pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme? A[dkpm&if;tif;tzJGUrS
(3)v wpfBudrf xkwfa0onf
uAsmu@
ydkYaqmifu@ppfwrf;rSonf aomMumvlysKd 1
acwfopf Ek,Ofrdk; 2
aqmif;yg;u@
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EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESihf ajrtcuftcJ armif#Dum 8
wdkif;jynfwpfjynf\ pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI\axmufwdkifrsm; xifatmifaZmf 14
prpfof? um;vfcfhpf? udef;pf? aps;uGufESihftpdk;& apmEdkif (toHk;csabm*aA')
18
tvm;tvmaumif;aom 2018 ckESpf tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&; odef;jrihfa0 21
zuf'&,fpD;yGm;a&;tjrif a'gufwmnDnDarmif(DICA)
25
zGHU NzdK;rIenf;vrf;rsm;tm; avhvmoHk;oyf&m0,f a'gufwmyifvHkat; 30
rmwdum
Face to Face Interview VS Phone Interview OD;xGef;xGef;0if;(pm&if;tif;ynm)
34
wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,frsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjyKvkyfrnhfESpf&SnfajriSm;&rf;cGifh tcGihfta&;
ndKarmif 37
b0taxGaxG (7) ausmf'Gef;(ñGefMum;a&;rSL;-Nidrf;)
41
EdkifiHhtem*wf uav;oli,fESihf rdciftrsKd;orD;wdkYMum; qufEG,faerIrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtm;yHhydk;ulnDoihfonfrsm;
ESif;oefYjzL (A[dkpm&if;tif;tzGJY)
44
rQwí enf;pepfusaom yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrSonf tem*wfzGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrIqDodkY
xufrmef 47
u@tvdkuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh zGH U NzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;\tvm;tvm odef;odef;pH 50
a&mifjcnfjzmwJh qEeJYynmjynfhwJhb0wnfaqmufrnf a'gufwmOr®mvif;(armfuGef;wdkuf)
53
awmifwef;ndKESihfyifv,fjymwdkY\cspfaomweoFm&D r,k (pufrI) 56
&eHYoif;ysHUaom a&mifpHkyef;av;rsm; 0if;0if;0g 61
pmzwfjcif;jzihf jywif;ayguftjyifbufqDodkY anmifwdkif (CSO) 65
tdyfruf½dkif;rS Ekd;xzdkY Ek,Of 68
bGJY&NyD;aomtcg ókHn 71
csif;wdkYXmaewpfcgwpfacgufa&mufapcsif arZvyfjzL (csif;awmifwef;)
74
tdyfrufawG wu,fjzpfvmzdkY okE&D 77
yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; - pDrH^zGHU NzdK;
twGif;tjyiftqif - [efjrifhrdk&f
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 5300070114
xkwfa0ol - OD;rsKd;rif;
ñTefMum;a&;rSL; (okawoeESifhzGHU NzdK;a&;Xme)
A[dkpm&if;tif;tzJGU
pDrHudef;ESifhb@ma&;0efBuD;Xme/
yHkESdyfol - OD;jrwfxGef;ausmf
aumrwfpf*sme,fyHkESdyfwdkuf (NrJ-09744)
r*FvmawmifñTefYNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
tkyfa& -
wefzdk; -
EdkifiHhpD;yGm; bufpkHxGm;vdYk
wdk;yGm;apa&; ppfwrf;av;onf
raES;aqmif&Guf trnfwyfrnf
yk*¾vduu@ ,mOfppfwrf;onf......
ukefpD;qif;rI tajcjyKvdkY
,ckrsufarSmuf aemifcga&mufvQif
xGef;awmufpD;yGm; EdkifiHhtm;udk
rem;wdk;wuf *kPfwufaprnf
yk*¾vduu@ ,mOfppfwrf;onf......
ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; qxufyGm;ap
vkyftm;wdk;wuf tbufbufrS
rysufpm&if; toufoGif;zdkY
aumuf&if;aumufvsuf wdkYqufvufrnf
yk*¾vduu@ ,mOfppfwrf;onf.......
ydkYaqmifu@ppfwrf;rSonf
à aomMumvlysKd
avmifpmqDokH; Import EIef;udk
tokH;csdefq bufpkHrQa&;
axmufjyay;zdkY aumuf&ayonf
yk*¾vduu@ ,mOfppfwrf;onf.......
vkyftm;cGifhvrf; jynfhpkHvTrf;vdkY
vufurf;rQa0 b0awGrSm
tvSjzma&; ajymumay;rnf
yk*¾vduu@,mOfppfwrf;onf........
vlrIpD;yGm; bufpkHxGm;&ef
rem;axmufyHh wdkYjynfcefYxnf
tESHYpMum 0#mwdkifrnf
yk*¾vduu@,mOfppfwrf;onf........
ukef;vrf;a&vrf; þESpfcef;rS
vQrf;vQrf;awmufy om,m0ajym
rlabmifacsmatmif tajymr[kwf
wdkYawGvkyf& ppfwrf;rSonf
vlrIpD;yGm; bufpkHzGHUxGm;a&;qDodkY.......
(yk*¾vduu@ ,mOfppfwrf;aumuf,lae
onfh tpfudktpfrrsm;odkY *kPfjyKvsuf)
1
aeYopfwpfaeY? tm½kPfOD;p
t½Iyftvkyf? wukyfukyfESihf
xrif;0dkif;av;? vlrpkHNyD
wdk;wufjcif;[krqdkom/
EdkifiHtwGuf? wuf<uvli,f
aqmifyk'fvdIifvnf;? pmayuif;uGm
rl;,pfom;aumif? t½l;axmifwGif(fb)
epfrGef;ay;qyfr½kef;om/
v,form;rsm;? v,f,maysmufNyD;
aps;onfonfum;? t&if;aysmufae
vrf;rD;&Sdvnf;? vrf;aysmufonfrSm
rSm;,Gif;pepfay:onfom/
aMuuGJjzpf&yf? [movkyfum
atmifjrifrIwGuf? t&Sufudk&if;
jzLpifuav;? i,fi,fav;vnf;
&ufpufpaw;cHonfom/
MunfMunfjzLjzL? acwfonfaoqkH;
xdkwpfacwfudk? EdI;qGEdkifzdkY
ynmtvif;? qDrD;ru
um&HwHwdkif;? xGif;azmufEdkifrS
vSyacwfopfay:rnfomwnhf/
acwfopf
à Ek,Ofrdk;
2
rMumcifu Open Data Inventory 2017 ckESpf ESpfpÚftpD&ifcHpm xGufay:
vmcJhygonf/ Open Data Inventory (ODIN) qdkonfrSm trsKd;om;pm&if;tif;½kH;rsm;\
tifwmeuf pmrsufESm (Website) ay:wGif &&SdEdkifonfh w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;[k
trsm;u ac:a0:Muonfh Official Statistics \ vTrf;NcHKEdkifrI twdkif;twmESifh
yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrIwdkYtay: wdkif;wmjcif; jzpfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
pm&if;tif;udef;*Pef; tcsuftvufrSefuefrIESifh t&nftaoG; jynfh0rIonf
vufawGUusonfh pDrHudef;rsm;? pDrHcsufrsm; a&;qGJ&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;?
OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm; owfrSwfqkH;jzwf&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? &Sm;yg;onfh
o,HZmwrsm;tm; xda&muf tusKd;&SdpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&efaomfvnf;aumif;? tqdkyg
pDrHudef;ESifh pDrHcsufrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEdkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd
udkaomfvnf;aumif; wdkif;wm&mwGif tvGefta&;ygygonf/
3
ykH(1) Open Data Inventory 2017 ckESpf
ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpm rsufESmzkH; pmrsufESmykH
ODIN jzifh wdkif;wmazmfjy&jcif;\ &nf&G,f
csufrSm w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;&&SdEdkifrIeSifh wpfqifhcH
jyefvnfwGufcsuftokH;jyKEdkifrIonf Open Data \
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnD ap&ef jzpfygonf/
ODIN onf ta&twGuf qdkif&m enf;vrf;jzifh wdkif;wm
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;taejzifh zGHUNzdK;rI
vdktyfcsufrsm;tm; azmfxkwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;?
