barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Understanding users
cognitivesocial
affective
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Social mechanismsSocial mechanisms
Coordinationmechanisms Conversational
mechanisms
Awarenessmechanisms
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Coordinationmechanisms
Conversationalmechanisms
Awarenessmechanisms
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Exploring conversations Exploring conversations 1. Organise yourselves into groups of 62. Introduce yourselves if you haven’t met before3. Role play a conversation you may have outside waiting for
class to begin ( either with people you know or those that you don’t) about 2/3 mins
4. Three people will do the conversation5. Three people will observe
• Write down what’s said• Note tone/gestures/body language• What rules are being used in the conversation
6. As a group – theorise about what happened• What rules are being observed• How do people know about the rules
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Conversationational Conversationational mechanisms mechanisms
• Various mechanisms and ‘rules’ we follow to hold a conversation
mutual greetings
A: Hi there
B: Hi!
C: Hi
A: All right?
C: Good, How’s it going?
A: Fine, how are you?
C: OK
B: So-so. How’s life treating
you?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Conversational rulesConversational rulesHow do we know what to do – what mechanisms?
• turn-taking to coordinate conversation– A: Shall we meet at 8?– B: Um, can we meet a bit later?
• Back channeling to signal to continue and following– Uh-uh, umm, ahh
• Non verbal signals– Body orientation – Proximity ( move closer or away)– Gaze – Gesture– Tone
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Conversational rulesConversational rules
What language mechanisms are used?
• turn-taking to coordinate conversation– A: Shall we meet at 8?– B: Um, can we meet a bit later?
– A: Shall we meet at 8?– B: Wow, look at him?– A: Yes what a funny hairdo!– B: Um, can we meet a bit later?
• Adjacency pairs
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Ending a conversationEnding a conversation
Back to the role play….1. Switch roles 2. Role play what happens when you end a
conversation – having a debrief after class and someone has to go in a hurry
3. What explicit and implicit cues are used?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
More conversational rulesMore conversational rules
• farewell rituals– Bye then, see you, yer bye,
see you later….
• implicit and explicit cues– e.g. looking at watch,
fidgeting with coat and bags – explicitly saying “Oh dear,
must go, look at the time, I’m late…”
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Breaking the rulesBreaking the rules
argument
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Breakdowns in conversationBreakdowns in conversation
What happens when someone sayssomething that is misunderstood?
Speaker will repeat with emphasis:
A: “this one?”
B: “no, I meant that one!”
Also use tokens:
Eh? Quoi? Huh? What?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Kinds of conversations?Kinds of conversations?
What kinds of conversations are there?
1. Download the powerpoint slide from the workshop activities
2. Organise the graphics and labels appropriately3. Which of these are formal /informal4. How does that change the nature
of the conversation?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
technology-mediated technology-mediated conversations?conversations?
• Do same conversational rules apply?• Are there more breakdowns?• How do people repair them?
– Phone?– Email?– Instant messaging– SMS texting?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Design implicationsDesign implicationsHow to support conversations when people are
‘at a distance’ from each other?
• Many applications have been developed– Email, videoconferencing, videophones, computer
conferencing, instant messaging, chatrooms, collaborative virtual environments, media spaces
• How effective are they?
• Do they mimic or extend existing ways of conversing?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Communication technologiesCommunication technologies
1. What are the technologies2. How effective are they?
3. advantages/disadvantages4. Do they mimic or extend
ways of conversing
Synchronous Combined
Asynchronous
Communication technologiesCommunication technologies
Reference: Text pp. 112/113
Think about your experience of one of these
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Synchronous communicationSynchronous communication
• Conversations are supported in real-time through voice and/or typing
• Examples include video conferencing and chatrooms• Benefits
– Can keep more informed of what is going on – Video conferencing allows everyone to see each other
providing some support for non-verbal communication– Chatrooms can provide a forum for shy people to talk more
• Problems:– Video lacks bandwidth so judders and lots of shadows– Difficult to establish eye contact with images of others– People can behave badly when behind the mask of an
avatar
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Asynchronous communicationAsynchronous communication
• Communication takes place remotely at different times• Email, newsgroups, computer conferencing• Benefits include:
– Read any place any time– Flexible as to how to deal with it– Powerful, can send to many people– Can make saying things easier
• Problems include:– FLAMING!!!– Spamming– Message overload– Internet trolls!– False expectations as to when people will reply
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Combined communicationCombined communication
• Communication while undertaking other activities (meetings decision making)
• Electronic meeting rooms; interactive classrooms• Benefits include:
– Allows multitaksing– Speed and efficiency– Greater awareness
• Problems include:– WYSISIS– Floor control
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
The VP-210" VisualPhone: a mobile video phone developed by the japanese company Kyocera Corporation Source: http://www.kyocera.co.jp/news/1999/9905/0003-e.asp
Will video be a Will video be a success using mobile success using mobile
phones?phones?
