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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
COUNTRIES IN THE REGIONAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosRepublic of the CongoDemocratic Republic ofthe CongoCote d'IvoireDjiboutiEquatorial Guinea
EritreaEthiopia GabonThe GambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibia
NigerNigeriaRwandaSao Tome and Principe
SenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSouth SudanSudan
SwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZambiaZimbabwe
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INTRODUCTION
COLONIZATION AND INDEPENDENCE
European colonization by WWI
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INTRODUCTION
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
TRANSITIONAL
Result of civil wars
among rebel groups
REPUBLICS
Varies in levels of
authoritarianism,single or multi-party
MONARCHIES
Hereditary king orqueen acts as head of
state, power may be
limited by constitution
*** OTHERMilitary junta,
constitutional democracy,
parliamentary democracy
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INTRODUCTION
ECONOMY
Natural resources: the region is a major exporter
to the world of gold, uranium, chrome, vanadium,antimoney, coltan, bauxite, iron ore, copper,
manganese, platinum, diamonds
Africa's external debt now stands at $255 billion
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INTRODUCTION
HUMANITARIAN ISSUESA majority of Sub-Saharan Africa still lack basic civil liberties and
human rights.
Humanitarian crisis as a combination of drought, exrteme poverty,
civil conflict, epidemics and economic decline threaten nearly 60
million of the region's 550 million people.
Militarization: Hundreds of thousands of Africans have died at thehands of state-supported military units. Scarce foreign currency was
used for military hardware - money that could have been used for
development or humanitarian aid.
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
DYNAMICS
OF POLITICS
[CONCEPT]
STATE
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
STATE:
An organization within the society where it coexists andinteracts with other formal and informal organizations fromfamilies to economic enterprises of religious organizations.It is however, distinguished from the myriad of otherorganizations in seeking predominance over them and inaiming to institute binding rules regarding the other
organizations activities.
[BRATTON]
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
THE AFRICAN STATE Partial autonomy alongside partial interpenetration (forrest)
national leaders and administrators remain closely linked to
societal actors and groups, to some extent beholden to theirinterests and often bearing the brunt of their dissatisfactions
not able to consolidate the political penetration of local level
institutions remain independent of higher level authorities
LEGITIMATING IDEOLOGY ; African leaders are unable to
convince the majority of their populace that the state's central
purpose is to act in the interests of its citizenry.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
THE STATE & THE ECONOMY
Link between African bureaucracy and economy (Goldsmith)
Legitimacy down because of poor economic performance
undermining popular support and reducing further already
fragile capacity of state to perform (Bratton)
Subject to pressures for financial sector reform from global
markets and international financial institutions.
LIBERALIZED; COOKIE CUTTER Financial Sector
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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
THE STATE & INSTITUTIONS
the state's rules and procedures of law are distinguished by a
claim to universality
REGULATION establishing state autonomy, takes shape in
any policies that are designed to displace the rules and
practices of alternative institutions.
state-society relations are really an encounter between astructural arrangement of rule-bearing institutions, of which
the state is only one.= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
THE STATE & INSTITUTIONS
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Conditionality: debts from world institutions
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
THE STATE & BUREAUCRACY
Link between African bureaucracy and economy (Goldsmith)
Bureaucracy not over-expanded but underperforms(Goldsmith)
Legitimacy down because of poor economic performance
undermining popular support and reducing further already
fragile capacity of state to perform (Bratton)
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
THE STATE & CIVIL SOCIETY
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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Lack of sovereignty, citizens dont recognize or are
skeptical that the government will work towards the
populace interest
Ethno-regional opposition | Inter- Clan, ethnic
political disputes
state-society relations are really an encounter
between a structural arrangement of rule-bearing
Institutions, of which the state is only one
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POLITICAL DYNAMICS
THE STATE & CULTURE
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Tension/conflict between retaining culture vs modernity
i.e. Bantu: own ontological history; own civilization
[evolution of human personality
THE STATE & COLONIZATION
Tension/conflict between retaining culture vs modernity
Question of the political efficacy oftotalitarianism vsdemocratization
African state as weak in respect to conventional measures
of institutional capacity
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FRAMEWORKS
POST COLONIALISM
Deconstruction, questions the legitimacy of
the state and its institutionalism
Rationalizing the
NON-WEST
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FRAMEWORKS
POST COLONIALISM
External Fusion | Internal Fission
Bhabas HYBRIDIZATION THEORY
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FRAMEWORKS
STATE as most eligible institution of power
interacting with other institutions BUT
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ======
=========
TRADITIONAL
Rational actor
NEO
Natural protector
NEO-STATISM
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MODELS
- constellation of leaders, officials, political
institutions, administrative agencies, and military
and police organizations that holds centralized
political power in a given territorial domain[FORREST]
STATE
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MODELS :
States in postcolonial Africa have moved
to consolidate their power through the
establishment of bureaucratic, behavioral,
and decision-making autonomy from
social and economic forces in society.