yGifhvif;onfh pm&if;tif;tcsuftvuf rl0g'rsm;
wdk;wufap&ef? pm&if;tif; tcsuftvuf wdk;wuf&&Sd
tokH;jyKEdkifrI? vdktyfonfh pm&if;tif;rsm; xkwfjyefEdkif
a&;twGuf pm&if;tif; xkwfjyefolrsm;ESifh pm&if;tif;
tokH;jyKolrsm;tMum; qufqHa&; ydkrdkaumif;rGefapa&;
wdkYudk wdkif;wmazmfjyonfh twdkif;twmESifh yGifhvif;
xifomjrifom&SdrI 'D*&DwdkYjzifh ODIN udk wdkif;wmygonf/
2017 ckESpf ODIN &v'frsm;udk OECD EdkifiHrsm;
tygt0if EdkifiHaygif; 180 &Sd w&m;0if pm&if;tif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; vTrf;NcHKEdkifrItwdkif;twmESifh yGifhvif;
jrifom&SdrI tay: wdkif;wm tuJjzwfcJhygonf/ tqdkyg
tuJjzwfrIudk 2017 ckESpf ZGefvrS atmufwdkbmv
twGif; jyKvkyfcJhNyD; &v'ftm;vkH;onf EdkifiHrsm;&Sd trsKd;
om;pm&if;tif;½kH;rsm;\ Website rsm;? ¤if;wdkYESifh ESD;EG,f
aeonfh w&m;0if Website rsm;xHrS pm&if;tcsuf
tvufrsm; &&SdEdkifrIudk tajccH tuJjzwfxm;jcif; jzpf
ygonf/ vdktyfygu tuJjzwf&v'frsm;udk jyefvnf
okH;oyfjcif;tm; atmufwdkbmvrS 'DZifbmvtwGif;
jyefvnfvkyfaqmifygonf/ &v'frsm; twnfrjyKrD
&&SdEdkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm; ususefcJhjcif; r&Sd&
avatmif trsKd;om;pm&if;tif;½kH;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;udk zdwfMum;í xyfaqmif;&&SdEdkifrnfh &if;jrpf
rsm;tm; tBuHjyKapjcif;udk aqmif&Gufxm;onf[k qdk
ygonf/
EdkifiHrsm;\ Open Data Inventory (ODIN) &v'f
rsm;onf 2017 pm&if;rsm; t& wdk;wufrIrSm aES;auG;
vsuf &Sdaeygonf/ pm&if;tif; tcsuftvuf wefzdk;
tm; wdkif;wm owfrSwf&efESifh rl0g'csrSwfolwdkYtm;
tqdkyg udef;*Pef;wefzdk;udk od&Sdem;vnfap&ef azmfjy
EdkifrI enf;yg;jcif;aMumifh[k qdkygonf/ pm&if;tcsuf
tvuf yGifhvif;vG,fulpGm &&SdaprI[k ac:qdkMuonfh
Open Data vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm cufcJMuefYMumvsuf&Sdjcif;
onf wdk;wufrI aES;auG;&jcif;\ t"du taMumif;
t&if;yif jzpfygonf/ 2030 jynfhESpf urÇmh zGHUNzdK;rI
tpDtpOft& wdk;wufrIudk wdkif;wmonfh pOfqufrjywf
zGHUNzdK;rIyef;wdkif ñTefudef;rsm; rsm;jym;rIonf pm&if;
tcsuftvuf &&SdrIESifh yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrI\ ta&;ygrI
udk rD;armif;xdk;vsuf &Sdonf/
trsKd;om; pm&if;tif;½kH;rsm;\ Websites rsm;
wGif w&m;0ifpm&if;tif; tcsuftvufrsm; vTrf;NcHK
EdkifrItwdkif;twmESifh pyfvsOf;í t"duusonfh ñTefudef;
rsm;tm; jyKpk xkwfjyefEdkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd? tcsdefumv wpf
avQmuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk tcsdef udef;pOft& xkwf
4
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
jyefEdkifjcif; &Sdr&SdESifh yx0Da'oEÅ&tvdkuf tcsuftvuf
rsm;tm; tao;pdwf azmfjyEdkifjcif; &Sdr&SdwdkYESifh wdkif;
wmygonf/ yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrItm; tcsuftvufrsm;
tm; zwf½Ií Download &,lEdkifjcif;? w&m;0if pm&if;
tif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ykHpHwpfus jyKpk xkwfjyef
jcif;? Metadata rsm; &&SdEdkifjcif;? tcsuftvuf tokH;
jyKolrsm;bufrS &&SdEdkifonfh pdwfauseyfrI tqifhrsm;
tm; Scoring Criteria tjzpf owfrSwf yg0ifygonf/
ykH (2) EdkifiHrsm;\ ODNI tqifhudk azmfjyonfh
urÇmhajrykH
2017 ckESpf ODIN wGif urÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd 0ifaiG
jrifhEdkifiHtm;vkH;eD;yg;ESifh tv,ftvwfESifh 0ifaiGedrfh
EdkifiH trsm;pkyg0ifygonf/ EdkifiH\ pOfqufrjywf
zGHUNzdK;rI yef;wdkifrsm; apmifhMunfh avhvma&;qdkif&m
ñTefudef;rsm;? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vTrf;NcHKxm;onfh pm&if;trsKd;tpm;
21 ck\ &&SdEdkifrItajctaeudk wdkif;wmNyD;aemuf &rSwf
taejzifh trsm;qkH; &&Sdonfh &mcdkifEIef;udk azmfjyygonf/
pm&if;trsKd;tpm; 21 rsKd;tm; t"dutm;jzifh vlrIa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pm&if;tif;
[lí tydkif; (3) ydkif; cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ vlrIa&;pm&if;
tif;tydkif;wGif vlOD;a&? usef;rma&;? ynma&;? usm;^r?
&mZ0wfrIqdkif&mESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqdkif&m wdkif;wm
onfh pm&if;tif;tcsuftvufrsm; tusKH;0ifNyD; pD;yGm;
a&; pm&if;tif;tydkif;wGif trsKd;om; pm&if;tif;rsm;?
vkyftm;ESifh aps;EIef;qdkif&m ñTefudef;rsm;? tpdk;& b@m
a&;qdkif&m pm&if;tif;rsm;? aiGaMu;ESifh bPfvkyfief;
qdkif&m pm&if;tif;rsm;? ukefoG,fa&;ESifh tjynfjynf
qdkif&m aiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf;wdkY yg0ifygonf/ obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mpm&if;tif;rsm;tjzpf ajr,m tokH;
csrI? obm0ywf0ef;usif tokH;jyKrI? pGrf;tiftokH;jyKrI?
obm0ywf0ef;usif npfjirf;rIESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usif
tm; jyefvnf xlaxmifrIydkif;qdkif&mwdkY yg0ifygonf/
tqdkyg vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m pm&if;tif; w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;tcsuftvuf
rsm; vTrf;NcHKEdkifrI twdkif;twmESifh yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrItm;
wdkif;wmjcif;jzpfNyD; EdkifiHwpfcktaejzifh tcsdefwpfcsdefrS
wpfcsdefodkY ajymif;vJ wdk;wufjcif; &Sdr&SdESifh tjcm;EdkifiH
rsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfEdkifrIrsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
ykH (3) urÇmha'orsm;tvdkuf ODIN Score
ykH (4) 0ifaiGtqifh tenf;trsm;tkyfpktvdkuf
EdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score
txuf azmfjyygykHwGif 0ifaiGtqifh tenf;
trsm;tkyfpktvdkuf EdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score rsm;tm;
5
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 0ifaiGtqifhedrfhaom EdkifiHrsm;\
ODIN Score onf 27? tv,ftvwf 0ifaiGedrfhaom
EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh ODIN Score onf 34? tv,ftvwf
0ifaiG jrifhaomEdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score onf 39? 0ifaiG
jrifhrm;aom EdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score onf 55 jzpfonf
udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ 2017 ckESpftwGuf EdkifiHrsm;\
tv,ftvwf &rSwfrSm 37.4 jzpfNyD; trsm;qkH; &&Sd
onfhEdkifiHrSm 'def;rwfEdkifiH (80 rSwf) ESifh tenf;qkH;&&Sd
onfh EdkifiHrSm cswf'for®wEdkifiHjzpfum (3 rSwf) jzpf
ygonf/ Lower Middle Countries rsm;\ ysrf;rQ&rSwf
rSm 34 jzpfNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tqdkyg ysrf;rQ&rSwfudk
ausmfvGefum 2017 ckepf ODIN Score tjzpf 39.2 &&Sd
um EdkifiHaygif; 180 teuf tqifh 81 ae&modkY a&muf&Sd
vmcJhygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\2016 ckESpf ODIN Score
onf 31 omjzpfcJhNyD; EdkifiHtqifh 115 om&&SdcJhojzifh
wpfESpftwGif; ododomom wdk;wufrIrsm; jzpfay:vm
cJhNyD; tqifh 30 ausm fckefwufcJhygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ tcsuftvufvTrf;NcHK&&SdedkifrI (Coverage)
tcsuftvufvTrf;NcHK&&S dEd kifrIudk tcsuf
tvuf&&SdrIESifh oifhwifhonfh tao;pdwf tcsuftvuf
txd&&SdedkifrI? 5 ESpfqufwdkuf pm&if;&&SdEdkifrI? 10 ESpf
qufwdkuf pm&if;&&SdEdkifrI? tkyfcsKyfa&; yxrOD;qkH;
tqifhtxd pm&if;&&SdEdkifrIESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; 'kwd,tqifh
txd pm&if;&&Sd EdkifrI ponfh (5) rsKd;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqdkyg Coverage Score tjzpf 31.8
jzifh EdkifiHaygif; 180 teuf tqifh 123 ae&m ü &Sdaeyg
onf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh pm&if;tif;qdkif&m
tcsuftvufvTrf;NcHK&&SdEdkifrItaejzifh ,ckxuf ydkí
wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ tcsuftvufrsm;yGifYvif;jrifom&SdrI (Data Openness)
tcsuftvufrsm;yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrI (Data
Openness) wGif tydkif;(5) ydkif;yg0ifNyD; ¤if;wdkYrSm
pm&if;tcsuftvuftm; pufjzifhzwf½IrSwfom;Edkifjcif;
(Machine Readable)? ydkifqdkifrI owfrSwfcsufr&Sdaom
ykHpHjzif h xkwfjyefjcif;? Application Programming
Interface (API) odkYr[kwf vifhcf tajrmuftrsm;rS
Download jyKvkyfEd kifjcif;? wGufcsufrIenf;vrf;
(Metadata) rsm; azmfjyyg&Sdjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfpGm tokH;
jyKcGifhtm; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;jcif;wdkY jzpfMuygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqdkyg Openness Score tjzpf 46.1
jzifh EdkifiHaygif; 180 teuf tqifh 67 ae&mü &Sdaeyg
onf/ tqdkygtcsuftvufvTrf;NcHK&&SdEdkifrIESifh tcsuf
tvufrsm; yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrI e,fy,fESpfckvkH;aygif;
twGuf ODIN Score tjzpf 39.2 &&Sdum EdkifiHaygif;
180 teuf tqifh 81 &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
ykH (5) jrefrmEdkifiH\ ODIN Score
ykH (6) ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score
ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf ODIN Score
\ trsm;tenf;udk EdkifiHtvdkuf azmfjy&mwGif pifumyl?
