Grammar – Vocabulary
GRAMMAR – VOCABULARY.......................................................................................................................................1
1. SENTENCES......................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Sentence patterns............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.1 Subject................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.2 Object.................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.3 Complement......................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Subordinate clause........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Reduced clause................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ...........................................5
2. VERBS................................................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Tenses.............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.1 Past...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Present................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 Future.................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Verb patterns.................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Intransitive V........................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)..............................................................8
2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)..............................................................................................9
2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)............................................................................10
2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form..............................................11
2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 đang tiếp tiễn.................11
2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf....................................................11
2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)...................................11
2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive.........................13
2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing).......................................................................................14
2.2.11 S + V + to + V....................................................................................................................15
2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing...........................................................................................................16
2.2.13 Series of V......................................................................................................................... 17
2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái.....................................................................................................18
2.4 Condition......................................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Tense................................................................................................................................. 19
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction......................................................................................................19
2.4.3 Unreal expression..............................................................................................................20
2.4.4 To Wish.............................................................................................................................. 20
2.5 Active - Passive voice..................................................................................................................... 21
2.5.1 Active form......................................................................................................................... 21
2.5.2 Passive form...................................................................................................................... 21
2.6 Reported speech............................................................................................................................ 22
2.7 Verb + prepositions......................................................................................................................... 23
2.8 Verbal phrases................................................................................................................................ 24
2.8.1 Clichés............................................................................................................................... 26
3. NOUNS............................................................................................................................................................. 26
3.1 Nouns agree with V........................................................................................................................ 26
3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns.................................................................................................27
3.2.1 countable nouns................................................................................................................. 27
3.2.2 Uncountable nouns............................................................................................................27
3.2.3 Countable nouns................................................................................................................28
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3.2.4 Uncountable nouns............................................................................................................28
3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings.................................................................................28
3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs..........................................................................29
3.2.7 Patterns.............................................................................................................................. 30
3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun.....................................................................................30
3.2.9 Noun clauses.....................................................................................................................30
3.2.10 Article................................................................................................................................. 30
3.3 N + Verb......................................................................................................................................... 30
3.4 Preposition...................................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.1 Pronouns............................................................................................................................ 31
3.4.2 Noun phrases..................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.3 N – Idioms.......................................................................................................................... 32
4. ADJECTIVES....................................................................................................................................................33
4.1 Position of adj. in clause.................................................................................................................33
4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM.........................................................................................33
4.3 Patterns.......................................................................................................................................... 33
4.3.1 Sentences.......................................................................................................................... 33
4.3.2 Adjective clause................................................................................................................. 34
4.4 Comparison.................................................................................................................................... 34
4.4.1 Equal comparision.............................................................................................................34
4.4.2 Comparative....................................................................................................................... 35
4.4.3 Supperlative....................................................................................................................... 35
4.5 Vocabulary...................................................................................................................................... 35
4.5.1 Descriptive adj...................................................................................................................35
4.5.2 Limiting adj......................................................................................................................... 35
4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives...........................................................................35
4.6 Preposition...................................................................................................................................... 37
5. ADVERBS......................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 Definition......................................................................................................................................... 38
5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time......................................................................38
5.3 Building words................................................................................................................................ 38
5.4 Vocabulary...................................................................................................................................... 38
5.4.1 Frequency.......................................................................................................................... 38
5.4.2 Degree............................................................................................................................... 39
5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức...............................................................................39
5.4.4 Place.................................................................................................................................. 39
5.4.5 Time................................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.6 Purpose.............................................................................................................................. 40
5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân......................................................................................................40
5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ...................................................................................................40
5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập...............................................................................................................40
5.4.10 Vocabulary......................................................................................................................... 40
6. CONJUNCTIONS..............................................................................................................................................41
6.1 Vocabulary...................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction....................................................................................................41
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction..................................................................................................41
7. PREPOSITIONS...............................................................................................................................................43
7.1 Meaning.......................................................................................................................................... 43
7.2 Phrases........................................................................................................................................... 44
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LISTENING.................................................................................................................................................................. 48
TOEFL......................................................................................................................................................................... 49
8. CONFUSED WORDS.......................................................................................................................................49
9. NUMBERS........................................................................................................................................................ 52
9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự...........................................................................................................52
9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm..............................................................................................................52
9.3 Time,............................................................................................................................................... 52
9.4 Age................................................................................................................................................. 53
9.5 Measurement – units...................................................................................................................... 53
9.6 Comparative................................................................................................................................... 54
9.7 Maths.............................................................................................................................................. 54
10. expressions - Phrases.......................................................................................................................................54
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1. SENTENCESMain clause + subordinate clause
1.1 Sentence patterns Introductory modifier
S Adv V O Adv
N, + definiting relative clause V O , V-ing + O
Adj, + , Appositive (N phrase), non-definite relative clause (V-ing, V-ed…) ,
V O and V + O
Adv, V O ,…, and V + O Adv modifies clause
Adv V–ing + O
V O Adv modifies V
Prep. + V-ing + O, V–ed + V O
V-ing + O, active
V-ed + O, passive
To – inf + O, purpose
Adverbial clause, Main clause
Main clause Adverbial clause
SPECIAL
It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause.
It / there + be + N + adj - clause.
It is likely that + clause
That + clause + V + O
It is the first (sb) to – inf
(Sb) + first + V-ed
It was 1973 that + clause
It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement) who …
It is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention
It was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention
Ex.
Astronomer now believe them.
To influence farmers the most.
The very mistakes they make show that + clause.
The committee members resented the president’s not informing them of meeting.
S V adj N N O
The American dancer Maria Tellchief first became prominet in Europe.
1.1.1 Subject
Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun, Gerund,
Ex. That – clause + V + O
1.1.2 Object
DO = sth IO = sb
Patern: S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)
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S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)
1.1.3 Complement
N, Adj.
Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)
Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).
1.2 Subordinate clauseNoun clause
Adjective clause
Adverbial clause
Reduced adj-clause; appositive.
1.2.1 Reduced clause
If, unless, whether,
although, though
When, after, before, since, while V-ing Active
Main clause
(S+V+O) Once, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as V- ed Passive
Though While adj
Ex. Take the medicine as prescribed
The man took the medicine as having to.
After / if permitted, the student will be absent from class.
1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ Pattern: adv + aux/defective V + S – Strong form
Weak form: emphasize
Ex. Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine.
Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom, rarely, scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no account, by no means, little, evenless, so, such
Ex. Never will I smoke again.
Ex. In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position.
= A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances .
Only, so, such…: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only on rare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck
Ex. So beautiful is she that… = such a beautiful girl is she that…
Only + subordinate clause, + main clause
Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside… đảo động từ
Ex. On the desk lies a spider
Here / there + V + S chủ từ giả đảo động từ
Ex. Here comes my taxi!
Except: Here you are!
If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present
Ex. Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldn’t have married her.
Were I you, I would marry
Should she come, I’ll tell.
Did you study har, you might pass the exam.
Comparision đảo động từ
Ex. Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen.
New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice as large as is the second smallest country, Monaco.
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{long subject}
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2. VERBSFinite verb: can combine with S complete sentence (chia thì và phù hôïp với S).
Non-finite verb: to – inf; V – ing; V – ed cannot make a complete sentence.
2.1 Tenses
2.1.1 Past
2.1.1.1 Simple past
Time expression: Prehistory, deadth, ancestor, during the 1840s, the early___, during the industrial revolution ( meaning finish)
2.1.1.2 Past progressive
2.1.1.3 Past perfect = had + pp
1st action
past perfect
= had + pp.
2nd action
simple past
= V-ed
Now
Present
= inf
After + had + pp finish before another action (V-ed)
By (before) _____, had + pp.
2.1.2 Present
2.1.2.1 Simple present
2.1.2.2 Present progressive
2.1.2.3 Present perfect = have + pp finish before another action : liên quan đến hiện tại, kéo dài đến hiện tại
Time expressions: yet, already, often, as soon as, during the past few days, lately, recently, just, ever, never, so far = up to now = for some time now, frequently, finally, after, since, for, over the past few years, during the past three decades, by the end of.
Formular:
S + has/have (not) + pp + (yet)
S + has/have + yet + to-inf +
2.1.2.4 Present perfect progression: S + has/have + been + V-ing
Time expressions: for, since, all day (morning… )
2.1.3 Future
2.1.3.1 Simple future: will / shall + inf
Time expressions:
next time,
2.1.3.2 Future progressive: will / shall + be + V-ing
Time expressions
2.1.3.3 Future perfect: will / shall + have + pp
Time expressions: by…, by that time, by then, in a few hours, by the end of next year…
Note:
Don’t use perfect tense in time clause, except in reported speech.
