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]JO^MYROKFKM NMKMYFH KM @OJFR LMYFORKmufy{f`mj{d km Mjlmjafyof @m{fh÷ylobf
Rdhkflm` O
Oj{ydk}ìâd fdr Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm`
Uydn* Uf}hd G* @dkmjmroUydn* Uf}hd ^ohhfjo @fyv}mr
Imhd Adyowdj{m( gfjmoyd km 9566
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R]@ÆYOD
6 @ï{dkdr km ]joâd kdr @m{for *********************************************************************
9 Kmnojoìâd km Rdhkflm ********************************************************************************
2 Umv}mjd Aor{òyobd kf Rdhkflm` ******************************************************************
; Ndy`fìâd km }`f g}j{f rdhkfkf *****************************************************************
= Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm *******************************************************************************=*6 Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy N}râd *************************************************=*9 Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy Uymrrâd !d} udy Kmndy`fìâd/ ************
>* Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm Udy N}râd ****************************************************************>*6 ‒ Rdhkflm f Fybd ****************************************************************************
>*6*6 ‒ Rdhkflm` bd` Mhm{ydkdr Ym~mr{okdr ********************************>*6*9 Rdhkflm` L[F\ **************************************************************>*6*2 Rdhkflm` L@F\ ************************************************************>*6*; Rdhkflm` bd` Fyf`mr [}i}hfymr *************************************>*6*= Rdhkflm` fd Fybd R}i`myrd ********************************************>*6*> Rdhkflm` f Uhfr`f ************************************************************
>*9 Rdhkflm` udy Mhm{ydmrbòyof **********************************************************>*2 Rdhkflm` Dqolær ***************************************************************************>*; Rdhkflm` bd` Nmoqm km Mhï{ydjr *************************************************>*= Rdhkflm` f Hfrmy **************************************************************************>*> ‒ Uydbmrrdr Aàiyokdr km Rdhkflm` **************************************************
< Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm udy Kmndy`fìâd ****************************************************<*6 Rdhkflm` udy Ymror{çjbof ***************************************************************<*9 Rdhkflm` udy Bmj{mhaf`mj{d ********************************************************<*2 Rdhkflm` udy Fh{fnymv}çjbof ********************************************************<*; Rdhkflm` udy Nyobìâd *********************************************************************<*= Rdhkflm` udy Kon}râd ********************************************************************<*> Rdhkflm` udy Mquhdrâd ******************************************************************<*< Rdhkflm` udy Hf`ojfìâd ***************************************************************<*1 Rdhkflm` f Nyod ******************************************************************************
<*? Rdhkflm` udy ]h{yfrd` *****************************************************************1 Uydbmrrdr km Iyfrflm ********************************************************************************
? Uydbmrrdr km Bdy{m [ïy`obd *************************************************************************?*6 Bdy{m f Dqolçjod ******************************************************************************?*9 Bdy{m f Uhfr`f *********************************************************************************?*2 Bdy{m f Hfrmy ************************************************************************************
65 Uydbmrrdr km Frumyrâd [ïy`obf *****************************************************************
66 Ioihodlyfnof Bd`uhm`mj{fy ************************************************************************
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6
OJ[YDK]ÌÂD FDR UYDBMRRDR KM RDHKFLM@
6 - @ï{dkdr km ]joâd kdr @m{for
Dr `ï{dkdr km }joâd km `m{for udkm` rmy ko~okokdr m` k}fr bf{mldyofr uyojboufor( or{d ï(
fv}mhmr ifrmfkdr jd fufymbo`mj{d km ndyìfr `mbéjobfr `fbydrbòuobfr mj{ym fr ufy{mr f rmym`
}jokfr m fv}mhmr ifrmfkdr m` ndyìfr `obydrbòuobfr !oj{myf{û`obfr d} oj{my`dhmb}hfymr/* Jd
uyo`moyd bfrd( kd v}fh râd mqm`uhdr f ufyfn}rflm` m f ymio{flm`( f ymror{çjbof kf g}j{f ï kfkf
umhf ymror{çjbof fd borfhaf`mj{d kd ufyfn}rd d} ymio{m( `for fr ndyìfr km f{yo{d mj{ym fr
r}umynàbomr m` bdj{f{d* Jd rml}jkd bfrd( f }joâd ï bdjrml}okf umhf fuydqo`fìâd kdr æ{d`dr m
`dhïb}hfr kfr ufy{mr f rmym` }jokfr( d} kmr{fr m }` `f{myofh oj{my`mkoæyod( f{ï kor{éjbofr
r}nobomj{m`mj{m umv}mjfr ufyf f ndy`fìâd km holfìýmr `m{æhobfr m km ^fj kmy \ffhr* Bd`d
mqm`uhdr kmr{f bf{mldyof bo{f`rm f rdhkflm`( f iyfrflm` m f bdhflm`*
9 - Kmnojoìâd km Rdhkflm`
]` lyfjkm j÷`myd km konmymj{mr uydbmrrdr }{ohowfkdr jf nfiyobfìâd m ymb}umyfìâd km umìfr(
mv}ouf`mj{dr m mr{y}{}yfr ï fiyfjlokd umhd {my`d RDHKFLM@* Bhfrrobf`mj{m( f rdhkflm` ï
bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` `ï{dkd km }joâd( udyï`( `}o{dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` d} ~fyofìýmr
kmr{mr râd }rfkdr ufyf f kmudroìâd km `f{myofh rdiym }`f r}umynàbom( ~orfjkd f ymb}umyfìâd km
umìfr kmrlfr{fkfr d} ufyf f ndy`fìâd km }` ym~mr{o`mj{d bd` bfyfb{myàr{obfr mrumbofor*
Konmymj{mr uydbmrrdr ymhfbodjfkdr bd` dr km rdhkflm` râd }{ohowfkdr ufyf d bdy{m d} ufyf d
ymbdiyo`mj{d km umìfr* Ko~myrdr frumb{dr kmrrfr dumyfìýmr km ymbdiyo`mj{d m bdy{m râd ro`ohfymr
å rdhkflm` m( udy orrd( `}o{dr frumb{dr kmr{mr uydbmrrdr râd fidykfkdr g}j{f`mj{m bd` mr{f*
Fhl}`fr kmnojoìýmr km rdhkflm` râd7
)Uydbmrrd km g}jìâd km `m{for udy n}râd)* !Km~mrm ymrrfh{fy v}m jâd rò `m{for râd
rdhkæ~mor m v}m ï udrrà~mh rdhkfy `m{for rm` n}râd/*
)Dumyfìâd v}m ~orf di{my f }joâd km k}fr d} `for umìfr ( frrml}yfjkd( jf g}j{f rdhkfkf( f
bdj{oj}okfkm km uyduyomkfkmr nàrobfr( v}à`obfr m `m{fh÷ylobfr)*
)Dumyfìâd v}m ~orf di{my f bdfhmrbçjbof hdbfhowfkf uydk}wokf umhd fv}mbo`mj{d f{ï }`f
{m`umyf{}yf fkmv}fkf( bd` d} rm` f fuhobfìâd km uymrrâd m km `m{fh km fkoìâd*)!Kmnojoìâd f fkd{fkf umhf F\R F`myobfj \mhkojl Rdbom{/*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 9
‘Uydbmrrd km }joâd km `f{myofor ifrmfkd jd mr{fimhmbo`mj{d( jf ymloâd km bdj{f{d mj{ym dr
`f{myofor rmjkd }jokdr( km ndyìfr km holfìâd v}à`obf km jf{}ymwf ro`ohfy år f{}fj{mr jd
oj{myody kdr uyòuyodr `f{myofor*‐
2 - Umv}mjd Aor{òyobd kf Rdhkflm`
M`idyf f rdhkflm`( jf r}f ndy`f f{}fh( rmgf }` uydbmrrd ymbmj{m( bd` bmybf km 655 fjdr( f
iyfrflm` m f rdhkflm` udy ndygf`mj{d {ç` rokd }{ohowfkfr kmrkm ïudbfr ym`d{fr* Mqor{m( udy
mqm`uhd( jd @}rm} kd Hd}~ym( }` uojlmj{m km d}yd bd` ojkobfìýmr km {my rokd rdhkfkd m v}m
ndo nfiyobfkd jf Uïyrof( udy ~dh{f km ;555 FB*
D nmyyd( b}gf nfiyobfìâd rm ojobod} m` {dyjd km 6=55 FB( r}ir{o{}o} d bdiym m d iydjwm jf
bdjnmbìâd km ko~myrdr fy{mnf{dr* D nmyyd myf uydk}wokd udy ymk}ìâd koym{ff m bdjndy`fkd udy
`fy{mhf`mj{d jf ndy`f km ihdbdr bd` }` umrd km ud}bdr v}ohdlyf`fr* V}fjkd umìfr `fodymr
myf` jmbmrræyofr( dr ihdbdr myf` rdhkfkdr udy ndygf`mj{d( or{d ï( d `f{myofh myf fv}mbokd fd
y}iyd( bdhdbf~frm fymof mj{ym fr umìfr ufyf mrbdyonobfy o`u}ymwfr m `fy{mhf~frm f{ï f rdhkflm`*
Bd`d }` mqm`uhd kf }{ohowfìâd kmr{m uydbmrrd( bo{frm }` uohfy km bmybf km rm{m `m{ydr km
fh{}yf m `for km bojbd {djmhfkfr mqor{mj{m fojkf adgm jf bokfkm km Kmhao !Àjkof/*
F rdhkflm` ndo }rfkf( jf fj{ol}okfkm m jf okfkm `ïkof( ufyf f nfiyobfìâd km fy`fr m d}{ydr
ojr{y}`mj{dr bdy{fj{mr* Bd`d d nmyyd di{okd udy ymk}ìâd koym{f {m` }` {mdy km bfyidjd `}o{d
ifoqd !ojnmyody f 5(6-/( mr{m jâd udkm rmy mjk}ymbokd udy {ç`umyf* Udy d}{yd hfkd( d fìd( bd` }`
{mdy `fody km bfyidjd( myf }` `f{myofh mrbfrrd m km fh{d b}r{d( rmjkd nfiyobfkd umhf bm`mj{fìâd
km {oyfr nojfr km nmyyd* Frro`( nmyyf`mj{fr myf` nfiyobfkfr bd` nmyyd m bd` {oyfr km fìd rdhkfkfr
