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Issues facing Australias
Health Care SystemChapter 10Pg 328
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Consists of services and activities run andcontrolled by the government and those runby the private sector
The federal and state governments have thelargest role in the health system in terms offunding and delivering health services
10.1 Elements ofAustralias health care
system
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Australias universal health-insurancescheme
Established in 1984
It gives all Australian citizens and permanentresidents and people from countries with areciprocal agreement (NZ, UK, Ireland,Sweden, Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Malta,Norway) access to health care that issubsidised by the government
Medicare
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Range of health services including: Doctors consultations including specialists Tests and examinations by doctors X-rays and pathology tests Eye tests performed by optometrists Free treatment as a patient in public hospitals Subsidised treatment as a patient in private
hospitals
Medicare: what does itcover?
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Covers most necessary hospital and doctorsfees
Not covered by Medicare: Dental examinations Home nursing treatment Ambulance services Physiotherapy Occupational therapy Speech therapy Eye therapy Chiropractic services Podiatry
Acupuncture
Medicare: whats NOTcovered
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Medicare levy: 1.5% tax placed on taxableincome of taxpayers
Medicare Surcharge: an additional tax if youearn over $70,000 (indiv) or $140,000(families) and dont have private healthinsurance
Medicare: how is it funded
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Federal governments subsidy scheme foressential medicines
Jan 1st, 2009 the co-payment for most PBS-subsidised medication was $32.90 or $5.30for concession card holders
The government pays the remaining costIf not covered by PBS, patients must pay full
price
Pharmaceutical BenefitsScheme
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Form of insurance where a member pays apremium to the insurance company inaddition to the Medicare levy
The insurance company agrees to pay forsome or all health-related costs incurred bythe member that are not covered byMedicare
Private Health Insurance
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Funded by government, private sector andindividual payments
See fig 10.5 pg 330Public hospitals and medical services such as
doctors consultations are the two largestitems of health system expenditure
Funding the health system
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EffectivenessAppropriatenessEfficiency
ResponsivenessAccessibilitySafetyContinuity
CapabilitySustainabilitySee pg 332for more details
Values of Australiashealth system
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Qs 1-9 pg 333
Test your knowledge
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Health care system has to evolve to addressissues
Many different issues
. ssues ac ngAustralias health system:
human rights and ethicalissues Part 1
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Human rights are about respecting the valueand dignity that every human beingpossesses and deserves
Ethics are judgements and behaviours basedon what people think is good and right
People often disagree
Human rights and ethics
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After World War II, the global communitybecame concerned with human rights
In 1946, The United Nations (UN) drafted aset of human rights that is now known as theUniversal declaration of human rights
Countries had different views based onsociety and culture
Universal declaration ofhuman rights (1948)
H i ht d thi l
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Long waiting lists for medical procedures inpublic hospitals
Long waiting times for treatment inemergency departments
Geographical access to medical services(rural and remote areas)
Declining number of bulk billing doctors
Financial access to medicines and healthservices for people living in financialdisadvantage e.g. pensioners
Waiting times for ambulance response
Access for people with disabilities such as
Human rights and ethicalissues: access to medical
services
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Voluntary euthanasia: when the person whois killed has requested to be killed
Assisted suicide: when a terminally ill personis helped to kill themselves, e.g. a doctorsprescribes medication but the patientadministers it
Illegal in Australia
Issues include: Should people suffering be able to end their live
painlessly? Is taking a life wrong, no matter the
circumstances?
Human rights and ethicalissues: euthanasia
10 3 I f i
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10.3 Issues facingAustralias health system:
human rights and ethicalissues Part 2
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Stem cells are generalised cells within thebody that do not yet have a specialisedfunction
They have potential to become many celltypes
Two types: embryonic and adultEmbryonic can only be harvested from
embryos usually leftover ones from fertilityclinicsEmbryonic stem cells can be extracted
without killing embryo however most are still
destroyed after use
Human rights and ethicalissues: stem cell research
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Involves creating an embryo using thegenetic information of the patient to betreated
Benefits are the possibility of creatingreplacement cells and organs that areperfectly matched to the patient
Issues are technique involves creating anembryo for the sole purpose of research
Devalues human life?
Human rights and ethicalissues: therapeutic cloning
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In Victoria, pregnancies can be terminatedup to 24 weeks
After 24 weeks, a doctor must agree that thewomans health is at risk
Medicare covers part of the cost of abortionIssues:
a woman's right to choose Ending a human life
Human rights and ethicalissues: abortion
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Qs 1-3 pg 335Qs 1-5 pg 337
Test your knowledge