6
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
tif'dkeD;&Sm;? zdvpfydkif? rav;&Sm;NyD;ygu jrefrmEdkifiH
jzpfNyD; ta&SUawmif tm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf tqifh 5 ü &yf
wnfvsuf&Sdonf/ rdrdwdkYEdkifiHtaeESifh pm&if;tif;
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ydkrdk yGifhvif;xifom jzpfapa&;
twGuf jrefrm pm&if;tif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuf
pepf (Myanmar Statistical Information System- www.
mmsis.gov.mm) tm; xlaxmifaqmif&GufcJ hjcif;?
vdktyfonfh udef;*Pef; pm&if;tif;rsm; tcsuftvuf
vTrf;NcHK&&SdEdkifrItwGuf vlOD;a& oef;acgifpm&if;ESifh
u@rsm;pGmtwGuf ppfwrf;rsm; aumuf,ljcif;?
tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m rSwfwrf;rsm; aumif;rGefapjcif;ESifh
w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;tm; u@pkH tcsdefrD xkwfjyef
EdkifcJhjcif;wdkYaMumifh ODIN Score rsm; jrifhwufvmcJhjcif;
jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf pm&if;tif;rsm;tm; tcsdefESifhtrQ
tpOftNrJ Update aqmif&Guf&ef trsKd;om; pm&if;tif;
pepf t&nftaoG; jynfh0a&; qufvuf aqmif&Guf&ef
rsm;pGm usefygao;onf/
ykH (7) jrefrm pm&if;tif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuf
tvufpepf (Myanmar Statistical Information
System- www.mmsis.gov.mm)
odk Yjzpfygí EdkifiHwdkif;ü pm&if;tif;rsm;
aumuf,ljcif;? pkpnf;jcif;? pdppfjcif;ESifh xkwfjyefjcif;
vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf cdkifrmonfh
Oya'? rlabmifrsm; csrSwfNyD; aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdyg
onf/ pm&if;tif;tcsuftvufrsm; rSefuefapa&;
twGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef vdktyfonf/ pm&if;tif;u@
wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;qdkonfrSm rl0g'tm;jzifh pm&if;
tif;rSefuefa&;ESifh t&nftaoG; jynfh0a&;twGuf
tm;ay; aqmif&Gufjcif;? tqdkygu@ wdk;wufa&;
twGuf vltiftm;? vdktyfonfh pufud&d,m ypönf;rsm;
tokH;jyKjcif; ? enf;ynm jr§ifhwifjcif;? tcsuftvufrsm;
qef;ppfjcif;? xkwfjyefaqmif&Gufjcif; tp&SdwJh pm&if;
tif;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tm½kHxm;í csOf;uyf
aqmif&Gufjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/
rdrdwdkYEdkifiHwGifvnf; pm&if;tif;Oya'jy|mef;
NyD; jzpfonfhtavsmuf vufawGU tajctaersm;ESifh
jzpfay: wnf&SdrIrsm;t& udef;*Pef; tcsuftvuf
rsm;tay: tajccHí rl0g'qdkif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef
tcsufrsm;tjzpfodkY toGiful;ajymif;Edkifa&; (Translat-
ion from Data into Policy Inputs) onfvnf; tvGef
ta&;ygygonf/ tqdkyg vufawGUtajctaersm;t&
udef;*Pef; tcsuftvuf rsm;tay: tajccHxm;onfh
rl0g' qef;ppfcsufrsm;udk rl0g' qkH;jzwfolrsm;xH
ta&mufay;ydkYEdkifa&;ESifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifa&;onf
vnf; vdktyfcsufwpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/
ydkrdkyGifhvif;vmonfh pm&if;tcsuftvuf
0efaqmifrIrsm;tm; rl0g' csrSwfolrsm;? pDrHudef; a&;qGJ
olrsm;? okawoejyKolrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;tm; today;
yHhydk;jcif;onf &Sm;yg;onfh o,HZmw rsm;tm; cGJa0
okH;pGJ&mwGif ydkrdk xda&mufpGrf;aqmif&nf jrifhapNyD;
yGifhvif;jrifomrI (Transparency) udk jr§ifhwif&m a&muf
aponf/ aumif;rGefonfh tkyfcsKyfrIpepf (Good
Governance) udkvnf; azmfaqmif&m a&mufygonf/
xdkYjyif pm&if;tcsuftvufrsm; ydkrdkyGifhvif;vmjcif;
tm;jzifh Right to Know, Right to Access Information
ponfh vlhYtcGifhta&;udkvnf; ydkrdk jznfhqnf;ay;&m
a&mufjcif;aMumifh pm&if;tif;rSefuefa&;eSifh t&nf
taoG; jynfh0a&;twGuf tm;ay;yHhydk;&ef vdktyfvsuf
&SdNyD; xdkodkY pm&if;tif;rSefuefí t&nftaoG; jynfh0
vmygu ydkrdkyGifhvif;vmonfh pm&if;tcsuftvuf
0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wufvmrnfrSm trSef{uefyif
jzpfygonf/
7
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
jrefrmEdkifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfeSHrI[m
ta&;BuD;wJh tcef;u@u yg0ifonfhtm;avsmfpGm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taeeJY EdkifiH
jcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfeSHrI wdk;wufa&;twGuf Oya'qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;? vkyfxkH;
vkyfenf;qdkif&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif;wdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif&JU
tcef;u@udkyg vdktyfovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGvkyfNyD; taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygw,f/ tpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;wJh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrl0g' trSwfpOf
4 (C) ]]twnfjyKxm;onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm;twGuf umv&Snf ajriSm;
&rf;cGifh&&Sda&; Oya'ESifhtnD aqmif&Gufay;rnf}}vdkY xnfhoGif;xkwfjyefxm;ygw,f/
8
txufygtwdkif; EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½dkuf&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm; wdk;wufvmapa&; EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&eJY
jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifwdkYtaeeJY wpdkuf
rwfrwf BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
olrsm;taejzifh ajrESifh oufqdkifonfh tcuftcJrsm;tm;
&ifqdkif&qJbJ jzpfygw,f/ ajrqdkif&mudpörsm;ESif h
pyfvsÚf;NyD; World Bank Group rS okH;oyfazmfxkwfonfh
Myanmar Investment Climate Assessment Report
jrefrm&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI 0ef;usifqdkif&m tuJjzwftpD&ifcH
pm\ okH;oyfcsufwGif vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&mwGif vdktyf
onfh ajr&&Sda&;rSm t"dutcuftcJwpfcktjzpf
yg0ifaeaMumif; axmufjyokH;oyfxm;ygw,f/
xdkYtjyif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIeSifh ukrÜPDrsm;ñTefMum;
rIOD;pD;XmeESifh *syeftjynfjynfqdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif
&Gufa&;at*sifpD (Japan International Cooperation
Agency – JICA) wdkY yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhonfh umv&Snf
EdkifiHjcm; wdkuf½dkuf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIpDrHudef; (Long Term
Foreign Direct Investment Promotion Plan – FDIPP)
wGif okH;oyfawGU&Sdcsuft&vnf; ajraps;uGuftcsKdU[m
aps;upm;oltcsKdU vuf0,fwGif &Sdaejcif;aMumifh EdkifiH
jcm; wdkuf&dkuf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&mOya'? enf;Oya'
rsm; jyifqifjy|mef; ajzavQmhjcif;? jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif\ tm;xkwfBudK;yrf; vkyfaqmifjcif;
rsm; &Sdvifhupm; v,f,mu@tygt0ifwGif ajr,m
tajcjyK EdkifiHjcm; wdkuf½dkuf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSm tuefYtowf
jzifhom&SdaeaMumif;? ajrqdkif&mpDrHcefYcGJrIwGif yGifhvif;
jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifh v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;u@wGif
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnfholrsm;pGmrSm avhvmapmifhjunfhonfh
tqifhüyif &yfwnfvsuf&SdygaMumif;? þtcsufonf
v,f,mpdkufysK d;a&;u@wGif EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½dkuf
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItay: oufa&mufrI&SdapNyD; pdkufysKd;a&;
u@taejzifh EdkifiHjcm;&if;eSD;jr§KyfESHrI tvGeftrif;
enf;yg;aeonfh tajctaewGif&Sdaeajumif; axmufjy
okH;oyfxm;ygw,f/ tqdkyg tajctaeawGt& &if;eSD;
jr§KyfESHrIwGif t"duusonfh ajr&&SdEdkifrIonf vuf&Sd
umvtxd tqifajyacsmarGUrI r&Sdao;aMumif; awGU&Sd&
ygw,f/
jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif[m &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm; wdk;wufpD;0ifvmapa&;twGuf &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrI 0ef;usifaumif;rsm; zefwD;í &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;
twGuf tqifajy acsmarGUpGm vkyfief;rsm;vnfywfEdkif
apa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdayr,fh ajrpDrH
cefYcGJrIESifh ywfoufí &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh
atmufyg tcuftcJrsm;udk BuHKawGUae&qJ jzpfygw,f-
(1) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHvdk
ygu ajrae&m&&SdEdkifa&; twGuf aumfr&SifrS
yg0if aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;r&SdbJ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrS
rdrdudk,fwdkif ajrae&m &SmazGí &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&jcif;/
(2) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;