jdr hdbfor km bdy{m m mjk}ymbokfr udy {ç`umyf* Mrufkfr km mhm~fkf ymror{çjbof `mbéjobf m
{mjfbokfkm ndyf` nfiyobfkfr jd dyomj{m `ïkod }{ohowfjkdrm }` uydbmrrd rm`mhafj{m( jd v}fh
{oyfr fh{myjfkfr km fìd m nmyyd myf` rdhkfkfr mj{ym ro m kmndy`fkfr udy bd`uymrrâd m {dyìâd* D
ymr}h{fkd myf }`f hé`ojf bd` }`f nojf fh{myjéjbof km ymloýmr km fh{d m ifoqd {mdy km bfyidjd*
Frro`( f rdhkflm` ndo( k}yfj{m mr{m umyàdkd( }` uydbmrrd o`udy{fj{m jf {mbjdhdlof `m{fh÷ylobf(
uyojboufh`mj{m( km~okd f kdor nf{dymr7 !6/ f mrbfrrmw m d fh{d b}r{d kd fìd m !9/ d {f`fjad
ymk}wokd kdr ihdbdr km nmyyd di{okdr udy ymk}ìâd koym{f*
f Jmr{m uydbmrrd d `ojïyod km nmyyd myf `or{}yfkd bd` bfy~âd m` iyfrf m rduyfkd* Kmr{f ndy`f( d òqokd km nmyydmyf ymk}wokd umhd bfyidjd( uydk}wojkdrm nmyyd `m{æhobd rm` f n}râd kd `f{myofh*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 2
Mr{f o`udy{éjbof bd`mìd} f ko`oj}oy( jdr rïb}hdr QOO m QOOO( bd` d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km
{mbjdhdlof ufyf f di{mjìâd( jd mr{fkd hàv}okd( km lyfjkmr v}fj{okfkmr km nmyyd n}jkokd bd` f
}{ohowfìâd kf mjmylof lmyfkf m` ydkfr k,æl}f m( jdr rïb}hdr QO^ m Q^( bd` d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d
kd fh{d ndyjd* Bd` or{d( f n}jkoìâd {dyjd}rm }` uydbmrrd o`udy{fj{m km nfiyobfìâd( mjv}fj{d f
rdhkflm` udy ndygf`mj{d ndo r}ir{o{}àkf udy d}{ydr uydbmrrdr km }joâd( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m f
ymio{flm` m ufyfn}rflm`( `for fkmv}fkdr ufyf }joâd kfr umìfr uydk}wokfr*
F rdhkflm` umy`fjmbm} bd`d }` uydbmrrd rmb}jkæyod km nfiyobfìâd f{ï d rïb}hd QOQ( v}fjkd
f r}f {mbjdhdlof bd`mìd} f `}kfy yfkobfh`mj{m( uyojboufh`mj{m( f ufy{oy kfr mqumyoçjbofr km Roy
A}`uaym Kf~ !6156615>/ bd` d fybd mhï{yobd( kf kmrbdimy{f kd fbm{ohmjd udy Mk`}jk Kf~
m kd kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km ndj{mr uydk}{dyfr km mjmylof mhï{yobf v}m udrroioho{fyf` d fufymbo`mj{d
kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd* Fd `mr`d {m`ud( d ojàbod kf nfiyobfìâd m }{ohowfìâd km
fìd jf ndy`f km bafufr {dyjd} jmbmrræyod d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km jd~dr uydbmrrdr km }joâd ufyf f
nfiyobfìâd km mv}ouf`mj{dr m mr{y}{}yfr*
F uyo`moyf uf{mj{m km }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm`( di{okf jf Ojlhf{myyf udy Jocdhfr Imyjfkdr m
R{fjorhf~ Dhrwm|rc m` 611=( ndo ifrmfkf m` }` fybd mhï{yobd mr{fimhmbokd mj{ym }` mhm{ydkd km
bfy~âd m f umìf f rmy rdhkfkf !nol}yf 6/*
Udy ~dh{f km 61?5( J* L* Rhf~ofjdnn( jf Y÷rrof( m Bafyhmr Bdnnoj( jdr Mr{fkdr ]jokdr(
kmrmj~dh~myf` ojkmumjkmj{m`mj{m f rdhkflm` f fybd bd` mhm{ydkd `m{æhobd j}* F{ï d nojfh kd
rïb}hd QOQ( dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof( udy fh}`ojd{my`of m f lær ndyf`
kmrmj~dh~okdr* M` 6?5<( Drbfy Cgmhhimyl !R}ïbof/ uf{mj{mof d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` f fybd bd`
mhm{ydkd ym~mr{okd* M` r}f ndy`f dyolojfh( mr{m ym~mr{o`mj{d myf bdjr{o{}àkd km }`f bf`fkf km
bfh( b}gf n}jìâd myf }jobf`mj{m mr{fiohowfy d fybd* Kmrmj~dh~o`mj{dr udr{myodymr {dyjfyf` mr{muydbmrrd d `for }{ohowfkd jd `}jkd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;
Nol}yf 6 Ror{m`f ufyf rdhkflm` f fybd bd` mhm{ydkd km bfy~âd km fbdykd bd` fuf{mj{m km Imyjfkdr*
Jmr{f jd~f nfrm( f rdhkflm` {m~m ojobofh`mj{m ud}bf }{ohowfìâd( mr{fjkd ymr{yo{f uyojboufh`mj{m å
mqmb}ìâd km ymufydr km m`mylçjbof f{ï f mbhdrâd kf 6§ lyfjkm l}myyf( v}fjkd f rdhkflm` ufrrd}
f rmy }{ohowfkf `for oj{mjrf`mj{m bd`d }` uydbmrrd km nfiyobfìâd*
F{}fh`mj{m( `for km =5 konmymj{mr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` {ç` fhl}`f }{ohowfìâd ojk}r{yofh m f
rdhkflm` ï d `for o`udy{fj{m `ï{dkd ufyf f }joâd umy`fjmj{m km `m{for* Mr{f o`udy{éjbof ï
fojkf `for m~okmjbofkf umhf uymrmjìf km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` m fnojr jfr `for konmymj{mr
f{o~okfkmr ojk}r{yofor m umhf ojnh}çjbof v}m f jmbmrrokfkm km }`f idf rdhkfiohokfkm {m` jd
kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km jd~dr {oudr km fìdr m d}{yfr holfr `m{æhobfr*
; - Ndy`fìâd km }`f G}j{f Rdhkfkf
Km }`f ndy`f ro`uhonobfkf( }`f umìf `m{æhobf ï ndy`fkf udy }` lyfjkm j÷`myd km æ{d`dr
korudr{dr m` }` fyyfjgd mrufbofh bfyfb{myàr{obd !mr{y}{}yf byor{fhojf/* Æ{d`dr hdbfhowfkdr jd
oj{myody kmr{f mr{y}{}yf râd bmybfkdr udy }` j÷`myd km ~owojadr `for uyòqo`dr( udrobodjfkdr f}`f kor{éjbof y5( jf v}fh f mjmylof kd ror{m`f ï `àjo`f( bd`d `dr{yf f nol}yf 9*
Jmr{f ro{}fìâd( bfkf æ{d`d mr{æ m` r}f bdjkoìâd km mjmylof `àjo`f( jâd {mjkmjkd f rm holfy
bd` jmja}` æ{d`d mq{yf* Jf r}umynàbom kd ròhokd( bdj{}kd( mr{f ro{}fìâd jâd rm `fj{ï`( udor dr
æ{d`dr mr{âd holfkdr f `mjdr ~owojadr( udrr}ojkd( udy{fj{d }` `fody jà~mh km mjmylof kd v}m dr
æ{d`dr jd rm} oj{myody* Mr{f mjmylof udkm rm ymk}wokf v}fjkd dr æ{d`dr r}umynobofor rm holf` f
d}{ydr* Frro`( fuydqo`fjkdrm k}fr umìfr `m{æhobfr f }`f kor{éjbof r}nobomj{m`mj{m umv}mjfufyf f ndy`fìâd km }`f holfìâd umy`fjmj{m( }`f rdhkf mj{ym fr umìfr rmyof ndy`fkf( bd`d
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` =
oh}r{yfkd jf nol}yf 2* Mr{m {oud km mnmo{d udkm rmy di{okd( udy mqm`uhd( bdhdbfjkdrm m` bdj{f{d
àj{o`d kdor ihdbdr km lmhd*
Mj{ym{fj{d( rfimrm v}m or{d jâd dbdyym ufyf k}fr umìfr `m{æhobfr( mqbm{d m` bdjkoìýmr `}o{d
mrumbofor* F mquhobfìâd ufyf or{d mr{æ jf mqor{çjbof km dir{æb}hdr v}m o`umkm` }`f
fuydqo`fìâd mnm{o~f kfr r}umynàbomr f{ï kor{éjbofr kf dykm` km y5* Mr{mr dir{æb}hdr udkm` rmy km
kdor {oudr iærobdr7
Fr r}umynàbomr `m{æhobfr( `mr`d fr `for udhokfr( fuymrmj{f` }`f lyfjkm y}ldrokfkm m`
mrbfhf `obydrbòuobf m r}i`obydrbòuobf !nol}yf ;/*
@mr`d }`f r}umynàbom bd` }` fbfif`mj{d b}okfkdrd fuymrmj{f oyyml}hfyokfkmr kf dykm`
km =5j` km fh{}yf( bmybf km 955 bf`fkfr f{û`obfr* Or{d o`umkm }`f fuydqo`fìâd mnm{o~f
kfr r}umynàbomr( d v}m dbdyym fumjfr m` fhl}jr ud}bdr udj{dr km bdj{f{d( km `dkd v}m d
j÷`myd km holfìýmr ndy`fkfr ï ojr}nobomj{m ufyf lfyfj{oy v}fhv}my ymror{çjbof ufyf f g}j{f*
Kor{éjbof
Mjmylof
y d
Nol}yf 9 ^fyofìâd km mjmylof ud{mjbofh ufyf }` ror{m`f bd`udr{d km kdor
æ{d`dr m` n}jìâd kf kor{éjbof km rmufyfìâd mj{ym mhmr*
Rdhkf
Nol}yf 2 Ndy`fìâd {mòyobf km }`f rdhkf umhf fuydqo`fìâd kfr r}umynàbomr kfr umìfr*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` >
955 bf`fkfr
f{û`obfr d}
=55 éjlr{ydjr
Nol}yf ; Ymuymrmj{fìâd mrv}m`æ{obf kf r}umynàbom `m{æhobf ho`uf*
Fr r}umynàbomr `m{æhobfr mr{âd jdy`fh`mj{m ymbdimy{fr udy bf`fkfr km òqokdr( }`okfkm(
ldyk}yf( udmoyf( m{b( d v}m o`umkm }` bdj{f{d ymfh mj{ym fr r}umynàbomr( uym~mjojkd f
ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf* Mr{fr bf`fkfr rm ndy`f` yfuokf`mj{m m ymr}h{f` mqf{f`mj{m kf
mqor{çjbof km holfìýmr v}à`obfr ojbd`uhm{fr jf r}umynàbom*
Kdor `ï{dkdr uyojboufor râd }{ohowfkdr ufyf r}umyfy mr{mr dir{æb}hdr( dr v}for dyolojf` dr kdor
lyfjkmr ly}udr km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm`* D uyo`moyd bdjror{m m` kmndy`fy fr r}umynàbomr km
bdj{f{d umy`o{ojkd f fuydqo`fìâd kdr æ{d`dr f kor{éjbofr kf dykm` km y5 !nol}yf =/* Fr umìfr
udkm` rmy fv}mbokfr hdbfh`mj{m km `dkd f nfboho{fy f kmndy`fìâd kfr r}umynàbomr km bdj{f{d*
D rml}jkd `ï{dkd rm ifrmof jf fuhobfìâd hdbfhowfkf km bfhdy jf ymloâd km }joâd f{ï f r}f n}râd m
kd `m{fh km fkoìâd !v}fjkd mr{m ï }{ohowfkd/( kmr{y}ojkd fr r}umynàbomr km bdj{f{d m uydk}wojkd f
}joâd umhf rdhokonobfìâd kd `m{fh n}jkokd !nol}yf >/*
Kmr{f ndy`f( }`f ndy`f km bhfrronobfìâd kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` bdjror{m m` fly}uæhdr m`
kdor lyfjkmr ly}udr ifrmfjkdrm jd `ï{dkd kd`ojfj{m ufyf uydk}woy f rdhkf7 !f/ uydbmrrdr km
rdhkflm` udy uymrrâd !d} udy kmndy`fìâd/ m !i/ uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` <
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 1
= - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm`
=*6 - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy N}râd
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ?