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2.2 Verb patternsS + Auxilary V + Main V +
Modal V = can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would rather
Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.
Intransitive V + Modifier = adv
Primary V = be, have, do… Transitive V + IO + DO = Sb + Sth
Linking V + Complement = N, adj, adv
To be
2.2.1 Intransitive V
Intransitive Verbs: cannot be passive form
Swap – run rẩy,
Collape, run, walk, wait… + modifier = adv
2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)
Linking verbs:
Be = Become
Become * – trở nên
Go
Grow
Get
Turn
+ complement = N, adj, adv
Remain – vẫn còn
Stay
Appear *
Look *– trông như
Seem *– dường như
Sound – nghe như
Prove – tỏ ra
Feel
Smell
Taste
Ex. To look ordinary lying on the bed
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2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)
2.2.3.1 Subjunctive – bàng thái cách: S + Vt + DO (sb) + to-inf.
Meaning an order or a request 2 Subj.
Transitive V: can make passive forms
Formular:
S1 + V + DO(sb) + (not) to – inf.
S1 + V + that S2 + (not) bare – inf present subjuctive
Verbs:
Advise + V-ing
Allow * + V-ing ≠ + to-inf,
= permit
Ask + to-inf
Cause *
Command
Convince = persuade – thuyết phục
Challenge = Defy – thách thức
Decree – ban hành
Demand
Desire + V-ing desire + to-inf – muốn
Enable
Encourage (*) + V-ing
= encourage * that (bare-inf) - khuyến khích, ủng hộ
Expect + to-inf
Force + to-inf
Help + V-ing = + to-
Help + (sb) + to-inf / bare-inf
Hire + to-inf
Insist * + that = on + V-ing /
Know + V-ing = + to-inf.
Instruct
Invite *
Move
Need + to-inf ≠ +V-ing (= need to be V-ed active)
Order * + to-inf
Permit * = allow + to-inf ≠ +V-ing
Prefer +to-inf ≠ V-ing
Propose + to-inf ≠ +V-ing
Recommend * + V-ing
= +(as)+to-inf
Remind
Request * + to-inf
Require *
Stipulate – quy định.
Suggest *
Teach
Tell + (sth) *
Train
Urge – thúc giục.
Wish + to-inf
+ (sb) + (not) to – inf.
Demand, insistance, preference, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion
+ that + clause (bare-inf) + main V
To ask, demand, insist, prefer, propose, order, recommend, require, request, suggest
+ that + clause (bare–inf)
Or
+ to – inf active.
It’s
Recommended*, suggested*, proposed*, required*, urgent – khaån
Mandatory, obligatory – bắt buộc
Assential*, nessessary*, important*, vital*- very important, imperative *- cấp bách, bắt buộc (a).
2.2.3.2 S + V + to + be + pp passive
Ex. There is (sth) to be passive
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2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)
List of verbs:
Write
Read
Sing
Tell
Paint
Draw
Pass
Hand
Give
Send
Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb)
Lend * (sth) to (sb)
Bring
Find
Get
Leave
Promise
Offer
Throw
Sell
Buy
Loan
Owe – nôï
Advance – đặt trươùc
Teach
Show
Make
Feed
Cut
Build
+ (sb) + (sth)
S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO) (sb)
Explain
Describe
Introduction
Lend
Say
Report
Repeat
+ (sth) + to/for (sb)
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2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form
2.2.5.1 Active
To have/get + (sb) + bare – inf
To have/get + (sth) + pp. passive
To help + (sb) + bare-inf. / to – inf
To make + (sb)/(sth) + bare-inf = force (sb) + to–inf. bắt buộc.
To let + (sb)/(sth) + bare–inf
Would you please * + (not) + bare-inf.
Please * + (don’t) + bare-inf.
To say/ tell + (sb)
To think / believe
+ that + clause (bare-inf)
2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth) + pp. / Adj
Have / get/ make + (sth) + pp. nhờ (ai) làm …
Ex. To have my hair cut
To have the floor cleaned
Let us do (sth) = let’s do (sth)
2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 đang tiếp tiễn
List of verbs:
Catch
Find
Keep
Leave – để
Set – để
Start
+ (sb) + V-ing (present participle)
V2 đang tiếp tiễn
2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
Perception verbs: sense of humor/community: hearing, seeing, touch, smell, taste
Observe
See *
Look at
Watch *
Hear *
Listen to
Notice *
Feel *
Smell
Taste
+ (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)
List of verbs:
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Call
Name
Make
Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N – xem như
Appoint *– bổ nhiệm
Assign – phân công, chỉ định
Designate (chỉ định)
Choose
Select
Pick – out
+ O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC
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2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive
Tense:
Past action: V + having + pp.
Passive: V + being + pp.
List of verbs:
Admit *– thừa nhận passive.
Advise (*) + V-ing = advise + (sb) + to-inf
Anticipate * – đốn trươùc
Appreciate (*) + V-ing = advise + adj + V-ing
Avoid *
Allow (*) + V-ing / to-inf = allow (sb) + to-inf.
Complete
Consider * – xem như.
Control *
Defend
Defer = Delay + V-ing = Postpone + V-ing – trì hoãn
Delay *+ V-ing = Postpone* + V-ing + to / until +
Deny *+ V-ing = Refuse * + To-inf. – phủ nhận
Desire * passive.
Detest
Discuss
Dislike
Encourage (*) + V-ing = encourage + (sb) + to-inf
Enjoy *
Escape
Excuse
Fancy – tưởng tượng
Fear
Finish *
Forbid (*) + V-ing = forbit (sb) + to-inf.
Forgive + V-ing = forgive (sb) + to-inf.
Hate (**) + V-ing = hate + to-inf.
Imagine
Involve * – liên quan
Keep (*)
Like (**) + V-ing like + to-inf
Love (**)+ V-ing love + to-inf
Mention
Mind * – would you mind / do you mind
Miss
Need (*) + V-ing passive.
Pardon
Permit (*) + V-ing = permit (sb) + to-inf.
Practise
Prevent
Quit *
Remember (**) + V-ing remember + to-inf
Recall
Recollect
Recommend (*) + V-ing = recommend (as) + to-inf
Regret + V-ing regret + to-inf – tiếc
Report
Resent * – phẫn nộ, nổi giận, ghen
Resist – kháng cự
Resume
Risk – liều
Suggest passive.
Top, End (**)
Tolerate – tha thứ, chịu đựng
Try (**) + V-ing try + to-inf
Understand
Want (*) + V-ing want + to-inf = want (sb) to-inf.
S + V + Gerund = S + V + DO(sb) + to-inf.
Advise
Recommend
Encourage – khuyến khích, ủng hộ
Allow
Permit
Forbid * – cấm
+ V-ing = + (sb) + to-inf
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2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing)
2.2.10.1 Expression / phrasal verb
Can’t help
Can’t bear = can’t stand – không thể chịu đựng
have a hard time
have fun trouble
spend time
go ( sport / hobby)
be worth passive.
Give up = abandon – từ bỏ, đầu hàng
Get through = use up; finish + V-ing
Go on = continue, work on
Keep on
Put off = postpone (hoãn)
+ V-ing
2.2.10.2 Prep. + V–ing
Approve of
Be letter off
Count on
Think about / of
Forget about
To object to
To look forward to
To be accustomed to = get/ be used to + V- ing used to + inf.
To go ( sport / hobby)
Accustom to
+ V-ing
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2.2.11 S + V + to + V
2.2.11.1 S + V + (not) to –inf. (không có nghóa mục đích)
hướng tới tương lai: mong muốn, bắt buộc
Afford (đáp ứng)
Agree* + to-inf refuse + to-inf
Aim
Appear*
Arrange
Ask+ to-inf = ask (sb) + to-inf.
Attempt
Beg
Care
Choose
Claim – tuyên bố.
Consent – tán thành, đoàng yù.
Dare
Decide
Demand* + to-inf = demand + that (bare-inf) = demand (sb) + to-inf
Deserve* – xứng đáng.
Desire (*) + V-ing/To-inf.
Determine
Expect*
Force* + to-inf = force (sb) + to-inf
Fail*
Forget (**) + to-inf forget + V-ing
Happen
Hate
Help (**) + V-ing = help + to-inf.