Pros/consPros/cons
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
New communication New communication technologiestechnologies
• Move beyond trying to support face-to-face communication
• Provide novel ways of interacting and talking
• Examples include:– SMS texting via mobile phones– Online chatting in chatrooms – Collaborative virtual environments– Media spaces
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
ExamplesExamples
• CVE’s• Clearboard• HyperMirror• Bell Core Video Window
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Collaborative virtual Collaborative virtual environmentsenvironments
The rooftop garden in BowieWorld, a Collaborative Virtual environment (CVE), supported by Worlds.com. Users take part by “dressing up” as an avatar. There are 100s of avatars to choose from, including penguins and real persons. Once an avatar has entered a world they can explore it and chat to other avatars.
Source: www.worlds.com/bowie
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Clearboard (Ishii et al, 1993)Clearboard (Ishii et al, 1993)
– ClearBoard - transparent board that shows other person’s facial expression on your board as you draw
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Hypermirror (Morikawa and Hypermirror (Morikawa and Maesako, 1998) Maesako, 1998)
– allows people to feel as if they are in the same virtual place even though in physically different spaces
(woman in white sweater is in a different room to the other three)
People in different places are superimposed
on the same screento make them appear as if
in same space
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Creating personal space in Creating personal space in HypermirrorHypermirror
2) Two in this room are invadingthe ‘virtual’ personal spaceof the other person by appearing to bephysically on top of them
3) Two in the room move apart to allow person in other space more ‘virtual’ personal space
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Everyone happyEveryone happy
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
VideoWindow system VideoWindow system (Bellcore, 1989)(Bellcore, 1989)
• a shared space that allowed people 50 miles apart to carry on a conversation as if in same room drinking coffee together
• 3 x 8 ft ‘picture-window’ between two sites with video and audio
• People did interact via the window but strange things happened (Kraut, 1990)
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Findings of how VideoWindow Findings of how VideoWindow System was usedSystem was used
• Talked constantly about the system
• Spoke more to other people in the same room rather than in other room
• When tried to get closer to someone in other place had opposite effect - went out of range of camera and microphone
• No way of monitoring this
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Social mechanismsSocial mechanisms
Coordinationmechanisms Conversational
mechanisms
Awarenessmechanisms
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Co ordination MechanismsCo ordination Mechanisms
Ever had to move a piano? Ever played a team sport?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Formal co-ordination Formal co-ordination mechanismsmechanisms
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
In class?In class?
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Rules for timetablesRules for timetables
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Co-ordination mechanismsCo-ordination mechanisms
1. Verbal and non-verbal communication
2. Schedules, rules and conventions
3. Shared external representations
http://www.sacredcowdung.com/archives/2006/03/all_things_web.html
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Social mechanismsSocial mechanisms
Coordinationmechanisms Conversational
mechanisms
Awarenessmechanisms
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Awareness of othersAwareness of others
• Involves knowing who is around, what is happening, and who is talking with whom
• Peripheral awareness– keeping an eye on things happening in the periphery
of vision– Overhearing and overseeing - allows tracking of what
others are doing without explicit cues
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
technologies for greater technologies for greater awarenessawareness
• Provide awareness of others who are in different locations
• Media spaces - “extend the world of desks, chairs, walls and ceilings” (Harrison et al, 1997) – Examples: Clearboard, Portholes and Cruiser
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Portholes (Xerox PARC)Portholes (Xerox PARC)
Regularly updated digitized images of people in their offices appeared on everyone’s desktop machines
throughout day and night
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Notification systemsNotification systems
• Users notify others as opposed to being constantly monitored (cf Portholes)
• Provide information about shared objects and progress of collaborative tasks
– Examples: Tickertape, Babble
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Tickertape (Segall and Tickertape (Segall and Arnold, 1997)Arnold, 1997)
• Tickertape is a scrolling one-line window, going from left to right
• Group name, sender’s name and text message
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Babble (IBM, Erickson et al, Babble (IBM, Erickson et al, 1999)1999)
Circle with marblesrepresents peopletaking part inconversation ina chatroom.
Those in the middleare doing the mostchatting.
Those towardsthe outside are less active in the conversation.
barbara white : interactive mobile system design
Key pointsKey points
• Social mechanisms, like turn-taking, conventions, etc., enable us to collaborate and coordinate our activities
• Keeping aware of what others are doing and letting others know what you are doing are important aspects of collaborative working and socialising
• Many collaborative technologies (groupware or CSCW) systems have been built to support collaboration, especially communication and awareness
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