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Thnh phn ha hcca cy trng v t
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1. Thnh phn ha hc v dinh
dng cy trng1.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca cy trng- Nc v cht kh.- Nc: l thnh phn ch yu trong cy
trng v c vai tr quan trng; chim 80-95%
- Cht kh: cht v c v hu c (phn cnli sau khi lm bay hi nc); chim 5-20%.
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94-96% H2O 86-91% H2O90-93% H2O75-80% H2O
18-22% H2O7-10% H2O
12-15% H2
O 12-15% H2O
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Cy trngt0(sy)
Nc Cht kh+
+ O2
Kh Tro+
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c im ha hc t
http://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-
m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dc
http://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/showthread.php?1954-Gi%C3%A1o-d%E1%BB%A5c-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-trong-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-h%E1%BB%8Dc7/31/2019 Tho Nhuong Dac Diem Hoa Hoc Cua Dat
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Thnh phn ha hc ca t
Cac nguyen to hoa hoc cha chu yeu trong phan khoang,
hu c cua at.
Nguon goc cua chung co t a va khoang tao thanhat.
Trong at co khoang hn 45 nguyen to khoang
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Nhng nguyn t ha hc ph bin trong vtri t (Gabler et al, 1991)
Nguyn t % khi lng % th tch
O 46,6 93,8
Si 27,7 0,9
Al 8,1 0,5
Fe 5,0 0,4
Ca 3,6 1,0Na 2,8 1,3
K 2,6 1,8
Mg 2,1 0,3
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S ha tan cc khong trong t Cac khoang hoa tan se giai phong dinh dng vao dung
dch at
Trong dung dch at, cac khoang hoa tan co the b ket tua
tr lai nh luat tac ong khoi lng
Hang so san pham hoa tan Ksp cang nho, kha nang hoatan cua khoang cang thap.
CaSO4 Gypsum Ksp = 1.95 x 10-4
Al(OH)3 Aluminum Hydroxide Ksp = 1.6 x 10-34
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Cc khong ph bin trong t
Calcium Carbonate
Ksp CaCO3 = 0.87 x10-8
Aluminum Hydroxide
Ksp Al(OH)3 = 1.6x 10-34
Sat Hydroxide
Ksp Fe(OH)3 = 1.6x 10-37
pH la yeu to chnh anh hng en kha nang hoa tan cua cackhoang nay
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Cht hu c ca t
soil organic mater (SOM) L thnh phn quan trng nht ca t, nh gi ph ca t Hp chat rat phc tap
Rat kho xac nh tnh chat hoa hoc
Qua trnh hnh thanh c kiem soat bi cac tien trnh
sinh hoc Rat bien ong
Rat nhay cam vi ieu kien moi trng
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Thnh phn ca cht hu c
Sinh khoi
Re cay
Giun at va con trung
Vi sinh vat
D tha, xac ba
D tha thc vat ti (cha phan giai)
Bat au phan giai
Ban phan giai
Phan giai hoan toan
Mun
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Cht hu c khng c trng
Chim 1015% tng sSOM ca t C ngun gc t:- ng thc vt: xc TV, VSV- Cc sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh phn
hy: protein, m, sp, celluloza, Khi phn hy gii phng cht dinh dng cho TV Kch thch hay kim hm sinh trng ca cy
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Cht mn
Acid humic
Acid fluvic
Humin
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Acid humic
Tnh cht ha hc C : 50 62% H : 2,8 6% O : 31 41%
N : 2 6% Ngoi ra cn c 1 - 10% :P, S, Fe, Al
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Acid humic
Tnh cht c bn Tnh acid thp It di ng, t b ra tri Kh nng hp ph cao
Lin kt vi khong st ca t to nnkeo phc v c hu c
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Acid fluvic
Thnh phn ha hc C : 40 52% H : 3,5 5,5% O : 40 48%
N : 2 4% Hm lng cc nguyn ttro t7 10% pH : 2,6 2,8
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Acid fluvic
L acid hu c cao phn t cha nito hnhthnh trong mi trng chua, d tan trong
nc, acid, bazo Kh nng ngng t km, Di ng t giu acid fluvic: chua, ngho mn, cc
nguyn ttrong t d b ra tri didng cc mui fluvat d ha tan
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Humin
L t hp ca cc cht mn c cu tobi cc lin kt gia acid humic, acid fluvic
v cc khong st trong t Humin c mu en, khng tan trong dung
dch kim, bn trong t, cy trng khng
s dng c
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Vai tr ca cht hu c
Tham gia vo qu trnh to thnh t Ci thin tnh cht vt l t Kh nng trao i hp ph ion cao L ngun cung cp thc n cho cy trng
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Qu trnh phn gii cht hu c
Qu trnh khong ha cht hu c: phnhy hon ton SOM to ra cc sn phm
nh mui khong, CO2va H2O
Qu trnh mn ha: qu trnh phn giicht hu c thnh hp cht mn (hp
cht cao phn t, mu en)