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MODELS :
STATE HARDNESS
STRUCTURAL AUTONOMY
state institutions, leaders and
officials effectively removethemselves from the influence
of societal actors and influences
and are thereby able to act and
make decisions independentlyof social forces
National leaders and
administrators remain
closely linked to societalactors and groups,
thereby counteracting
states moves towards
autonomy
1
THEORY OF WEAK
STATES [FORREST]
THEORY OF WEAK
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MODELS:
POLITICAL PENETRATION
OF SOCIETY
national leaders and
governmental institutionssecure clear cut hegemony
over intermediary and
ground level political actors
and social units
National leaders are not able to
thoroughly consolidate the
political penetration of local
level political and social
institutions so that these
structures remain mostly
independent of higher level
authorities rather than
becoming effectively integratedinto formal, the centralized
politico-administrative system
2
THEORY OF WEAK
STATES [FORREST]
THEORY OF WEAK
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EXTRACTION OF
RESOURCES FROM THE
MOST PRODUCTIVEECONOMIC SECTORS:
peasant agriculture
Severe limitations in
appropriating peasant
resources and in establishing
regularized, official controlover rural trade, which
presents an especially
problematic challenge to states
economic growth in these
predominantly agrarian and
non-industrialized nations
3
MODELS:THEORY OF WEAK
STATES [FORREST]
THEORY OF WEAK
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IDEOLOGICAL LEGITIMATION
promulgation of official
doctrines to defend andjustify the achievement of
autonomy, penetration
extraction
Leaders are unable to convince
the majority of their populace
that the states central purpose
is to act in the interests of its
citizenry
4
MODELS:THEORY OF WEAK
STATES [FORREST]
PATRIMONIALISM/
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MODELS:PATRIMONIALISM/
ANTI-PATRIMONIALISM
Top-down and traditional form of political
dominion
Power flows directly from the leader to
the bureaucracy
Strengthen bureaucracy
MAX WEBER
PATRIMONIALISM/
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MODELS:PATRIMONIALISM/
ANTI-PATRIMONIALISM
In order to reconcile the untenable image of an
autonomous state and the fragmented nature of
society, the patrimonial state model needs to be
refined with an analytical tool that adequatelyassesses the variable weight and influence of
competing forms of authority.
(Williams)
PATRIMONIALISM/
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MODELS:PATRIMONIALISM/
ANTI-PATRIMONIALISM
PATRIMONIALISM IS SEEN AS DETRIMENTAL TO
A GOVERNMENT
getting ahead becomes a matter of connections
than performance (Goldsmith)
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MODELS: WEBERIAN MODEL OF DEMOCRACY
An effective bureaucracy is run by efficient,
capable, and qualified personnel
Achieved through competitive system of
selection based on merit and qualification
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MODELS: WEBERIAN MODEL OF DEMOCRACY
Economic troubles in Africa are more likely
related to aimless or inattentive but not
necessarily enlarged bureaucracies. (Goldsmith)
Countries that fail to bring their public
bureaucracies closer in line with Weberian
precepts are going to have a hard time meetingtheir populations economic and social needs.
