Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Energy-Integrated Planning for Energy-Integrated Planning for Low Carbon Development in Low Carbon Development in
CitiesCities
Manuel L. Soriano, Senior Technical AdvisorEnergy, Infrastructure, Transport & Technology
UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Cities occupy 3% of the Earth’s land surface, and house 75% of the human population
Cities account for a considerable portion of a country’s energy consumption. [2/3 of worldwide energy usage and GHG emissions]
Most production, trade and transportation activities usually are located in these areas. [80% of Asia’s GDP is produced by Asian cities]
Energy Concerns in Urban Development
Per capita carbon emission of selected cities ( World Bank, 2010)
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Growing built environment
Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.
Increasing volumes of waste generated
Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems - producing congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.
Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban systems waste resources and generates pollution and GHGs
Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns
Social issues – urbanization of poverty – lack of basic services
Energy Concerns in Urban Development
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Energy for Sustainable Development
Sustainable energy: Energy solutions that address development issues related to economic growth, environment and social equity simultaneously
Key input foreconomic growth
Economic
Social
Environmental
Poverty alleviation and gender
Impacts of energy production and use
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Low Carbon Growth
HealthyEcosystemsZero Waste Low Carbon
Green Economy
Sustainable Energy Supply
Environmental governance
Zero Waste
Low Carbon Footprint
Transport &Communications
Jobs
Energy Supply
Safety &Welfare
Economy &Competitiveness
Health &Education
Housing
Access to Nature
Green Buildings Clean Water Quality
Clean Water Quantity Green Transport Clean Air
Sustainable Cities
Integrated Approach to Low Carbon Development
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Energy and Urban Forms
Feedback
Energy needsstimulate newdevelopments
EnergyDemand
Useful energy, delivered energy, primary energy,
transport, heat, light, motive power
AlternativeSupply Systems
Feasibility
Resources, technology, geography,
politics
EnergySources
Nature, location, availability, price, distribution
SpatialStructures
Location, shape, size, density, communications, mixed land
use
Socio-economicand political
factors
Level of development,
socio-economic factors
Ref: Owens, S., Energy , Planning and Urban Form (1986)
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Energy Technology
Available Resources
Resource Utilization
Waste Generation
Decomposition and/or
Accumulation of Waste
Waste Conversion/Recycling
GHG Emissions & Other Pollutants
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
Based on Bianpoen. “The City as an Ecological Region “(1990)
Ecosystems approach – The inter-relationship of natural and man-made elements in the environment is the basis for planning aimed towards improved quality of city life.
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Transport Systems
Communication Systems
Building Systems
Energy Supply Systems
Waste Water Systems
Parks & Waterways Systems
Solid Waste Management Systems
Water Supply Systems
Urban Systemsrequire energy to function
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Urban Systems – Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and land); Difficult and costly to modify.
Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures - cost can be as high as 10% of the city’s GDP.
Typical buildings – non-energy efficient - can account for 40% of a city’s total energy consumption and 30% of GHG emissions.
Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased competitiveness, etc.).
The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its future energy usage and emissions (GHG & pollutants).
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
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Energy Consuming Urban Systems
Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and arrangement of cities are planned. Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health, economic competitiveness and the quality of life in cities.The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes, depending on how these are designed, operated and maintained.Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and sustain socio-economic development goals.
Are these systems designed and operated for energy efficiency?