tvdkuf Industrial Clusters rsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh
a&eH"mwkqdkif&m vkyfief;pk? armfawmf,mOf tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;qdkif&m vkyfief;pk? vQyfppfypönf;rsm;
qdkif&m vkyfief;pk? wGif;xGufausmufrsuf &wem
vkyfief;pk? xkyfydk;jcif;qdkif&mvkyfief;pkeSifh csnfrQif
ESifh txnfcsKyfqdkif&m vkyfief;pk? pm;aomufukef
vkyfief;pk) ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;? pdkufysKd;a&;Zkef
rsm;? arG;jrLa&;Zkefrsm;? [dkw,fZkefrsm; ponfjzifh
vnf;aumif; ZkefcGJjcm;owfrSwfí ajrae&mcsxm;
rI? pDrHudef;rsm; owfrSwfrIudk jyifqifaqmif&GufqJ
jzpfwJhtwGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&
u ajrcGifhjyKay;jcif;xuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolu tqdkjyK
wifjyrIudkom pdppfcGifhjyKae&jcif;/
(3) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHydkifajrrsm;tm;
iSm;&rf;vkyfudkifvdkonfhtcg wGif 0efjuD;Xmeydkif
ajrjzpfygu rnfolUudk rnfodkYqufoG,faqmif&Guf
Edkifrnfudk tvG,fwul rod&SdonfhtwGuf tcuf
tcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&jcif;/
(4) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh yk*¾vduydkifajrrsm;tm;
iSm;&rf;tokH;jyK&mwGifvnf; ajr&Sif\ oabmqE
9
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
twdkif; vdkufygaqmif&Guf&NyD; ajrydkif&Siftae
jzifh ajraps;EIef;rsm; jrifhwufawmif;cHvdkonfh
twGuf umv&Snf iSm;&rf;jcif;xuf umvwdkom
iSm;&rf;vdkMuaomaMumifh umv&Snf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
vdkMuonfh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf ajr,may:wGif
vkyfudkifcGifheSifh ywfouf í tmrcHcsuf enf;yg;jyD;
ajraps;eIef;rsm; wpfESpfxuf wpfESpf wdk;jrifhvm
onfh tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&vsuf&Sdjcif;?
tcsKdUaom ajrae&mrsm;rSm ESpf&Snf iSm;&rf;Edkif&ef
uefYowfcsufrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
aqmif&Gufír&jcif;/
(5) ajraps;EIef;BuD;rm;jcif;? pufrIZkef ajrae&m&&ef
cufcJjcif;/
(6) EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItzGJUtpnf;taejzifh EdkifiH
awmfydkifajrudk iSm;&rf;í v,f,mu@ tajcjyK
pufrIvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; ajriSm;
&rf;rIwGif 0efBuD;Xme ESpfckokH;ckESifh ñ§dEIdif;&jcif;?
n§dEdIif;rI MuefYMumjcif;aMumifh vkyfief;pwifEdkifa&;
twGuf aESmifhaES;NyD; p&dwfpursm;pGm ukefusjcif;/
(7) tcsKdUaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm;rSm ajr&&Sd
a&;twGuf 0efBuD;Xme trsm;tjym;ESifh quf
oG,faqmif&Guf&jcif;/
(8) tcsKdUaom tqdkjyKvkyfief;rsm;wGif rlvajrydkif&SifrSm
0efBuD;XmeydkifajrjzpfNyD; wdkif;a'oBuD;\ pDrH
cefYcGJrIudk vTJajymif;ay;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrS iSm;&rf;aqmif&Gufonfhtcg ajrvTJ
ajymif;jcif;udpö&yfrSm tcsdefMumjrifhonfhwdkif NyD;
jywfjcif; r&SdaomaMumifh aESmifhaES;MuefYMumjcif;
rsm; jzpf&NyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrSm tcsdefMuefYMumjcif;?
aiGaMu;ukefusrIrsm;jcif;wdkY BuHKawGU&onfhtjyif
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh pdk;&drfylyefrI
&Sdvmjcif;? Oya'tay: ,kHMunfrI enf;yg;jcif;?
pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif; ponfh tajctaersm; ay:
aygufvmjcif;/
(9) cGifhjyKoifhonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief; jzpfaomf
vnf; ajrtrsKd;tpm; owfrSwfrIt& qDavsmfrIr&Sd
jcif;aMumifh cGifhjyKír&jcif;/
(10) 0efBuD;Xmetvdkuf cGifhjyKonfh ajrae&mrsm; xyf
aejcif;/
(11) rwlnDonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS cGifhjyKay;jcif;aMumifh
ajrae&mrsm; xyfaejcif;/
(12) EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ vkyfief;
rsm;twGuf ajr&&SdEdkifrI tajctaeESifh aps;EIef;rsm;
pkHprf;vmonfhtcg aumfr&Siftaejzifh wdus
xda&mufonfh tajzray;Edkifjcif;/
txufyg tcuftcJawG jzpfay:&jcif; taMumif;
&if;udk okH;oyfMunfh&if -
(1) jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'ESifh tjcm;
aom 0efBuD;Xmersm;wGif pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;u@
tvdkuf vkyfudkifcGifhay;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'eJY pnf;rsÚf;
pnf;urf;rsm; uGJvGJrIrsm; &Sdaewmu yxrtcsuf jzpf
ygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'
t& cGifhjyKEdkifonfh ajrtokH;jyKcGifh umvonf ueOD;
ESpf 50 jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh ajrvyf? ajrvGwf? ajr½dkif;
rsm; pDrHcefYcGJrI Oya' (VFVL) wGif ajr,m tokH;jyKcGifh
umvrSm ueOD; ESpf 30 om jzpfygw,f/
(u) ajrvGwfajrvyfESifh ajr½dkif;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;Oya'
Oya' yk'fr 5 rSm atmufygtwdkif; jy|mef;xm;yg
w,f -
10
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
]EdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd ajrvGwf? ajrvyfESifh ajr½dkif;
rsm;udk yk'fr 4 yg vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkyfydkifcGifh?
tokH;jyKcGifh &&Sdvdkygu atmufygyk*¾dKvfESifh tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;onf owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD A[dk
aumfrwDodkY avQmufxm;Edkifonf} -
- jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;/
- tpdk;&Xme? tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwf
aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;/
- 1987 ckESpf? ra&TUrajymif;Edkifaom ypönf;vTJ
ajymif;jcif;udk uefYowfonfh Oya'yk'fr 14 ESifh
tnD uif;vGwfcGifhjyKxm;olrsm;/
- tpdk;&Xme? tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf; wpf&yf&yfESifh
tusKd;wl udpörsm;twGuf aqmif&Gufrnfh EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya't& cGifhjyKxm;aom &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrsm;/
(c) jrefrmEdkifiHom;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;ESifh tusKd;wl
udpörsm;twGuf aqmif&Gufrnfh ]EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIOya't& cGifhjyKxm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
olrsm;}ESifh ywfoufí tqdkyg Oya'yk'fr 12 wGif
atmufygtwdkif; jy|mef;yg&Sdygw,f -
]A[dkaumfrwDonf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'
t& cGifhjyKxm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm; odkYr[kwf
EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya't& cGifhjyKxm;aom
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm; yg0ifonfh tzGJUtpnf;u
ajrvGwf? ajrvyfESifhajr½dkif;rsm; vkyfydkifcGifh? tokH;
jyKcGifh avQmufxm;vmygu EdkifiHom;rsm; aqmif
&GufEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;üom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
vkyfudkifEdkif&ef pdppfcGifhjyK&rnf/}
(*) txufyg tajctaersm;t& EdkifiHjcm;om;&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHoltaejzifh ajrvGwf? ajrvyfESifh ajr½dkif;rsm;
wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aqmif&Gufvdkygu jrefrmEdkifiH
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif\ cGifhjyKrdefY OD;pGm&,l&rnfh
oabmoufa&mufygw,f/
(C) jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya' yk'fr 50 (c) rSm
]EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolonf tpdk;& (odkYr[kwf)
tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHrSjzpfap? yk*¾vdu ajr
(odk Yr[kwf) taqmufttkHyd kif&SifxHrSjzpfap
aumfr&SifcGifhjyKrdefY (odkYr[kwf) twnfjyKrdefY&onfh
aehrSpí ueOD; ESpf 50 txd owfrSwfcsufeSifhtnD
ajr (odkYr[kwf) taqmufttkH iSm;&rf;Edkifonf}
vdkY jy|mef;xm;ygw,f/
(i) jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIenf;Oya' 117 t&
ajrtokH;jyKcGifh avQmufxm;wifjywJhtcg iSm;&rf;
vdkwJh ajreJYywfoufNyD; tcsuftvufrsm; jynfhpkH
pGm azmfjyNyD; avQmufxm;zdkYvdktyfaMumif; tao;
pdwf xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;ygw,f/
(p) txuftydk'fcGJ (u) rS (i) txd tajctaersm;t&
Oya'ESpfck[m wpfckESifhwpfck vdkufavsmnDaxG
rjzpfwJhtwGuf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHoltaeeJY
b,fvdktcuftcJ ay:Edkifr,fqdkwmudk cefYrSef;
MunfhvdkY&ygw,f/
(2) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPDrsm; ñTefMum;rI
jrifhwufawmif;cHvdkonfU twGuf umv&Snf
iSm;&rf;jcif;xuf umvwdkom iSm;&rf;vdkMuaomaMumifU
umv&Snf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH vdkMuonfU vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf
ajr,may:wGif vkyfudkifcGifUeSifU ywfoufí tmrcHcsuf
enf;yg;NyD; . . .