(Goldsmith)
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CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS
ECONOMY - BANKING
STATE HARDNESS MODEL
Relationship between state and private sector(IV) the entrenchment of the domestic
politics of financial reform and economic
progress (DV)
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CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS
INSTITUTIONS LAND REFORM
Emergence of land reform policies that acts as
panaceas for revolutionizing national
development (IV) Institutions as elitist
instruments (DV)
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
PATRIMONIAL MODEL
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CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS
BANTU PHILOSOPHY POST COLONIALISM
Relation of colonial influence towards cultural
sturdiness (IV) explosive growth of informal
colonial influence through culture (DV)
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =STATE HARDNESS MODEL
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IMPLICATIONS
STRUCTURAL AUTONOMY
POLITICAL PENETRATION OF THE SOCIETY
EXTRACTION OF RESOURCES FROM THEMOST PRODUCTIVE ECONOMIC SECTORS
IDEALOGICAL LEGITIMATION
WEAK STATE
XXXX
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Beyond the state: Civil society and Associational Life in Africa
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Beyond the state: Civil society and Associational Life in AfricaMichael Bratton
Relationship of state and society in Africa: Elite politics
The state is an instrument for the accumulation of wealth
and power as well as the creation of social classes
An endogenous change in civil society is at hand
Bratton emphasizes the need to reevaluate African Civilsociety based on its contribution to political development
Beyond the state: Civil society and Associational Life in Africa
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Nigeria: Nigerian Bar association publicly opposed the
government's use of military tribunals to prosecutecorrupt civilian politicians and to ban critical organsin the press.
Senegal Islamic brotherhoods and the regional separatists
movement in the Casamance opposed thegovernment's experiment with multipartycompetition,
Zimbabwe white and black farmers have organized to
"contradict" party socialist policy preferences" andpush for policies more to their own liking
Beyond the state: Civil society and Associational Life in AfricaMichael Bratton
Reconsidering State and Society in Africa: The Institutional
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State autonomy through land reform
programs
Three patterns of change
1. Concentration of land Rights
2. Land alienation3. Elevated position of lineage authorities
Dimension in Land Reform PoliciesDonald C. Williams
Reconsidering State and Society in Africa: The Institutional
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1. Concentration of land Rights
- Burkina Fasco: village chiefs used agrarian reform to
safeguard their authority
- Kenya and Cameroon: use of connections in order to
obtain land clearance
- Western Uganda: connections with Bahima chiefs toacquire Mailo lands (land was nationalized in 1975)
Dimension in Land Reform PoliciesDonald C. Williams
Reconsidering State and Society in Africa: The Institutional
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2. Incidence of Land Alienation
- Ivory coast, Nigeria and Burkina Faso: used
authority to grant certificates of occupancy to
elites
- Uganda and Somalia: Land nationalization failed
certificates of occupancy only given to thosewho could afford it; peasants displaced in the
process:
Dimension in Land Reform PoliciesDonald C. Williams
Africas Overgrown State Reconsidered:
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Examines the relationship between
bureaucracy and economic growth
Size of bureaucracy
Strength of civil society
Measured through comparison of Botswana
and Mauritius with the rest of SSA
Bureaucracy and Economic Growth
Arthur A. Goldsmith
Africas Overgrown State Reconsidered:
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Significant Findings on Botswana & Mauritius
Economic performance over the last 25 years
resemble East Asian Tigers\increase in capita income
(1985-95) SSA decline Botswana & Mauritius must have been built on a
base of impartial, professional bureaucrats
Mauritius & Botswanas bureaucracies are four times
larger than other African countries (World Bank) B&M have reputations for administrative integrity
and capability rapid economic growth
Bureaucracy and Economic Growth
Arthur A. Goldsmith
Africas Overgrown State Reconsidered:
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How do B&M avoid politicizing their bureaucracies? Botswana: countrys president only entitled to few senior
appointments; commitment to neutrality; recruitmentopen to all; promotion meritiocratic; employees haveright to appeal personnel decisions
Mauritius: heavy emphasis on achievement as means forclimbing up ranks; strong public service commission toinsulate bureaucracy from inappropriate politicalmeddling
Unlike Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia: civil service became aninstrument of political power patrimonialism (gettingahead is a matter of connections than performance)
Botswana and Mauritius are confident in their civilservice (541)
Bureaucracy and Economic Growth
Arthur A. Goldsmith
The Quest for State "Hardness" in Africa
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Despite a sustained and vigorous drive toachieve state hardness, the political andeconomic strength of society has to a large
extent impeded state rulers from carrying outtheir goals
It is essential for states to achieve at least adegree of autonomy from society in order to
secure their power and exercise theirhegemony