=*9 - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy Uymrrâd !d} udy Kmndy`fìâd/
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udy ymror{çjbof mhï{yobf( udy kon}râd( udy mquhdrâd( mj{ym d}{ydr* Ko~myrdr kmr{mr uydbmrrdr( bd`d
udy mqm`uhd( dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof( fuymrmj{f` bfyfb{myàr{obfr oj{my`mkoæyofr
mj{ym dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd m udy kmndy`fìâd* Ufyf nojr km bhfrronobfìâd( mr{mr
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nojfh kmr{m {mq{d*
>* Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` Udy N}râd7
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ojk}r{yofh* [dkdr mr{mr uydbmrrdr }{ohowf`( bd`d ndj{m km bfhdy ufyf f n}râd hdbfhowfkf( d fybd
v}m ï }`f kmrbfylf mhï{yobf m` }` `mod lfrdrd ufybofh`mj{m odjowfkd* Jf `fodyof kdr bfrdr( d
fybd mhï{yobd ï `fj{okd mj{ym }` mhm{ydkd bohàjkyobd m d `m{fh ifrm( mqor{ojkd( bdj{}kd( uydbmrrdr
m` v}m d `m{fh ifrm jâd nfw ufy{m kd boyb}o{d mhï{yobd d} v}m }{ohowf` mhm{ydkdr km konmymj{mr
ndy`fr d} ko~myrdr mhm{ydkdr ro`}h{fjmf`mj{m* M` lmyfh( d mhm{ydkd ï n}jkokd umhd fybd m
ndyjmbm `m{fh km fkoìâd ufyf f rdhkf !rdhkflm` bd` mhm{ydkdr bdjr}`à~mor/( mqor{ojkd( udyï`(
uydbmrrdr m` v}m d mhm{ydkd !m` lmyfh( km {}jlr{çjod d} lyfno{m/ jâd rm n}jkm km ndy`ffuymboæ~mh !rdhkflm` bd` mhm{ydkdr jâd bdjr}`à~mor/*
Jdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd( f v}fj{okfkm km bfhdy ndyjmbokf å g}j{f m( udy{fj{d( fr
ko`mjrýmr m d ndy`f{d kd bdykâd km rdhkf kmumjkm` kf bdyymj{m m {mjrâd mhï{yobfr ndyjmbokfr fd
fybd m( jf lyfjkm `fodyof kdr uydbmrrdr kf ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` !or{d ï( f ~mhdbokfkm bd` v}m
d fybd ï kmrhdbfkd fd hdjld kf g}j{f/*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 65
F bdyymj{m km rdhkflm` udkm ~fyofy km ~fhdymr ojnmyodymr f 6F !jf rdhkflm` `obyduhfr`f/ f
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65^ f ~fhdymr v}m udkm` r}umyfy 655^ !jf rdhkflm` f uhfr`f/* Mr{f( m` lmyfh( bdj{ydhf d
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fd hdjld kf g}j{f( f ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` bdj{ydhf f v}fj{okfkm km bfhdy v}m ï ndyjmbokf fd
hdjld kf g}j{f* V}fj{d `fody ndy f ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm`( `mjdy rmyæ f v}fj{okfkm km mjmylof
ymbmiokf udy }jokfkm km bd`uyo`mj{d kf g}j{f m( m` lmyfh( `mjdymr rmyâd fr ko`mjrýmr kd
bdykâd* Nojfh`mj{m( km~m rm kmoqfy bhfyd v}m( ufyf rm lfyfj{oy }`f mr{fiohokfkm m bdj{ydhm
fkmv}fkdr kd uydbmrrd m rm di{my }` bdykâd km rdhkf bd` }` ndy`f{d fkmv}fkd( jâd rm udkm
rmhmbodjfy ~fhdymr km bdyymj{m( {mjrâd m ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` km ndy`f ojkmumjkmj{m* Fhï`
kor{d( bfkf uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` f fybd udrr}o }`f mq{mjrf hor{f km ~fyoæ~mor fkobodjfor v}m
km~m` rmy hm~fkfr m` bdjrokmyfìâd fd rm km{my`ojfy fr bdjkoìýmr km rdhkflm` ufyf }`f kfkf
fuhobfìâd* Fhl}`fr kmr{fr ~fyoæ~mor rmyâd fuymrmj{fkfr m korb}{okfr jf kmrbyoìâd r}rbo{f fifoqd
kdr uyojboufor uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd* ]`f korb}rrâd fkobodjfh rdiym mr{m {òuobd rmyæ nmo{f
jd bfuà{}hd km oj{ydk}ìâd å nàrobf kf rdhkflm`*
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F Rdhkflm` f Fybd bd` Mhm{ydkdr Ym~mr{okdr !Raomhkmk @m{fh Fyb \mhkojl R@F\/ ï }`
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j÷bhmd `m{æhobd !)fh`f)/( bd` 9=5 f =55`` km bd`uyo`mj{d( ym~mr{okd udy }`f bf`fkf km`ojmyfor !fylohf( nh}dym{dr( bfyidjf{dr( m{b/ m$d} d}{ydr `f{myofor !bmh}hdrm( nmyyd holfr( m{b/( bd`
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rmjkd rdhkfkf m mr{fiohowf` d fybd* D ym~mr{o`mj{d udkm fojkf bdj{my mhm`mj{dr v}m râd
ojbdyudyfkdr å rdhkf( ojnh}mjbofjkd r}f bd`udroìâd v}à`obf m bfyfb{myàr{obfr `m{fh÷ylobfr* F
nol}yf < oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 66
D rm} mv}ouf`mj{d }r}fh bdjror{m km ndj{m km mjmylof !d} `æv}ojf km rdhkflm`/( udy{fmhm{ydkd
m bfidr( fhï` km mv}ouf`mj{dr km rml}yfjìf ufyf d rdhkfkdy !`ærbfyf( h}~fr( f~mj{fh( m{b*/ m
ufyf f ho`umwf kd bdykâd m ym`dìâd km mrbòyof !uobfkmoyf m mrbd~f km fìd/* Ufyf rdhkflm`( f
ufy{m jâd ym~mr{okf kd mhm{ydkd ï noqfkf jd udy{f mhm{ydkd m d fybd ï ojobofkd {dbfjkdrm
yfuokf`mj{m f udj{f kd mhm{ydkd jf umìf !v}m mr{âd bdjmb{fkdr( udy bfidr( fdr {my`ojfor kf
`æv}ojf km rdhkflm`/* D bfhdy kd fybd n}jkm f udj{f kd mhm{ydkd m }` umv}mjd ~dh}`m kd
`m{fh km ifrm ndy`fjkd f udìf km n}râd* F rdhkflm` ï ymfhowfkf `fj}fh`mj{m( bd` d rdhkfkdy
bdj{ydhfjkd d bd`uyo`mj{d kd fybd m f udìf km n}râd !umhf `fjou}hfìâd kd mhm{ydkd/ m
kmrhdbfjkd d mhm{ydkd fd hdjld kf g}j{f* V}fjkd d mhm{ydkd ï v}frm {dkd bdjr}`okd( d uydbmrrd
ï oj{myyd`uokd ufyf {ydbf kd mhm{ydkd m ym`dìâd km mrbòyof kf ymloâd djkm f rdhkflm` rmyæ
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r}fr ~fj{flmjr( ho`o{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor*
Udìf km N}râd
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Nol}yf 1 Mv}ouf`mj{d ufyf rdhkflm` R@F\*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 69
[fimhf 9 ^fj{flmjr( ho`o{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd R@F\
^fj{flmjr m ho`o{fìýmr Fuhobfìýmr
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bdykâd {mjkm f fuymrmj{fy mrbf`fr oyyml}hfymr* F rdhkf fuymrmj{f uyduyomkfkmr `mbéjobfr
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 62
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rdhkflm` jd bf`ud*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6;
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6=
Udìf km N}râd
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mqmb}ìâd km ufrrmr km yfow jf rdhkflm` km {}i}hfìýmr( bd` dr d}{ydr ufrrmr rmjkd ymfhowfkdrbd` d}{yd uydbmrrd !R@F\ d} L@F\/* F {fimhf 2 fuymrmj{f fr ~fj{flmjr( ho`o{fìýmr m
fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kf rdhkflm` L[F\*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6>
m km `fljïrod( v}m râd ymbdimy{dr udy }`f bf`fkf km òqokd km mhm~fkd udj{d km n}râd( ï
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6<
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rdhkflm` km fh}`àjod bd` bdyymj{m fh{myjfkf* F ndy`f kf udj{f kd mhm{ydkd( frro` bd`d d rm}
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bfyidjd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 61
Udìf km N}râd
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6?
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 95
Jf {yfjrnmyçjbof udy ruyf( d `m{fh rm {yfjrnmym bd`d nojfr ld{fr rdi f fìâd km ndyìfr
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~mwmr udy rml}jkd/( dbdyymjkd f {yfjrnmyçjbof km `m{fh km fkoìâd k}yfj{m mr{mr b}y{dr udy fìâd
kf {mjrâd r}umynobofh m kfr ndyìfr mhm{yd`fljï{obfr* Ï f ndy`f km {yfjrnmyçjbof `for }rfkf jf
rdhkflm` km fìdr !ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m bd` uyd{mìâd km BD9/ ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf m km umìfr km
umv}mjf mrumrr}yf !f{ï > ``/ km~okd år umv}mjfr bdyymj{mr km dumyfìâd m å r}f ojkmumjkçjbof
kf fìâd kf lyf~okfkm* Mhm~fkd jà~mh km ymruojldr m }`f {mjkçjbof å nfh{f km n}râd kf g}j{f
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bdyymj{m km rdhkflm`( bfyfb{myowfkf udy u}hrdr umyoòkobdr km fh{f bdyymj{m* Mr{f u}hrfìâd umy`o{m}`f {yfjrnmyçjbof ruyf bd` ~fhdymr `ïkodr km bdyymj{m ojnmyodymr fdr ~fhdymr jdr v}for mr{f
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 96
>*6*; - Rdhkflm` bd` Fyf`m [}i}hfy
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kmrm`umjaf n}jìýmr ro`ohfymr fd ym~mr{o`mj{d kd mhm{ydkd jd uydbmrrd R@F\( or{d ï(
mr{fiohowfìâd kd fybd( fg}r{m km bd`udroìâd v}à`obf kf rdhkf( uyd{mìâd( m{b* F nol}yf 62 `dr{yf f
rmìâd {yfjr~myrfh km }` fyf`m {}i}hfy dirmy~fkf jd `obydrbòuod mhm{yûjobd km ~fyymk}yf*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 99
>*6*= - Rdhkflm` fd Fybd R}i`myrd
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 92
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 9;
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dumyfìâd m` ‘cmadhm‐* F dumyfìâd bdj~mjbodjfh ï jdy`fh`mj{m }rfkf jf rdhkflm` km g}j{fr
km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf !5(59 f 2 ``/ bd` bdyymj{mr( m` lmyfh( ojnmyodymr f 655 F* Ufyf f
rdhkflm` kfr `mjdymr mrumrr}yfr( bd` bdyymj{mr km bmybf km 6F( d uydbmrrd ï bd`}`mj{m
kmjd`ojfkd km rdhkflm` ‘@obyduhfr`f‐*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 9=
F dumyfìâd m` cmadhm ï bfyfb{myowfkf umhf ndy`fìâd km }` n}yd v}m f{yf~mrrf f udìf km n}râd
!nol}yf 6=/* D `m{fh hàv}okd mrbdf m` {dyjd kmr{m n}yd m rdhokonobf jf ufy{m udr{myody kf udìf km
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ndy`f km dumyfìâd umy`o{m rdhkfy( m` }` ÷jobd ufrrm( g}j{fr km f{ï 65``( d} `mr`d `for*
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}{ohowfìâd kd uydbmrrd ï g}r{onobæ~mh* Udy d}{yd hfkd mv}ouf`mj{dr km uhfr`f kmrmj~dh~okdr ufyf
d bdy{m km `f{myofor mr{âd rm {dyjfjkd bfkf ~mw `for }rfkdr ojk}r{yofh`mj{m !~my o{m` O^/*
>*9 - Rdhkflm` udy Mhm{ydmrbòyof
F rdhkflm` udy mhm{ydmrbòyof !Mhm{ydrhfl \mhkojl( MR\/ ï }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy n}râd
v}m }{ohowf f ufrrflm` km }`f bdyymj{m mhï{yobf f{yf~ïr km }`f mrbòyof bdjk}{dyf n}jkokf ufyf
lmyfy d bfhdy jmbmrræyod å n}râd hdbfhowfkf kf g}j{f m kd `m{fh km fkoìâd* Mr{f mrbòyof {f`iï`
uyd{mlm f udìf km n}râd m d `m{fh km fkoìâd kf bdj{f`ojfìâd umhd f`iomj{m* D uydbmrrd ï }rfkd
uyo`fyof`mj{m ufyf f }joâd km k}fr d} `for umìfr !m` lmyfh( km lyfjkm mrumrr}yf/ m` }` ÷jobd
ufrrm bd` f rdhkflm` rmjkd nmo{f jf udroìâd ~my{obfh frbmjkmj{m* D `m{fh m f mrbòyof n}jkokdr
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nol}yf 6< oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` MR\*
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kor{éjbof bdjr{fj{m å udìf km n}râd* Jf rdhkflm` MR\ bd` l}of bdjr}`à~mh( d bfimìd{m
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bd` d `m{fh km fkoìâd( ï uydlymrro~f`mj{m n}jkokd bd` d fyf`m å `mkokf v}m f rdhkf ï
kmudro{fkf* Mrrf bdjnol}yfìâd ï `for ro`uhmr korumjrfjkd d }rd km korudro{o~dr ufyf f
`d~o`mj{fìâd kd bfimìd{m* Ufyf g}j{fr km lyfjkm mrumrr}yf( ï bd`}` f }{ohowfìâd( ufyf f`idrdr uydbmrrdr( km ror{m`fr km `÷h{ouhdr fyf`mr udkm` rmy }rfkdr m( jd bfrd kf rdhkflm` MR\
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 9>
bd` l}of jâd bdjr}`à~mh( dr mhm{ydkdr udkm` rdnymy }` `d~o`mj{d km drbohfìâd fd hdjld kf
g}j{f ufyf lfyfj{oy }`f kor{yoi}oìâd for }jondy`m km {m`umyf{}yfr jf g}j{f* [fqfr km kmudroìâd
km f{ï 62cl$a udy mhm{ydkd udkm` rmy bdjrml}okfr bd` mr{m uydbmrrd*
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uydbmrrd ï }rfkd {ouobf`mj{m m` g}j{fr km 62 f =55 `` km mrumrr}yf( bd`um{ojkd km ndy`f
nf~dyæ~mh bd` uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd v}fj{d `fody ndy f mrumrr}yf kf g}j{f* Mj{ym{fj{d(
bd`d f ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` kmr{m uydbmrrd {mjkm f rmy `}o{d ifoqf !bmybf km 5(= ``$r/( f
rdhkf m ymloýmr kd `m{fh km ifrm fkgfbmj{mr râd fv}mbokfr f {m`umyf{}yfr `}o{d mhm~fkfr udy
umyàdkdr km {m`udr ymhf{o~f`mj{m hdjldr m ymrnyofkfr hmj{f`mj{m* Frro`( f rdhkf m d `m{fh km
ifrm fkgfbmj{m {mjkm` f fuymrmj{fy }`f mr{y}{}yf km lyfj}hfìâd lydrrmoyf m km {mjfbokfkm ifoqf(
mqolojkd( ufyf fhl}`fr fuhobfìýmr( }` {yf{f`mj{d {ïy`obd km jdy`fhowfìâd fuòr f rdhkflm`(
ufyf d ymnojd kf mr{y}{}yf* ]`f ~mw ojobofkd( d uydbmrrd jâd km~m rmy oj{myyd`uokd f{ï d {ïy`ojd
kf rdhkflm`( udor d ymojàbod kmr{m uydbmrrd rdiym }`f rdhkf oj{myyd`uokf ï konàboh m ymr}h{f( m`
lmyfh( m` lyfjkmr kmrbdj{oj}okfkmr jf rdhkf*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 9<
>*2 - Rdhkflm` Dqo-Lær
F rdhkflm` dqolær !Dqon }mh \mhkojl( DN\/ bd`uymmjkm }` ly}ud km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm`
v}m }{ohowf` d bfhdy uydk}wokd udy }`f baf`f km bd`i}r{à~mh lfrdrd m dqolçjod ufyf n}jkoy d
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!Uymrr}ym Lær \mhkojl( UL\/*
Konmymj{mr lfrmr bd`i}r{à~mor udkm` }{ohowfkdr( `fr d `for bd`}` ufyf f rdhkflm` kdr fìdr m
km d}{yfr holfr `m{æhobfr ï d fbm{ohmjd !B9A9/* K}yfj{m f dumyfìâd( f baf`f ymr}h{fj{m kf `or{}yf
lærdqolçjod jf udj{f kd `fìfyobd ï }rfkf ufyf f n}râd hdbfhowfkf kd `m{fh km ifrm m f ndy`fìâd
kf udìf km n}râd* D rdhkfkdy `d~o`mj{f f {dbaf fd hdjld kf g}j{f ufyf bdjrml}oy f r}f n}râd
}jondy`m m uydlymrro~f( fkobodjfjkd( rm ndy d bfrd( `m{fh km fkoìâd* F nol}yf 61 oh}r{yf d
uydbmrrd* Mr{m uydbmrrd ï `for }rfkd jf rdhkflm` km bafufr nojfr !m` lmyfh( bd` }`f mrumrr}yf
ojnmyody f >``/ m km {}idr km umv}mjd koé`m{yd m jf rdhkflm` km ymufyd( udkmjkd rmy }rfkd
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rdhkfkd( ï uymbord }rfy }` nh}qd ufyf lfyfj{oy f mrbdyonobfìâd km o`u}ymwfr* F v}fhokfkm kf
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km bohojkydr uyòuyodr* Lmyfkdymr km fbm{ohmjd( djkm mr{m ï uydk}wokd umhf ymfìâd km bfyi}ym{d km
bæhbod m æl}f {f`iï` udkm` rmy }rfkdr* Dr `fìfyobdr râd korudro{o~dr v}m ymbmim` d dqolçjodm d lær bd`i}r{à~mh( nfwm` f r}f `or{}yf jf uydudyìâd bdyym{f m hoimyf` mr{f `or{}yf( jd rm}
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`fìfyobd( ufyf bdy{m f dqolçjod( {yf{f`mj{d {ïy`obd km umv}mjfr umìfr m ufyf iyfrflm`*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 91
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g}j{f m byofjkd }` n}yd !cmadhm/ f{yf~ïr kd `f{myofh* V}fjkd mr{m n}yd ï `d~okd fd hdjld kf
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 9?