11
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
OD;pD;XmeESifh Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development – OECD wdkY yl;aygif;NyD; jrefrmEdkifiH\
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rl0g' okH;oyfrIudk 2012 ckESpf? ZGefvrS
2014 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvtxd aqmif&GufcJh&m tqdkyg
vkyfief;pOfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ v,f,mu@ &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrI a&&SnfwnfwHha&;eSifh ywfoufí oD;jcm;
avhvmrIudkvnf; xnfhoGif; aqmif&GufcJhygw,f/
tqdkygavhvmrIt& jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajr,mrl0g'ESifh ywf
oufí awGU&Sd&aom tm;enf;csufrsm;udk OECD u
atmufygtwdkif; okH;oyfwifjycJhygw,f -
(u) ½IyfaxG;í tcsdefMumjrifhonfh rSwfykHwifvkyfenf; pepfaMumifh ajr,mrSwfykHwifrI tajctae enf;yg; aejcif;/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajr,mrSwfykHwifrI vkyfief;pOf
rsm;[m ½IyfaxG;NyD; tcsdefMumjrifhonfhtjyif rSwfykHwif
olrsm;twGuf tusKd;cHpm;cGifhr&Sdjcif;? tcsKdUjzpfpOfrsm;
wGif epfemrIrsm;yif&S djcif;wdk YaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH\
ajr,mtm;vkH;\ 20% om rSwfykHwifxm;&Sdonfudk
awGU&Sd&aMumif;? 2012 ckESpf {NyDvwGif jy|mef;cJhonfh
v,f,m ajrOya'ESifh ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif;rsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrIOya'wdkYonf ajr,mrSwfykHwifjcif;vkyfief;
rsm; jrefqefoGufvufap&ef &nf&G,faMumif; awGU&Sd&
aomfvnf; vufawGUwGifrl ajr,mrSwfykHwifvkyfief;
rsm;onf tpdk;&Xme tqifhqifhudk jzwfoef;&onfhtjyif
avsSmufxm;oltaejzifh tajctaersm;pGm jynfhrDatmif
aqmif&Guf&onfhtwGuf tcsdefMumjrifhNyD; raocsm?
ra&&mrIrsm; awGU&Sd&ajumif;? v,form;rsm;taejzifh
v,f,majr tokH;jyKcGif &&Sda&;twGuf &yfuGuf (odkY
r[kwf) aus;&Gm v,f,m ajrpDrHcefYcGJrI tzGJUrSwpfqifh
NrdKUe,ftqifh? c½dkiftqifh ponfjzifh tqifhqifh wifjy
ae&aMumif;? ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif;rsm;ESifh ywf
oufírl A[dktqifhodkY wdkuf½dkufwifjy&jcif;aMumifh
a0;vHacgifyg;onfh aus;vufae v,form;i,frsm;
twGuf tvSrf;rrDaMumif; okH;oyfwifjycJhygw,f/
(c) wif;MuyfNyD; yuwd ajrtokH;jyKrI tajctaeudk xif[yfjcif;r&Sdaom ajrtrsKd;tpm; cGJjcm;rIpepf usifhokH;jcif;/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrtrsKd;tpm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfrI
[m wif;MuyfNyD; ajrtrsKd;tpm;wpfckrS tjcm;wpfckodkY
ajymif;vJ&ef cufcJaMumif;? þtajctaeu vufawGU
ajr,mtokH;jyKaeonfh tajctaersm;udk xif[yfEdkif
pGrf; r&Sdonfhtjyif vuf&Sdajr tokH;jyKaeolrsm;udk rSwf
ykHwifcGifhr&aponfomru vkHNcHKrIudkyg ay;EdkifpGrf;
r&SdaMumif;? v,f,majrrsm;udk v,f,mvkyfief;r[kwf
onfh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKcGifhudk tpdk;&
twnfjyKcsuf &,l&jcif;? þodkY&,l&efvnf; rvG,ful
jcif;? tcsKdUajrrsm;udk v,f,majrtjzpf tokH;jyKaeaomf
vnf; o,HZmwESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;
0efBuD;Xme\ pDrHcefhcGJrIwGif tusKH;0ifonfh opfawm
ajrrsm;pm&if;wGif yg0ifaeaMumif; okH;oyfwifjyxm;
ygw,f/
(*) rd½dk;zvm ajrtokH;jyKrIudk todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/ajr,mESifh pyfvsOf;onfh Oya'opfrsm;[m
rd½dk;zvm vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeonfh ajr,mrsm;udk
todtrSwfrjyKaMumif;? ajrvGwf? ajrvyfESifh ajr½dkif;
rsm; Oya'wGif wnfqJajrrsm;ü vkyfudkifaeaom
awmifol v,form;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí todtrSwfjyK
onfh jy|mef;csuftcsKdU yg&Sdaomfvnf; tqdkyg jy|mef;
csufonf rd½dk;zvmajr ydkifqdkifcGifhESifhywfoufí azmfjy
csufrsm; arS;rSdefaeaMumif; okH;oyfwifjyxm;ygw,f/
(C) rSwfykHwifxm;onfh ajrrsm;tay:wGif tumtuG,f ay;rI tm;enf;jcif;/
rSwfykHwifrnfhajrrsm;ESifhywfoufí vkyfief;
tqifh rsm;jym;aejcif;? pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh
12
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
nDnGwfjcif;r&Sdygu ajrtokH;jyKcGifhudk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;
Edkifonfh jy|mef;csufrsm; yg&Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifh rSwfykHwif
ajr,mrsm;rSm tjynfht0 tumtuG,f r&&Sdonfudk
awGU&Sd&aMumif; okH;oyf wifjyxm;ygw,f/
(i) ajr,mpDrHcefhcGJrIpepf pGrf;aqmifrIedrfhusjcif;/ajrtrsKd;tpm;cGJjcm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh ywf
oufí rwlnDonfh Xmersm;rS udkifwG,frIajumifh tcsKdU
aom wm0efcH aqmif&GufrIrsm; ESpfBudrfxyfaeNyD; ¤if;
tajctaeu ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrI\ pGrf;aqmif&nfudk
edrfhusapaMumif; okH;oyfwifjyxm;ygw,f/
(p) vkHavmufaom tumtuG,fr&SdbJ yrmPBuD;rm; onfh ajr,mrsm; cGJa0rIudk jr§ifhwifaqmif&Gufjcif;/
tpdk;&u tvkyftudkif tcGif htvrf; azmf
aqmifa&;? enf;ynm&&Sda&;? aiGaMu;taxmuftyHh
&&Sda&;ESifh aps;uGuf csJUxGifEdkifa&;twGuf &nf&G,fum
yrmP BuD;rm;pGm aqmif&Gufrnfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk
zdwfac:Edkif&eftwGuf ajr,mOya'opfrsm; jy|mef;cJh
ajumif;? þodkY aqmif&Guf&mwGif ajryrmP trsm;
tjym;udk cGifhjyKcsuf csay;cJh&mü tqdkyg ajrtwGif;
vufikyfvuf&if; rd½dk;zvm vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeol
rsm;ESifh awGUqkH n§dEdIif;rIr&SdbJ cGifhjyKcJhjcif;ajumifh xdyf
wdkuf&ifqdkifrIrsm; ay:aygufcJhonfhtjyif rd½dk;zvm
vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufolrsm;twGuf tumtuG,f qkH;½IH;
apcJhaMumif; okH;oyfwifjyxm;ygw,f/
ajr,mESifh ywfoufaom tajctaeudk jyef
vnfokH;oyfygu t"dutm;enf;csufawGudk atmufyg
twdkif; awGU&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f-
(1) vkyfxkH;vkyfenf; tm;enf;csufaMumifh jzpfay:cJh
onfh tajctaersm;
(u) ½IyfaxG;í tcsdefMumjrifhonfh rSwfykHwifvkyfenf;
pepfaMumifh ajr,m rSwfykHwifrI tajctae enf;
yg;aejcif;/
(c) ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIpepf pGrf;aqmifrI edrfhusjcif;/
(2) Oya'\ tm;enf;csufaMumifh jzpfay:cJhonfh tajc
taersm;
(u) wif;MuyfNyD; yuwd ajrtokH;jyKrI tajctaeudk
xif[yfjcif; r&Sdaom ajrtrsKd;tpm; cGJjcm;rIpepf
