Social Psychology Tung Siew Hui, Jiji Ng, Jason Goh Kok Wei, Chin Cheong Soon
5 Concepts Incorporated in Class
▪ Discrimination▪ Halo Effect▪ Optimism Bias and Counterfactual Thinking▪ Self-fulfilling Prophecy▪ Social Loafing
Video Clip: First-hand Approach to University Environment
Stereotype-Discrimination: TattooIrrational behavioural disposition towards group or its members – disparagement: o based on society’s consequential valueso lack of mutuality between discriminating
and discriminated individuals.o impulsive categorization of
discriminating individual; not the actual values of discriminated individual.
Manifestations of hostility:o verbal: professing the barbarity of
tattooing individualo non-verbal: disrespected reflection in
facial and viewing expressionPrejudicial thinking:o avoidance of contacto renunciation of equality
Cognitive Bias–Halo Effect: New Relationship
Tendency to view peer holistically by means of social norms, initiated by peer’s positive, specific trait, is due to:o conceptual bias: nonconformity in
reasoning about ambiguous group’s belief, desire and intention.
o cognitive predisposition: deep-rooted perception of former trait.
Optimism Bias and Counterfactual Thinking: Academic Result Optimistic bias: exaggeration of
positive occurrence for difficult occasions, as in:o planning fallacy: tendency of
generating optimistic predictions about task management.
Counterfactual thinking: susceptibility of comparing situational alternatives with current occurrence via automatic and active cognition processing, as in:o downward counterfactual thinking:
comparison associated with positive feelings on present outcomes with less favourable ones
Self-fulfilling Prophecy: Academic Performance Self-fulfilling prophecy: Positive or
negative expectation affected target to create situations in the expectation’s fulfilment.o realisation and internalisation of
perceiver’s behaviour based on classification of behaviour, occasioning target being “socially reconstructed”, because:
o educator’s behaviour redirect student’s belief of learning in motivation, achievement and behaviour.
Social Loafing: Group AssignmentTendency of individuals to dedicate lesser effort in the contribution of group task, due to:o lacking motivation in task driveo unproductive group expectation on
member’s negligenceo diffusion of responsibility due to
bystander effect
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