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TribologyTribology
Moderators : Prof R.M.SHENOYModerators : Prof R.M.SHENOY
Dr VIVEK MAHAANDr VIVEK MAHAAN
Prese!ted by : Dr A"HINANDANPrese!ted by : Dr A"HINANDAN
Date :#$%$&%#'Date :#$%$&%#'
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Definition:Definition:
Tribology it is defi!ed as t(e s)ie!)e ofTribology it is defi!ed as t(e s)ie!)e of
s*rfa)e i!tera)ti!g *!der a! a++lied loads*rfa)e i!tera)ti!g *!der a! a++lied load
a!d i! relati,e -otio!. It i!)l*des st*dya!d i! relati,e -otio!. It i!)l*des st*dy
of fri)tio! l*bri)atio! a!d /ear.of fri)tio! l*bri)atio! a!d /ear.
T(e /ord 0tribology0 deri,es fro- t(eT(e /ord 0tribology0 deri,es fro- t(e1ree2 30tribo04 -ea!i!g r*b0 a!d1ree2 30tribo04 -ea!i!g r*b0 a!d
30logos04 -ea!i!g 5+ri!)i+le or logi)5.30logos04 -ea!i!g 5+ri!)i+le or logi)5.
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BiotribologyBiotribol
ogy
Da/so! a!d 6rig(t 7$'89 to )o,er allDa/so! a!d 6rig(t 7$'89 to )o,er all
as+e)ts of tribology related to biologi)alas+e)ts of tribology related to biologi)al
syste-.syste-.
Ea-+le7st*dies of !at*ral sy!o,ial ;oi!tEa-+le7st*dies of !at*ral sy!o,ial ;oi!t
l*bri)atio! < desig! -a!*fa)t*rel*bri)atio! < desig! -a!*fa)t*re
+erfor-a!)e of ,ario*s for-s of total ;oi!t+erfor-a!)e of ,ario*s for-s of total ;oi!t
re+la)e-e!ts.re+la)e-e!ts.
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Fundamentals of TribologyFundamentals of Trib
ology
T(e tribologi)al i!tera)tio!s of a solidT(e tribologi)al i!tera)tio!s of a solids*rfa)e=s e+osed fa)e /it( i!terfa)i!gs*rfa)e=s e+osed fa)e /it( i!terfa)i!g-aterials < e!,iro!-e!t -ay res*lt i! loss-aterials < e!,iro!-e!t -ay res*lt i! loss
of -aterial fro- s*rfa)e.of -aterial fro- s*rfa)e.
The process, leading to loss of material isThe process, leading to loss of material is
known as wear.known as wear.
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>o!d?>o!d?
T(e /ear +arti)les liberated fro- artifi)ialT(e /ear +arti)les liberated fro- artifi)ial
;oi!ts (a,e bee! s(o/! to )a*se ad,erse ;oi!ts (a,e bee! s(o/! to )a*se ad,erse
tiss*e rea)tio!s osteolysis a!d ase+ti)tiss*e rea)tio!s osteolysis a!d ase+ti)
loose!i!g a!d also o! @*ality of -ag!eti)loose!i!g a!d also o! @*ality of -ag!eti)
re)ordi!g syste-s.re)ordi!g syste-s.
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>o!d?>o!d?
T(e /ear +arti)les liberated fro- artifi)ialT(e /ear +arti)les liberated fro- artifi)ial
;oi!ts (a,e bee! s(o/! to )a*se ad,erse ;oi!ts (a,e bee! s(o/! to )a*se ad,erse
tiss*e rea)tio!s osteolysis loose!i!g
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6ear Debris
Osteolysis
Doose!i!g
REVISION
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Adhesive:Adhesive: I!,ol,esI!,ol,es
bo!di!g of t(ebo!di!g of t(e
s*rfa)e -aterial /(e!s*rfa)e -aterial /(e!
t(ey are +ressedt(ey are +ressedtoget(er *!dertoget(er *!der
load-aterials bei!gload-aterials bei!g
+*lled a/ay fro- t(e+*lled a/ay fro- t(e
o!e or -ore s*rfa)eo!e or -ore s*rfa)e*s*ally /ea2er*s*ally /ea2er
-aterial .-aterial .
Adhesive
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AbrasiveAbrasive
A -e)(a!i)al +ro)ess A -e)(a!i)al +ro)ess
i! /(i)( as+erities o!i! /(i)( as+erities o!
t(e (arder s*rfa)e )*tt(e (arder s*rfa)e )*ta!d +lo*g( t(ro*g(a!d +lo*g( t(ro*g(
t(e softer s*rfa)et(e softer s*rfa)e
res*lti!g i! re-o,al ofres*lti!g i! re-o,al of
-aterial.-aterial.