Hesitate
Hire + to-inf = hire (sb) +to-inf. = engage
Hope*
Intend*
Learn – nghe tin
Like / dislike (**) + to-inf + V-ing
Love (**) + to-inf + V-ing
Manage
Mean
Need* + to-inf = need (sb) + to-inf + V-ing
Offer
Order + to-inf = order (sb) + to-inf
Plan
Prefer
Prepare
Pretend – giả vờ
Promise*
Refuse *
Request
Seem
Strive – phấn đấu, cố gắng = try + to-inf
Struggle
Swear
Tend
Threaten – đe doạ
Undertake – đảm nhận
Warn – cảnh báo
Want * + to-inf = want (sb) + to-inf. want + V-ing = want to be + V-ed.
Wait
Wish
Volunteer
Vote * – bầu cưû.
Would like + to –inf invitation, want
To be likely + to –inf có lẽ.
There is to be + to –inf passive
+ to-inf
S + V + Wh-question + to–inf.
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Ask
Tell
Show
Advise
Teach
Learn
Know
Remember
Forget
Explain
Understand
Wonder
Decide
+ Wh-question + to-inf
Ex.
I want to know how to prepare a lecture.
2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing
Don’t change meaning
Begin
Start
Intend
Continue
Bother
Help
Know
+ to–inf / V–ing
Change meaning:
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Remenber
Forget
Regret
Love
Like /dislike (would you like)
Hate
Want
Prefer
Try + to-inf cố gắng
Try + V-ing thưû
Need* + to-inf active
Need* + V-ing = need + to be + pp. passive
Advise + to-inf/V-ing = advise (sb) on (sth)
Agree
Allow
Permit
Attempt
Leave
Mean
Neglect
Dread – sợ hãi
Study
Stop
Propose
Go on
Can’t help
Can’t bear
+ V-ing đã qua, bị động (được làm), công việc; meaning: tinh thần, tình cảm
+ to-inf sẽ làm, kết quả meaning: vật chất,
2.2.13 Series of V
2.2.13.1 S + V + to + V
Purpose nhằm, để.
2.2.13.2 S + V and V
Consecutive các hành động liên tiếp.
2.2.13.3 S + V (,) present participle
Simultaneous các hành động cùng một lúc.
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2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái
Present tense: Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.
Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would rather,
1. Request – Yêu cầu lịch sự
Will you + inf. have (sb) do (sth)
Would you + inf. invite
2. Permission – Xin phép
May, can + inf.
3. Ability – khả năng
Can + inf = to be able to + inf. có thể
4. Guess, posibility – Phán đốn
50%: may*, might* (unreal), could + inf có thể
90%: should*, ought* + inf expect – mong muốn có lẽ là
95%: must + inf chắc là
5. Advisibility – khuyên bảo
Should*, had better*, ought to + inf nên, tốt hơn là
Should* have + pp lẽ ra nên ( past)…
6. Necessary / obligation / logical conclusion – cần thiết, yêu cầu
Must + (not) inf = (don’t) have to + inf (past tense: had to) = be to + inf.
= have got to + inf = be supposed to + inf.
Past tense: Must* + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.
7. Logical conclusion
Must + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.
Must + be + V-ing / adj logical conclusion in the present.
Must + bare – inf … every day, often logical conclusion events that repeat.
8. Preference – đề nghị
Present / Future: Would rather / would sooner + (not) inf. (present subjunctive – inf.)
Would rather than S2 + past subj. = S1 + wish + S2 + past subj.
Present contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + present subjunctive (inf.)
Past contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + past perfect subjunctive (had + past sub.)
9. Past habit – Thói quen trong quá khứ
Would + inf. = used to + inf.
To be used to + V-ing to be accustomed to
To get used to + V-ing to become accustomed to
10. Would rather – thành thực mà nói
Would rather + (not) bare-inf = Prefer + to-inf
Would rather* + S + (didn’t) + inf unreal thành thực mà nói.
Ex. I’d rather you didn’t do anything about it for the time being.
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11. Spectation about the past - ước đoán hành động trong quá khứ - “chắc hẳn là”
Past tense: modal + have + (not) past participle
Should + have + pp lẽ ra nên …
Must + have + pp. certain – chắc chắn.
May + have + pp. possible– có thể.
Could + have + pp. possible – có thể.
Might + have + pp. less possible – it khả năng.
Can’t + have + pp. impossible, almost impossible – hầu như không thể.
Ex. You should have done (sth) = you didn’t do (sth).
2.4 Condition
2.4.1 Tense
If- clause Main clause
Real in the present / future Present simple
Do *
Future simple
Will + inf.
Unreal in the present / future Past subjunctive
V-ed (were) **
Conditional simple
Would + inf.
Unreal in the past Past perfect subjunctive
Had + past subj. *
Inversion of had + omit “if”
Conditional perfect
Would + have + pp.
Mixed time –
Result of the action in the past
Past perfect subjunctive
Had + pp.
(unreal in the past)
Conditional simple
Would + inf.
(unreal in the present)
Tense
Conditional tense: would + inf expresion action in the future
Past subjunctive: V-ed (were) expresion action in the present
Past perfect sub.: had + past sub. expresion action in the past
Could = would be able to
Might = may be would
Inversion – đảo ngữ ***
Ex 1. If I had a car I would go to class on time.
Had I a car I would go to class on time.
Ex 2. If he should be here he would see her
a little chance to happen nếu tình cờ.
an opportunity nếu có cô hội.
Reduce form – dạng rút gọn *
V-ing / V–ed + S + V + O
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction
If, only if nếu, chỉ khi.
In case = in the event that trong trường hôïp.
Provided that * = providing that = as long as (adv) + phrase miễn là, với điều kiện.
Unless = If … not… nếu không.
Or else = otherwise = or nếu không.
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2.4.3 Unreal expression
Ước
Wish = If only ước mà, giá mà, giá mà.
Would to God = would rather that ước gì
+ clause (unreal past)
Would + have + pp.
V-ed
Might / could / would + inf future
Might / could / would + past sub. present
Might / could / would + past perfect sub. (had pp) past
Như thể là
Main clause + as if / as though + clause = Would + have + pp.
Present simple past sub.
Past simple past perfect sub.
Đã đến lúc
It’s (high / about) time + for (sb) + to - inf punctual present đã đến lúc.
It’s time + clause (V-ed = past sub.) đã qua lẽ ra … đã …
complaining / criticizing: phàn nàn, chống đối, chỉ trích.
Unfulfilled desires in the past **
Had hoped + that + would + (not) + bare – inf.
Ex. She had hoped that he would stay longer.
2.4.4 To Wish
Wish + to-inf = wish + (sb) + to-inf want
Wish + would + bare – inf
Wish + V-ed (past subjuctive)
Wish + had + V-ed (past perfect)
unreal in the future / present / past
Wish + (sb) + N
Wish + (sb) + adj
Wish + for + N
Ex. I wish you luck.
We wish you a Merry Christmas
He wished himself dead.
He wishes for money.
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2.5 Active - Passive voice
2.5.1 Active form
Meaning: Express habitual, natural, realy actions
Compare these cases:
Active: If the sake bakes much longer, it will burn.
Active: Brick exposed
Active: Mecury expand in direct proporttion to temp.
Active: the sale ends
Active: City lies in …
Passive: City is locatied in …
2.5.2 Passive form
S + V + DO (sth) + IO (sb)
DO (sth) + be + pp. + IO + by + S
IO (sb) + be + pp. + to + DO + by + S
S + get + pp sth happen unplanned, unexpected.
S is said that + clause = S is said + to – inf. người ta nói rằng
S is supposed + to + inf. = It is planned / arranged / expected
There is / are + sth + to be + pp. dần được làm
Be + to be + present/ pp. intention – dự tính.
It’s believed
It’s hypothesized
It’s known
It’s said
It’s thought
It’s true
It’s written
+ that + clause (simple present)
expresses, knowledge
Ex.
Fish have been found to contain a particular type of fat that helps lower blood cholesterol levels
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2.6 Reported speech Verbs:
ask, believe, forget, knowm remember, report, say, think, tell + that + clause.
Change:
Pronoun, possessive pronoun he, she, they, him her…
Time:
Today that day
Yesterday the day before.
The day before yesterday two days before
Tomorrow the next day, the following day.
The day after tomorrow in two days’ time .
A year ago the previous year, a year before.
Không đổi theo bảng khi có thời gian cụ thể.