QJoshua B. Forrest
The Quest for State "Hardness" in Africa
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EMPIRICAL STUDIES: PARTIAL AUTONOMY
FROM SOCIETY VS. PARTIAL
INTERPENETRATION OF STATE AND SOCIETY
African rulers and officials seek to augment statehardness
Removing themselves form societal influences
Attempt to act in their own political,organizational and personal interests
QJoshua B. Forrest
The Quest for State "Hardness" in Africa
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Zaire
Attempt to allow the political elite to morecompletely dominate the now restricted politicalarena
The Zairian administration thereby carved out azone of invulnerability vis--vis society
The state constitutes a partially autonomouscenter with an ability to distance itself fromdomestic and international class an and ethnicinterests giving public officials room tooverpower or ignore some of the less pressinginterest demands and to expand theiradministrative functions and powers
Joshua B. Forrest
The Quest for State "Hardness" in Africa
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Kenya
patron-client relationships formed in earlyindependence period linked rural groups andindividuals to the state through informal ties
Cabinet members, members of parliament, middle
level bureaucrats became integrated into a hierarchyof patron client ties with regional, district, and localorganizations
Ultimately, state bureaucracy forced to take greater
account of peasant interests Peasant leaders were able to utilize informal links with
national officials to win a reversal of the governmentsinitial decision to empower planting restrictions and
trade control on coffee crop
Joshua B. Forrest
The Quest for State "Hardness" in Africa
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National leaders are not able to thoroughly consolidate thepolitical penetration of local level political and socialinstitutions so that these structures remain mostlyindependent of higher level authorities rather thanbecoming effectively integrated into formal, the centralized
politico-administrative system
Most contemporary African states have been largely unableto overcome the resilience of deeply entrenchedtraditional, village, ethnic, religious, and other non-formal
sector, local level sociopolitical units and to ensure thatthese groupings function according to official rules andwithin a centrally
Joshua B. Forrest
Bantu Philosophy
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Bantu Philosophy explores the ideologies of
the Bantu civilization
the nature of beings,forces and true wisdom
Bantu philosophy is seen to be primitive
based on the Western standard of the
civilized,
Important part is discussion of the Wests
mission to civilize the Bantu
Placide Tempels
Bantu Philosophy
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Correct attitude in respect of non-civilized
people
What is the true primitive man?
The mission to civilize did not begin with a
tabula rasa
We are not starting from scratch
Placide Tempels
Bantu Philosophy
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Civilization is a progress in human personality Industrialization has neglected man and may in
the long run, lead to the end of a civilizationunless human personality steps in
Does not civilization consist, before all else, inability to entertain an intelligent view of theworld and of life, to have convictions in regard toman's ends, to be steeped in the enthusiasm ofone's faith to the extent of being ready to makesacrifices for it and to suffer for it? (75)
Placide Tempels
Bantu Philosophy
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What point of view should the colonizer
adapt in face of Bantu Philosophy?
We must get to know how to present them as
ways of increasing and strengthening their being,their vital force; and not as means of annihilating
the mind of the Bantu. (77)
Placide Tempels
Reconsidering State and Society in Africa: The InstitutionalDimension in Land Reform Policies
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3. Elevated position of lineage authorities
- Cameroon and Kenya: land seekers must seek the help of
their kin and lineage elders
- Uganda: impossible to obtain occupancy rights without
seeking the help of kin
Dimension in Land Reform PoliciesDonald C. Williams
On the Postcolony
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Achille Mbembe
Commandement: the specific imaginary of state
sovereignty
Factors on activity of governing
1. Dealing with human behavior and how it is
regulated in a state framework
2. Postcolonial African regimes have not
invented- what they know of government is from scratch.
On the Postcolony
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Two main features of state sovereignty in acolony
1. Weakness of and inflation of "Notion of right
2. Colonial Sovereignty rests on 3 kinds ofviolence
1. Founding Violence: colonizer as the sole power overlaws
2. Legitimization: converts founding violence into anauthorizing authority
3. Authoritys maintenance, spread, and permanence:role in everyday life; establishes cultural imaginarythat state shared with society
Achille Mbembe
On the Postcolony
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Its distinctive feature was to act as bothauthority and morality
1. Eliminated all distinction between ends andmeans
2. It introduced infinite permutations betweenwhat was just and what unjust
The distinctive feature of colonialsovereignty: unpredictability
Unconditionality and impunity as principle ofpower in the colony
Achille Mbembe
On the Postcolony
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Two Traditions (image of the colonized as an
animal)
Hegelian Tradition
the native subjected to power and to the colonialstate could in no way be another myself.