usifhokH;jcif;/
(c) rSwfykHwifxm;onfh ajrrsm;tay:wGif tum
tuG,fay;rI tm;enf;jcif;/
(3) rl0g'tm;enf;csufaMumifh jzpfay:cJhonfh tajc
taersm;
(u) rd½dk;zvm ajrtokH;jyKrIudk todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/
(c) vkHavmufaom tumtuG,fr&S dbJ yrmP
BuD;rm;onfh ajr,mrsm; cGJa0csxm;jcif;/
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ajrpDrHcefYcGJrIeJYywfoufNyD;
acwfaemufusNyD; ½IyfaxG;wJhOya'rsm;udk usifhokH;qJ
jzpfwm&,f? ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIeJYywfoufNyD; udkifwG,f
aqmif&Guf&wJh XmeawG trsm;tjym;jzpfaewm&,f
aMumifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJY jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
aumfr&SifwdkY&JU &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjr§ifhwifa&; rl0g'csrSwf
jcif;? BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkY[m xifoavmuf
c&D;raygufjzpfae&wmudk okH;oyfawGU&Sd&ygw,f/
tjcm;ywf0ef;usif EdkifiHtoD;oD;rSm ajreJY ywfoufvdkY
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolawG tcuftcJray:ayguf
atmif 0efBuD;XmetoD;oD;u 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;NyD; vG,f
atmif? &Sif;atmif aqmif&Gufay;aewmvnf; awGU&yg
w,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaeeJh qGJaqmifrI&SdwJh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
0ef;usif zefwD;EdkifzdkYqdk&if ajrqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIawG
wm0ef,l aqmif&GufaewJh 0efBuD;XmeawGu acwfrrD
awmhwJh? vufawGUruswJh? a[mif;EGrf;aqG;ajrhaewJh
Oya'awG? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;awG? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awG
udk EdkifiHhtusKd;twGuf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf jyifqifajz
avsmhNyD; vufawGUusatmifvkyfMuzdk Y tcsdefoifh½kH
omru tcsdefvGefaeNyDvdkYawmif ajymcsifygw,f/
13
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
,aeYwGif EdkifiHtoD;oD;onf rdrdEdkifiH\ vlrIpD;yGm;a&;tajctaet&yf&yfudk
tcsdefESihfwpfajy;nD t&Sdeft[kefjzifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvdkMuonf/ ,if;&nfrSef;csufrsm;
twGuf oufqdkif&m e,fy,ftvdkuf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;? pDrHudef;&nfrSef;csufrsm;?
enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfí taumiftxnfazmfvsuf&Sdygonf/
EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wuf&eftwGuf ynma&;ESifh avhusifhoifMum;a&;?
enf;ynmqdkif&mtqifhtwef;? rufc½dkpD;yGm;a&;wnfNidrfrI? aumif;rGefaom
tkyfcsKyfrI? pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;acwfrDqef;jym;rIESifh aps;uGuf pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;rSm
vGefpGmta&;ygvSonf/
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;csrf;om<u,f0vmap&ef tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; wpfckcsif;pD
(odkYr[kwf) pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tjyeftvSeftusKd;jyKaqmif&Guf&mwGif csrSwf
xm;aom w&m;0if pDrHcef YcG Ja&;rlabmifjzifh tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&mtajctae
(Institutional Environment) udk qkH;jzwfay;onf/ rMumao;rDu jzpfay:cJhaom
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh b@ma&;tMuyftwnf;umvwGif w&m;rQwNyD; tm;xm;,kHMunf
avmufaom tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tajctaewpf&yf\ ta&;ygrIonf ydkí odom
vmcJhonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ t&nftcsif;onf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m qkH;jzwf
csufrsm;ESif h xkwfvkyfrItpDtpOf wdkYtay: vTrf;rdk;xm;NyD; zGHUNzdK;rIr[mAsL[mrsm;ESifh
rl0g'rsm;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;wm0ef,ljcif;? tpdk;&axmufyHhaMu;rsm; a0iS
ay;jcif;ponfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif t"dutcef;u@rS
14
yg0ifonf/ EdkifiHawmftzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk t"du tav;
ay;xm;aomfvnf; <u,f0csrf;oma&; vkyfief;pOf
twGuf ta&;ygaom vdktyfcsufwpfckrSm yk*¾vdu tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;yif jzpfonf/
tajccHtaqmufttkH BuD;rm;us,fjyefYNyD; vkHavmufrI&Sdaom tajccH
taqmufttkHonf pD;yGm;a&; aqmif&Gufcsuf\ wnf
ae&mESifh EdkifiHtwGif; wdk;wufapEdkifonfh aqmif&Guf
csufrsm; (odkYr[kwf) u@trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk qkH;jzwf
ay;&mwGif ta&;ygaomaMumifh pD;yGm;a&; todkuft0ef;
xda&mufpGmvnfywfEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;onf/
wdk;wufaumif;rGefaom tajccHtaqmufttkHonf
a'orsm;tMum; aps;uGufqufoG,frIudk p&dwfouf
ompGmjzifh aqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf/ tajccHtaqmuf
ttkH uGef&ufrsm;\ t&nftaoG;ESifh BuD;rm;us,fjyefYrI
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0ifaiG rnDrQrIrsm;? enf;rsKd;pkHESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIrsm;udk
avQmhcsay;onf/
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pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;twGuf ta&;BuD;ouJhodkY EdkifiHwpf
EdkifiH\ bufaygif;pkH,SOfNydKifrItwGufvnf; ta&;yg
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EdkifiH\xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;udk jr§ifhwifray;Edkifaomfvnf;
rufc½dkpD;yGm;a&; upOfhuvsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh pD;yGm;
a&;todkuft0ef; wpfckvkH;udk tEÅ&m,fjzpfapEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh rufc½dkpD;yGm;a&;wnfNidrfrIonf pD;yGm;a&;
a&&Snf wdk;wufrItwGuf t"duvdktyfcsufwpfck jzpf
ygonf/
usef;rma&;ESif h tajccHynma&; usef;rma&;aumif;rGefaom vkyfom;tiftm;
onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;ESif h ,SOfNydKifrI
twGuf ta&;BuD;onf/ tvkyform;rsm; rusef;rmvQif
¤if;wdkY\ pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; usqif;vmNyD; xkwfvkyfrI
vnf; tm;enf;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ emrusef;jzpfaom
tvkyform;rsm;\ &Hzef&Hcg tvkyfysufuGufjcif;rsm;?