Ex, On Monday Jack said to Tom: “I’m leaving the day after tomorrow”.
On Tuesday Jack said to Tom he was leaving tomorrow.
Adjective:
This, that the, it
These, those them
Next the following
Last the previous
Wh – question
Wh –word + S + V + O
Câu mệnh lệnh 2 đại từ liên tục
Verbs: beg, remind, warn, advice, recommend, ask
S + O + to – inf.
Mệnh đề diễn đạt một sự thật, chân lý
Không đổi trật tự của đại từ: simple present, simple past
Điều kiện không thật không đổi thì của động từ.
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2.7 Verb + prepositions Accede to – tán thành
Accommodate to – sắp xếp
Accommodate (sb) with (sth) cung cấp
Accompany by (sb) with (sth) theo
Account for = as of (prep?) – tính đến
Add (sth) to (sth)
Adjust to
Admit to – nhận vào .
Advise on (sth)
Appeal for – kêu gọi
Apply to (place) for (position) – xin vào
Appose to + V-ing
Approve of
Arive at place, in country, in city, home
Attach to
Attribute to
Believe in, belief(s) in (n)
Belong to (sth)
Confess to – thú nhận
Confine to – giam cầm , hạn chế.
Contribute to – đóng góp
Consist of = compose of – gồm = include =incompass.
Delicate (sth) to (v-ing)
Devide into
Devote (sth) to (sth) – cống hiến
Differentiate between + in – khác nhau giữa +ở chỗ
Enter + (place) enter into (problem)
Expose to
Face + with (sth)
Feed on = eat
Fight for.
Forget about (sth)
Infuse A into B / B with A – thấm, ngấm
Interfere with – trở ngại, cản trở
Introduce into (sth)
Lead to
Object to (sth/ one’s V-ing)
Refer to
Regard to
Relate to (sb)
Remind (sb) of (sth/sb)
Search for – tìm kiếm
Serve as position
Succeed in – successful – success – thành công
Succeed to – successive – succession – kế thừa, kế tục
Worry about
Talk + to (sb) about (sth)
Talk with (sb)(sth) – trình bày .
Be noted for work
Be well-known for work + as person/position
Be respected for work
Be appreciated for work
Win prize / award for work – thưởng cho công trình
Receive prize / award for work
Reward (sb) for (sth)
Pay for (sth)
Buy / sell / purchase + (sth) + for (money)
Gain prominence for – được chú yù vì
Mistaken for (sth) – bò nhầm với
Pay for (sth) with cash
Spend (money) for (sth)
Qualify for
Register (sb) for (course)
To cast off = to give up – từ bỏ, đầu hàng
To get rid of + V -ing = do away … - rũ bỏ
Associate with – liên kết với
Connect with (sb) to (sth)
Deal with
Depute with – tranh cãi với
Compare with
Compete with – cạnh tranh.
Comply with (sth) – tuân theo.
Mingle with = mix with = blend with – trộn lẫn= sth
Blend into – trộn lẫn vào
Come from = stem from = derive from
Detach from – tháo ra
Detract from – lấy đi, làm giảm
Differ from (sth) in (sth)/ that clause
Emerge from – nổi lên, hiện lên
Escape from
Forbid (sb) + from + V-ing ≠ be forbidden + to – inf
Obtain from
Prevent (sb/sth) from
Profit from
Suffer from
Remove from
Result from là do
= Result in dẫn đến kết quả = the result of
Withdraw from – rút ra khỏi.
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To catch (sb) in + V-ed bắt gặp
To be caught in + V-ed
To be opposited + to
To be better off + V-ing
Advise (sb) on (sth)/ of (sth)
≠ advise (sb) agaisnt doing sth
Aggree with / on
Concentrate on – tập trung
Count on (sb/sth)
Decide on *
Depend on *
Design on *
Focus on *
Insist on / that (inf)– khẩn khoản đòi, nhất định *
Plan on (V-ing) *
Rely on: to be dependent – tin vào.
Spend (time) on (sth) = spend (time) doing (sth) *
Spend (money) for (sth) *
Vote on (sth) *
Confide in – giãi bày với
Engage in – tiến hành, hứa hẹn
Observe in (light, flame)
Participate in
Rank in (value) – xếp hạng theo
Range in (size) – phân loại theo
Succeed in
Vary in (sth)
Ex.
I forgot about our asking them
V prep.-Adj-Gerund-Obj
2.8 Verbal phrases To make
To make means to produce, creat contruct.
Ex:Make an advances in
make an attempt
make choice
make a comparision
make a contribution
make an exception
make a decision
make a discovery
make a distinction
Make a forcast
Make a law
Make a mistake
Make a point
Make an investment
Make a plan
Make a prediction
Make a profit
Make a promise
Make an offer
Make a suggestion
Make a sound / noise
Make use of
To make a grant to (sb) = to grant (sb) (sth) ban, cấp.
To make + Obj (short form) + adj + to – inf. = To make + adj + Obj (noun phrase).
Ex. Make it possible for people to live
Make possible the first settlment
To do
To do means to perform, act, accomplish
Do an assignment
Do bussiness with
Do a job (errand, chore – việc vặt)
Do one’s duty
Do one’s work
Do homework
Do research
Do someone a favor
Do one’s best – cố gắng hết sức
Do manufacture
Do contribution to
Do damage
Do wonder
Do a service
Do kindness
Do harm
Do wrong
Do justice to – đánh giá đúng
To Advise
Advise (sb) not to do (sth)
Advise (sb) of do (sth) = inform (sth)
Advise (sb) on (sth) = should do (sth)
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Advise (sb) against (sth)/ doing (sth) = should not do (sth)
Advise (sb) that + clause
Advise (sb) how to do (sth)
To have
To have a lack of (sth) = to lack
To have a chance to do (sth)/ of doing (sth)
To be to + inf = have to + inf = must + inf
To mind – phiền lòng
To make up my mind to – inf
Would you mind + to – inf ?
To play
To play the guitar/ the piano
To play football
To play the key role in + V-ing = to be in charge of = To be responsibility for
To play the key role in structure of Cell membranes
To please – vui lòng
Please don’t do it
Would you please tell me …
To prefer
Prefer + (O)
Prefer (N1) to (N2) = prefer to do (sth) rather than do (sth)
Prefer to-inf = prefer + V-ing
To take
To take a dicision = To make a dicision = to decide
To take a turn
To take credit for (sth)
To take precaution against / for
It takes (sb) (time) + to do (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + doing (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + on (sth)
To take a day off work ngày không làm việc.
To take a dim view of
Phrases
To be equal to = equal
To get married to (sb) = to marry (sb)
To remain loyal to – trung thành với
To owe much to – nhờ vào
To be called by the term “banner”
To be made up to
Don’t have to be refined
To conduct on the role of hormone
To work on
Don’t have to be refine
Drop a line
Go skiing
2.8.1 Clichés
To put in your diary = remember to do.
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To give me a hand = help, aid, assisst,…
3. NOUNS
3.1 Nouns agree with VHere / there + be (S) + S
Great quantities of + N
Lot of = a lot of
None + of the
No, half, any
Almost of the, almost all, Most, all, some, majority
+
(Of the) + N + V (N)
All but tất cả, ngoại trừ…
Of many things, trong số
Fractions / percentages
The rest
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2
Either/ Neither + N1 + or/nor + N2
+ V (N2)
S1 + as well as + S2 (cũng như)
S1 + along with + S2 đi theo
S1 + accompanied by + S2 tháp tùng bởi
S1 + together with + S2
S1 + in addition to + S2
All of S1 but S2 tất cả, ngoại trừ
+ V(S1)
Ex. Of all the law suits, 95 percents of them are
Singular V Plural V
Singular count noun, non-count noun
Anything, nothing, something, every, A pair of, each, everyone, someone, anyone, no one
Neither of, either
What, whatever, whoever
Plural count noun
Both + S1 + and + S2 = both of the + N= both + N
A few, several, various, many, some, numerous…
One, a, an, one of the + N
Quantities of time/ money/ value/ distance
Two, three…
The number of + plural N số lượng
A great / large / big/ increasing amount of + noncount N
A number of + plural N nhiều
A great / large / big / increasing number of
The adj = adj + people = N
Vietnamese language Vietnamese people
Ex.