Bergosnian tradition
one can sympathize with the animal/colonized but be
affectionate toward the master in return; object of
experimentation
Achille Mbembe
On the Postcolony
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COMMANDMENT AS MODE OF EXERCISING
POWER:
1. Rgime dException
2. REGIME OF PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES
3. LACK OF RULING BETWEEN RULING AND
CIVILIZING
4. CIRCULARITY
Achille Mbembe
On the Postcolonyh ll b b
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1. Rgime dException
- principle which departed from common/ single law
- political elite have more power
- i.e. landlords raising troops, levy taxes
2. Regime of privileges and immunities
- companies, being vehicles of colonization were given power to
raise taxes, collect rents, exempted from license/customs, right to
trade
Achille Mbembe
On the Postcolonyhill b b
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3. Lack of ruling between ruling and civilizing
- colonial arbitrariness,
- political and social ethical
- increases in supply need justified use of natives in modes of
production
- imaginary of the state as an organizer of state happiness- estatisation of colony - patronage and old hierarchies;
privatization of public prerogatives & socialization of arbitrariness
- FIRST AND FOREMOST HAVE COMMAND ON NATIVE compelled
to carry out obligations, proceed by orders and demands
- COMMANDMENTACCOUTREMENT AND ATTITUDE, powerreduced to right to demand, force ban
4. Circulatory
- accomplishments not directed to a public
Achille Mbembe
On the PostcolonyA hill Mb b
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Nigeria Exploitation of oil and minerals
Cameroon, Cte dIvoire, Kenya, Gabon, Zimbabwe most stable and most prosperous countries
Achille Mbembe
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THEORETICAL GAPS
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THEORETICAL GAPS
PROBLEM OF THE SUB SAHARAN AFRICAN WEAK STATE
One cause of weakness of the state is rooted in colonially
drawn boundaries cutting across ethnic groups.
What solutions can be suggested towards
reconciling the tensions between post
colonial ethnic boundaries and the current
state formation of sub Saharan Africa?
THEORETICAL GAPS
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THEORETICAL GAPS
PROBLEM OF RISING TENSIONS BET. STATISM & PLURALISM.
A reconceptualization of state-society relations is necessary to
keep pace with a changing reality, to discern avenues that might
lead out of the current economic crisis, and to appraise theprospects for democracy in Africa. (Bratton)
What are the conditions which facilitate associational life in
Sub Saharan Africa and the strengths, weaknesses, and
potentialities of civic organizations in promoting economic,
social, and particularly political development? (Bratton)
THEORETICAL GAPS
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THEORETICAL GAPS
How can we resolve the incongruities between
the rule of the patrimonial state in Sub
Saharan Africa and the formal stateapparatus? Williams
In order to reconcile the untenable image of an autonomous
state and the fragmented nature of society, the patrimonial
state model needs to be refined with an analytical tool that
adequately assesses the variable weight and influence of
competing forms of authority (Williams)
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HYPOTHESIS: Associational life is likely to be most
developed in economies that have undergone the
greatest degree of indigenous capitalist
industrialization. In these situations, social classes
are most likely to have constructed an economic baseindependent of the state and a set of shared interests
that are best defended by autonomous political
action
- Beyond the state (Bratton) pg. 427
SOUTH AFRICA CONGO
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SOUTH AFRICA
Deepest penetration of capitalist
production and exchange relations
and the highest rates of domestic
capital accumulation outside of the
state.
Banking systems are more clearly
dominated by private capital and
embedded in more competitive,
diverse, and market-oriented
financial systems.
CONGO
Statist banking system: banking is
highly concentrated andgovernment controlled.
These countries are characterized
by low levels of financial
development, including and in
general have less diversified and
developed economies than many
other sub-Saharan African
countries.
State, capital and the politics of
banking reform (Boone)
SOUTH AFRICA
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LINK BETWEEN ECONOMIC AUTONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
CIVIL SOCIETY?