¤if;wdkY\ pGrf;aqmif&nftqif h edrfhusjcif;rsm;onf
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm; rsm;jym;ap
ygonf/ odkYjzpfí &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwGif usef;rma&;0ef
aqmifrIrsm; axmufyHhay;rIonf pD;yGm;a&;wGif t"du
pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufjzpfonf/
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rma&;tjyif ydkíta&;BuD;onfrSm tajccHynma&;
qdkif&m t&nftaoG;ESif h ta&twGufyifjzpfonf/
tajccHynma&;onf tvkyform;wpfOD;csif;pD\ pGrf;
aqmif&nfudk wdk;wufapygonf/ ynmaumif;aumif;
rwwfaom tvkyform;rsm;onf omrefvufrIvkyfief;
rsm;udkom vkyfudkifwwfMuNyD; ydkítqifhjrifhaom xkwf
vkyfrIvkyfief;rsm;? enf;ynmrsm;ESif h vdkufavsmnDaxG
jzpfatmif tvdkufoifhajymif;vJ&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;
&SdaeaomaMumifh wDxGifzefwD;EdkifpGrf; enf;yg;onfudk
awGU&onf/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf tajccHynmcsKdUwJhrIonf
pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;rItay: zdtm;wpfckjzpfaponfhtjyif
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ydkrdkacwfrDaom wefzdk;jr§if h
xkwfukefrsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;jzifh wefzdk;uGif;qufudk
a&TUajymif;&ef cufcJapygonf/
tqifhjrifhynma&;ESif h avhusifhoifMum;a&; tqifhjrifhynma&;ESifh avhusifhoifMum;a&;
onf omrefxkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh xkwfukefrsm;
xuf ydkí wefzdk;uGif;qufa&TUajymif;vdkonfh pD;yGm;a&;
todkuft0ef;rsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;onf/ txl;ojzif h
,aeYacwf urÇmvkH;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef;wGif
vkyfief;wm0eftrsKd;rsKd;? xkwfvkyfrIenf;pepf\ ajymif;
vJjzpfay:vmaom vdktyfcsufrsm;? ajymif;vJoGm;rnfh
ywf0ef;usif ponfwdkYESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif
aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh aumif;rGefpGmwwfajrmufaom
15
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
tvkyform;tzGJUrsm; jyKpkysKd;axmifay;&ef vdktyfvmyg
onf/ vkyfief;qdkif&m tqufrjywf avhusifhoifMum;rI
onf tvkyform;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfrsm;udk tqufrjywf
tqifhjr§ifhay;&mwGif ta&;ygaomaMumifh 0efxrf;
avhusifhoifMum;rI twdkif;twmudk xnf hoGif;pOf;pm;&
rnf jzpfygonf/
ukefpnfaps;uGufpGrf;aqmifEdkifrIpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef;wGif tusKd;t&SdqkH;jzpf
atmif a&mif;0,fazmufum;Edkifa&; aqmif&Guf&ef pGrf;
aqmifEdkifaom aps;uGuf&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;rSm tusKd;
aus;Zl;rsm;&Muonf/ jynfwGif;wGifjzpfap? jynfywGif
jzpfap aumif;rGefaom aps;uGuf,SOfNydKifrIonf aps;uGuf
pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk aph aqmfay;&mwGif ta&;BuD;onf/
xdkYaMumifh aps;uGufrS awmif;qdkvmaom ukefpnfrsm;
xkwfvkyfay;onfh pGrf;aqmifEdkifrItrsm;qkH; pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm; &Sifoefaprnfh pD;yGm;a&;ukefxGufpGrf;tm;
onfvnf; ta&;BuD;onf/
vkyfom;aps;uGufpGrf;aqmifEdkifrI vkyfom;rsm; vkyfief;cGifwGif taumif;qkH;
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uGuf pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIESif h ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&SdrIwdkYrSm
ta&;BuD;onf/ xdkYaMumifh vkyfom;aps;uGufrsm;onf
tvkyform;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIwpfckrS tjcm;
wpfckodkY ukefusp&dwfoufompGmjzifh tvsiftjref
ajymif;vJ&efESifh vlrIa&; taESmifht,Sufrsm;r&SdbJ
vkyfcvpm twuftus&Sd&ef aqmif&GufEdkif&rnf jzpf
onf/ pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom vkyfom;aps;uGufrsm;taejzif h
tvkyform;rsm;twGuf cdkifrmaom rufvkH;rsm;ay;jcif;?
vkyfief;cGifwGif t&nftcsif;tavsmuf ajr§mufpm;onfh
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aqmif&Gufay;&rnfhtjyif trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;
tMum; vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk wef;wlnDwl pDpOfay;&
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rGefpGmvnfywfEdkifaom b@ma&;u@wpfck vdktyf
onfudk txift&Sm; azmfjyaeygonf/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif
aom b@ma&;u@wpfckonf EdkifiHom;rsm; pkaqmif;
xm;onfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;rS pD;yGm;a&;
todkuft0ef;xJodkY 0ifa&mufvmonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;
udk tusdK;&Sd&SdtokH;jyKEdkifap&ef cGJa0owfrSwfay;onf/
,if;u@onf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m (odkYr[kwf) pD;yGm;
a&;pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIqdkif&m pDrHcsufrsm;twGuf t&if;
tjrpfrsm; azmfaqmifay;onf/
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ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;twGuf ta&;ygaomaMumifh pD;yGm;
a&;todkuft0ef;&Sd yk*¾vduu@ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwGif
t&if;tESD; &&SdapEdkifaom b@ma&;aps;uGufrsm;
vdktyfygonf/ b@ma&; aps;uGufrsm;wGif pD;yGm;
a&;todkuft0ef;&Sd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;ESifh tjcm;vIyf&Sm;
aqmif&Gufolrsm;tm; umuG,f&ef oifhavsmfaom
pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfcsufvnf; vdktyfygonf/
enf;ynmqdkif&m tqifoif hjzpfrI ,aeYurÇmwGif enf;ynmonf pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;&efESif h ,SOfNydKifrIjyK
&ef r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mwpfckyifjzpfonf/ enf;ynm
qdkif&mtqifoifhjzpfrI axmufwdkifonf pD;yGm;a&;
todkuft0ef;wpfckwGif pufrIvkyfief;rsm;\ ukefxkwf
pGrf;tm; jrifhwufaprnfh enf;ynmrsm; a&G;cs,faqmif
&GufEdkifonfh oGufvufaom vIyf&Sm;rIudk wdkif;wm
ay;onf/ t"dutm;jzifh ,SOfNydKifrItwGuf qef;opf
wDxGifEdkifjcif;ESifh pGrf;&nfrsm; wdk;wufvmapa&;
twGuf xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh aeYpOfvIyf&Sm;aqmif
16
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
&GufrIrsm;wGif owif;tcsuftvufESif h enf;ynmrsm;
tjynfht0 okH;pGJEdkifa&;tay: tav;ay;xm;onf/
EdkifiHwGif; vnfywfaqmif&Gufaeaom pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif tqifhjrifhxkwfukefrsm;twGuf enf;
ynmtcGifhtvrf;rsm;&&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/ EdkifiHjcm;
enf;ynm\ t"dut&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;
wdkuf½dkuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIonf enf;ynmzGHUNzdK;rI tqifh
edrfhaom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf t"dutcef;u@ jzpfay
onf/
aps;uGufyrmP BuD;rm;aom aps;uGufrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef; yrmPudk
tjynfht0 okH;pGJcGifhjyKxm;aomaMumif h aps;uGufyrmP
onf ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufapyg
onf/ tpOftvmtm;jzif h pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;\
tokH;jyKEdkifaom aps;uGufrsm;udk EdkifiHe,fedrdwfrsm;jzifh
uefYowfxm;ygonf/ Globalization acwfwGif tjynf
jynfqdkif&maps;uGufrsm;onf txl;ojzif h EdkifiHi,frsm;
twGuf tpm;xdk;p&mwpfck jzpfvmygonf/ ydkYukefrsm;
onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
aps;uGufyrmPudk tqkH;tjzwfay;aom t&mwpfckyif
jzpfonf/ aps;uGufyrmP wdkif;wm&mwGif jynfwGif;
jynfy aps;uGufESpfckpvkH;yg0ifygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;acwfrDqef;jym;rIacwfrDqef;jym;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
onf ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; xkwfvkyf&mwGif ydkrdk
jynfhpkHrI &Sdap&ef taxmuftulay;ygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief; acwfrDqef;jym;rIwGif EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&Sd pD;yGm;
a&;aqmif&GufrI t&nftcsif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
wpfckcsif;pD\ vkyfief;vnfywfrIeSif h r[mAsL[m
t&nftcsif;rsm; yg0ifonf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&Sd pD;yGm;a&;
aqmif&GufrI t&nftcsif;wGif ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh u@
wpfckcsif;pDwdkYrS vkyfief;pkrsm; (Clusters) tjzpf tcsif;
csif; csdwfquf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh pGrf;aqmif&nf jrifh
rm;vmNyD; xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf qef;opf
wDxGif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wdk;wufvmNyD; pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;opfrsm;twGuf 0ifcGifhtwm;tqD;rsm; avsmh
enf;vmonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfckpD\ tqifhjrifh
vkyfief;rsm;ESif h r[mAsL[mrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;
todkuft0ef;xJwGif 0ifa&mufvmNyD; EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;
u@toD;oD;&Sd acwfrDqef;jym;aom pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;
pOfrsm;udk OD;aqmifvrf;jyay;onf/
qef;opfwDxGifrI qef;opfwDxGifrIudk enf;ynmqdkif&m tod
ynmESifh enf;ynmESifhrqdkifaom todynmopfrsm;rS
&&SdEd kifygonf/ enf;ynmESif hrqdkifaom qef;opf
wDxGifrIrsm;onf twwfynmydkif;uRrf;usifrIrsm;?