Abrasive
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Fatigue:Fatigue: T(e re-o,al ofT(e re-o,al of
-aterials as a res*lt of-aterials as a res*lt of
)y)li) stress ,ariatio!s.)y)li) stress ,ariatio!s.
Corrosive:Corrosive: A +ro)ess i! A +ro)ess i!
/(i)( )(e-i)al or/(i)( )(e-i)al or
ele)tro)(e-i)al rea)tio!sele)tro)(e-i)al rea)tio!s
/it( t(e e!,iro!-e!t/it( t(e e!,iro!-e!t
do-i!ates s*)( asdo-i!ates s*)( as
oidati,e /ear.oidati,e /ear.
Fatigue
Corrosive
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>o!d?>o!d?
rosive:rosive: oss ofoss of
-aterial fro- solid-aterial fro- solid
s*rfa)e d*e to relati,es*rfa)e d*e to relati,e-otio! i! )o!ta)t /it(-otio! i! )o!ta)t /it(
fl*id /(i)( )o!tai!sfl*id /(i)( )o!tai!s
solid +arti)les.solid +arti)les.
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Alternate bearing combinations for total hip arthroplasty
Bearing material Benefits !is"s
>ross7li!2ed
+olyet(yle!e
Hig( /ear resista!)e!o
too)ityrelati,ely lo/)ost-*lti+le li!ero+tio!s.
1ross -aterial
faila*rei!)reasedbioa)ti,ity of /ear+arti)als.
Metal7o!7-etal Very (ig( /earresista!)efa,o*rs largerdia-eter3lo/ers/ear4lo!g i! ,i,oe+erie!)e.
I!)reased le,els ofio!sdelayed ty+e of(y+erse!siti,ity)ar)i!oge!esis.
>era-i)7o!7)era-i) Hig(est /earresista!)e!otoi)itylo!g i! ,i,o
e+erie!)e.
Positio! se!siti,ity li!ear)(i++i!g fra)t*re ris2.
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6ear -odes6ear -odes
T(e )o!ditio!s *!der /(i)( t(e +rost(esis /asT(e )o!ditio!s *!der /(i)( t(e +rost(esis /as
f*!)tio!i!g /(e! t(e /ear o))*rred (a,e bee!f*!)tio!i!g /(e! t(e /ear o))*rred (a,e bee!
ter-ed t(e /ear -odes.ter-ed t(e /ear -odes.
o*r ty+eso*r ty+es
$.$. Mode $Mode $
&.&. Mode &Mode &9.9. Mode 9Mode 9
B.B. Mode BMode B
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Mode #Mode # /ear7T(e -otio! of & +ri-ary beari!g/ear7T(e -otio! of & +ri-ary beari!g
s*rfa)e agai!st ea)( ot(er as i!te!ded.s*rfa)e agai!st ea)( ot(er as i!te!ded.
Mode $Mode $ /ear7 >o!ditio! of a +ri-ary beari!g/ear7 >o!ditio! of a +ri-ary beari!gs*rfa)e -o,i!g agai!st & s*rfa)e t(at /as !ots*rfa)e -o,i!g agai!st & s*rfa)e t(at /as !ot
i!te!ded to )o-e i!to )o!ta)t /it( t(e first.i!te!ded to )o-e i!to )o!ta)t /it( t(e first.
E7/(e! a fe-oral )o-+o!e!t +e!etratesE7/(e! a fe-oral )o-+o!e!t +e!etratest(ro*g( -od*lar +olyet(yle!e li!er < arti)*latest(ro*g( -od*lar +olyet(yle!e li!er < arti)*lates
/it( -etal ba)2i!g./it( -etal ba)2i!g.
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Mode %Mode % /ear7 >o!ditio! of t(e +ri-ary/ear7 >o!ditio! of t(e +ri-ary
s*rfa)es -o,i!g agai!st ea)( ot(er b*ts*rfa)es -o,i!g agai!st ea)( ot(er b*t
/it( t(ird body +arti)al i!ter+osed )alled/it( t(ird body +arti)al i!ter+osed )alled
t(ree body /ear. T(e +ri-ary beari!gt(ree body /ear. T(e +ri-ary beari!g
s*rfa)e -ay be tra!sie!tly or +er-a!e!tlys*rfa)e -ay be tra!sie!tly or +er-a!e!tly
ro*g(e!ed by t(is i!tera)tio! leadi!g to aro*g(e!ed by t(is i!tera)tio! leadi!g to a
(ig(er Mode 7$ /ear rate.(ig(er Mode 7$ /ear rate.
