Post on 03-Jan-2016
description
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10-10 m0.1nm 10-14 ~ 10-15 m10-18 m10-27kg10-25kg
-- Atomic Physics
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nextback N.Bohr1913 1925
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. 1Heat Radiation 1800
aa ea = e
.blackbody 2 1 1.
,ETT ,
1895
3
I(T) T 1 E0(T)-,T
1874 StefanE0(T)T 2 Stefan) Boltzmann
1884 (e = 1)
1 I( T) 2 0 I( T)0 3
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465nm
(Rayleigh)--(Jeans)(Wien)
Rayleigh-Jeans( )ultraviolet catastrophe Wein
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19001214 2 h = 6.6310 -34 Js
3 h
n; E n
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.A. 1887,.,. 1897.,: , .
SKAAKGBKi
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(2) V0, , Ekm, I ;Ek;AKV , A.A i 0V0
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1902Lenaral
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1905EinsteinPlanck c . E = h p= h-3
32 1 4
h
1916,h",."1913"".nextback 1922
11.2ev540nm
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H 6562 .8 H 4861 .3 H 4340 .5 H 4101 .7
1 1885, 14J.J.Balmer
1 2 3
2 RH=4/BRH=1.0967758107/mm=1,2,3,; m, n=m+1, m+2, m+3, 1889J.R.Rydberg, 1854-1919
m=1, n=2, 3, 4,, 1914T. Lyman m=2, n=3, 4, 5,, H n=3 18531853 m=3, n= 4, 5, 6, , 1908 F. Peschen
m=4, n=5, 6, 7,, 1922F. Brackett m=5, n=6, 7, 8,, 1924H. A. Pfund m=45n=7m=6,n=7C.S.Humphreys
3 T
12m nm 3m
191328N.Bohr"nextback
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1913 1. E1E2E3... 2.:nextback
3.,L=mvr . nextback
The following is Chap.-2 2
h = 6.6310 -34 Js1-Review
2 c E = h p= hV0
3
RH=4/BRH=1.0967758107/m m=1, n=2, 3, 4,, m=2, n=3, 4, 5,, m=3, n= 4, 5, 6, , m=4, n=5, 6, 7,, m=5, n=6, 7, 8,,
1 E1E2E3... 2:3.
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nextbackZ >1 ZHHe+Li2+Be3+O7+ Cl16+He+
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Z=1n=1 r nextback 13.6eVZ=2,3,4.5.
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R Z=1 R R RH nextback
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n E nextback
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1 n 2n n03 4:5
1 2 34
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En En v0 nextback
nE0n
2.
n=1f
12.5 eV n E1=-13.6eVE2=-3.4eVE3=-1.51eVE4=0.85eVE3- E1 =12.09eVE4- E1 =12.75eV
RH=1099677.58cm-1 nextbackR
1914 nextbackR
MR R R
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(0.0148%) 1932HUreg31() H(656.279nm)(656.100nm)0.179nm(D)MD=2MH
mn
Z>1)He+Li++Be+++nextbackRO 7+, Cl 16+ , U91+Z
1897Bickering nextbackR
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He+Z=2n=4n=567...... nextbackR
He+ m n RHe RH m=n nextbackR
Li 2+ He+
He+ Li 2+
1 2 1 3 4 1 9 1 4 1 9 1 1 4 1 9
(n)n=116n=350.
n=10010-3eV
-e-e-+(ee)pk-p-
,().:(m=1)n=
Z=1n=1, n'=2( m=M=me)
The following is Chap. 2 3
1Review
2
3
-- FrankHertz Bohr nextbackNew
1914(J. Franck)(G. Hertz) - -- New 1914 1925 .
K K G G A KG GA --
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4.9V, 04.1V 0.8VKG4.9V
1KG4.9VKG4.9eVGAG 2KG4.9VGGA
3KG4.9V4.9eVAKG 4KG4.9VKGKG4.9VKG
Hg4.9eV4.9eV4.9eV25371925
-- 4.9ev 4.9evnextback 1920
-- nextback
1 2KG1KG1 KG1 3G1 G2G1G2
KG14.684.95.295.786.73V 1KG14.9V 2KG16.73V6.73eV1849
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n .1916 nl n n=1,2,3; l n l=012n-1nextback
n n l a n b n E n l nextback
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LiZ=3=212+1NaZ=11=2(12+22)+1K Z=19=2(12+22+22)+1RbZ=37=2(12+22+32+22)+1CsZ=55=2(12+22+32+32+22)+1FrZ=87=2(12+22+32+42+32+22)+1+H+-LiNaKRbCsFr2s3s4s5s6s7s
Z* nextback
1Z* Z*=1Z*>1.nextback
Z* nextback
Z*=1 Z*>1Z*=1Z*>1Z*>1.nextback
ZeZ-1enextback
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n l l nextback
R Z* R Z* Z :(2)nextback
n* n 4nextback
5nextback
P2S S2P D2P F3DnextbackSPDF l = 0123 n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4. =K, L, M, N, O
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s pdf l n n l :
Na 3S 5893 8193 18459 2413 3S3P3D4FNa
2n n-1 n n
rnn
---- 1922
(Aage Niels Bohr)NobelNobel;
192140
The end
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(1)1 2nextbackR
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m m 1nextbackR
MRA=R=109737.31cm-11 nextbackR
=He 38 58 4 8
100W0.75m5%0.1nm2.25eV 2.25eV :
1.4.1rrPrP
degenerate
n=1n 1 n=2,
n=3,
Mp/Me=1/137
1 1
0.05 ~ 0.38 0.38 ~ 0.76 0.76 ~ 1000 1 mm ~ 10 m
*PlanckWeinRayleighJeans
*PlanckWeinRayleighJeans
(1858423-1947104)191820Gottlieb Jakob Planck17511833 Heinrich Ludwig Planck17851831Wilhelm Johann Julius Planck18171900Gottlieb Planck18241907 1858423Emma Patzig18211914)4HermannHildegardAdalbertOtto2HugoEmma1867MaximiliansgymnasiumOskar von Miller16 1878
Akademischer Gesangverein Munchen1876Philipp von Jolly180918841874187718781878101879218806
1885420001897Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energi'189718894189262001894Preu?ische Akademie der Wissenschaften19071926101 18873Marie Merck186119094Karl18881916
Emma18891919Grete18891917Erwin189319451909101719113Margarethe von H??lin1882194812Herrmann1914191719451234 187418771879
1879188018851900, 1918 1926194710891900h 190519131918h
191877194618641928-18961900101214=hh1906191819261930: h=6.6310^-34JS
6 h = 6.62619610^-34 Js6.62619610^-27ergs1erg=10^-7J h 19184
KAGGKAG0.5VKKGG0.5eVGAAG0.5eV* the mean free path of a particle dP= kT/(2Pd2)1/2[cm] = 510-3/P[Torr]P=10-10Torr500km 10cmMean free timetvt= /v1ps10^(-12)s (1868-1951)
, (Aage Niels Bohr)200998,87.Niels Henrik David Bohr188510719621118,1922),,, 1975. 1975AN
18851071913E 19221930 1920 194319451962111875 193756 1952(CERN)1955