bd` umìfr gæ }rojfkfr* Umy`o{m {f`iï` rdhkfy `for nfboh`mj{m `m{for korro`ohfymr km
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dumyfy d uydbmrrd km ndy`f ro`ohfy å rdhkflm` f fybd*
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kd uydbmrrd( v}m {yfifhaf` bd` `mjdymr umjm{yfìýmr( v}m udkm` dumyfy bd` }` ~æb}d `ïkod
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>*= - Rdhkflm` f Hfrmy
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 25
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ufyf f rdhkflm` km udj{d m km bdr{}yf m` g}j{fr km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf( rdhkflm` m`
`obydmhm{yûjobf m m` d}{yfr fuhobfìýmr v}m mqogf` }` bdj{ydhm uymbord kf v}fj{okfkm km mjmylof
ndyjmbokf å umìf* M` bd`ufyfìâd bd` f rdhkflm` MI\( f rdhkflm` f hfrmy fuymrmj{f fr
rml}oj{mr bfyfb{myàr{obfr nf~dyæ~mor7
hfrmy udkm rmy {yfjr`o{okd jd fy( jâd jmbmrro{fjkd km }` ~æb}d rdiym f umìf* Bdj{}kd( d }rd
km }`f uyd{mìâd lfrdrf ï ymbd`mjkæ~mh( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m ufyf `f{myofor ymf{o~dr*
Jâd dbdyym f lmyfìâd km yfodr Q bd` hfrmy*
nmoqm km hfrmy udkm rmy nfboh`mj{m koymbodjfkd m ndbfhowfkd d v}m nfboho{f f f}{d`fìâd kd
uydbmrrd*
Km~okd å `mjdy oj{mjrokfkm kd nmoqm km hfrmy( f udìf km n}râd kmr{m uydbmrrd ï `mjdr
rmjrà~mh v}m f kf rdhkflm` MI\ f uydihm`fr km ojr{fiohokfkm !udydrokfkm jf yfow( n}râd
ojbd`uhm{f( ymruojldr rdi d bdykâd( m{b/*
Km ndy`f ro`ohfy å rdhkflm` MI\( f rdhkflm` f hfrmy ï }` uydbmrrd km fh{f ~mhdbokfkm( okmfh
ufyf fuhobfìýmr f}{d`f{owfkfr( `fr mqolojkd }` umynmo{d fg}r{m kfr umìfr* D b}r{d kd
mv}ouf`mj{d km rdhkflm` {mjkm f rmy mhm~fkd( m` {dyjd km ]R+ =55*555( nfwmjkd bd` v}m d
uydbmrrd rmgf {ouobf`mj{m }rfkd fumjfr m` fuhobfìýmr bd` }` lyfjkm ~dh}`m km rdhkfr d} m`
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 26
fuhobfìýmr byà{obfr v}m jmbmrro{m` km bfyfb{myàr{obfr mrumbofor kd bdykâd d} }`f lyfjkm
ymuydk}{oiohokfkm* D uydbmrrd ï `for }{ohowfkd jf rdhkflm` km umìfr km `mjdy mrumrr}yf bd`
}`f mhm~fkf ~mhdbokfkm km kmrhdbf`mj{d* Udy mqm`uhd( }` hfrmy km BD9 km = c\ km ud{çjbof
udkm rdhkfy bafufr km 9(= `` km fìd bfyidjd d} ojdqokæ~mh bd` ~mhdbokfkmr fbo`f km >= ``$r*
F rdhkflm` HI\ {m` r}ir{o{}àkd( m` fhl}jr bfrdr( f rdhkflm` km ymror{çjbof udy udj{dr jf
nfiyobfìâd kf bfyydbmyof km ~màb}hdr* F mnoboçjbof kd mv}ouf`mj{d HI\ ï ifoqf( km 1 f 6=-(
jmbmrro{fjkd km lyfjkmr }jokfkmr km ymnyolmyfìâd ufyf fuhobfìýmr km fh{f ud{çjbof*
M`idyf d mv}ouf`mj{d rmgf `}o{d rdnor{obfkd( mhm ï uydgm{fkd ufyf rmy }rfkd udy dumyfkdymr( jâd
jmbmrro{fjkd km rdhkfkdymr fh{f`mj{m {ymojfkdr* ^æyodr mv}ouf`mj{dr HI\ udkm`( bd`
umv}mjfr `dkonobfìýmr( rmy }rfkdr ufyf dumyfìýmr km bdy{m d} km {yf{f`mj{d {ïy`obd r}umynobofh*
>*> ‒ Uydbmrrdr Aàiyokdr km Rdhkflm`
F bd`iojfìâd km `for km }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` !m` lmyfh( }` uydbmrrd f fybd m fhl}`
d}{yd/ umy`o{m f di{mjìâd km }` jdrrd uydbmrrd v}m udkm fuymrmj{fy ~fj{flmjr rdiym bfkf }`
kdr uydbmrrdr ojobofor* Dr uydbmrrdr aàiyokdr `for bdjambokdr râd dr v}m mj~dh~m` d }rd
bdjg}j{d kf rdhkflm` L@F\ m f rdhkflm` hfrmy d} f uhfr`f* D }rd bdjg}j{d kdr uydbmrrdr
fnm{f d n}jbodjf`mj{d km bfkf }` !udy mqm`uhd( f oj{myfìâd kd hfrmy bd` d `f{myofh lmyf }`
uhfr`f v}m udkm mr{fiohowfy d fybd m f udìf km n}râd lmyfkf umhd fybd nfboho{f f umjm{yfìâd kd
hfrmy jd `f{myofh/ m d ndy`f{d nojfh kd bdykâd km rdhkf* Jdr uydbmrrdr aàiyokdr !nol}yf 95/( fr
ndj{mr km bfhdy f{}f` rdiym f `mr`f udìf km n}râd fd bdj{yæyod km d}{yf duìâd `}o{d bd`}`(
v}m rmyof f bd`iojfìâd km uydbmrrdr( jf v}fh bfkf uydbmrrd byof f r}f uyòuyof udìf km n}râd m
f{}f km ndy`f rmufyfkf* F nol}yf 96 bd`ufyf d ndy`f{d km bdykýmr di{okdr umhdr uydbmrrdr
L@F\( hfrmy m hfrmyL@F\* Udkmrm dirmy~fy v}m d bdykâd di{okd bd` d uydbmrrd aàiyokdfuymrmj{f }`f umjm{yfìâd ro`ohfy fd bdykâd di{okd bd` hfrmy g}j{f`mj{m bd` f uymrmjìf km
`m{fh km fkoìâd* Mr{fr bfyfb{myàr{obfr umy`o{m` f ymfhowfìâd kf rdhkf `for yfuokf`mj{m m bd`
`mjdy j÷`myd km ufrrmr !m` ymhfìâd å rdhkflm` L@F\/ rm` mqoloy f mhm~fkf uymborâd jf
uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f !{àuobf kf rdhkflm` hfrmy/* D uydbmrrd hfrmyL@F\ {m` kmrumy{fkd
f{}fh`mj{m }` mhm~fkd oj{mymrrm {mjkd }rd bymrbmj{m( udy mqm`uhd( jf ojk÷r{yof jf~fh*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 29
Udìf km N}râd
Rdhkf
@m{fh kmIfrm
HfrmyUydbmrrd
L@F\
Nmoqm km
Nol}yf 95 ‒ Uydbmrrd aàiyokd !HfrmyL@F\/*
Nol}yf 96 ‒ Bd`ufyfìâd mj{ym dr ndy`f{dr kd bdykâd kdr uydbmrrdr L@F\( Hfrmy m Hfrmy
L@F\ !Ndj{m7 JCC [mbajobfh Ym~om| Jd*1>( 9559( 169/*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 22
< - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy Kmndy`fìâd
<*6 - Rdhkflm` udy Ymror{çjbof
F rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof !Ymror{fjbm \mhkojl( Y\/ bd`uymmjkm }` ly}ud km uydbmrrdr km
rdhkflm` jdr v}for d bfhdy jmbmrræyod å ndy`fìâd kf g}j{f rdhkfkf ï di{okd umhf ymror{çjbof å
ufrrflm` kf bdyymj{m mhï{yobf f{yf~ïr kfr umìfr rmjkd rdhkfkfr* D fv}mbo`mj{d kf ymloâd kf
g}j{f umhf ufrrflm` kf bdyymj{m mhï{yobf( fifoqf f ymror{çjbof `mbéjobf kd `f{myofh umy`o{ojkd(
f{yf~ïr kf fuhobfìâd km uymrrâd( f kmndy`fìâd hdbfhowfkf m( frro`( f rdhkflm` udy kmndy`fìâd kf
g}j{f* M` fhl}jr bfrdr( dbdyym }`f n}râd hdbfhowfkf jf ymloâd kf g}j{f* Frro ( jmr{m uydbmrrd km
rdhkflm` udkm dbdyymy f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf {fj{d udy n}râd bd`d udy kmndy`fìâd* Bdj{}kd( udy
yfwýmr u}yf`mj{m kokæ{obfr( f rdhkflm` Y\ rmyæ bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm`
udy kmndy`fìâd*
Mqor{m` v}f{yd uydbmrrdr uyojboufor km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof7 !f/ rdhkflm` udy udj{d
!Ymror{fjbm Rud{ \mhkojl( YR\/( !i/ rdhkflm` km uydgmìâd !Ymror{fjbm Uydgmb{odj \mhkojl(
YU\/( !b/ rdhkflm` udy bdr{}yf !Ymror{fjbm Rmf` \mhkojl( YRM\/ m !k/ rdhkflm` km {dud
udy ymror{çjbof !]urm{ \mhkojl( ]\/( nol}yf 99*
Jf rdhkflm` udy udj{d( kdor mhm{ydkdr bohàjkyobdr fuhobf` uymrrâd m umy`o{m` f ufrrflm` km
}`f fh{f bdyymj{m mhï{yobf m` }` udj{d bdjbmj{yfkd km }`f g}j{f rdiymudr{f !nol}yf 99*f/* M`
bdjkoìýmr fkmv}fkfr km rdhkflm`( d fv}mbo`mj{d udy mnmo{d Gd}hm kf ymloâd mj{ym dr mhm{ydkdr
umy`o{m f n}râd hdbfhowfkf kf ymloâd km bdj{f{d mj{ym fr umìfr* F uymrrâd fuhobfkf umhdr mhm{ydkdr
jd `m{fh km ifrm( bf}rf f kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf kd `f{myofh ròhokd m` {dyjd kf ‘hmj{m‐ km `f{myofh
n}jkokd( d v}m o`umkm( m` bdjkoìýmr fkmv}fkfr km rdhkflm`( d ~fwf`mj{d !‘mqu}hrâd‐/ kmr{m
`f{myofh n}jkokd m( fojkf( d uyd{mlm kd bdj{f{d bd` d fy f{`drnïyobd* Bd` f oj{myy}uìâd kfbdyymj{m( f {m`umyf{}yf bfo yfuokf`mj{m bd` kon}râd kd bfhdy ufyf mhm{ydkdr !m` lmyfh(
ymnyolmyfkdr f æl}f/ m ufyf d ymr{fj{m kd `m{fh km ifrm( ndy`fjkdrm( frro`( }` udj{d km rdhkf
!nol}yf 92/* F ndy`fìâd km }` udj{d km rdhkf ï `}o{d yæuokf( udy mqm`uhd( jf rdhkflm` km k}fr
bafufr km 6(> `` km mrumrr}yf bd` }`f bdyymj{m km bmybf km 69*555 F jmbmrro{frm km }`
{m`ud km fuydqo`fkf`mj{m 5(9= r* D uydbmrrd ï `for }rfkd jf }joâd km umìfr bd` mrumrr}yf
ojnmyody f 2 ``( m` g}j{fr rdiymudr{fr v}fjkd f mr{fjv}mokfkm kf g}j{f jâd ï `}o{d o`udy{fj{m*
Mjbdj{yf hfylf fuhobfìâd( udy mqm`uhd( jf nfiyobfìâd km bfyydbmyofr km ~màb}hdr*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 2;
D uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy bdr{}yf ï `}o{d ro`ohfy å rdhkflm` YR\( fr uyojboufor konmymjìfr
rmjkd f }{ohowfìâd km mhm{ydkdr jf ndy`f km korbd( v}m udkm` rm kmrhdbfy fd hdjld kf g}j{f bd`
}`f kfkf ~mhdbokfkm( m f fuhobfìâd km }`f rmv}çjbof km u}hrdr km bdyymj{m mjv}fj{d dr
mhm{ydkdr rm `d~m` !nol}yf 99*i/* Kmr{f ndy`f di{ç`rm }`f rmv}çjbof km u}hrdr v}m rm
rdiymuým` m ndy`f` f rdhkf km bdr{}yf* Mr{m uydbmrrd umy`o{m( frro`( f rdhkflm` yæuokf km
bafufr nojfr( udkmjkd fr rdhkfr di{okfr rmy( konmymj{m`mj{m kfv}mhfr di{okfr bd` YR\(
mr{fjv}mr* ^mhdbokfkmr {àuobfr km rdhkflm` râd 9=``$r ufyf bafufr km fìd km 6(> `` m
6< ``$r ufyf bafufr km 2 ``*
O
!f/ !i/
!b/
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Nol}yf 99 Uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof7 !f/ rdhkflm` udy udj{d !YR\/( !i/ rdhkflm`udy bdr{}yf !YRM\/( !b/ rdhkflm` km uydgmìâd !YU\/ m !k/ rdhkflm` km {dud !]\/* O bdyymj{m
