SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS

IN THAILAND

ผศ.ดร.อรรจน์ เศรษฐบตุร

Atch Sreshthaputra, Ph.D., DGNB, TREES-F DGNB Consultant, German Sustainable Building Council

Assistant Professor: Faculty of Architecture. Chulalongkorn University

Managing Director: AFRICVS, CO., LTD.

Vice President & Committee: Thai Green Building Institute (TGBI)

2

(Neighboring building) (Neighboring building)

Hypothetical Enclosed

Space Site Boundary

Assessment category “L”

as negative impact

outside the boundary

Assessment category “Q”

as positive impact

inside the boundary

Emission of

Air-pollutants,

Noise, Heat

etc.

Resource

Consumption,

Embodied CO2

Emission, etc.

Soil, Water-pollutants etc.

BEE = Q / L

BEE: Building Environmental Efficiency

Q : Building Environmental Quality & Performance

L : Building Environmental Loadings

Submission mandatory for buildings with floor areas of more than 2000m2

0

50

100

0 50 100

0

50

100

0 50 100

Q (

Q u

a l i

t y )

A B +

B -

C

Office

School

Retail shop

Restaurant

Hall

Hospital

Hotel

Apartment

Factory

L (Load)

S

50

100

0 50 100

C

B+ A S

BEE=1.5 BEE=3.0

BEE=0.5

Loading

Quality B-

BEE=1.0

(Very sustainable)

(Unsustainable)

30

60 BEE=2.0 B-

Urban Heat Island:

Not enough green area

Not enough water retention

Too many concrete pavement

Too many cars

Too many air-conditioners

BANGKOK TEMPERATURES (Year 1840 & Year 2000)

11

12

Old Buddhist temple

CFD AIRFLOW SIMULATION

14

Computational Fluid Dynamics

ท่ีมา: อรรจน์ เศรษฐบุตร (2546)

15

Convection Coef. & Airflow Rate

L

NuKh

ACH = (CFM x 60)/Space Volume in ft3

2

27/816/9

1/6

Pr)/492.0(1

0.387Ra825.0Nu

1/40.27RaNu

K

CμPr

p

α

LT - TgβRa

3S

Inside Convection Coefficient (h)

Air-Exchange Rate (ACH)

CFM = Vwin x Awin

Outside Convection Coefficient (h)

3/14/5 Pr0.0296ReNu

VLRe

DOE-2Program

CFDProgram

Indoor Air

Temp (F)

Comparison

Air Velocity-

Airflow Rate

Conversion

Nusselt number-

Convection Coefficient

Conversion

Hourly:

- Solar Gain

- U Factor

- Surface Temp.

DOE-2

Input File

Bangkok Weather

Data

DOE-2 Building

Description Data &

Ground Temp.

On-Site Indoor Air

Measurement Data

Hourly Air

Exchange

Rate (ACH)

Convection

Coefficients

Air Velocity

Across

Openings

Nusselt

Number

DOE-2 Library

DOE-2

Weather File

TRY Weather

Packer

CFD

Input File

Building

Description Data

Bangkok Weather

Data

CFD Run(Summer Day)

CFD Run(Winter Day)

Maximum

Air Exchange Rate

(ACH)

DOE-2

Hourly

SimulationIndoor

Temperature

Match ?

Repeat DOE-2 Model Calibration

Procedure

DOE-2 Calibration LoopCalibrated DOE-2 Model

Yes

NoAs - Is Condition

Hourly

Wind

Speed

Data

Indoor

Measurement

Data

DOE-2

Input File

Ventilation

Schedule

Daily Average

Hourly Wind

Speed

(Summer Day s)

Daily Average

Hourly Wind

Speed

(Winter Day s)

Air Exchange

Rate

(Summer Day)

Air Exchange

Rate

(Winter Day) 40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1/1

/99

1/1

6/9

9

1/3

1/9

9

2/1

5/9

9

3/2

/99

3/1

7/9

9

4/1

/99

4/1

6/9

9

5/1

/99

5/1

6/9

9

5/3

1/9

9

6/1

5/9

9

6/3

0/9

9

7/1

5/9

9

7/3

0/9

9

8/1

4/9

9

8/2

9/9

9

9/1

3/9

9

9/2

8/9

9

10/1

3/9

9

10/2

8/9

9

11/1

2/9

9

11/2

7/9

9

12/1

2/9

9

12/2

7/9

9

Date

Degre

e F

DOE 2

Measured

16

18

CFD Velocity Field (Section View)

Source: Atch Sreshthaputra

19

CFD Velocity & Pressure (Plan View)

Wind Velocity (m/s) Air Pressure (N/m2)

Source: Atch Sreshthaputra

20

CFD Temperature Field (Section View)

Source: Atch Sreshthaputra

21

Source: Atch Sreshthaputra

22

24-hour Transient Simulation

23

Old Temple Prototype I

Source: Atch Sreshthaputra

24

Summer Days

25

Design Option: CFD Velocity Field

ผลการจ าลองโดย ดร.อรรจน ์เศรษฐบุตร

26

Prototype I: CFD Temperature Field

Old Temple Prototype I

ผลการจ าลองโดย ดร.อรรจน ์เศรษฐบุตร

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Prototype I: CFD Temperature Field (Cont.)