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Mode &Mode & /ear7 & se)o!dary 3!o!+ri-ary4/ear7 & se)o!dary 3!o!+ri-ary4
s*rfa)es r*bbi!g toget(er.s*rfa)es r*bbi!g toget(er.
ea-+les of Mode B7/ear i!)l*de /earea-+les of Mode B7/ear i!)l*de /ear
d*e to relati,e -otio! of t(e o*ter s*rfa)ed*e to relati,e -otio! of t(e o*ter s*rfa)e
of a -od*lar +olyet(yle!e )o-+o!e!tof a -od*lar +olyet(yle!e )o-+o!e!t
agai!st t(e -etal s*++ort so )alledagai!st t(e -etal s*++ort so )alled
ba)2side /ear.ba)2side /ear.
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'(B!)CAT)*+'(B!)CAT)*+
*bri)atio! refers to addi!g l*bri)a!t*bri)atio! refers to addi!g l*bri)a!t
bet/ee! t/o beari!g s*rfa)e i! order tobet/ee! t/o beari!g s*rfa)e i! order to
)o!trol fri)tio! a!d /ear.)o!trol fri)tio! a!d /ear.
T(ree disti!)t l*bri)atio! regi-e!s eistT(ree disti!)t l*bri)atio! regi-e!s eist
$.$. l*id7fil- l*bri)atio!.l*id7fil- l*bri)atio!.&.&. "o*!dary l*bri)atio!."o*!dary l*bri)atio!.
9.9. Mied l*bri)atio!.Mied l*bri)atio!.
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>o!d?>o!d?
I! order to -i!i-ie /ear ideal l*bri)atio!I! order to -i!i-ie /ear ideal l*bri)atio!regi-e! is fl*id fil-. Ho/e,er /ear )a!!ot beregi-e! is fl*id fil-. Ho/e,er /ear )a!!ot beeli-i!ated )o-+letely.eli-i!ated )o-+letely.
T(e tribiologi)al +erfor-a!)e of a ;oi!t de+e!dsT(e tribiologi)al +erfor-a!)e of a ;oi!t de+e!dso! t(e fl*id fil- )o,eri!g its s*rfa)es.o! t(e fl*id fil- )o,eri!g its s*rfa)es.
A (ig( ratio of fl*id fil- t(i)2!ess to s*rfa)e A (ig( ratio of fl*id fil- t(i)2!ess to s*rfa)ero*g(!ess 3F ratio4 is desirable i! order toro*g(!ess 3F ratio4 is desirable i! order tored*)e fri)tio! < /ear red*)e fri)tio! < /ear
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>o!d?>o!d?
l*id fil- l*bri)atio! )o-+letely se+aratesl*id fil- l*bri)atio! )o-+letely se+arates
t(e s*rfa)es of a beari!g. T(is o))*rst(e s*rfa)es of a beari!g. T(is o))*rs
/(e! t(e l*bri)ati!g fil- is t(i)2er t(a! t(e/(e! t(e l*bri)ati!g fil- is t(i)2er t(a! t(e
(eig(t of t(e as+erities o! t(e beari!g(eig(t of t(e as+erities o! t(e beari!g
s*rfa)es. I! t(is sit*atio! t(e load iss*rfa)es. I! t(is sit*atio! t(e load is
)arried by t(e fl*id a!d /ear of beari!g is)arried by t(e fl*id a!d /ear of beari!g is
-i!i-al.-i!i-al.
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F!)CT)*+F!)CT)*+
Defi!ed as resista!)e to -otio!.Defi!ed as resista!)e to -otio!.
irst st*dies by ea!ardo Da ,i!)i 3A.D. $BC& toirst st*dies by ea!ardo Da ,i!)i 3A.D. $BC& to$C$'4$C$'4
T(ree la/s of dry fri)tio!T(ree la/s of dry fri)tio!
$.$. or)e of fri)tio! is dire)tly +ro+ortio!al toor)e of fri)tio! is dire)tly +ro+ortio!al toa++lied load.a++lied load.
&.&. or)e of fri)tio! is i!de+e!de!t of a++are!tor)e of fri)tio! is i!de+e!de!t of a++are!tarea of )o!ta)t.area of )o!ta)t.
9.9. Ki!eti) for)e of fritio! is i!de+e!de!t of slidi!gKi!eti) for)e of fritio! is i!de+e!de!t of slidi!gs+eed.s+eed.
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>o!d?>o!d?
ri)tio! bet/ee! beari!g s*rfa)e (asri)tio! bet/ee! beari!g s*rfa)e (as
+layed a! i-+orta!t role i! de,elo+-e!t+layed a! i-+orta!t role i! de,elo+-e!tof artifi)ial (i+ ;oi!ts.of artifi)ial (i+ ;oi!ts.