A Flock of birds, sheep
A Herd of cattle
A Pack of dogs
A School of fish
A Pride of lions
Eye glasses
Jeans - quần jean
Pants - quần dài
Shorts - quần sooc
Trousers - quần tây
Pliers - kềm
Tweezers - nhíp
Scissors - keùo
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Tongs - keïp
500 dollars a year
a large supply of pens
Olympic series
Most of the + N = most + N
Most of them = almost all
Both of the + N = both + N
A few of us girls = a few girls vài đưá trong số bọn con gái chúng tôi.
The young, the woulded, the deaf, the blind, the dead, the living
Olympic games
Singular nouns
Mumps - bệnh quai bị . Meases – sởi. Arthritis – viêm khớp. Appendicitis – viêm ruột thừa. Rickets – còi xương. Herpes -
Economics. Mathematics. Statistics. Physics. Politics. Civis – công dân. Ethics – đạo đức. Genetics.
News
Learning, shopping working
3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns
3.2.1 countable nouns 3.2.2 Uncountable nouns
Từ đi kèm
The, this, that, these, those, (a) few, pieces of
A, all, each, one, two, none
Some, any, many, A lot of, several
A great number(s) of, The number of (sing. V), A number of (plural V), fewer … than …, more … than
Few = not many a few = some 3 + plural count N, Only a few of
The, this, that, these, those, (a) little, piece of
Some, any, much, a lot of
A large/ big/ great/ increase number of, The amount of, less … than …, more … than, less
Little = not much a little = some = a small amount of sth
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Vocabulary
3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.4 Uncountable nouns
Singular – Plural
Alga – algae – tảo
Nucleus – Nuclei – nhân TB
Bacterium – Bacteria
Fish – Fish
Fungus – Fungi / funguses
Mouse – Mice
Wolf – Wolves – chó sói
Man – Men
Child – Children
Person – People
Alumnus – Alumni
Foot – Feet
Thought - Thoughs
Feeling – Feelings
Byssinosis – Byssinoses - bệnh bụi phổi do bông
Datum - Data
Basis – Bases
Criss – Crises
Criterion – Criteria
Stimulus – Stimuli - tác nhân kích thích
Phenomenon – Phenomena
Dialysis – Dialyses – thaåm tách
Medium – media
Radius – Radii
Index – Indices
Appendix – Appendices
Food (s) Fruit, Apple, Bread (s), Butter, Cheese, Coffee, Pepper (s), Salt, Sugar (s), Tea (s), Milk, Rice (s) oil
Clothing, Jewelry
General Ns:
Equipment, Furniture, Machinery
Materials: wood, iron, glass
Traffic, Transportation
Homework, Housework, Information, Knowledge, Music, training, movie
Sunshine
Evidence (bằng chứng), Intelligence, Violence,
Air, steam, smoke, water, ice, Soil, Silver (s)
Advice
Courage
Damage
Fun, Luck, Honesty (sự thành thật), Happiness, Sadness, beauty, peace,
Luggage, Postage
Money
Pottery, Poverty, Progress, Scenery
Abstract Ns:
Significance, ignorance
Singular nouns (plural):
Improvement(s), mammal(s), fossil(s), color(s), regulation(s), mural(s) – tranh tường; vegetable(s), collection(s); skin (s), superstition(s), culture(s)
3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings
Agreement(s)
Bone(s)
Business(es)
Cloth(s)
Damage sự thiệt hại; damage(s) tiền boài thường.
Decision(s)
Education(s)
Fire(s)
Glass(es)
History(ies)
Honor(s)
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3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs
Army (đoàn quân)
Assembly
Audience
Band, Team
Class
Client – khách hàng của luật sư…
Club
Chorus – dàn đoàng ca.
Committee + singular V
Congress
Crowd
Crew
Faculty
Family
Government
Group
Jury (boài thaåm đoàn)
Majority *
Minority
Orchestra – ban nhạc.
Organization
Public
Police
Series
Staff
Variety
2,3,4… dolars
2,3,4… miles
Ex. Eat plenty fruit and vegetables.
Ordinary: + sing V
The majority believes him to inocent.
The majority of students believe him to inocent (vô tội).
Most of the car is
No remain are
Many a student knows this
N1 … N2, they dễ nhầm lẫn viết rõ ra.
N = V + post position
Ex. A drop out. A sit in. a look out. A break out. A lift out
3.2.7 Patterns
Position
N, apposition, V + O
N + Prep. + N
N + prepositional phrase + V
Ex.
Training program
It was they who + clause emphasize
3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun
Compound Noun: N (name, as an adj) – N
Position / function + N. Ex. Inventor John Hollan
N – V-ing/ V-ed + N Ex. Wheat – producing country
V-ing + N = Printing paper, making blacksmiths,
Adj + Adj + N. Ex. direct physical experience; efficient flying capabilities
Such + (a/an) + adj + N
So + adj + (a) + N. Ex. So far north
Noun phrases
Sách giáo khoa biology book compound noun
Sách nói chung book of biology
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No single alphabet = not a single alphabet
France’s Independence Day
His first / last years of office as President of us
N, so called, N
N, both of which + V
Those people who = those who
The other người còn lại trong 2 người
Another người kia, (người khác)
Vietnam (n) – nation. Vietnamese (n) – nationality. Vietnamese (n) – vietnamese language
A vietnamese (n) – a person. The Vietnamese (n) – viet nam people
Number + N
Ex. Most students = most of the students = almost all of the students
The more most student in ___
We girls ≠ some / few of us girls - một số trong bọn con gái chúng tôi
Only a few nations = some nations ≠ only few nations – negative meaning
First act of
Half an hour
Many a mile = many miles
3.2.9 Noun clauses
1. Statement:
That – clause + V + O
S + V + that –clause
Verbs: hope, think, say, believe…
2. Wh-question:
S + V + Wh-question – clause
Wh – question: what, where, when, why, how…
Verbs: ask, know…
3. Y/N question:
whether / if + N phrase / clause
If cannot begin a sentence as a subject
Ex. That the rest of the universe does not circle around the earth was proven by Gallieo.
3.2.10 Article
Nghĩa chung “land”
Vùng đất cụ thể “the land”
Ex. The Mecican Government
The only means of land transportation was the horse
The world’s most extensive ranges
Rich people = the rich
Talented people = the talented
3.3 N + Verb
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3.4 Preposition Cause of
Choice of
Conponent of
Content of
Cost of
Danger of
Effect of (cause) + on (receiver)
Equivalent of
Evidence of
Example of
Form of
Group of
Instance of – trường hôïp
Intention of
Method of / for
Native of , native to (adj)
Origin of
Possibility of / for
Price of
Probability of
Quality of
Result of
Supply of
Use of
Approach to
Attention to
Belief in
Contribution to
Cure for
Decrease in
Demand for
Exception to
Excuse for
Experience with
Expert on
Improvement in
Increase in
Influence on
Interest in
Need for
In Opposition to
Reason for
Reliance on – tin cậy, tín nhiệm
Requirement for (V-ing)
Solution to
3.4.1 Pronouns
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. + The + N
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their.
Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
Infinitive pronouns + singular verb
Everybody somebody anybody nobody
Everyone someone anyone no one + Singlular Verb
Everything something anything nothing
3.4.2 Noun phrases
To give me a hand = help, assist, aid
On the other hand
On hand = in present possession or readily available
In stock out of stock
On sale.
On view: open to public inspection : on exhibition
On pins and needles
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In advance
3.4.3 N – Idioms
A piece of cake – very easy
A piece of her mind
Out load
On the double
In her own good time
On schedule
That’s that.
In bad taste ?
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4. ADJECTIVES
4.1 Position of adj. in clause Adj + N
N + adj (+ prep.) + obj (adj clause)
Linking verb + adj:
Linking verb: be, become, remain, feel, look, see, smell, state, sound, stay, appear.
Indefinite proN + adj
N + adj
Adj [//] = available, alive, aflont, asleep, above
N = something, anything, nothing
Ex. Something new
To make it possible for (sb) to do (sth) = to make possiple + long N
4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOMOpinion – how big – how old – color – where from – made of + N
Sáng tối:
Pale
Light
Bright
Dark
Color:
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Pattern:
Check
Stripped
Plain
Flowered
Splot
4.3 Patterns
4.3.1 Sentences
It’s + adj + of + sb + to – inf.
Adj + V-ing
Busy + V-ing
Eager - hăm hở
Foolish - điên roà
Fortunate – may mắn
Happy
Lucky
Prepared = Ready – sẵn sàng
Please
Sorry
Worth
Adj + to-inf
Anxious – băn khoăn.
