pad ma rdo rje 1989 Dag yig gsar bsgrigs, Mtsho sngon zhing chen zhin ha dpe khang.

Snying lcags 2011 Rma lho'i sa ming lo rgyus rig gnas brda 'grel, Kan su'u mi rigs dpe skrun

khang.

Stag rig rta mgrin rgyal 2016 Khri ka'i a myes yul lha'i bod lugs dad mos zhib 'jug, krung go'i

bod rig pa dpe skrun khang.

Zhang Yisun 2010 Bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo, Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.

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ཐེངས་འདིའི་aོགས་བཤེར་Tི་དམིགས་bལ་ནི་གཅན་ཚ་cོང་གདོང་)་:ོང་dལ་9ར་མ་ཐང་Eེ་བའི་9ད་ཆའི་བཀོལ་eོད་གནས་Yལ་

ལ་fས་ལོན་4་ཆེད་ཡིན་ཞིང་། fས་ལོན་ལས་_ང་བའི་གནས་Yལ་དེ་ཞིབ་འgག་གི་Sོགས་ལས་hམ་པ་གཞན་M་བཀོལ་མི་]ིད་པ་དང་མི་6ེར་Tི་གསང་བའི་9ོར་iང་eི་ལ་jོག་པར་མི་4འོ།། `ི་བ ༡ Kིམ་ལ་བཟའ་མི་M་ཡོད།

`ི་བ ༢ Kིམ་Tི་བཟའ་སོ་སོ་Kིམ་ཐོའི་ངོས་ནས་མི་རིགས་གང་ལ་གཏོགས་པ་དང་། ལོ་ཚ>ད། ཕོའམ་མོ་གང་ཡིན་Yལ་བཅས་ཨང་རིམ་བཞིན་རེI་མིག་n་འJི་རོགས། གལ་ཏེ་བཟའ་མི་བo་ཡན་ཡོད་ན་ཤོག་pའི་!བ་ངོས་q་འJི་རོགས།

ཨང་རིམ། མི་རིགས། ལོ་ཚ>ད། ཕོའམ་མོ།

`ི་བ ༣ Kིམ་ནས་fན་M་བཀོལ་བའི་9ད་རིགས། ཀ !འི་eི་9ད། ཁ མཚ>་vོན་!་9ད། ག བོད་9ད། ང བོད་9ད་བཤད་པ་བཟང་ལ་མཚ>་vོན་!་9ད་བཤད་པ་ཞན། ཅ མཚ>་vོན་!་9ད་བཤད་པ་བཟང་ལ་བོད་9ད་བཤད་པ་ཞན།

`ི་བ ༤ Kིམ་M་wོབ་xར་འ:ོ་བཞིན་པའི་4ིས་པ་ཡོད་དམ།

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ཀ ཡོད། ཁ མེད། གལ་ཏེ་ཡོད་ན་གཤམ་Tི་རེI་མིག་9ོང་རོགས།

ཨང་རིམ། ལོ་ཚ>ད། wོབ་xའི་རིམ་པ། wོབ་xའི་རིགས།

ཀ མི་རིགས་wོབ་x། ཁ !་9ད་གཙ>་བོའི་wོབ་x། ག yའེ་རིགས་

wོབ་x།

`ི་བ ༥ fན་M་Kིམ་ནས་z་སའི་{ོག་བ|ན་ལེI་ཚན་གང་ལ་གཏོགས། ཀ བོད་9ད་ལེI་ཚན། ཁ !་9ད་ལེI་ཚན།

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