Early (i+ re+la)e-e!ts desig!ed byEarly (i+ re+la)e-e!ts desig!ed by 'ate'ate,ir -ohn charnley,ir -ohn charnley *tilied -aterials /it(*tilied -aterials /it(
o+ti-al fri)tio! +ro+erties /it( lo/ )o7o+ti-al fri)tio! +ro+erties /it( lo/ )o7
effi)ie!t of fri)tio!. Ho/e,er t(ese failedeffi)ie!t of fri)tio!. Ho/e,er t(ese failedd*e to @*i)2 /ear.d*e to @*i)2 /ear.
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Ma;ority of (i+ i-+la!ts *si!g -etal o!Ma;ority of (i+ i-+la!ts *si!g -etal o!
-etal arti)*latio! also failed ra+idly d*e to-etal arti)*latio! also failed ra+idly d*e to
e@*atorial )o!ta)t a!d t(e res*lta!t (ig(e@*atorial )o!ta)t a!d t(e res*lta!t (ig(
fri)tio! a!d fri)tio!al tor@*e ge!erated.fri)tio! a!d fri)tio!al tor@*e ge!erated.
Low friction is preferential between theLow friction is preferential between the
bearing surface to reduce the stressbearing surface to reduce the stress
transmitted to the fixation interface.transmitted to the fixation interface.
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To +re,e!t stressTo +re,e!t stress
tra!s-itted at fiatio!tra!s-itted at fiatio!
i!terfa)e !ot o!ly a )o7i!terfa)e !ot o!ly a )o7
effi)ie!t of fri)tio! ateffi)ie!t of fri)tio! at
arti)*lati!g s*rfa)earti)*lati!g s*rfa)es(o*ld be red*)ed b*ts(o*ld be red*)ed b*t
also t(e radi*s of fe-oralalso t(e radi*s of fe-oral
(ead to be red*)ed as(ead to be red*)ed as
+er t(e basi) +ri!)i+les+er t(e basi) +ri!)i+les+ro+osed by t(e late Sir+ro+osed by t(e late Sir
o(! >(ar!ley.o(! >(ar!ley.
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Applications of tribology inApplications of tribology in
orthopaedicsorthopaedics
Tribology is etre-ely i-+orta!t i!Tribology is etre-ely i-+orta!t i!*!dersta!di!g of !or-al f*!)tio! < dege!eratio!*!dersta!di!g of !or-al f*!)tio! < dege!eratio!of !at*ral sy!o,ial ;oi!ts.of !at*ral sy!o,ial ;oi!ts.
I! t(e desig! of artifi)ial ;oi!t re+la)e-e!ts.I! t(e desig! of artifi)ial ;oi!t re+la)e-e!ts.
E: Total (i+ < total 2!ee +rost(esis it (el+s i!E: Total (i+ < total 2!ee +rost(esis it (el+s i!desig!i!g a +rost(esisdesig!i!g a +rost(esis ..sele)tio! of -aterial /it(sele)tio! of -aterial /it(
less /ear < less syste-i) toi)ity by /earless /ear < less syste-i) toi)ity by /ear+arti)als < t(ere by i!)reasi!g t(e life of+arti)als < t(ere by i!)reasi!g t(e life of+rost(esis a!d less !eed for re,isio! ar(ro+lasty.+rost(esis a!d less !eed for re,isio! ar(ro+lasty.
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!eferences!eferences
G. M. i! M. Sto!e E. I!g(a- . is(er biotribologyG. M. i! M. Sto!e E. I!g(a- . is(er biotribology)*rre!t ort(o+aedi)s # A*g 9&B.)*rre!t ort(o+aedi)s # A*g 9&B.
>(ristia! HeiseiMD "eari!g s*rfa)e o+tio!s for THR i!>(ristia! HeiseiMD "eari!g s*rfa)e o+tio!s for THR i!yo*!g +atie!ts "S,ol JC7A!o8#9 ;*ly.yo*!g +atie!ts "S,ol JC7A!o8#9 ;*ly.
P.S.6al2er T(e Tribology of all -etial artifi)al (i+P.S.6al2er T(e Tribology of all -etial artifi)al (i+
;oi!ts )li!i)al ort(o+aedi)s a!d related resear)(!o ;oi!ts )li!i)al ort(o+aedi)s a!d related resear)(!o9&'Sa*g $''.9&'Sa*g $''.
T(o-as +.S)(-alriedMD 6ear i! total (i+ a!d 2!eeT(o-as +.S)(-alriedMD 6ear i! total (i+ a!d 2!eere+la)e-e!ts"S,ol J$A !o $ ;a! $'''.re+la)e-e!ts"S,ol J$A !o $ ;a! $'''.