km rdhkflm`( rm{fr mrb}yfr uymrrâd*
F rdhkflm` udy uydgmìâd ï( {f`iï`( `}o{d ro`ohfy å rdhkflm` YR\* F `fody konmymjìf ymrokm
jf bdjndy`fìâd( d} }rojflm`( m` }`f kfr umìfr( km uydgmìýmr udy djkm f bdyymj{m ufrrfyæ
uymnmymjbofh`mj{m m( udy{fj{d( djkm d udj{d km rdhkf rmyæ ndy`fkd !nol}yf 99*b/* Bd`d
bdjrmv}çjbof( mhm{ydkdr lyfjkmr m uhfjdr udkm` rmy }rfkdr m `for km }` udj{d km rdhkf udkm
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 2=
rmy ndy`fkd km bfkf ~mw* Uojdr( ufyfn}rdr m d}{ydr {oudr km fuçjkobmr udkm` rmy nfboh`mj{m
rdhkfkdr f bafufr nojfr udy mr{m uydbmrrd*
Mhm{ydkd km holf km bdiymymrnyofkd f æl}f
Rdhkf
@m{fh km Ifrm
Uymrrâd
Bdyymj{m mhï{yobf
Nol}yf 92 Ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf jd uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` km ymror{çjbof udy udj{dr !YR\/*
Dr uydbmrrdr kmrbyo{dr fbo`f râd }rfkdr jf ndy`f rm`of}{d`æ{obf !jf v}fh d dumyfkdy
udrobodjf fr umìfr mj{ym dr mhm{ydkdr kd bfimìd{m km rdhkflm`( v}m udkm rmy mr{fbodjæyod d}
udy{æ{oh( fumy{f d lf{ohad v}m ojobof f rmv}çjbof km rdhkflm` m( kmudor( hoimyf f umìf kd bfimìd{mkm rdhkflm`/ d} f}{d`æ{obf !jf v}fh {dkfr fr dumyfìýmr râd bdj{ydhfkfr umhd mv}ouf`mj{d/* Jf
rdhkflm` udy udj{dr m` ufy{ob}hfy( dirmy~frm d }rd bymrbmj{m km ydiûr ojk}r{yofor ufyf f r}f
f}{d`fìâd*
Jf rdhkflm` km {dud udy ymror{çjbof !]\/( fd bdj{yæyod kdr uydbmrrdr fj{myodymr( {yfifhafrm
bd` g}j{fr km {dud( rmjkd mr{f bd`}`mj{m }rfkf ufyf f }joâd km fyf`mr( {}idr( fjïor m {oyfr km
`mr`f rmìâd {yfjr~myrfh* Jmr{m uydbmrrd !nol}yf 99*k/( fr k}fr umìfr râd bdhdbfkfr m` bdj{f{d muymrrodjfkfr }`f bdj{yf f d}{yf* F rml}oy( f bdyymj{m km rdhkflm` ï holfkf( ufrrfjkd kfr lfyyfr
ufyf fr umìfr m f{yf~ïr kmr{fr* F ymloâd km bdj{f{d mj{ym fr umìfr( djkm f ymror{çjbof mhï{yobf ï
`fody( ï fv}mbokf udy mnmo{d Gd}hm( d v}m bf}rf }`f ymk}ìâd km r}f ymror{çjbof `mbéjobf* Bd`d
ymr}h{fkd( mr{f ymloâd ufrrf f rmy kmndy`fkf uhfr{obf`mj{m udy fìâd kf ndyìf km bd`uymrrâd
fuhobfkf ojobofh`mj{m( f v}fh udkm rmy f}`mj{fkf v}fjkd f g}j{f mr{o~my fkmv}fkf`mj{m
fv}mbokf* F kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf hm~f å ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf m km }`f ymifyif hf{myfh mj{ym fr umìfr
ufyf djkm fr o`u}ymwfr kf ymloâd kf g}j{f {mjkm` f `olyfy !nol}yf 99*k/* Fd nojfh kd uydbmrrd( fbdyymj{m ï kmrholfkf( umy`o{ojkd d ymrnyof`mj{d kf rdhkf* M` fhl}jr bfrdr( ï udrrà~mh fuhobfy(
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 2>
fojkf( }` {yf{f`mj{d {ïy`obd fuòr f rdhkflm` umhf ufrrflm` km }`f bdyymj{m `mjdy v}m f
}rfkf jf rdhkflm`*
]` bdj{f{d }jondy`m mj{ym fr umìfr jf ymloâd f rmy rdhkfkf ï n}jkf`mj{fh ufyf lfyfj{oy }`f
}joâd ormj{f km kmrbdj{oj}okfkmr bd` d uydbmrrd ]\* Frro`( mr{m uydbmrrd jâd ï fkmv}fkd ufyf
f }joâd umìfr bd` }`f lyfjkm rmìâd km bdj{f{d d} bd` }` ndy`f{d bd`uhobfkd* Ufyf mr{mr
bfrdr( d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d !N\/ {m` }` `mhady kmrm`umjad*
<*9 - Rdhkflm` udy Bmj{mhaf`mj{d
F rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d !Nhfra \mhkojl( N\/ ï `}o{fr ~mwmr bhfrronobfkd bd`d }`
uydbmrrd udy ymror{çjbof udor fuymrmj{f ko~myrfr bfyfb{myàr{obfr m fuhobfìýmr ro`ohfymr å rdhkflm`
km {dud udy ymror{çjbof !]\/* Jf rdhkflm` N\ !nol}yf 9;/( fr umìfr f rmym` rdhkfkfr râd
fuydqo`fkfr rm`( bdj{}kd( fr r}fr r}umynàbomr mj{yfym` m` bdj{f{d* F mjmylof mhï{yobf ï holfkf m(
mj{âd( fr umìfr râd bdhdbfkfr m` `d~o`mj{d ymhf{o~d km ndy`f f rm fuydqo`fym` bd` }`f
~mhdbokfkm bdjr{fj{m* Mr{m `d~o`mj{d bf}rf d bdj{f{d mhï{yobd kfr r}umynàbomr f rmym` rdhkfkfr
kfr umìfr( ojobofh`mj{m m` ud}bdr udj{dr djkm dbdyym f ndy`fìâd km }` fybd mhï{yobd
!bmj{mhaf`mj{d/* Udy fìâd kd bmj{mhaf`mj{d( dbdyym f ~fudyowfìâd kdr udj{dr m` bdj{f{d(
umy`o{ojkd( kmr{f ndy`f( v}m jd~dr udj{dr mj{ym` m` bdj{f{d m d bmj{mhaf`mj{d rm mrufham udy
{dkf f r}umynàbom kf g}j{f* Fuòr bmy{d {m`ud km bmj{mhaf`mj{d( v}fjkd {dkfr fr r}umynàbomr f
rmym` }jokfr mr{o~mym` r}nobomj{m`mj{m fv}mbokfr( f bdyymj{m km rdhkflm` ï kmrholfkf m fr umìfr
râd ndy{m`mj{m uymrrodjfkfr }`f bdj{yf f d}{yf( rdnymjkd bdjrokmyæ~mh kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf jfr
r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f d v}m hm~f å ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf*
F rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d {m` fuhobfìýmr ro`ohfymr fd uydbmrrd ]\( bdj{}kd( bd`d f fìâdkm bmj{mhaf`mj{d umy`o{m }` fv}mbo`mj{d `for }jondy`m kf g}j{f( `mr`d bd` bdjkoìýmr
uodymr km uymufyfìâd r}umynobofh( d uydbmrrd N\ udkm rmy }{ohowfkd ufyf umìfr km `fody mrumrr}yf
m km ndy`f{d `for bd`uhobfkd* D uydbmrrd ï `}o{d }rfkd jf nfiyobfìâd km {}i}hfìýmr m km ydkfr
km bfyydr m bf`ojaýmr m jf }joâd km {yohadr* Udy d}{yd hfkd( d uydbmrrd ï `for bd`uhmqd m d rm}
mv}ouf`mj{d {mjkm f rmy `for bfyd m bd`uhobfkd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 2<
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Fimy{}yf ojobofh
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~9
Nol}yf 9; Rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d7 !f/ Udrobodjf`mj{d ojobofh kfr umìfr( !i/ fuòrf mjmylof mhï{yobf rmy holfkf( fr umìfr râd fuydqo`fkfr bd` }`f ~mhdbokfkm ~6(dbdyymjkd d bmj{mhaf`mj{d v}fjkd udj{dr kfr r}umynàbomr mj{yf` m` bdj{f{d
!~my km{fham/( !b/ fuòr d fv}mbo`mj{d fkmv}fkd kfr r}umynàbomr( f bdyymj{m ï kmrholfkfm fr umìfr râd uymrrodjfkfr !bd` }`f ~mhdbokfkm ~9 : ~6/ ufyf f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf*
<*2 - Rdhkflm` udy Fh{f Nymv}çjbof
Jf rdhkflm` udy fh{f nymv}çjbof !Aola Nymv}mjb Ojk}b{odj \mhkojl( ANO\/( râd }{ohowfkfr
idiojfr udy djkm ufrrf }`f bdyymj{m km fh{f nymv}çjbof v}m bf}rf d fufymbo`mj{d km bdyymj{mr
ojk}wokfr jf ymloâd kf g}j{f kfr umìfr v}m mr{âd rmjkd rdhkfkfr* Mr{fr bdyymj{mr fv}mbm` f g}j{f
udy mnmo{d Gd}hm d v}m nfboho{f f kmndy`fìâd hdbfhowfkf m f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf bd` f fuhobfìâd km
uymrrâd* Kmr{f ndy`f( mr{m uydbmrrd fuymrmj{f lyfjkm rm`mhafjìf bd` f rdhkflm` Y\( rmjkd
bdjrokmyfkd( udy ko~myrdr f}{dymr( bd`d }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof*
D uydbmrrd ï ifr{fj{m }rfkd jf nfiyobfìâd !rdhkflm` hdjlo{}kojfh/ km {}idr m umynor km fìd km
ufymkm km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf !km bmybf km 5(62 ``/ udkmjkd rmy }rfkd( {f`iï`( ufyf {}idr km
lyfjkm mrumrr}yf km ufymkm !f{ï 9= ``/( bd` }`f lyfjkm ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` !f{ï bmybf km
255 `$`oj/( rmjkd fkmv}fkd ufyf fuhobfìýmr `mbfjowfkfr d} f}{d`f{owfkfr djkm }` lyfjkm
~dh}`m km uydk}ìâd ï jmbmrræyod* D fv}mbo`mj{d kf g}j{f {mjkm f rmy im` hdbfhowfkd
`ojo`owfjkd fh{myfìýmr jd `m{fh km ifrm* D uydbmrrd udkm rmy }rfkd ufyf konmymj{mr `m{for m
holfr( ojbh}ojkd fìdr bfyidjd m km ifoqf holf( fìdr ojdqokæ~mor m holfr km fh}`àjod( bdiym( {o{éjod
m jàv}mh* F nol}yf 9= oh}r{yf f rdhkflm` ANO\*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 21
Nol}yf 9= Mqm`uhd kf }{ohowfìâd kd uydbmrrd ANO\ jf rdhkflm` hdjlo{}kojfh km {}idr*
<*; - Rdhkflm` udy Nyobìâd
F rdhkflm` km nyobìâd !Nyob{odj \mhkojl( N\/ ï }` uydbmrrd v}m }{ohowf mjmylof `mbéjobf( m`
lmyfh frrdbofkf bd` f yd{fìâd km }`f umìf( ufyf f lmyfìâd km bfhdy jf ymloâd kf g}j{f f rmy
rdhkfkf* Fuòr d fv}mbo`mj{d fkmv}fkd kf g}j{f( f umìfr râd uymrrodjfkfr ufyf f ndy`fìâd kf
g}j{f* F nol}yf 9> oh}r{yf f rdhkflm` udy nyobìâd* D uydbmrrd ï( m` lmyfh( }rfkd ufyf f rdhkflm`
km umìfr km ro`m{yof bohàjkyobf !{}idr m ifyyfr/( v}m udkm` rmy km `m{for korro`ohfymr* D uydbmrrd
udkm {f`iï` rmy fuhobfkd( f{yf~ïr kf yd{fìâd m uymrrâd km }`f ifyyf bdj{yf f r}umynàbom km }`f
umìf( ufyf f kmudroìâd km ym~mr{o`mj{dr mrumbofor rdiym mrrf umìf d} f rdhkflm` km }` uojd jd
oj{myody kmr{f* Jf kïbfkf km ?5 ndo kmrmj~dh~okd }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy nyobìâd !)R{oy
Nyob{odj \mhkojl‐/ v}m }{ohowf f ufrrflm` km }`f nmyyf`mj{f m` yd{fìâd mj{ym fr nfbmr kf g}j{f
ufyf ymfhowfy f }joâd kfr umìfr* Mr{m uydbmrrd {m` rokd fuhobfkd uyojboufh`mj{m jf rdhkflm` km
holfr km fh}`àjod*
<*= - Rdhkflm` udy Kon}râd
F rdhkflm` udy kon}râd !Kon n}rodj \mhkojl( KN\/ ï }` uydbmrrd km }joâd jd mr{fkd ròhokd
v}m uydk}w f rdhkf umhf fuhobfìâd km uymrrâd f mhm~fkf {m`umyf{}yf rm` f kmndy`fìâd
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 2?