28

70

75

80

85

90

95

3/29 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/9 4/10 4/11

Date

Degre

e F

AS-IS

Prototype I (Hi Mass)

Prototype II (Lo Mass)

Ground Temp.

70

75

80

85

90

95

11/27 11/28 11/29 11/30 12/1 12/2 12/3 12/4 12/5 12/6 12/7 12/8 12/9 12/10

Date

Degre

e F

AS-IS

Prototype I (Hi Mass)

Prototype II (Lo Mass)

Ground Temp.

Summer Days

Winter Days

29

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

As - Is Shading Attic

Ventilation

R-30 Ceiling

Insulation

Low-

Absorption

Roof

Prototype I:

High Mass

Prototype II:

Low Mass

Degre

e F

Day Vent

Night Vent

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

As - Is Shading Attic

Ventilation

R-30 Ceiling

Insulation

Low-

Absorption

Roof

Prototype I:

High Mass

Prototype II:

Low Mass

Degre

e F

Day Vent

Night Vent

Annual Peak Indoor Temperature

Annual Average Indoor Temperature

Night ventilation &

thermal mass can be

combined to provide comfort in passive

buildings that are operated during the

daytime.

30

TESCO LOTUS BANGPRA “ASIA’s 1st ZERO CARBON STORE” 31

RAMMED EARTH

32

33

M o n t h l y E l e c t r i c i t y

T A L A D B a s e C a s e

T A L A D E a r t h w a l l

k W h

0

1 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0

J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t N o v D e c

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

kWh/yr

34

How about residential?

What is important?

• Insulation ?

• Solar control ?

• Thermal mass ?

• Infiltration ?

35

HOUSING DESIGN

TROPICAL DESIGN & PLANNING

Solar orientation, Cross Ventilation, Solar Protection, Self-shading

SEMI-INTERIOR COURT

SEMI-INTERIOR COURT

Open courts provide natural ventilation & daylight

TROPICAL DESIGN & PLANNING

1.

SE

RV

ICE

BU

FF

ER

LIV

ING

SOLAR ORIENTATION & BUFFER ZONE

VENTURI EFFECT: DOGTROT HOUSE

Increasing Wind Speed using ‘Dogtrot’

Butterfly Roof & RADIATIVE COOLING

Low-Energy Housing

1

( ) 17.54 ◦C

( ) 19.15 ◦C

18.34 ◦C

23.18 ◦C

wp

( ) 15.68 ◦C

( ) 17.34 ◦C

16.51 ◦C

23.01 ◦C

wpL

( ) 14.08 ◦C

( ) 15.15 ◦C

14.61 ◦C

22.52 ◦C

Source: Pimpun Jirotewong, Chulalongkorn University

External Shading

External Shading:

Antonio Gaudi, Barcelona

Source: Prawit Kitticharnthira, Chulalongkorn University

For Residential in Thailand: U – Factor of the exterior wall has

small effect on energy consumption. Solar control and glazing is

much more important

52

INFILTRATION IN THAI

HOUSES

&

BLOWER DOOR TEST

AIR INFILTRATION

BLOWER DOOR TEST

ASTM E779

4 Thai Houses

Traditional

‘Old’ house

Traditional

house Traditional

house

Modern

house

INFILTRATION RATE (ACH)

Modern House

Traditional House 1

Traditional House 2

Traditional House 3

Cooling Energy Consumption (kWh/m2.yr)

Modern House

Traditional House 1

Traditional House 2

Traditional House 3

Infiltration has little effect on cooling

energy in Thai houses.

What matter the most are ‘materials’ and solar protection.

Lightweight & small heat capacity & Solar control

NON-RESIDENTIAL

Thai Health Promotion Office Bangkok, Thailand

63

GOOD HEALTH

Fresh cool air from surrounding public park

A/C & non A/C = semi interior court

Passive design = Sun Shade + Natural Ventilation

Active design = Efficient envelope + DCV + Solar cells

Optimum Daylight = Movable sunshade + no interior curtain

Physical wellness = Open staircase

Good food = Organic farm on rooftop

Low toxic interior product

Good mind = Thai culture + Social interaction + Arts

TROPICAL DESIGN & PLANNING 65

GEOFFREY BAWA’S SEMI-INTERIOR COURT TROPICAL MODERN

66

67 ศนูยเ์รียนรู้สขุภาวะ สสส. Thai Health Promotion Office designed by Plan Studio, Co., Ltd.

68

69

70

West Office 4th 21March 16:00

75

76

77

ไม่มี Lightshelf

DIFFUSE

SPECULAR

78

79

91

Passive Design of vernacular

architecture can be transformed into

modern design elements.