Boring
Dangerous
Difficult
Easy
Good
Hard
Pleased
Prepared
Ready
Strangle
Usual
Patterns
It is + (much) too + adj. + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không dùng với “that”)
It is + (much) so + hot + a day + that + clause. Except: busy + Ving
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
N + adj/adv + enough + to + inf. = sufficiently + adj. = enough + N = N enough (*)
Enough + N + to – inf. = N + enough + to – inf. (*)
However / No matter how + adj + S + V
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Whatever / No matter what + N + S + V
Ex. (*) Much too cold to = much so cold that.
Much too much for (sb) = excess – dư thừa.
Much too hot a day
too much days
As far as is known,
4.3.2 Adjective clause
Markers
Which, whom, where, when, that, whereby – nhờ đó + clause (S + V)
Who, which + V
Of which, Whose + N + V
That
Prep. + which/who never use prep + that
That … the best
That hỗn hợp : person + thing
Ex. The racket with which she is palying was offerd her on her birthday.
The racket that she is palying with was offerd her on her birthday.
Reduced adjective clause
Không thể bỏ relative pronoun khi nó là subject, whose, of which, where, whereby…
Restrictive clause
V-ing (active); V-ed (passive)
As an object omit relative pronoun: whom, which, that…
Ex. That’s the book which I bought 2 days ago.
Standing overthere, the girl smile with me.
The girl standing overthere is clever.
While I was young, I … = while being young, I… = while young, I …
Built in 1976, capital is still in use.
The man I saw was a Native American.
Non-restrictive clause
That cannot be used
Which, whom as a object cannot be omitted
Ex. Here’s her book, which you borrowed to her 2 days ago.
Active, passive
Symptions, ranking from mild to severe,
4.4 Comparison
4.4.1 Equal comparision
(Not) + so + adj / adv + as +
(number) as + adj / adv + as +
The same + noun + as +
Vocabulary: Heavy / light weight
Wide / narrow width Deep / shallow depth
Long / short length Big / small size
Ex. Five times as fast as comparable areas during the industrial revolution
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As far as is known
It costs twice as much as…
4.4.2 Comparative
(far / much) + (less / more) + adj / adv - ER + than + clause.
S + V + the + adj-ER + of the two + N = of the two + N + S + V + the + adj-ER
Number multiple + as + many/much + N + as Multiple number comparative
The more + S + V + the more + S + V + Double comparatives – so sánh keùp Càng… Càng…
Ex. Herry is the smarter of the two boys.
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
The hotter it is, the more miserable I fell.
The more you study, the smarter you will be.
Has a longer history than any region of North America.
Much too much for (sb) = excess = dư
Much more quickly
Much too fast
4.4.3 Supperlative
(Much) + the (most / least) + adj / adv – EST + in / of + N
One of the + (most / least) + adj / adv – EST + plural N + single V +
The first + adj / adv + S + to – inf
Ex. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjorn Borg.
4.4.3.1 Vocabulary
Short adj/adv = 1 syllable
Single vowel – single consonant double the consonant
Ex. Bigger, redder, hotter, …
Long adj/adv 2 syllables: -ed, -ful, - ish, - ous.
Ex. More useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious…
Short/ Long adj/adv: -some, - y, er, - el, - ow, -le.
4.5 Vocabulary
4.5.1 Descriptive adj
Color: white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet…
Size: large, tiny,
Quality of person: find, kind, nice, cute…
Quality of thing: beatiful, intersted , important, colorful…
4.5.2 Limiting adj
Article: a, an, the.
Cardinal number: one, two, three,…
Ordinal number: first, second, third, fourth…
Possession: my, your, his
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Quantity: few, many, much
4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives
Far Farther
Further
Farthest
Furthest
Xa
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Little Less Least Ít
Many / Much More Most Nhiều
Good / Well Better Best Tốt
Bad / Badly Worse Worst Xấu
Late (adv) Later Last Trễ
Old (adj) Older
Elder
Oldest
Eldest
Già
V-ing = adj Animal / thing
V-ed = adj people
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4.6 PrepositionAcceptable to
Adquate for
Afraid of
Amenable to – chịu trách nhiệm.
Analogous to – tương tự.
Aware of / that – nhận thức.
Capable of
Charactersistic of
Close to
Concern with (sth) about (sth)
Contrary to
Dependent on Independent of
Different from differently than (sb/sth) in (sth)
Eligible for
Equal to
Equivalent to – tương đương.
Essential to / for = vital to / for (sth)
Except for
Expert at
(sb) is Familiar with (sb)
(sth) is Familiar to (sth)
Fond of
Free from
Good at
Guily of -
Important to (sb) = importance of
Inferior to – keùm hôn, dươùi.
Jelous of (sth/sb) – ghen tò, ganh gheùt với.
Native to (a), native of (n)
Necessary for / to
Next to = Near + (obj)
Perfect for
Popular with (sb) in / on (sth)
Possible for
Preferable to – thích hôïp
Regard to Regardless of
Relevant to – thích hôïp
Responsible to (sb) for (sth)
Rich in fat
Sensitive to
Similar to
Successful in
Shy of / about (sb/sth)
Thanks to
Typical of
Unusual in (sth) – bất thường ở chỗ.
pp. form
Accustomed to
Adapted to
Applied to
Appreciated for
Based on
Bored with
Compared to
Composed of
Disappointed in /with
Divorced from
Engaged in
Equipped with
Interested in
Isolated from
Married to
Opposed to – đối lập
Opposited of – đối diện Related to
Satisfied for
Suprised at / by
Related to
Tired of
To be famous for
To be granted for
To be known for
To be noted for
To be respected for
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5. ADVERBS
5.1 Definition Adverbs modify verbs, except linking verbs.
Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs.
5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + TimeS + (be) + adv +
Ex. Corn is usually grown
Adv +
V-ing (present participle)
V-ed (past participle)
Adj
Prep.
Conjunction
Ex.
Long before
Almost all (adv + adj)
Almost exactly (adv + adv)
5.3 Building wordsAdverb = adjective + ly
5.4 Vocabulary
5.4.1 Frequency
Vocab.
Always, usually, frequently, often, generally thường.
Sometimes, occasionally, random thỉnh thoảng.
Seldom, rarely, barely, hardly khó mà, hiếm khi.
Never, scarely không.
Seldom, rarely, hardly ever almost never , almost not at all khó mà, hiếm khi.
Hardly, barely, scarely almost nothing không.
Negative + inversion
Ex. Never did she work.
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5.4.2 Degree
Vocab.
Extremely, cực kỳ.
Very, so, too, quite, rất.
Fairly, rather, pretty khá.
Quite = fairly = khá; = complete = rất, hoàn toàn, thực sự.
Very rất; ngay.
Patterns
It is + too + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không được dùng với “that”)
It is + so + hot + a day + that + clause
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
N + adj + enough + to + inf.
Enough + N + to – inf. = N + enough + to – inf.
It is + enough + adj + a + N + that
5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức
Vocab.
Good well
Fast fast
Late late
Hard hard
Joyful joyfully vui vẻ.
Ill ill nói xấu.
Ex. Speak ill.
Like (prep.)
As (conj.) + clause.
5.4.4 Place
Here there + Pronoun + V
Back, straight ahead
Home
Away, far
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5.4.5 Time - thời gian
The day after
The day later
Again, once agai
Every day
Then
Soon
Early, late
Before, after, during
By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will + have + pp.)
Prior to
During period of time
When point of time
5.4.6 Purpose – mục đích
Vocab
To, in order to, so as to
Patterns: can reverse
5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân
Due to, thanks to, owing to, because of
5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ
Despite, In spite of dù .
5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập
However = no matter how
In contrast to
5.4.10 Vocabulary
Somehow (adv) – không hiểu vì sao, cách này hay cách káhc.
Somewhat (adv) = slightly – một chút, hơi.
In addition to = besides = moreover
According to
Well and trylly
Honestly speaking,
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Now
Today
Tomorrow In two days
= the day after tomorrow
Yesterday Two days ago
= The day before yesterday
Next week Last week
Now
TodayAt the end of this year
By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will have + pp)
6. CONJUNCTIONS
6.1 Vocabulary
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction
6.1.1.1 And
Both + S1 + and + S2 (cả … và … ) Plural Verb
S1 + as well as + S2 (cũng như) Verb (S1)
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 (không những … mà còn…) Verb (S2)
Ex. Can not only receive messages from sense organs, but it can also transmit messages throughout the body.