`fbydrbòuobf kfr umìfr* ]` `m{fh km fkoìâd udkm rmy bdhdbfkd mj{ym fr r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f* F
nol}yf 9< oh}r{yf d uyojbàuod kmr{m uydbmrrd*
F rdhkflm` udy kon}râd ï }` uydbmrrd mrumbofhowfkd km rdhkflm` km fuhobfìâd ymr{yo{f v}fjkd
rm kmrmgf7 !f/ m~o{fy uydihm`fr `m{fh÷ylobdr frrdbofkdr bd` f rdhkflm` udy n}râd( !i/ nfiyobfy
bd`udjmj{mr km ko`mjrýmr m ndy`f uyòqo`fr kfr kmrmgfkfr jd uydk}{d nojfh !‘jm{ rafum‐/( m !b/
uydk}woy umìfr mrumrrfr bd` uyduyomkfkmr }jondy`mr fd hdjld kf mrumrr}yf* D uydbmrrd rò ï
mbdjd`obf`mj{m ~oæ~mh v}fjkd `f{myofor mrumbofor m km mhm~fkd b}r{d râd }{ohowfkdr d} v}fjkd
mqor{m }`f lyfjkm mqolçjbof v}fj{d år ko`mjrýmr kf umìf rdhkfkf( {mjkd r}fr fuhobfìýmr rokd(
f{ï d uymrmj{m( ho`o{fkfr( m` lmyfh( år ojk÷r{yofr mhm{yûjobf m fmydmrufbofh*
!f/ !b/
!k/!i/
Nol}yf 9> Uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` N\7 !f/ ]` `m`iyd ï bdhdbfkd m` yd{fìâd( !i/ ojobofrm fndyìf km bd`uymrrâd( !b/ ojobofrm f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf m !k/ f rdhkf ï bd`uhm{fkf*
Nol}yf 9< Mr{ælodr kf rdhkflm` udy kon}râd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;5
<*> - Rdhkflm` udy Mquhdrâd
F rdhkflm` udy mquhdrâd !Mquhdro~m \mhkojl( MQ\/ ï }` uydbmrrd v}m }{ohowf f mjmylof km
km{djfìâd km }` mquhdro~d ufyf uyd`d~my f }joâd km umìfr `m{æhobfr* ]`f kfr umìfr ï hfjìfkf
fd mjbdj{yd kf d}{yf umhf mquhdrâd m( k}yfj{m f bdhorâd( kmrmj~dh~mrm }`f oj{mjrf kmndy`fìâd
uhær{obf r}umynobofh bfufw km ym`d~my fr bdj{f`ojfìýmr r}umynobofor m uyd`d~my f }joâd kfr
umìfr* Km~okd fd ndy{m badv}m jfr r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f( f rdhkf ymr}h{fj{m {m` }` frumb{d {àuobd
djk}hfkd !nol}yf 91/* D uydbmrrd udkm rmy }{ohowfkd ufyf }joâd km uyf{obf`mj{m {dkdr dr `m{for m
holfr v}m udrr}f` k}b{ohokfkm r}nobomj{m ufyf jâd rm yd`umy k}yfj{m f mquhdrâd m {m` rokd
}{ohowfkd ojk}r{yofh`mj{m ufyf f nfiyobfìâd km ym~mr{o`mj{dr( km bafufr io`m{æhobfr m ufyf f
}joâd km `m{for `m{fh}ylobf`mj{m ojbd`uf{à~mor m` uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd* F nol}yf
91 oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd* F nfiyobfìâd km bafufr bd` ym~mr{o`mj{dr uyd{m{dymr bdj{yf f bdyydrâd m`
~frdr km uymrrâd m m` {ydbfkdymr km bfhdy m km umìfr km {yfjroìâd mj{ym mr{y}{}yfr km fh}`àjod m
fìd râd fhl}jr mqm`uhdr km fuhobfìýmr kmr{m uydbmrrd*
Mquhdro~d
F`dy{mbmkdy
@m{fh km ifrm
Km{djfkdy
@m{fh kmym~mr{o`mj{d
Km{fham kfymloâd kf rdhkf
Nol}yf 91 Rdhkflm` udy mquhdrâd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;6
<*< - Rdhkflm` udy Hf`ojfìâd
Mr{m ï }` uydbmrrd km }joâd }rfkd ufyf f uydk}ìâd km bafufr io`m{æhobfr f{yf~ïr kf hf`ojfìâd
bdjg}j{f !bdhf`ojfìâd/ km bafufr km `m{for konmymj{mr( m` lmyfh( å {m`umyf{}yf f`iomj{m d} f
{m`umyf{}yfr uyòqo`fr kmr{f* Mr{m uydbmrrd udkm rmy }rfkd( udy mqm`uhd( ufyf f nfiyobfìâd km
bafufr km fh}`àjod m fìd ufyf f uydk}ìâd km iydjwojfr*
<*1 - Rdhkflm` f Nyod
F rdhkflm` f nyod !Bdhk \mhkojl( B\/ ï ymfhowfkf umhf fuhobfìâd km }`f ndy{m kmndy`fìâd
hdbfhowfkf( å {m`umyf{}yf f`iomj{m( kfr umìfr f rmym` }jokfr* Mr{m uydbmrrd ï fuhobæ~mh ufyf
`m{for km mhm~fkf k}b{ohokfkm( bd`d d fh}`àjod m bdiym( {mjkd( bd`d fuhobfìâd {àuobf( f }joâd km
bdjk}{dymr km mhm{yobokfkm*
<*? - Rdhkflm` udy ]h{yf-Rd`
F rdhkflm` udy }h{yfrd` !]h{yfrdjob \mhkojl( ]R\/ uydk}w f }joâd kfr umìfr umhf fuhobfìâd
hdbfhowfkf km mjmylof ~oiyfbodjfh km fh{f nymv}çjbof !}h{yfrd`/( mjv}fj{d fr umìfr râd `fj{okfr
rdi uymrrâd* F }joâd dbdyym udy fv}mbo`mj{d m kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf hdbfhowfkf kfr r}umynàbomr
m` bdj{f{d* D uydbmrrd ï }r}fh`mj{m fuhobfkd ufyf f rdhkflm` km g}j{fr rdiymudr{fr km `m{for
k÷b{mor( ro`ohfymr d} jâd( km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf m ufyf f }joâd km uhær{obdr( udy mqm`uhd( jf
ojk÷r{yof mhm{yûjobf m jf nfiyobfìâd km m`ifhflmjr*
1 - Uydbmrrdr km Iyfrflm
Iyfrflm` mjlhdif }` ly}ud km uydbmrrdr km }joâd v}m }{ohowf }` `m{fh km fkoìâd km udj{d km
n}râd ojnmyody fd kd `m{fh km ifrm* Bd`d bdjrml}çjbof( d uydbmrrd ï ymfhowfkd f }`f
{m`umyf{}yf jf v}fh fr umìfr rmjkd }jokfr jâd rdnym` jmja}`f n}râd* Jmr{mr uydbmrrdr( m`
lmyfh( f umjm{yfìâd m mrufhaf`mj{d kd `m{fh km fkoìâd jf g}j{f râd bdjrml}okdr udy mnmo{d km
bfuohfyokfkm* Nymv}mj{m`mj{m( f iyfrflm` ï bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` uydbmrrd km }joâd ymhfbodjfkd`fr konmymj{m kf rdhkflm`( bdj{}kd( bd` ifrm jf v}fy{f kmnojoìâd km rdhkflm` fuymrmj{fkf
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;9
jmr{m {mq{d !uælojf 9/( f iyfrflm` udkm rmy( fh{myjf{o~f`mj{m( bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` uydbmrrd
mrumbofh km rdhkflm` udy n}râd jd v}fh fumjfr d `m{fh km fkoìâd ï n}jkokd*
Mqor{m` {yçr ~fyofìýmr iærobfr kdr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm`7 !o/ f iyfrflm` uyduyof`mj{m ko{f d}
‘iyfrflm` ndy{m‐ !Iyfwojl( I/ v}m }{ohowf `m{for km fkoìâd km {m`umyf{}yf km n}râd r}umyody f
;=5dB( !oo/ f iyfrflm` nyfbf !Rdhkmyojl( R/ v}m }{ohowf `m{for km fkoìâd km ifoqf {m`umyf{}yf km
n}râd !ojnmyody f ;=5dB/ m !ooo/ f rdhkfiyfrflm`( v}m }{ohowf `m{for km fkoìâd ro`ohfymr fd kf
iyfrflm`( `fr b}gd uydgm{d kf g}j{f ï ro`ohfy fd }rfkd jf rdhkflm` udy n}râd bdj~mjbodjfh*
M` {dkdr dr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm`( ufyf f di{mjìâd km }`f }joâd km idf v}fhokfkm( ï
n}jkf`mj{fh v}m d `m{fh km fkoìâd `dham m rm mrufham km ndy`f fkmv}fkf jf r}umynàbom kf g}j{f*
Ufyf or{d( ï o`udy{fj{m f ym`dìâd( jmr{f r}umynàbom( km {dkfr fr r}fr bdj{f`ojfìýmr( d v}m ï
}r}fh`mj{m nmo{d umhf ho`umwf m$d} kmbfuflm` fkmv}fkf kfr umìfr m umhd }rd( k}yfj{m f
iyfrflm`( km }` nh}qd d} }`f f{`drnmyf fkmv}fkf*
Dr nh}qdr râd `or{}yfr km ko~myrfr r}ir{éjbofr !rfor( æbokdr( `f{myofh dyléjobd( m{b/ v}m rm
n}jkm` f }`f {m`umyf{}yf ojnmyody fd `m{fh km fkoìâd m f{}f` rdiym fr r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f
korrdh~mjkd bf`fkfr km òqokd m km d}{yfr bdj{f`ojfìýmr m umy`o{ojkd }`f idf `dhafiohokfkm
kf g}j{f umhd `m{fh km fkoìâd* Fr f{`drnmyfr km uyd{mìâd udkm` rmy ojmy{mr d} f{o~fr !m` lmyfh(
ymk}{dyfr/ d}( fh{myjf{o~f`mj{m( f iyfrflm` udkm rmy ymfhowfkf m` ~æb}d*
Dr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm` mj~dh~m`( m` lmyfh( f uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f !mj~dh~mjkd f bdhdbfìâd
kfr umìfr m` udroìâd m( m` fhl}jr bfrdr( f bdhdbfìâd kd `m{fh km fkoìâd m nh}qd/( d
fv}mbo`mj{d kf ymloâd kf g}j{f f{ï f {m`umyf{}yf km iyfrflm`( f fho`mj{fìâd km nh}qd m `m{fh km
fkoìâd !bfrd mr{mr jâd {mjaf` rokd uyïudrobodjfkdr jf uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f/( d mrufhaf`mj{d kd
`m{fh km fkoìâd umhf g}j{f !jmr{f m{fuf( m` lmyfh( d mnmo{d km bfuohfyokfkm ï mq{ym`f`mj{mo`udy{fj{m/ m d ymrnyof`mj{d kd bdjg}j{d iyfrfkd*
F iyfrflm` ndy{m ï bd`}`mj{m r}iko~okokf m` uydbmrrdr km fbdykd bd` d `ï{dkd km
fv}mbo`mj{d }rfkd7 iyfrflm` bd` {dbaf ![dyba Iyfrojl( [I/( iyfrflm` m` ndyjd !N}yjfbm
Iyfrojl( NI/( iyfrflm` udy ojk}ìâd !Ojk}b{odj Iyfrojl( OI/( iyfrflm` udy o`myrâd !Kou
Iyfrojl( KI/( jf v}fh fr umìfr râd o`myrfr m` ifjadr km rfor d} kd `m{fh km fkoìâd n}jkokdr
