REPRODUKSI
• Reproduksi merupakan sarana makhluk hidup untuk mempertahankan eksistensinya
• Reproduksi:
– Reproduksi Sel
– Reproduksi Tumbuhan
– Reproduksi Hewan dan Manusia
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
REPRODUKSI SEL
• Sel merupakan unit struktural dan fungsional terkecil dalam hierarki kehidupan
• Sel mengalami proses pertumbuhan, perkembangan dan perbanyakan.
– Pertumbuhan: Ukuran
– Perkembangan: Fungsi
– Perbanyakan: Jumlah
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
REPRODUKSI SEL
• Tiga macam cara reproduksi tingkat sel:
– Amitosis
– Mitosis
– Meiosis
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
AMITOSIS
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
100 µm
(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,
a single-celled eukaryote, is
dividing into two cells. Each
new cell will be an individual
organism (LM).
Figure 12.2 A
AMITOSIS
• Pembelahan sel tanpa melalui tahapan khusus.
• Dilakukan dengan proses kariokinesis langsung dilanjutkan dengan sitokinesis
• Digunakan sebagai cara perkembangbiakan oleh organisme tingkat rendah.
• Amitosis = Pembelahan biner = Pembelahan spontan
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Pembelahan Biner pada E. coli
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Origin of
replication
E. coli cell Bacterial
Chromosome
Cell wall
Plasma
Membrane
Two copies
of origin
Origin Origin
MITOSIS DAN MEIOSIS
• Merupakan pembelahan sel dengan melalui tahapan khusus – Interfase
• G1
• S
• G2
– Fase mitotik • Profase
• Metafase
• Anafase
• Telofase
• Sitokinesis
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
SIKLUS SEL
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
INTERPHASE
G1 S
(DNA synthesis)
G2
Figure 12.5
MITOSIS
• Pembelahan sel tanpa adanya reduksi jumlah kromosom
• Terjadi pada sel-sel somatis
• Dalam satu kali mitosis hanya sekali terjadi pembelahan (fase mitotik)
• Fungsi: Pertumbuhan, Perbaikan
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE
Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs) Chromatin
(duplicated)
Early mitotic
spindle
Aster
Centromere
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
Nucleolus Nuclear
envelope
Plasma
membrane
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
Kinetochore
microtubule Figure 12.6
Nonkinetochore
microtubules
MITOSIS
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
MITOSIS
Centrosome at
one spindle pole
Daughter
chromosomes
METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
Spindle
Metaphase plate
Nucleolus forming
Cleavage
furrow
Nuclear
envelope
forming Figure 12.6
MITOSIS PADA SEL TUMBUHAN
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
1 Prophase.
The chromatin
is condensing.
The nucleolus is
beginning to
disappear.
Although not
yet visible
in the micrograph,
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
Prometaphase.
We now see discrete
chromosomes; each
consists of two
identical sister
chromatids. Later
in prometaphase, the
nuclear envelop will
fragment.
Metaphase. The
spindle is complete,
and the chromosomes,
attached to microtubules
at their kinetochores,
are all at the metaphase
plate.
Anaphase. The
chromatids of each
chromosome have
separated, and the
daughter chromosomes
are moving to the ends
of cell as their
kinetochore
microtubles shorten.
Telophase. Daughter
nuclei are forming.
Meanwhile, cytokinesis
has started: The cell
plate, which will
divided the cytoplasm
in two, is growing
toward the perimeter
of the parent cell.
2 3 4 5
Nucleus
Nucleolus Chromosome Chromatine
condensing
Figure 12.10
Sitokinesis pada sel hewan
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of
microfilaments Daughter cells
100 µm
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) Figure 12.9 A
Sitokinesis pada sel tumbuhan
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Daughter cells
1 µm Vesicles
forming
cell plate
Wall of
patent cell Cell plate New cell wall
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM) Figure 12.9 B
MEIOSIS
• Pembelahan sel disertai adanya reduksi jumlah kromosom
• Terjadi pada sel-sel gamet
• Dalam satu kali meiosis terjadi dua kali pembelahan (fase mitotik)
• Fungsi: Reproduksi organisme tingkat tinggi
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
MEIOSIS
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Figure 13.7
Interphase
Homologous pair
of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell
Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes
Sister
chromatids Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes
1
2
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
replicated chromosomes
Sister chromatids
separate
Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)
Sister
chromatids
Chiasmata
Spindle
Tetrad
Nuclear
envelope
Chromatin
Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore Tertads line up
Metaphase
plate
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Pairs of homologous
chromosomes split up Chromosomes duplicate
Homologous chromosomes
(red and blue) pair and exchange
segments; 2n = 6 in this example
INTERPHASE MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous chromosomes
PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I
• Interphase and meiosis I
Meiosis I
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS
MEIOSIS II: Separates sister chromatids
Cleavage
furrow Sister chromatids
separate
Haploid daughter cells
forming
During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate;
four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes
Two haploid cells
form; chromosomes
are still double Figure 13.8
• Telophase I, cytokinesis, and meiosis II
Oogenesis dan Spermatogenesis
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Perbandingan Mitosis dan Meiosis
Sistem Reproduksi Makhluk Hidup Priyambodo, M.Sc. Biologi Umum
Figure 13.9
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Prophase
Duplicated chromosome
(two sister chromatids)
Chromosome
replication
Chromosome
replication
Parent cell
(before chromosome replication)
Chiasma (site of
crossing over) MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Tetrad formed by
synapsis of homologous
chromosomes
Metaphase
Chromosomes
positioned at the
metaphase plate
Tetrads
positioned at the
metaphase plate
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Haploid
n = 3
MEIOSIS II
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
Homologues
separate
during
anaphase I;
sister
chromatids
remain together
Daughter cells of meiosis II
n n n n
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II
Anaphase
Telophase
Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase
2n 2n
Daughter cells
of mitosis
2n = 6
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