6.1.1.2 But (contrast) – oposite meaning
However = no matter how (adv)
Yet
Nevertheless
Still
Whereas (ngược lại – trong khi đó)
6.1.1.3 Or
Either + S1 + or + S2 V (S2)
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 (không… cũng không…) V (S2)
Nor phủ định mệnh đề sau V (S2)
Whether … or …
6.1.1.4 So
Therefore,
So
That’s why
Clue: Lead become
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction
6.1.2.1 Place
Where, wherever
6.1.2.2 Time
Before
After
When (chắc chắn)
If (không chắc chắn)
While + N / clause
As
Since: from that time to present từ khi
Once
As soon as
As long as, So long as: from beginning to end
Every time = when ever (bất cứ khi nào)
The next time
The last time
The first time
By the time (cho đến khi)
Partterns
When + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp, was/were + V-ing)
When + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) Clause (V-ed, was/were + V-ing)
+ clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) When + clause (V-ed = simple past)
Before + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp)
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After + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)
After + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)
6.1.2.3 Purpose
That
So that
In order that
+ (can / could / may / might)
Lest + clause (should)
For fear that (sợ rằng)
= should not
6.1.2.4 Condition
If
Only if
In case
In the event (that)
As long as (trừ phi)
Unless (nếu không)
Ortherwise (nếu không)
Or else (nếu không)
Whether or not
Supposing that (giá như)
Granted that (giá như)
Provided that (miễn là)
As though, as if (như thể là)
6.1.2.5 Reason, Cause – nguyên nhân
Because
Since
As
For
In as much as
Now that
6.1.2.6 Result, Consequence – kết quả
Therefore (vì thế)
That’s why
So
Thus
In order (that)
6.1.2.7 Cause and effect – nguyên nhân và hậu quả
So + adjective + that
Such + noun + that
6.1.2.8 Concession – nhượng bộ
Though (mặc dù)
Although
Even though
Even if
Despit the fact that,
In spite of the fact that
6.1.2.9 Contrast
However
Nevertheless
Yet
But (tuy nhiên)
Whereas (trong khi)
Clue: object to, not …
6.1.2.10 Comparison – so sánh
Than
As
6.1.2.11 Manner
So + adj +that
Such + N + that
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7. PREPOSITIONS
7.1 MeaningAbout
Xung quanh
Khắp nơi
Khoảng chừng
Về vấn đề gì
Above
Trên
Hơn
After
Sau (place / time)
Against
Chống lại, trái lại
Đụng phải
Dựa vào
Đối
với, sánh với
Chuaån bò, dự trù (đương đầu)
At
Tại (place)
Vào lúc (time)
Trạng thái
Chiều hươùng
Số lượng
By
Kế bên
Cho đến khi
Chỉ thời gian nói chung
Ngang qua
Bởi, do
Nhờ, theo
ở chỗ
Đo lường
For
Vì, cho (mục đích)
Nguyên do
Chỉ thời gian
Chỉ chiều hươùng (nơi đến, mục đích)
Trao đổi (trả tiền cho)
From
Nguồn gốc, từ (place)
Chỉ thời gian
Sự khác biệt
Nguyên nhân, lyù do
In
Chỉ nơi chốn (place)
Chỉ thời gian
Chỉ trạng thái
Of
Sở hữu
Nguồn gốc
Khoảng cách
Về vấn đề
Nguyên nhân
Thành phần, nội dung chưá đựng
On
Chỉ nơi chốn
Chỉ thời gian
Về vấn đề
Về sự lệ thuộc
To
Chỉ nơi chốn
Chỉ sự di chuyển đến
Giới thiệu IO (sb)
Chỉ thời gian
With
Chỉ sự tháp tùng
Chỉ sự sở hữu
Chỉ thể cách
Chỉ phương tiện.
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7.2 Phrases Time
In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day
On: days of a week, date
At: time of day; at night
For/since: duration of time; point in time
From… to:
In the 21st century,
in the 2000,
in 2003,
in July,
in the morning, in the evening
on Wednesday
on 2nd Sep = on July 29 …
For three days, since 29th July…
From 8 am. to 5 pm.
On time,
in time
at 6 PM, at noon…
At the time of the revolutionary war
at some + future time
Place
In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.
On: street, floor of a building, earth
At: address
From … to …
At 200 Main street
On Kings road
On the second floor
In the drugstore
In Los Angeles
In Califonia
In Japan
In africa
From Alaska to California
Means of transportation
By car, by plane, by phone, by express mail
By land, by sea, by air
In cars, in a taxi
On a board, on the telephone, on a bus/train
Mesurement
Large in propotion.
3 inches in length
30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh
a heigh of over 30 feet
1 kilo of weigth
At the speed of 90 miles an hour
At about 17,000 feet per second
5 times as far as comparable
90 degree of Celcuise
to be measured in units
Differnce in size
Age
at the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
a person of any age
the cost of being sick
About
Above
After
Against
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As
As soon as possible
As far back as
As far as know
As a consequence of
At
At best / worst
At first = initially at last
At least
At once = immediately
At times = occationally
At the peak of
At birth
At death
At random
At home / work / school
At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
At some + future time
At night
At the same time as
At times
At the moment
At the greatly reduced price
At no charge
At the core of
By
By means of
By way of = via
By hand
By chance – tình cờ
By accident = on pupose
By far = considerably – đáng kể.
By contrast – ngược lại
By day, by night
By then – cho đến sau đó .
By making + V-ing
For
For instance
For example
For free
For (sb) – đối với
For now
For the first time
For an injection to be effective agaist tettanus, it must be admistered
From
Part from
Of
The probability of
Rather than = instead of
The same of
Instead of (adv)
as result of = Resulting from = to result in
Off
Off the coast of – ngoài khơi
Within
Within 72 hours of the injury
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In
In advance = Ahead of = before
In vain = without success – thất bại
In the wrong direction
In the large multilevel structures
In effect, In use – đang lưu hành
In existence
In detail on the whole
In general
In common
In part = partly
In practice, In theory
In line, in a row
In style
In popularity
In luck
In motion
In the street obstructing –tắc nghẽn.
In conflict – trái với
In greater number
In charge of
In danger of
In favor of – thiên vị, ủng hộ .
In spite of
In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day (in the morning, in the evening)
In the forth century
In the century BC
In the mid-1980s
In the future, in the past
In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.
In the world = All over the world
In the house = domestic
In the night sky
In the front / middle / back
In army/ air force / wavy
In a book/ magazine/newspaper
In bills
The first stage in the manufacturing of
In some culture
In a/an adj (hình thức adv) + manner
Rich in fat
In need of
In search of
In consideration of
In term of
In the process of
In view of
In parnership with – cộng tác với
In particular with
(get) In contact with = in touch with
In common with
In addition to = besides
In opposition to
On
On diet
On fire
On the other hand
On hand – available ?
On radio / television / the telephone
On the whole = in general
On sale
On the average
On purpse
On the clear night
On time = punctual
On account of
On behalf of
On the basis of
On top of the world
On place
On land
On Earth
On the frontier
On long sea voyages
On the slope – trên sườn dốc .
On the street, on the cooner, on the side walk,
On the way = enroute,
On the right / left
On the 5th floor,
On train
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Out of
Out of town – away
Out of date – old
Out of fashion ??
Out of work – jobless, unemployed
Out of question – impossible
Out of order – not fuctioning, broken
Over
All over the world
To
To some degree ở một chừng mực nào đó Prior to
According to – theo.
Under
Under consideration for a job
Upper
Upper middle class
With
With regard to
With the exception of
With the purpose of
With + instrument
Together with
In parnership with – cộng tác với
In particular with
In contact with
In common with
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Listening
Agreement
Neither do I.
So do I.
I don’t either.
I do, too.
I do also.
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TOEFL
8. CONFUSED WORDS Percent – percentage
Percent (đơn vị) + singular verb
Percentage (con số)
Kind – type
Kind + count noun
Type + noncount noun
Not only… but also – not … but
Not only… but also – cả hai
not N1 … but N2 không N1 mà N2.
But = except
I am but a fool only - chỉ là người khờ dại
No – not – none
No (a) + noun
Not (adv) + verb / adj
None (pronoun)
Besides – beside
Besides (prep, adv) = in addition to, moreover – hơn nữa, ngoài ra.
Beside (prep) = near, next to – bên cạnh.
Instead of – instead
Instead of + N/ adj/ adv
Instead (adv.). at the end of a sentence.