ufyf f r}f iyfrflm`( m iyfrflm` udy ojnyf~my`mhad !Ojnyfymk( Iyfrojl( OI/* ]`f ko~orâd ro`ohfyudkm rmy nmo{f ufyf dr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm` nyfbf( f v}fh( bdj{}kd( ï `for bd`}`mj{m ymfhowfkf
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;2
bd` d f}qàhod km }`f udj{f `m{æhobf fv}mbokf udy }`f ymror{çjbof mhï{yobf !‘nmyyd km rdhkf‐/* F
nol}yf 9? oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd km iyfrflm` m` ndyjd*
Bdyymof
Ndyjd@m{fh km fkoìâd
Nh}qd
@m{fh km fkoìâdn}jkm m mrbdf
G}j{f iyfrfkf
Nol}yf 9? Iyfrflm` m` ndyjd*
Konmymj{mr `m{for km fkoìâd udkm` rmy }rfkdr jf iyfrflm` ndy{m( kmumjkmjkd kd {oud km `m{fh
km ifrm( kf fuhobfìâd kf umìf m kd uydbmrrd km iyfrflm` }rfkd* Ufyf g}j{fr km fìd( `m{for km
fkoìâd bd`}jr râd( udy mqm`uhd( holfr km bdiym( holfr km uyf{f m holfr km jàv}mh* Jf iyfrflm`
nyfbf( râd }rfkfr( m` lmyfh( holfr km ba}`id$mr{fjad( mr{fjad$fj{o`ûjod m km mr{fjad$wojbd*
F iyfrflm` ï }{ohowfkf f`uhf`mj{m jf ojk÷r{yof* Fuhobfìýmr ~fyof` kmrkm f nfiyobfìâd km umìfr
ro`uhmr km umv}mjd b}r{d( bd` dumyfìâd `fj}fh( f{ï umìfr rdnor{obfkfr ufyf fr ojk÷r{yofr
fmydjæ}{obf m fmydmrufbofh( mj~dh~mjkd f }{ohowfìâd km mv}ouf`mj{dr rdnor{obfkdr* Fhl}`fr kfr
uyojboufor ~fj{flmjr kf iyfrflm` râd7
Ifoqd b}r{d ufyf `dj{flmjr bd`uhmqfr(
Ro`uhmr ufyf f }joâd km lyfjkmr æymfr(
@mjdymr uydihm`fr km {mjrýmr ymrok}for v}m m` uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd(
Bfufbokfkm km uymrmy~fy ym~mr{o`mj{dr jd `m{fh km ifrm(
Bfufbokfkm km }joy `m{for korro`ohfymr(
Bfufbokfkm km }joy `m{for bd` `f{myofor jâd `m{æhobdr(
Bfufbokfkm km }joy umìfr bd` lyfjkmr konmymjìfr km mrumrr}yf(
Lyfjkm uymborâd ko`mjrodjfh kfr umìfr uydk}wokfr(
Umìfr uydk}wokfr ymv}mym` ud}bd d} jmja}` fbfif`mj{d nojfh !v}fjkd }`f f{`drnmyfuyd{m{dyf fkmv}fkf ï }rfkf/( m
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;;
^æyofr umìfr udkm` rmy uydk}wokfr km }`f ~mw !uydbmrrf`mj{d m` if{mhfkf/*
Kmumjkmjkd kdr {oudr km `f{myofor m kd uydbmrrd }rfkdr( f iyfrflm` udkm rmy }` uydbmrrd
bd`uhobfkd bd` `}o{fr ~fyoæ~mor v}m jmbmrro{f` rmy bdj{ydhfkfr ufyf }` ymr}h{fkd rf{ornf{òyod*
F uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f ufyf iyfrflm` udkm rmy bd`uhobfkf( mqolojkd }`f lyfjkm uymborâd
ko`mjrodjfh ufyf }` mrufhaf`mj{d fkmv}fkd kd `m{fh km fkoìâd* F rmhmìâd km `m{fh km fkoìâd m
nh}qd$f{`drnmyf udkm rmy konàboh( udkmjkd dbdyymy uydihm`fr km `dhaf`mj{d ojfkmv}fkd kd
`m{fh km ifrm( ndy`fìâd km bd`udr{dr oj{my`m{æhobdr !bd` kmlyfkfìâd kfr uyduyomkfkmr
`mbéjobfr kf g}j{f/ m f{ï f mydrâd kd `m{fh km ifrm* D uydbmrrd km iyfrflm` `fj}fh bd` {dbaf
mqolm( m` lmyfh( }` dumyfìâd fh{f`mj{m {ymojfkd*
F iyfrflm` nyfbf ï mq{ym`f`mj{m }{ohowfkf jf ojk÷r{yof mhm{yûjobf( jf }joâd km bdjmqýmr
mhï{yobfr m mhm{yûjobfr*
? - Uydbmrrdr km Bdy{m [ïy`obd
Udkmrm bdjrokmyfy( km }`f ndy`f lmyfh( v}m dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m ymfhowf` }`f dumyfìâd
oj~myrf å ymfhowfkf jf rdhkflm`( or{d ï( f rmufyfìâd km }` bd`udjmj{m m` k}fr d} `for umìfr
d} f ym`dìâd km `f{myofh kf r}umynàbom km }`f umìf* Fhï` korrd( dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m udkm`
rmy rmufyfkdr m` kdor ly}udr( km }`f ndy`f fjæhdlf å bdjrokmyfkf m` rdhkflm`( or{d ï( m`
uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïy`obd !ifrmfkdr jf fuhobfìâd hdbfhowfkf km bfhdy jf umìf/ m uydbmrrdr km
bdy{m f nyod !ifrmfkdr jf kmndy`fìâd hdbfhowfkf kd f{myofh/* Fkobodjfh`mj{m( dr uydbmrrdr km
bdy{m râd n}jkf`mj{for ufyf f {mbjdhdlof km rdhkflm` }`f ~mw v}m f nfiyobfìâd km }`
bd`udjmj{m rdhkfkd ufrrf( km }`f ndy`f lmyfh( udy }`f m{fuf ojobofh km bdy{m m uymufyfìâd
kfr umìfr jf v}fh dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m râd oj{mjro~f`mj{m }rfkdr* Uydbmrrdr km bdy{m râd(
{f`iï`( `}o{d }rfkdr jf ym`dìâd km `f{myofh ~orfjkd f mho`ojfìâd km kmnmo{dr
m~mj{}fh`mj{m km{mb{fkdr m` bd`udjmj{mr rdhkfkdr d} n}jkokdr*
Dr `for o`udy{fj{mr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïy`obd râd d bdy{m f dqolçjod( d bdy{m f uhfr`f( d
bdy{m f hfrmy m d bdy{m bd` mhm{ydkd km lyfno{m* Mr{mr uydbmrrdr( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m dr {yçr
uyo`moydr udrroioho{f` f ymfhowfìâd km bdy{mr km fh{f v}fhokfkm( uymborâd fkmv}fkf m ifoqd
b}r{d ufyf ~æyofr fuhobfìýmr m `f{myofor* Dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïy`obd ndyjmbm` }`f
‘nmyyf`mj{f‐ km bdy{m km l}`m km 2>5d( or{d ï v}m umy`o{m `}kfjìfr iy}rbfr kf koymìâd km
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;=
bdy{m( d v}m jâd ï udrrà~mh ufyf f `fodyof kdr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m f nyod !mqbm{d ufyf d bdy{m
bd` gf{d km æl}f m fiyfro~d/*
Dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïy`obd fuymrmj{f` bfyfb{myàr{obfr dumyfbodjfor `}o{d ro`ohfymr år
bfyfb{myàr{obfr km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd* Mrrmr uydbmrrdr ymfhowf` d bdy{m km }`f
umìf umhf fuhobfìâd hdbfhowfkf km bfhdy ufyf f n}râd m m~mj{}fh ~fudyowfìâd km }`f umv}mjf
ymloâd kmr{f umìf g}j{f`mj{m bd` d }rd km }` gf{d km lær v}m f}qohof f ym`dìâd kd `f{myofh
kf ymloâd km bdy{m* Å rml}oy( rmyâd fuymrmj{fkdr( km ndy`f ymr}`okf( dr uyojboufor kmr{mr
uydbmrrdr*
?*6 - Bdy{m f Dqolçjod
D bdy{m f dqolçjod !Dqn}mh Lfr B}{{ojl( DNB/ ï }` uydbmrrd km bdy{m {ïy`obd v}m }{ohowf
}` gf{d km dqolçjod u}yd ufyf dqokfy d `m{fh km ifrm m ym`d~my f `or{}yf( jd mr{fkd hàv}okd(
km òqokdr m kd `f{myofh km ifrm kf ymloâd km bdy{m* D uydbmrrd ï }rfkd ifrobf`mj{m ufyf holfr
km nmyyd( uyojboufh`mj{m fìdr bfyidjd m fìdr km ifoqf holf( udkmjkd rmy }rfkd( {f`iï`( ufyf
holfr km {o{éjod*
D uydbmrrd ï }rfkd( ufyf fìdr km ifoqd bfyidjd( ufyf bdy{fy bafufr km f{ï 255 `` km
mrumrr}yf* [ïbjobfr mrumbofor umy`o{m` d bdy{m km mrumrr}yfr fbo`f km 6 `* Mhm`mj{dr km holf
{mjkm`( km }`f ndy`f lmyfh( f konob}h{fy d bdy{m udy uyd`d~my f ndy`fìâd km }` òqokd
ymnyf{æyod !udy mqm`uhd( byd`d( fh}`àjod m rohàbod/ d} udy ymk}woy f {m`umyf{}yf km n}râd kd
`m{fh km ifrm !bfyidjd( udy mqm`uhd/ {dyjfjkd d bdy{m `for lydrrmoyd* ^fyofìýmr kd uydbmrrd(
v}m hfjìf`( g}j{f`mj{m bd` d gf{d km dqolçjod( uò km nmyyd d} `or{}yfr km d}{ydr `f{myofor(
umy`o{m` mr{mjkmy f }{ohowfìâd kmr{m uydbmrrd ufyf d}{yfr holfr m `f{myofor*
F ymfìâd km dqokfìâd uydk}w( m` lmyfh( bfhdy r}nobomj{m ufyf f `fj}{mjìâd kd uydbmrrd km
bdy{m( bdj{}kd( ufyf d ojàbod kf ymfìâd m ufyf d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d kd bdy{m km }`f ndy`f `for
r}f~m( }{ohowfrm( m` lmyfh( }` bdjg}j{d km baf`fr km dqolçjod m }` lær bd`i}r{à~mh
!fbm{ohmjd( LHU( m{b/ bdjbçj{yobfr fd gf{d km dqolçjod* F nol}yf 25 oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;>
Idbfh km bdy{m
Baf`fr
Gf{d km dqolçjod
@fybfr km bdy{m
Mrbòyof
@m{fh kmifrm
Bdy{m
Dqolçjod
Dqolçjod#bd`i}r{à~mh
Nol}yf 25 Uydbmrrd km bdy{m f dqolçjod*
D uydbmrrd ï ojobofkd fumjfr bd` fr baf`fr v}m fv}mbm` f ymloâd km ojobod kd bdy{m f{ï f r}f
{m`umyf{}yf km oljoìâd !m` {dyjd km 1<5 dB/( v}fjkd( mj{âd( d gf{d km dqolçjod ï holfkd {mjkd
ojobod f fìâd km bdy{m* D `fìfyobd ï( mj{âd( kmrhdbfkd umhf {yfgm{òyof km bdy{m bd` }`f
~mhdbokfkm fkmv}fkf* D kmrhdbf`mj{d udkm rmy nmo{d `fj}fh`mj{m d} km ndy`f `mbfjowfkf*