Ventilation and Solar Shading are vernacular design that still works best for modern buildings

MODERN COMMERCIAL

BUILDING

Park Venture Hotel: LEED CS (Platinum awarded November 2012) 105

106

Source: Urocha Jiaranai panich & Atch Sreshthaputra (2013)

ผลการวิจัย

108

North

South

East

West

Model 8th Floor 21 September 10:00

109

110

111

131Investment

(Baht)

OTTV

(Watt/m2)

Energy Use

(kWh/m2.Yr)

Energy Saving

(Baht/Yr)

Energy

Saving (%)

Payback

(Years)

Typical Buildings (Audit data) - 60-100 150-200 - - -

Best Practice (Award winning) - 20-30 100-120 - - -

Original Design (As of Aug 6, 2008) - 60.75 151.5 - - -

1). Insulating Low-E 12,544,500 42.69 143.3 2,686,320 5.4% 4.7

2). 4" Insulation in spandrel 320,000 60.44 151.4 36,036 0.1% 8.9

3). Reduced Vision Glass (3,800,000) 53.96 149.3 727,272 1.5% 0.0

4). Overhang shading device 11,900,000 53.36 147.0 1,477,476 3.0% 8.1

5). Combined all 20,964,500 33.11 140.0 3,773,952 7.6% 5.6

6). Combined all + Light sensor 27,964,500 33.11 131.0 6,705,972 13.5% 4.2

0.0

2,686,320

36,036

727,272

1,477,476

3,773,952

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

OriginalDesign (As ofAug 6, 2008)

1). InsulatingLow-E

2). 4"Insulation in

spandrel

3). ReducedVision Glass

4). Overhangshading device

5). Combinedall

Energy Saving (Baht/Yr)

112

0

4.7

8.9

0.0

8.1

5.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

OriginalDesign (As ofAug 6, 2008)

1). InsulatingLow-E

2). 4"Insulation in

spandrel

3). ReducedVision Glass

4). Overhangshadingdevice

5). Combinedall

Payback (Years)

113

Construction Cost increase 5-15% Rent increase 15%

Energy Saving 25-30% Water saving 30-40%

Occupants are satisfied with comfort, good IAQ, and good image

Source: Punwadee Mongkolcharoen, Master Thesis, Chulalongkorn University

DESIGN

OF

ENERGY POSITIVE

HABITAT

116

Design concept: Double roof

117

Overall design concept

118

Double roof

PV panels

Dogtrot

Timber based wall

Cement based wall

Rain collector roof

Elevated floor

Verandah

119

Prefabrication: reduce waste & energy

120

Design concept: Dogtrot house

Dog trot - Venturi Effect

Design concept: Dogtrot house

122

Working

Living

Dining Kitchen wc

sto

wc

Bedroom 2

Bedroo

m1 wc wc

Lower floor Upper floor

Floor plan: Dogtrot

123

Design concept: Dogtrot

124

125

126

Design concept: Double skin

127

Design concept: Lightweight V.S. Mass wall

128

Building simulation: Design Builder 2.0

129

Building Energy Simulation: Output summary

Internal conditions

Bedroom1 Bedroom2 Living 1 Living 2

Total usage hours 3,650 3,650 5,020 5,020

Average temp 29.89 29.32 30.09 29.72

Max temp 39.44 38.09 39.32 39.19

Min temp 19.10 20.15 19.91 19.98

Number of usage hours below 25oC 474 405 277 193

12.99% 11.10% 5.52% 3.84%

Increased hours from baseline 6 21 77 48

1.28% 5.47% 38.50% 33.10%

Number of usage hours exceed 30oC 701 794 3,092 2,890

19.21% 21.75% 61.59% 57.57%

Reduced hours from baseline 97 85 675 873

12.16% 9.67% 17.92% 23.20%

Building area m2 133

Energy use kWh/yr 6,504

kWh/yr/m2 48.90 130

ENERGY PLUS HOUSE

Area = 133 sq.m.

Average indoor temperature = 29 C Energy Cost = 19,500 Baht/yr

Energy Index = 48 kWh/m2.yr

Energy Use = 6,500 kWh/yr Energy production = 12,500 kWh/yr

131

WHAT IS NEXT?

New City Planning Code: BONUS

1. Affordable housing

2. Urban public space

3. Mass transit Park & Ride

4. Stormwater runoff

5. Green building

134

จบการน าเสนอ

135

THANK YOU

Asst. Prof. Dr. Atch Sreshthaputra (atch.s@chula.ac.th)

• Excellent Research Award National Research Council 2004

• Excellent Research Award ARCC, USA 2004

• First prize. Low-energy Housing, Ministry of Energy 2005

• LEED Platinum. Park Ventures Ecoplex 2012

• LEED Platinum. HSBC GREEN LIBRARY 2013

• Thailand Energy Award & ASEAN Energy Award. Park Ventures 2013

• Thailand Energy Award & ASEAN Energy Award. KBANK 2011

• Designer of Low-energy Housing Prototype. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration

• Designer of Low-Carbon House. Thai Greenhouse Gas Management Organization.

• Standard of energy efficiency in Building. Ministry of Energy.

• Consultant for AFD, UNEP, GIZ

• Developer of Green Building Ratings TEEAM, TREES, PCD, DGNB, ECOVILLAGE

• Green Building Consultant for ENCO, KBANK, Park Ventures, Thai Health Promotion Office, HSBC, CP, EGAT, PEA, Pruksa, Bangkok Hospital, Siam Discovery, etc.

136