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
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Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming
Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are from the utilization of energy (non-renewable forms)
Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts Combination of land use factors (shape, size)
Travel requirements (distance & frequency)
Variation up to 150%
Interspersion of activities Travel requirements (distance) Variation up to 130% Urban area shape Travel requirements Variation of up to 20% Density/clustering of trip ends Public transport use Energy savings up to 20% Density/mix uses/built form CHP applications Energy savings of 15% Layout/orientation/design Passive cooling/heating Energy savings up to 20% Siting/layout/landscaping Microclimate optimization Energy savings of at least 5%
Ref: BC Energy Aware Committee, Introduction to Community Energy Planning (www.energyaware.bc.ca)
Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities
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Increasing Carbon Footprint Increasing urban sprawl – increased use of private
transport Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices Poor urban planning, management and governance What is the challenge? Managing a city’s
development that: Maximizes low-carbon energy sources Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP
Vulnerability to Climate Extremes Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity
and frequency Sea level rise; Poor suffer more New driver of urbanization - “eco-refugees/eco-
migrants”
Climate Change Challenges in Cities
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Challenges
Inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks that support environmentally sustainable development in cities Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design and implement integrated sustainable development actionsLack of financing for initiatives on environmentally sustainable urban developmentLack of available replicable successful examples of sustainable development applications at the urban levelLack of easily accessible information on feasible and applicable technologies and practices on sustainable urban development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
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Energy Planning in Cities
City with internal energy production and supply system
City with external energy supply system
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Sustainable Energy in Cities
Distribution End Uses Production & [ Importation ]
Consuming Sectors
Energy Form Distribution Derived Energy Form
Conversion
117
[ 1234 ]
(Biodegradation)
(Pyrolysis)
196
1038
910
11 Farming, Crop Production Agricultural
WOOD Cooking Commercial Cooking Residential
10
9
14 Cooking CHARCOAL Agricultural
Cooking Commercial Cooking Residential
Outside Sales 34
33
23
200 Drying, Livestock Agricultural
Cooking Residential BIOGAS
Own Use 12
223 2345 AGRI-WASTE
Electrical Equipment Industrial (Direct combustion)
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY Losses & Own Use
154
1367 4567 [ 5857 ] COAL
Outside Sales 1234
Stock 56
123
1234
6533 Air Conditioning, Heating Commercial
Process Heating Industrial Cooking, Hot Water Residential
[ 7890 ] NATURAL GAS
42756
1122
7788
78839
Miling, Livestock Agricultural
Lighting, AC, Appliances / Equipment Industrial Lighting, Refrigeration, Equipment, AC Residential
3728
1111
22334 Lighting, AC, Equipment Institutional
Lighting, AC, Cooking, Hot Water, Appliances Residential Light Rail Transit Transport
[ 78910 ] ELECTRICITY
(Direct Combustion)
(Hydroelectric turbines)
(Power Grid)
(Power Grid) 3579 HYDOENERGY
Losses & Own Use
154
4500
89 Irrigation Agricultural
Freight and Passenger Land Transport Transport
[ 8905 ] GASOLINE
77910
4589
T&D Losses
Outside Sales
1000
123
4321
23 Irrigation Agricultural Stock
5
Steam Generation Commercial
3456
685 Process Heating, Steam Generation Industrial
Freight and Passenger Land Transport Transport
[ 9096 ] DIESEL
4287
1234
567
5521
Outside Sales 3579
Stock 4
Electrical Equipment Industrial Losses & Own Use
167
433
1234
2879 Steam Generation, Process Heating Industrial
Water Transport Transport
[ 4679 ] FUEL OIL
4113 4680
Stock 1
[ 365 ] AVIATION FUEL
367 367
Stock 2
Air Transport Transport
[ 865 ] LPG
467
39
223 Steam Generation, Heating, Cooking Commercial
Process Heating Industrial Cooking, Hot Water Residential
729
Outside Sales 135
Stock 1
[ 1007 ]
NOTE : Values are in TOE (Tons of Oil Equivalents)
KEROSENE 219
Outside Sales 791
Stock 3
200
19 Drying, Farming, Livestock Agricultural
Cooking Residential
City Reference Energy SystemEquivalents)
End Use
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Sustainable Energy in Cities
City Energy Balance
7.341.91
43.97
18.6810.670.90
0.07
CommercialSector Use
AgricultureSector Use
TransportSector Use
ResidentialSector Use
Industrial Sector Use
InstitutionalSector Use
1.25
To stock
8.06
7.15
Own Use andT&D Losses
ConversionLosses
OutsideSales
Total EnergySupply100.00
Total EnergyConsumption
83.47
Petroleum 63.9 Products
Electricity
20.2
Natural Gas
6.4
Coal
3.7
Hydro Energy
2.9
Biomass Energy
2.9
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City Energy System - Low Carbon Development
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• Support policies on the application of energy efficiency and renewable energy
• Smart urban form and spatial development
• Energy efficient industries and buildings
• Low carbon vehicles and public transport-oriented systems
• Low carbon waste management and urban services
• Energy efficient appliances• Financial/fiscal incentives
for EE and RE applications* PLAN for LOW CARBON
GROWTH *
Influence of Cities on Low Carbon Development
Source: www.rainharvest.co.za
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Integrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development Planning
Energy – an essential consideration in achieving sustainable development in urban communitiesEIP is in line with an ecosystems approach.Various urban concerns related to energy & environment – Justification for integrating energy considerations in the city development planning process.Due consideration to energy implications of development policies and energy flexibility in city development policies and objectives.Key is MAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGE in the urban development planning process.Official legal authorization for energy-integrated development planningPOLITICAL Support – success of an energy-integrated urban development plan is ensured by this.