Ojr{fhfìýmr km lyfjkm udy{m udkm` kmrhdbfy ko~myrdr `fìfyobdr fd `mr`d {m`ud( bd`ror{m`fr km BFK$BF@ m bdj{ydhm j}`ïyobd ufyf km{my`ojfy m bdj{ydhfy fr {yfgm{òyofr km
bdy{m*
Bfyfb{myàr{obfr kd bdy{m DNB7
Udkm bdy{fy fìd `for yfuokf`mj{m v}m dr uydbmrrdr }r}for km ym`dìâd `mbéjobf km `f{myofh*
Udkm bdy{fy umìfr bd` ndy`f{dr m mrumrr}yfr konàbmor km rmym` {yfifhafkfr km ndy`f
mbdjû`obf bd` uydbmrrdr `mbéjobdr*
Mv}ouf`mj{d iærobd ufyf dumyfìâd `fj}fh ï km ifoqd b}r{d*
Mv}ouf`mj{d `fj}fh udkm rmy udy{æ{oh m km næboh }rd ufyf {yfifhad jd bf`ud*
Koymìâd km bdy{m udkm rmy `}kfkf yfuokf`mj{m*
Uydbmrrd udkm rmy nfboh`mj{m }rfkd ufyf f fimy{}yf km bafjnydr ufyf rdhkflm`*
[dhmyéjbof ko`mjrodjfh kd bdy{m DNB ï uody kd v}m f km ~æyodr uydbmrrdr `mbéjobdr*
Uydbmrrd ï mrrmjbofh`mj{m ho`o{fkd fd bdy{m km fìdr*
Uydbmrrd lmyf n}`fìf m nfl}hafr v}mj{mr v}m udkm` ymuymrmj{fy }` uydihm`f km aolomjm mrml}yfjìf*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;<
Fìdr {m`umyæ~mor jmbmrro{f` km dumyfìýmr fkobodjfor !uyïfv}mbo`mj{d( {yf{f`mj{d {ïy`obd(
m{b/ km b}r{d mhm~fkd ufyf bdj{ydhfy f mr{y}{}yf m uyduyomkfkmr `mbéjobfr kf ymloâd km bdy{m*
?*9 - Bdy{m f Uhfr`f
Bdy{m f uhfr`f !Uhfr`f Fyb B}{{ojl( UFB/ ï ymfhowfkd bd` }` gf{d km uhfr`f v}mj{m km fh{f
~mhdbokfkm di{okd km ndy`f ro`ohfy fd uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` f uhfr`f !nol}yf 6>/* ]` nh}qd
r}uhm`mj{fy km lær !BD9( fy( jo{ydlçjod( dqolçjod/ d}( `mr`d( km æl}f udkm rmy }rfkd ufyf
ymrnyofy m f}`mj{fy f bdjr{yoìâd kd fybd* M` ror{m`fr km lyfjkm udy{m( d bdy{m udkm rmy ymfhowfkd
rdi }`f umv}mjf bf`fkf km æl}f ufyf ymk}woy dr rm}r mnmo{dr f`iomj{for !mhm~fkf lmyfìâd km
n}`fìf( yfkofìâd m km y}àkdr/* D uydbmrrd udkm bdy{fy uyf{obf`mj{m {dkdr dr `m{for m umìfr km
umv}mjf mrumrr}yf km fìd km ifoqd bfyidjd udkm` rmy bdy{fkfr `for yfuokf`mj{m kd v}m DNB*
Fkobodjfh`mj{m( d uydbmrrd udkm ojobofy d bdy{m o`mkof{f`mj{m( jâd jmbmrro{fjkd kd uyï
fv}mbo`mj{d ojobofh f{ï f {m`umyf{}yf km oljoìâd bd`d jd uydbmrrd km bdy{m f dqolçjod*
Mv}ouf`mj{dr km ifoqd b}r{d m umv}mjfr ko`mjrýmr {ç` rokd kmrmj~dh~okdr ufyf d bdy{m UFB
`fj}fh m {ç` {dyjfkd mr{m uydbmrrd ymhf{o~f`mj{m udu}hfy* Bdj{}kd( mr{m uydbmrrd ï fojkf `for
bd`}` m` ojr{fhfìýmr km lyfjkm udy{m ufyf bdy{m `mbfjowfkd d} f}{d`æ{obd* D mhm~fkd b}r{d
kd mv}ouf`mj{d m fh{d jà~mh km y}àkd( km n}`fìf m km yfkofìâd lmyfkdr râd ho`o{fìýmr kmr{m
uydbmrrd*
?*2 - Bdy{m f Hfrmy
Km ndy`f ro`ohfy v}m f rdhkflm` f hfrmy( d bdy{m f hfrmy ! Hfrmy Imf` B}{{ojl( HIB/ ï ifrmfkd
jf fìâd km }` nmoqm km h}w bdmymj{m bdjbmj{yfkd rdiym f umìf* F mhm~fkf kmjrokfkm km mjmylof
}{ohowfkf udrroioho{f f n}râd m ~fudyowfìâd kd `f{myofh jf ymloâd rmjkd f{ojlokf umhd hfrmy d v}m
hm~f å ym`dìâd km `f{myofh m å fìâd km bdy{m* @}o{dr ror{m`fr {yfifhaf` bd` }` gf{d km lær
f}qohofy ufyf nfboho{fy f mqu}hrâd km `f{myofh kf ymloâd km bdy{m* D lær udkm rmy ojmy{m( ufyf lmyfy
}`f r}umynàbom kf bdy{m ho`uf m r}f~m( d} udkm rmy ymf{o~d !m` lmyfh( dqolçjod/( ufyf f}`mj{fy f
~mhdbokfkm km bdy{m* D uydbmrrd udkm rmy }{ohowfkd ufyf bdy{fy {dkdr dr `m{for fhï` km bmy{dr
`f{myofor jâd `m{æhobdr bd`d bmyé`obfr*
D uydbmrrd fuymrmj{f fr rml}oj{mr bfyfb{myàr{obfr uyojboufor7
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;1
Bfufbokfkm km bdy{fy v}fhv}my `m{fh m ko~myrdr `f{myofor jâd `m{æhobdr ojkmumjkmj{m`mj{m
km r}f k}ymwf*
Mrumrr}yf km bdy{m m ymloâd fnm{fkf umhd bfhdy kd bdy{m `for nojfr kd v}m v}fhv}my d}{yd
uydbmrrd km bdy{m {ïy`obd* Mhm~fkfr ~mhdbokfkmr km bdy{m*
Nfboh`mj{m fkfu{æ~mh ufyf ror{m`fr bdj{ydhfkdr udy bd`u}{fkdy
Mv}ouf`mj{d km mhm~fkd b}r{d !]R+ 655*555 f ]R+ 6*555*555/
F mhm~fkf ~mhdbokfkm km bdy{m( f fh{f uymborâd kd bdy{m m d mqbmhmj{m fbfif`mj{d kf r}umynàbom km
bdy{m {ç` hm~fkd f }`f }{ohowfìâd bymrbmj{m kmr{m uydbmrrd km bdy{m ufyf f uydk}ìâd km umìfr km
ndy`f{d bd`uhobfkd v}m( `}o{fr ~mwmr( jâd jmbmrro{f` km }` fbfif`mj{d udr{myody*
65 - Uydbmrrdr km Frumyrâd [ïy`obf
Frumyrâd {ïy`obf( ‘ruyf‐ {ïy`obd d} `m{fhowfìâd ![amy`fh Ruyfojl( [ARU/ ï }` uydbmrrd jd
v}fh }` `f{myofh `m{æhobd d} jâd `m{æhobd ï fv}mbokd f{ï f r}f n}râd d} f`dhmbo`mj{d m( mj{âd(
fbmhmyfkd( jf ndy`f f{d`owfkf( km mjbdj{yd f }` r}ir{yf{d ufyf ndy`fy }` ym~mr{o`mj{d rdiym
mr{m* D `f{myofh udkm mr{fy ojobofh`mj{m jf ndy`f km uò( fyf`m d} ~fym{f* D fv}mbo`mj{d udkm
rmy nmo{d udy }`f baf`f( fybd d} fybduhfr`f* Fd rm badbfym` bd` f r}umynàbom kd r}ir{yf{d( fr
ufy{àb}hfr rm fbaf{f`( frr}`ojkd }`f ndy`f hmj{ob}hfy !hf`mhfr/( fkmyojkd fd r}ir{yf{d m år
ufy{àb}hfr fkgfbmj{mr m rm ymrnyof` yfuokf`mj{m ndy`fjkd d ym~mr{o`mj{d* Mr{m fuymrmj{f }`f
mr{y}{}yf bd`uhmqf ndy`fkf udy hf`mhfr( ufy{àb}hfr jâd n}jkokfr kd ym~mr{o`mj{d( ojbh}rýmr km
òqokd m udy udydr* F fuhobfìâd km ko~myrfr bf`fkfr umy`o{m f ndy`fìâd km }` ym~mr{o`mj{d km
mrumrr}yf kmrmgfkf( m` lmyfh ojnmyody f 6 ``* F holfìâd mj{ym fr ufy{àb}hfr m mj{ym mr{fr m d
r}ir{yf{d ï bd`uhmqf( mj~dh~mjkd nf{dymr `mbéjobdr( `m{fh÷ylobdr m v}à`obdr*
Frumyrâd {ïy`obf ï f`uhf`mj{m }rfkf ufyf f ymr{f}yfìâd kf ko`mjrâd km umìfr kmrlfr{fkfr d}
ufyf `dkonobfy fr bfyfb{myàr{obfr r}umynobofor km }` bd`udjmj{m udrroioho{fjkd udy mqm`uhd(
`mhady ymror{çjbof å bdyydrâd( `mhady ymror{çjbof fd kmrlfr{m `mbéjobd d} `mhady ordhf`mj{d
{ïy`obd* D uydbmrrd udkm( frro`( rmy }{ohowfkd {fj{d jf nfiyobfìâd km jd~dr bd`udjmj{mr bd`d
jf ymb}umyfìâd km umìfr }rfkfr*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;?
Mqor{m` v}f{yd ~fyofìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd km frumyrâd {ïy`obf ifrmfkfr jf ndy`f km
fv}mbo`mj{d m fbmhmyfìâd kfr ufy{àb}hfr7
Frumyrâd udy baf`f !Nhf`m Ruyfojl( NHRU/( nol}yf 26(
Frumyrâd udy uhfr`f !Uhfr`f Ruyfojl( URU/(
Frumyrâd f fybd !Fyb Ruyfojl( FRU/( m
Frumyrâd udy km{djfìâd km baf`f !Km{djf{odj Nhf`m Ruyfojl/
Dr {yçr uyo`moydr uydbmrrdr }{ohowf`( ymrumb{o~f`mj{m( }`f baf`f dqobd`i}r{à~mh( }` uhfr`f
jâd {yfjrnmyokd m }` fybd mj{ym kdor fyf`mr kd `f{myofh rmjkd f{d`owfkd* Jf frumyrâd udy
km{djfìâd km baf`f( yæuokfr km{djfìýmr r}bmrro~fr km }`f `or{}yf mquhdro~f km dqolçjod m
fbm{ohmjd fv}mbm` m uydgm{f` bfylfr kd `f{myofh f{d`owfkd bdj{yf d r}ir{yf{d*
@f{myofh kmfkoìâd
Dqolçjod #lær bd`i}r{*
Fy
Fy
Baf`f
Ruyf
655 f 9=5 ``
R}ir{yf{d
Ym~mr{o`mj{d
Nol}yf 26 Mrv}m`f kd uydbmrrd km frumyrâd udy baf`f
66 - Ioihodlyfnof Bd`uhm`mj{fy
6* @fyv}mr( U*^*( @dkmjmro( U*G*( Iyfbfymjrm( F*B* Rdhkflm` ‒ N}jkf`mj{dr m [mbjdhdlof*
Mk* ]N@L( Imhd Adyowdj{m( 955=( 2>9 u*
9* V}o{mr( F*@** Oj{ydk}ìâd å Rdhkflm` f Fybd ^dh{æobd* Rdhkfrdn{( Nhdyofjòudhor( 9559(
2=9 u*
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Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` =5
2* Dc}`}yf( [*( [fjol}bao( B* Mjlmjafyof km Rdhkflm` m Fuhobfìýmr* H[B( Yod km Gfjmoyd(
6?19( ;>6 u*
;* Kyfuojrco( G* Mhm`mj{dr km Rdhkflm`* @b Lyf|Aohh( Râd Uf}hd( 6?<1( 915 u*
=* \fojmy( M* m{ fh* Rdhkflm` ‒ Uydbmrrdr m @m{fh}ylof* Mk* Mklfyk Ihøbamy H{kf( Râd Uf}hd(
6??9( ;?; u*
>* Bfy( A*I* @dkmyj \mhkojl [mbajdhdl* ;§ mkoìâd( Uymj{obmAfhh( Mjlhm|ddk Bhonnr( 6??1(
<15 u*
<* F`myobfj \mhkojl Rdbom{ \mhkojl Afjkiddc ‒ \mhkojl Uydbmrrmr* ^dh}`m 9( 1§ mkoìâd(
F\R( @of`o( 6??6( ?== u*
1* Ufy`fy( Y*R* \mhkojl Uydbmrrmr fjk [mbajdhdl* Cafjjf U}ihoramyr( Kmhao( 6??=( <>5 u*
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