SOUTH AFRICA
United Democratic Front (UDF) in South Africa Called into being new forms
of organizing popular groups in all spheres of life of the society
Over six hundred affiliate organizations and two million adherents. It
represented a multiclass alliance of workers, poor peasants, rich peasants,
traders, students, and professionals, with a known leadership drawn from
among the clergy, trade unionists, lawyers, and journalists.
Organizationally, the UDF was a loose national federation of membership
groups built on principles of mass participation, democratic accountability,
and ideological pluralism.
Civil society and associational life(Bratton) pg. 419
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Greatest number of intermediate activist
organizations in Africa today can be observed in
urban South Africa
One would also therefore expect the expansion
of civil society to be led by, and to accrue to the
advantage of, social classes well positioned to
exploit economic opportunities in a capitalist
economy
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Potential comparison between South Africa
(developed economy) and Congo (under developed
economy) and the strength of their civil society
RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
[POTENTIAL COMPARISONS/CONCLUSIONS]
COMPARISON WITH POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITY IN LATIN AMERICA, WHERE GROUPS WITHIN CIVIL
SOCIETY GAINED GREATER OPPORTUNITIES TO ATTRACT A
FOLLOWING, DEVELOP A BUREAUCRATIC FORM, AND FORMULATE
POLICY ALTERNATIVES DUE TO STATE REFORMS IN THE 80S
INDIGENOUS POLITICS
AND DEMOCRACY
Contesting Citizenship
in Latin America
Deborah J. Yashar
As policymakers face the challenge of responding to indigenousorganizations in civil society and their demands, they confront the issueof if and how states can recognize both individual and communal rights inan ideologically meaningful, practically feasible, and enduring way
The conditions under which indigenous movements haveemerged in Latin America are primarily a response to thetwin emergence of incomplete political liberalization and
state economic reforms.
Political liberalization in the 1980s provided greater spacefor the public articulation of ethnic identities, demands, andconflicts.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
As policymakers face the challenge of responding to indigenousorganizations in civil society and their demands, they confront the issueof if and how states can recognize both individual and communal rights inan ideologically meaningful, practically feasible, and enduring way
The conditions under which indigenous movements have emerged inLatin America are primarily a response to the twin emergence ofincomplete political liberalization and state economic reforms.
Political liberalization in the 1980s provided greater space for thepublic articulation of ethnic identities, demands, and conflicts.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
the provision ofsocial and
economic policiestargeting peasants
as a corporatesector
institutionalizingcorporate forms of
staterepresentation thatappeared to offer
access to the state.
Greater state penetration, land reforms, and theestablishment/protection of property rights somewhat
unwittingly, although not uniformly, increased local
autonomyaspeasants often increased their economicindependence from landlords and carved out localspaces for traditional authority structures and
customary law.
PROMISES OF DEMOCRATICALLY
ELECTED LEADERS IN LATIN AMERICA
RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
How can this comparison contribute to scholarly literatureon civil society and its active participation and integrationinto the sub Saharan African state?
What comparisons can be made between the degreeand effects of political liberalization in Latin Americaand Sub Saharan Africa?
How does this comparison work towards bridging the gapbetween the wants and needs of various ethnic identitiesand the demands of the state in Sub Saharan Africa?
COMPARING
STATE BUILDING
AND
SUBSEQUENT
POLITICALORGANIZATION
OF INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITY IN
LATIN AMERICA
WITH CURRENT
TRENDS IN SUB
SAHARAN
AFRICA
RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Can this be used as a model for thestrengthening of associations in civilsociety?
How can we compare the process of statebuilding and its relation to social
movements in Latin America with SubSaharan Africa?
COMPARING
STATE BUILDING
AND
SUBSEQUENT
POLITICALORGANIZATION
OF INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITY IN
LATIN AMERICA
WITH CURRENT
TRENDS IN SUB
SAHARAN
AFRICA
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
STATES IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA ARE WEAK WITH
RESPECT TO THE FACT THAT IT IS UNABLE TO
PENETRATE THROUGH SOCIO-POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS AND PRODUCE MATERIAL WELFARE.
THE DIFFICULTY TO CONFORM WITH WESTERN
STANDARDS MAY SUGGEST THAT THERE IS A NEED
FOR INDIGENOUS STRUCTURES OF ORGANIZATIONTO BE CONSTRUCTED.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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