Most (a) – Almost (adv)
Almost all (of the) = most (of the)
After (prep) – Afterward (adv)
After (prep) + phrase – sau.
Afterward (adv) + clause – sau đó.
Around (prep) – Round (a)
Around (prep) - vòng quanh .
Round (a) – tròn.
Somewhere (adv) = slightly
Direct – directly
High – highly
Fast – fastly
Hard
Hard (a) = difficult – khó khăn;
Hardy (a) = rigid - cứng, chắc.
Hard (adv) = with great effort – khó mà. = heavily (rain), strongly (wind), deligently, induostriously (work)
Hardly (adv) = barely, scarely, almost never – khắc nghiệt, khó mà, hầu như không.
Hardly = never negative meaning khong dùng “not”
Considerate
Considerate = throughtful, polite (a) – chu đáo.
Considerable (a), rather lager amount or degree – đáng kể.
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Real
Real (slang) = very great (từ lóng)
Whole – Wholly
Wholly = completely – hoàn toàn .
As a whole = generally – tổng quát, nói chung.
Effect (n) – to affect (v)
Alive (a) – to live (v)
As high as – as soon as
As high as = (cost)
As soon as (adv) – (time) + clause đứng dầu câu
No longer = not any more (when) – không … nữa .
Can nolonger see…
Sometime – sometimes
Sometime – at some time in the indefinite future (when) – một lúc nào đó.
Sometimes = occationally (how often) – thỉnh thoảng.
Earliest (a) – Soonest (adv):
Once – one time in the past
Like – as
As (conj) + clause sameness
As (prep) + phrase sameness (job, robe, fuction, task…) với chức năng là.
Like / unlike (prep) + phrase similarity giống như.
Like (a)
Alike (a) at the end of clause;
Unlike (a) + N, clause
Like (v) + V-ing like + to-inf Dislike (v)
Do you like… ? question.
Would you like + to-inf invitation - mời.
Likely (a) – có khả năng.
Ex. Like A, S + V
As a policeman, I want you to… I am a policeman
Like a policeman, I… I am not a policeman
A is like B. A and B are alike.
It’s likely that + clause
Late
Late (a,adv) – no longer living, not punctual,
Later (adv) – để sau.
Latter former (a) – last of 2 things mentioned.
Lately (adv) = recently
Last = final (a)
Lastest = renewest, most recent
Near – nearly
Near (prep, adv) = gần (distance)
Nearly (adv) = almost – hầu như.
May be - perhap
It may be + phrase
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Earliest (adj) Sooniest (adv)
Perhap (adv) + clause
Raise – rise
Raise – raised – raised (tv) + (obj)
Rise – rose – risen (iv)
Lend - Borrow
Lend – lent – lent lend (sb)(sth) = lend (sth) to (sb) – cho mượn.
Borrow – borrowed – borrowed borrow (sb)(sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb) – đi mượn.
Let – Leave
Let – let – let (tv) let (sb) + bare – inf – để yên, hãy.
Leave – left – left (iv) leave (sb/sth) + place – bỏ lại ở…
Tell – say
Tell – told – told (tv) tell (sb) (sth) – nói.
Say – said – said (iv) say (sth) …
Ex. To tell joke
To tell the truth.
Set – sit
Set – set – set set (sb/sth) + place – đặt, để tại.
Sit – sat – sat sit + place – ngồi xuống …
Lay – lie
Lay – laid – laid (tv) lay (sb/sth) – đặt, để xuống .
Lie – lay – lain (iv) lie + place – nằm xuống …
To used to
Used to + inf discontinue habit – thói quen trong quá khứ.
Be used to + inf passive
Be used to + V-ing quen với.
Get used to + V-ing = be accustomed to + V-ing trở nên quen với .
Mind object to – phản đối.
A. do you mind + V-ing? Would you mind + V-ing? – có phiền không?
B. No, I don’t mind at all
B. Not at all
Please
Would you please / Please + bare-inf.
The mecican government
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9. NUMBERS
9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự A third of all students = 1/3 of … + are +…
One of the first educations
The second gate = gate two
The forth volume of = Volume four of N
Cotton used to rank first among alabama’s crops
The First Act of
TIME
The second year of production…
For the first time lần đầu tiên.
I first came here lần đầu đến đây past
The first / the last + to-inf. lần đầu tiên
The first person to get… người đầu tiên
It was the first time + have + pp (present perfect) lần đầu tiên
Is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention
Was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention
9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm Half an hour
About half the total output
Culmulative grade point average – GPA = 3.0 on a 4.0 scale = 3.0 out of 4.0.
My 2 children
You two
2 bedroom appartment compound noun
17 in 100 business calls
Hundreds of thousands of toursits
A few of us girls = a few girls vài đứa trong số bọn con gái chúng tơi.
Large in propotion
PRICE
It was priced at $ 850.
Millions of dollars worth of property = sth (which is) worth a sum of money người.
To rise by 100 USD
CLASS
Subject : Boiology 457, Chemistry 101
Book: Biology book (SGK); book of biology
The second lesson = lesson 2
The forth chapter = chapter four
The forth volume of = Volume four of N
9.3 Time, Date
30 Dec = Dec 30 = 30th Dec = Dec 30th = Dec the 30th = the 30th of Dec (formal)
On the 12th day of each month
For the 12th of June
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In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day
On: days of a week (date )
At: time of day
On time – kịp giờ, (before, sớm hơn)
In time : punctual, in a nick of time - vừa kịp lúc.
At some + future time
It takes (sb) + (time) + to-inf.
It was in 1761 that she came to Bostom.
Ex.
In the early / mid / late 1980s/nineteenth century.
In the next few years. (a – number - N)
In the morning, in the evening
On the second of Sep. = on Sep second
On Wednesday,
On Newyear’s morning
At 6 pm, at noon…; at night
At the time of the revolutionary war
As early as 1937
Only 10 years ago+ Clause (V-ed = simple past)
Over the past few years (time not definite)
For 3 years + + Clause (perfect)
For 3 years + now – được 3 năm nay
For the last 3 years – trong 3 năm cuối.
For the past 3 years – trong 3 năm vừa qua.
Since 2000
Since 3 years ago – cách đây 3 năm.
+ Clause (have been V-ing = present perfect cont.)
3 years ago today – ngày này cách đây 3 năm.
Ex. Train is a hour late
It was a waste time writing that letter.
It was during the Industrial Revolution that the US was able to increase productivity through mechanization.
In the last 10 years, the Mexican govement has reduced the number of its state-owned Companies to about half.
9.4 Age Reach the forties những năm 40.
Reach forties tuổi 40.
At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
To change with age – thay đổi theo tuổi tác.
9.5 Measurement – units A large pecentage of employees…
At 43 percent interst
At 43 percent of all murders
Has a membership of some 10,000
To be measured by light-years
To be measrued in units = express in unit
To increas in size over time
3 inches in length 1 kilo of weigth = 12 inches in diameter
30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh
a heigh of over 30 feet
At the speed of 90 miles an hour
At about 17,000 feet per second / a second
An earthquake of magnitude eight on the Richter scale
To cover area of 120 square miles.
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Half a degree Celsiuse, One degree centigrade, 90 degrees Celsuse, 55 degrees Farenhei
the lowest temperature possible is -273.16 degrees centigrade
9.6 Comparative 5 times/ twice as far as comparable
More/less than 200 nation states = over 200 nation states
Cost me 3 times as much as the last pair
Although there was appoximately 120 intensive languas institutes in the US in 1970s, ther are more than times as many now.
9.7 Maths A third = 1/3; 2 fifth = 2/5.
To rise on half a degree Celcuise
To be reduced by 400 meters
To expend the bed by 10 to 50 percent.
To reduce (sth) to about a half giảm xuống ½.
10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES Nouns
Once a busy city
Skin(s) Improvement(s)
uncount noun: sunshine
on foot, by canoe, on houseback
by car, in cars, in a car
from one to another
Of all the lawsuits, 95% of them are filed…
To be second only to
One’s ability to – inf
Nassau hall is the oldest building now standing on the campus of Princeton University.
Wage rates depend in part on the general properity of the economy.
On pins and nedles
The sales figures – con số doanh thu
Each and every word
Adverbs
Already ≠ not yet
Near = next to = close to + place
Trickly speaking, thẳng thắn mà nói.
Many a time = many times - nhiều lần
Just as much as we do
By no meas = not at all
On the contrary - ngược lại
Verb
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