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nh gi mn trong t
T l C/N : t l C/N cng thp th SOM,mn b phn gii nhanh
Loi t C/NVng 12 nu 9 Ph sa 12 Mn trn ni 16
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C/N > 20
Qu trnh mn ha > qu trnh khong ha
t ym kh, SOM phn gii chm C/N < 20
Qu trnh mn ha < qu trnh khong ha
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Trao i ion
S hap phu cac ion trong dung dch vi be mat keo at
mang ien tch
ien tch trong he thong phai luon luon can bang
Cac ions nay co the trao oi vi cac ions khac e
luon duy tr s can bang ien tch
Lc hap phu thay oi
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Trao i cation Xy ra trn keo in tch m. C 2 loi keo:- Keo v c
- Keo hu c- Keo hu c - v c
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Ngun gc in tch trn keo v c
Set silicate cau truc dang phien
T dien silica
Bat ien Aluminum Thay the ong hnh
Al 3+ thay Si 4+ trong phien t dien = tha -1
Mg 2+ hay Fe 2+ thay Al 3+ trong phien bat dien = tha -1
Dien tch be mat 10 800 m2/g keo set
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1. Kaolinite Al2Si2O3(OH)4
Kieu set 1:1. 1 t dien silica
va 1 bat dien aluminum
Rat t co thay the ong hnh
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Kaolinite
Lc lien ket rat chat nen khong the co dan e hut them
cation hoac nc gi nc, phan kem
CEC thap: 1 - 10 meq/100g (cmolc/kg)
Pho bien tren cac loai at feralit, at phu sa chua, at xam
bac mau tren phu sa co, at cat ven bien
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2. Set Mica (illite va vermiculite)
Kieu 2:1. 2 t dien silica xep
tren va di 1 phien bat
dien aluminum
Thay the ong hnh chu yeu
xay ra tren phien t dien, v
vay ien tch nam tren be
mat set, nen lc gi rat
manh.
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Set Mica (illite va vermiculite)
CEC tng oi thap: 15 - 40 meq/100g (cmolc/kg)
Co nh K ien tch va kch thc
Pho bien tren at doc tu, phu sa.
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3. Set Smectite
Kieu 2:1. 2 t dien silica nam
2 pha cua 1 bat dien
aluminum
Thay the ong hnh xay rachu yeu tren phien bat dien,
v vay ien tch hnh thanh
mat trong cua set, nen mat
o ien tch mat trong thap
hn be mat ngoai cua set.
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Set Smectite
Kieu set nay c goi la set trng n. Co the co ngot hay trng n rat
manh trong ieu kien kho, am: khi nc vao/ra trong khoang lien tang.
CEC cao: 80 - 120 meq/100g (cmolc/kg)
Khong pho bien tren cac loai at VN.
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So snh cu trccc keo
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Loai keo Interlayer Cation
Kich thc (m)Spacing (nm)Hut b mtKaolinite 0.1-5.0 0.7 5-15
Smectite
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4. Oxides ngam nc
Cac khoang set oxide ngam nc pho bien la: Fe va aluminum.
ay la cac loai khoang set rat quan trong tren at phong hoa manh
vung nhiet i.
ien tch tren cac khoang set nay khong hnh thanh do thay the ong
hnh nh trong set aluminosilicate dang phien.
ien tch hnh thanh do qua trnh ion hoa cac goc hydroxide trong
khoang. ay la ien tch phu thuoc pH.
Hydroxides la cac loai set co ien tch thay oi theo pH.
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Keo hu c
Ch yu l keo mnnh acid humic,fluvic
Keo hu c v c:Keo hu c t tn ti
c lp m kt hpvi keo v c
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Quy lut strao i cation Nhng ion c ha tr cng ln kh nng trao i
cng mnh
Al3+ > H+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > NH4+ = K+ > Na+
Nhng ion c cng ha tr: ion no c khi lng
cng ln th kh nng trao i cng mnhK+ > Na+ ;
Ca2+ > Mg2+
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Quy lut strao i cation
Nhng ion c kch thc cng ln thkh nng trao i cng mnh
Nng ion trong dung dch cng lnth kh nng hp ph cng mnh
Nng trong keo t cng ln khnng khuch tn cng mnh
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Strao i cation ca r cy
n t dip 1030ll/100 g r Song t dip 40100ll/100 g r
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Trao i anion
Nhng ion c ha tr cng ln kh nnghp ph cng mnh
Vi ion c cng ha tr, khi lng ln hnth kh nng hp ph ln hn
HPO42- > H2PO4- > SO42- > Cl-
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Nhng ion trong mi trng acid dngha tan
Al, Fe, Mn Do Al hp th PO4 AlPO4 khng ha tanTrong mi trng acid cy trng d b thiu
dinh dng
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Cc dng hp ph trong t Kha nang at hap phu cac ion va cac phan t cac chat khac nhau t
dung dch va gi chung lai goi la kha nang hap phu.