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentLand Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs
Analysis of Urban Development Concerns
Energy Issues (supply, consumption, demand) Analysis
=
Urban Development Goal, Objectives & Criteria Formulation
Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and Criteria
=
Urban Development Surveys & Analysis of Sectoral Plans & Profiles
Energy Survey Data (supply, consumption, demand) and Database
=
Alternative Growth Scenarios and Solutions Formulation
Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios =
Alternative Growth Scenarios & Solutions Analysis
Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios & Proposed Solutions
=
Urban Development Policy Formulation & Sectoral Policies & Regulations
Formulated & Enforced Energy Policies & Plans/Programs
=
Urban Development & Sectoral Policy Impact Analysis
Energy-Environment Impact Assessment Results
=
Urban Development and Sectoral Policy Support Activities Formulation
Energy Plan Projects Implementation & Results
=
Urban Plans & Programs Implementation and Management Strategies
Urban Development & Sectoral Plans Implementation
Urban Development and Sectoral Plans Monitoring & Management
Energy Consumption Monitoring & Management
=Energy-Integrated
Urban Development Plan Management
Energy Integrated
Urban Development
Planning
Energy Management Plan and Energy Projects Implementation =
Integrating Energy in Urban Development PlanningUrban
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentLand Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs
Land Use Problem Analysis
Land Use Goal, Objectives & Criteria Formulation
Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and Criteria
=
Land Use Surveys & Database Development & Analysis
Energy Survey Data (supply, consumption, demand)
=
Alternative Growth Scenarios and Solutions Formulation
Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios =
Alternative Growth Scenarios & Solutions Analysis
Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios & Proposed Solutions
=
Land Use Policy Formulation (based on Analyses)
Existing Energy Policies & Plans/Programs
=
Land Use Policy Impact AnalysisEnergy-Environment Links Assessment Results
=
Land Use Policy Support Activities Formulation
Energy Plan Projects Implementation & Results
=
Land Use Management & Plan Implementation Strategies Development
Land Use Plan Implementation
Land Use Monitoring & ManagementEnergy Consumption Monitoring & Management =
Energy-Integrated Land Use Plan Management
Energy Integrated Land
Use Planning
Considering Energy Aspects in Land Use Planning
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Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:
1.Land Use and Transport PlanningContiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout; traffic rules; trip reduction measures; citizens participation, etc.
2.Site Planning and Building DesignBuilding efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations; pedestrian facilities; transit facilities, etc.
3.Infrastructure EfficiencyWater supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection & recycling facilities; heat & power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.
4.Energy SupplyElectricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization; cogeneration systems; waste-to-energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.
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Low carbon development of cities can be facilitated through the enforcement of appropriate policies and regulatory frameworks that support the planning , design and implementation of interventions that fully recognize the importance of urban development planning that takes serious consideration of the energy and environment aspects of sustainable development
Sustainable Energy Supply
Green Economy
Clean AirZero Waste
Green Transport
Green Buildings
Access to Nature
Clean Water (Quantity)
Clean Water (Quality)
Low Carbon Footprint
Environmental Governance
City-led Programs, Regulations & Financial Capacity
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
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ChallengesInstitutional Challenges•e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate change are not mainstreamed in urban development planning processesEnergy Use and Energy Policy Challenges•e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE and RE initiatives; restrictive regulations and default controlsPolitical Challenges•e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in policies; lack of awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also political) benefits of low carbon developmentSocial/Community Challenges•e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudesCapacity & Financial Challenges•e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development; Lack of financing for low carbon development initiatives
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
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Key Players
• Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning, public works and general services, city engineers office, etc..)
• National and Regional Development Agencies
• Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)
• Real Estate Developers
• Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)
• Public Transport Operators
• NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups
• General Public
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
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• Planned Development Areas• Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land
including Environmentally Sensitive Areas• Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services• Access to Transport and Transit Systems
• Community Design & Layout• Spatial Structures• Streets and Roads• Natural Features and Open Spaces
• Buildings and Infrastructures• Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials• Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures• Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban
Systems• Green Construction • Sustainable Energy Production and Supply
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Strategies to Support Plan ImplementationPrivatization and the Role of the Private Sector•Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)•Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee collection; Road infrastructure construction; Leasing of government vehicles; Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and park maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)
Improvement of City's Public Image
Revenue Enhancement Interventions•Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes•Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of development infrastructures/services and improve fee collection procedures.•Consider the potentials of grantsmanship.•Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.
Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development
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Strategies to Support Low Carbon Initiatives•Investments
• Investment for installation of new energy efficient urban systems, or enhancement of the existing ones.
• Investment in improving city energy supply and distribution systems.
• Investment for research and development, information dissemination and promotional programs on low carbon development.
•Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry sector and other service companies.•Third Party Financing•Financial Institutions•Lease-Purchase Agreements; Build-Operate-Transfer Agreements
Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development
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Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies• Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge• Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax• Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD• Parking Fees
2. City Development Strategies• User Fees, Surcharges• Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings• Increase Development Fees for Building Permits• Implementation of Betterment Charges• Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services• Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development
Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development
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Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities
Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities
• Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs
• Reduction in pollution
• Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the city as a whole
• Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with the added benefit of preventing disposal-related pollution)
• Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have market value
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Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities
Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities
• GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)
• Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction
• Preservation of Natural Environment
• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)
• Improved Public Health
• Empowered Communities
• Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)
• Improved Economy and Competitiveness
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Example of EE Urban SystemsGreen Infrastructures – a network of decentralized storm water management practice that can capture rainwater, thus reducing storm water runoff and improving the quality of city waterways.
Ref: CNT, The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits (2010)
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Permeable Pavements
Bio-retention & Infiltration
Atmospheric CO2 Emission Avoidance
and Reduction
Direct SequestrationReduced Building
Energy Usage
TreesGreen Roofs
Reduced Energy Usage for Water
Treatment
Reduced Water Treatment
Benefits of Green
Infrastructures
Example of EE Urban Systems
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City Electricity System•Difficulty to expand grid infrastructure•Increased energy demand during peak periods
Smart City Solutions (policy measures that promote, among others, a grid that manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner, built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all involved). Source: ABB
Example of EE Urban Systems
Deregulation and real-time pricing
Smart energy-positive infrastructure
Integrated mobility service
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EE Urban Systems: Smart City & Smart Buildings
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United Nations Development ProgrammeThe UN’s development agency
Bureau for the Arab States
Bureau for the Arab States
Bureau for Europe &
CIS
Bureau for Europe &
CIS
Bureau for Latin
America
Bureau for Latin
America
Bureau for Asia & Pacific
Bureau for Asia & Pacific
Bureau for Africa
Bureau for Africa
Country Offices
Country Offices
Bureau for Crisis
Prevention
Bureau for Crisis
Prevention
Bureau for PartnershipsBureau for
Partnerships
Bureau for Development
Policy
Bureau for Development
Policy
Environment & Energy Group
Environment & Energy Group
• Water• Ecosystems &
Biodiversity• REDD & Land• Ozone & Chemicals
• Water• Ecosystems &
Biodiversity• REDD & Land• Ozone & Chemicals
Energy, Infrastructure, Transport &
Technology (EITT) Group
Energy, Infrastructure, Transport &
Technology (EITT) Group
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
UNDP EITT Group – Signature Programs
Access to clean and affordable
energy
11Low emission
urban systems and
infrastructures
22Access to new
financing mechanisms
33
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Examples of Recent UNDP Projects on EE Urban Systems
Country Project TitleOngoing Project ImplementationIndia Sustainable Urban Transport Program (Cleaner Mobility)Kazakhstan Sustainable Transport In The City Of Almaty South Africa Sustainable Public TransportProject Design & DevelopmentPhilippines Promotion of Low Carbon Urban Transport Systems in the PhilippinesKazakhstan Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions for Low-carbon Urban Development Turkey Catalyzing Low-Emission Urban Development Bosnia & Herzegovina Energy Efficiency in Urban Buildings
Republic of BelarusBelarus Green Cities: Supporting Green Urban Development in Small and Medium Sized Cities in Belarus
Georgia Green Cities: Integrated Sustainable Transport in the City of Batumi and the Ajara RegionArmenia Green Urban Lighting
ThailandAchieving Low Carbon Growth in Cities through Sustainable Urban Systems Management in Thailand
MoldovaUrban Energy Efficiency (Transforming the Market for Urban Energy Efficiency in Moldova by Introducing Energy Service Companies (ESCO) )
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How urban areas expand in the future has big implications on the GHG emissions that are generated in cities.
Urban development planning should consider energy as one important component of sustainable development.
Energy and Climate Change should be mainstreamed into the urban development planning processes
Policies formulated for various concerns in city development plans should be in accord with the preservation of man's environment and the provision of energy for sustaining growth and development.
The capacity of local governments should be improved to better identify the optimum mix of regulatory and public financing instruments to attract catalytic financial flows toward low-emissions climate-resilient development.
The success of an energy integrated city development plan can only be ensured if there is political support. Without it, any planning approach will fail.
Conclusions
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Thank You
Manuel L. Sorianomanuel.soriano@undp.
orgTel: +66-2-3049100 Ext
2720
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