Khong phai tat ca cac muoi eu b at hap phu. S hap phu cua at
quyet nh o ph nhieu cua at.
Kha nang hap phu cua at phu thuoc vao thanh phan c gii, loai keoat, o xop
Cc dng hp ph:- Hp ph c hc
- Hp ph l hc- Hp ph ha hc- Hp ph sinh hc- Hp ph trao i
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Hp ph c hc
La kha nang cua at gi lai cac hat vat chat nho nh xac
hu c, hat set, vi sinh vat.
ieu kien cua s hap phu nay la: Kch thc khe h be hn cac vat chat b hap phu.
Be mat at cang go ghe th s hap phu cang ln.
Hat keo b hap phu co ien tch trai dau vi be mat hat at.
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Hp ph l hcLa kha nang cua at gi lai cac chat tren be mat hat keo nh
nang lng be mat. Co hai dang hap phu:
Hap phu dng nhng chat lam giam sc cang be mat cua
dung dch at bao quanh va lam tang nong o cac chat trenbe mat hat at. Cac phan t cua nhieu hp chat hu c
(ru, acid hu c, kiem va chat hu c cao phan t b hap
phu ly hoc dng.
Hap phu am nhng chat lam tang sc cang be mat ngoaicua dung dch at bao quanh va lam giam nong o cac chat
tren be mat hat at. Nhng ion Cl-, NO3de b ra troi do
nc.
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Hp ph ha hc La kha nang cua at gi lai cac chat hoa tan dang ket tua hay tan t.
co nh nhng nguyen to co li cho cay trong nh: P, Ca, S ; tch luy cacchat trong at nh Al, Fe, S,
Cac ion Cl-, NO3-vi cac cation khac khong tao thanh, Cl-, NO3
-cotnh linh ong cao.
CO3
2- , SO4
2- vi cation hoa tr 1 tao thanh muoi hoa tan, con vication hoa tr 2 tao thanh hp chat kho hoa tan (vi Ca, Mg)
Cac anion photphat (H2PO4- , HPO4
2- ) vi cation hoa tr 1 taothanh muoi hoa tan, vi cation hoa tr 2 va 3 th khac nhau ve o hoa
tan. Vi cation Al, Fe, Ca, Mg tao thanh hp chat kho hoa tan.
Cng o hap phu hoa hoc phu thuoc vao loai at : at en < atxam < at potzon ong co < at o.
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Hp ph sinh hc La kha nang sinh vat hut cation va anion trong at re cay tiet ra ion
H+ e trao oi chat dinh dng dang cation.
Vi sinh vat va re cay hut co chon loc nhng ion di chuyen trong at
e bien thanh nhng chat hu c khong b nc ra troi. Chung
hap phu t dung dch at nit va cac nguyen to khac va chuyenchung thanh cac hp chat hu c.
Hap phu sinh hoc ong vai tro quan trong trong viec chuyen hoa
phan nit trong at,
Cng o hap phu sinh hoc phu thuoc vao o am, o thoang kh,
tnh chat at, so lng va thanh phan hu c.
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Hp ph trao iLa phan ng gia keo at vi ion trong dung dch at.
S hap phu ch xay ra khi keo at tch ien va co s chenh lech nong o
gia be mat hat keo va dung dch at bao quanh.
Hap phu trao oi ong vai tro quan trong trong cac qua trnh tho nhng,
quyet nh tnh chat ly hoa hoc cua at, phan ng, tnh em cua at,
ac biet co y ngha khi tac dung at vi phan bon.
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Hp ph trao i
Viec bon vao at phan hoa tan (N, K) mc o ln b hap phu trao oi.
Moi loai at trang thai t nhien cha mot so lng nhat nh cation hap
phu trao oi: Ca2+, Mg2+ , H+ , Na+ , K2+, NH4+, Al3+
Trong a so cac at chiem u the la Ca2+, sau o la Mg2+ trong thanh phan
cation trao oi.
at chua cha lng ln H+
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Phn ng oxy ha kh ay la phan ng xay ra pho bien trong at, gi vai tro quan
trong oi vi o ph nhieu cua at.
co s tham gia cua vi sinh vat.
dung e anh gia o thong kh va kha nang cung cap dngchat trong at.
ien the at cay trong can tot nhat la 200 700mV, neu cao
hn th mot so chat chuyen sang trang thai oxyhoa khong hoa
tan, nen cay khong hut c dng chat. Neu qua thap se
gay oc cho cay v sinh ra chat H2S
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Phn ng oxy ha kh
Bien phap ieu chnh ien the oxy hoa kh:
Rut nc phi ruong,
pha vang sau khi ma hoac ti,
lam co, cay ai, ba ky.
Bon phan hu c va bon voi e cho at ti xop.
pH at va cac tnh chat i cung vi pH at co anh hng rat
ln en kha nang hu dung cua cac chat dinh dng oi vicay trong va o ph nhieu cua at.
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