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif&Sdaeaom vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI
tajctaersm;ESifh qufET,faeygonf/ vlaerItqifh
twef;udk enf;ynmqdkif&m qef;opfwDxGifrIjzif h
wdk;jr§ifhay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh qef;opfwDxGif
rIonf enf;ynmopfrsm;udk csOf;uyfaom pD;yGm;a&;
todkuft0ef;rsm;twGuf txl;ta&;ygvSonf/
txufygaxmufwdkifrsm; NyD;jynhfpk HrSom
rdrdEdkifiHonf tcsdefwdkumvtwGif; arQmfrSef;xm;onhf
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk &&SdEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
xdkrSwpfqihf tm;vkH; yg0ifEdkifcGifh&SdNyD; vGwfvyfaom
vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf jzpfay:vmapa&;? 'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiH jzpfay:vmapa&;ESifh 2020 ckESpfü EdkifiHwum
todkuft0ef;wGif aygif;pnf;Edkifa&;[laom trsKd;om;
a&;yef;wdkifudkvnf; tvG,fwul csDwufí qGwfcl;
oGm;Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/
17
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
t'rfprpfof (Adam Smith) ? um;vfrmhcfpf (Karl Max) ESifh *Refarewfudef;pf
(John Maynard Keynes) wdkYonf abm*aA' awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIordkif;wGif xif&Sm;
cJholrsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ tawG;tac:rsm;onf abm*aA' tawG;tac:rsm;udk
rsm;pGm tajymif;tvJjzpfapcJh\/ tuf'rfprpfofonf rjrif&aomvuf t,ltq
jzifhvnf;aumif;? um;vfrmhcfpfonf tydkwefzdk;ESifh t&if;&Sif0g'udk wdkufzsufrI
onf t,ltqrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? *Refarewfudef;pfonf prpfESifh um;vfrmhcfpf
wdkY\ tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm pOf;pm;cJhrIrsm;vnf;aumif; xl;jcm;rI
rsm;&SdcJhonf/ udef;pfqdkvQif tpdk;&\tcef;u@udk txl;avhvmcJhNyD; udef;pf
abm*aA'[k trnfwyf&onftxdyif abm*aA'tawG;tac: ordkif;wpfavQmuf
wGif MoZmvTrf;rdk;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk? aps;uGufESifh tpdk;&
\ tcef;u@wdkYudk pdwf0ifpm;ol;wdkif; xdk*k½kBuD;oHk;OD;taMumif;udk avhvm
oifhonf/
18
t'rfprpfof (1723-1790)onf paumh
vlrsKd; 'óeynm&Sif? usrf;½dk; abm*aA'*k½kBuD;jzpf
onf/ olu vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf wdk;wufrIonf vl
wpfOD; wpfa,mufcsif;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tm;xkwf
rIay:wGif tajccHvsuf&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfonf/ pD;yGm;
a&;wGif tpdk;&0ifa&mufpGufzuf&efrvdk vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf vIyf&Sm;cGifhay;xm;zdkY vdkonf/ aps;uGufxJ&Sd
tiftm;pkrsm;udk rnfolrQ 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef rvdk?
aps;uGufxJ&Sd tiftm;pkESpfckjzpfonfh 0,fvdktm;ESifh
a&mif;vdktm;wdkYu olYoabmolaqmifí tm;rQajc
odkYom OD;wnfae vdrfhrnf[kvnf; qdkonf/ t'rf
prpfofudk ,aeYacwf abm*aA'orm;wdkif; odMu\/
pD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvf ausmif;awmfrS abm*aA'pmoif
om;rsm;omru? jyifyrS abm*aA'pmayudk pdwf0if
pm;onfh pmzwf y&dowfrsm;uyg t'rfprpfoftrnfudk
Invisible Hand a0g[m&ESifh wGJvsuf odMuavh&Sdonf/
xdk Invisible Hand a0g[m&udk yOövuf? udk,faysmuf
vuf? rjrif&aomvuf pojzifh jrefrmbmomjzifh rnf
odkYyiftrsKd;rsKd;bmomjyefqdkonfjzpfap aps;uGufudk
rnfolrQ yJhjyif xdef;ausmif;p&mrvdkbJ aps;uGuftiftm;
pkrsm;u olY tvdkvdkyif jyKjyifí tm;rQajctaetxm;odkY
aocsmaygufa&muf&Sdonf[kqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
prpfofonf tar&duefEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;aMunm
onfhESpf? 1776 ckESpfwGif ¤if;xkwfa0cJhonfh ]]EdkifiHrsm;
\ Opöm"e}} (The Wealth of Nations) [k trnfay;xm;
aom pmtkyfxJü rjrif&aomvuftaMumif;ud k
&Sif;jyxm; onf/
um;vfrmhcfpf (1818-1883) udk *smrefvlrsKd;
EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynm&SifwpfOD;wpfjzpfvnf; abm*aA'
tawG;tac:ynm&SifwpfOD;tjzpfyg owfrSwfEkdif
onf/ olonf t&if;&Sifpepfudk tqdk;tjrifjzifhMunfhí
awmfvSefcJholjzpfNyD; xdkpepf\ qdk;usKd;rsm;udk t&if;
&Sifusrf;[k vlodrsm;onfh Das Kapital pmtkyfjzifh
a0zefcJholjzpfonf/ t&if;&SifwdkY\ acgif;ykHjzwfrIudk
tydkwefzdk; oabmw&m;jzifh axmufjyoHk;oyfcJhonf/
t&if;& Si fwpfa,muf\tjrwfaiGrsm;ud kvnf;
vkyfom;wdkY\ vkyftm;crS acgif;yHkjzwf&,lxm;jcif;
jzpfonf[k olu ½Ijrifonf/ xdkpepfonf t&if;&SifESifh
tvkyform; vlwef;pm; y#dyu©wdkYaMumifh NydKvJoGm;rnf
[k cefYrSef;cJhonf/ ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;udk tpdk;&
u odrf;,lNyD; pDrHudef;jzifh vkyfaqmifonfh pD;yGm;a&;
pepfudk tqdkjyKcJhol[kvnf; qdk&ayrnf/
*Refarewfudef;pf (1883-1946) onf NAdwdoQ
vlrsKd; abm*aA'ynm&SifESifh b@ma&;qdkif&m yg&rD
&Sifvnf; jzpfonf/ olonfvnf; um;vfrmhcfpfuJhodkY
yif t&if;&Sif0g'udk a0zefaxmufjyrIrsm; &SdcJhonf/
odkYaomf ol\ t,ltqrsm;rSm um;vfrmhcfpfESifh jcm;em;
onf/ t'rfprpfof\ udk,faysmufvuf t,ltqudk
t&if;&Sifwdkh\ acgif;ykHjzwfrIudk
tydkwefzdk; oabmw&m;jzifh axmufjyoHk;oyfcJUonf/
t&if;&Sifwpfa,muf\tjrwfaiGrsm;udkvnf;
vkyfom;wdkh\ vkyftm;crS acgif;yHkjzwf&,lxm;jcif;
jzpfonf[k olu ½Ijrifonf/
19
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
vnf; a0zefcJhNyD; tpdk;&u pD;yGm;a&;wGif 0ifa&muf
ulnDoifhonf[k ,lqolvnf; jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
taqmufttHkwGif;ü tpdk;&onf vlxk0ifaiGESifh 0,f
vdktm;wdk;aprnfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsKd;udk udk,fwdkifaqmif
&Guf&rnf[k olu qdkonf/ 1930 jynfhESpfrsm;ü urÇmh
pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyf jzpfyGm;aomtcg prpfof\ rjrif&
aomvuf t,ltqudk ,HkMunfrIuif;rJhoGm;cJhonf/
xdkumvrsm;tvGefwGif ]]vdktyfvmygu pD;yGm;a&;
taqmufttHkxJwGif tpdk;&taejzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
oifhonf}}[laom udef;pf\ t,ltq aygufoGm;cJh
onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfaemufydkif; xGef;um;vmaom
pufrIEdkifiHrsm;onf udef;pf\ tdkif'D,mrsm;ESifh ruif;ay/
vdktyfcsufrsm; rnfodkYyif&Sdapumrl vGefcJh
aom ESpfaygif; 200 ausmftcsdef? &mpktm;jzifh 18 &mpk
tcsde favmufu ay:xGef;cJ honfh abm*aA'*k½k
tuf'rfprpfof awG;ac:cJhonfh ]rjrif&aomvuf}qdk
onfh tdkif'D,mu ,aeYwdkif vTrf;rdk;aeqJ/ xdkYtwl
1930 jynfhESpfrsm;u tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSpí
urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;ysufuyftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;wGif 0ifa&muf
&ef vdkonfh tpdk;&\tcef;u@ESifhywfoufonfh
udef;pf\ t,ltqonf trsm;vufcHNyD; vlBudKufrsm;
aeqJ/ udef;pf\ t,l0g'rsm;ESifh ywfoufívnf;
aESmif;acwf abm*aA'ynm&Sifrsm;rS avhvmqef;ppf
rIrsm;? rwdkufqdkifrIrsm; ay:xGufvmaeonfhwdkif aps;
uGuftwGif;ü (vdktyfvmonfhtcg) tpdk;&\ tcef;
u@&Sdonfqdkaom tcsufrSmrl vufcHaeMuqJjzpfonf/
xdk*k½koHk;yg;\ tkdif'D,mwdkYudk jyefvnfavhvm
MunfhygvQif prpfof\ rnfonfhvTrf;rdk;rI? xdef;csKyfrI
rSrvdktyfbJ? aps;uGufonf vHk;0 vGwfvyfpGm vIyf&Sm;
Ekdifonf[laom t,ltq? um;vfrmhcfpf\ aps;uGuf
oabmobm0xuf tpkd;&u OD;pD;jyKrIaqmif&Guf&rnf
[laom t,ltqESifh udef;pf\ aps;uGufudk vufcHaomf
vnf; tpdk;&\tcef;u@udkyg pOf;pm;&rnf[laom
t,ltqwdkYjzpfonf/ wu,fhvufawGUtajctaewGif
udef;pf\ t,ltqom tvkyfjzpfonfudk awGU&\/
vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufudk vufcHoifhaomfvnf;? aps;
uGuf,EÅ&m;\ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk tpdk;&yg0ifywf
oufxdef;ausmif;rSom jzpfayrnf/ udef;pf\ tpdk;&ESifh
ywfoufonfh tcef;u@ t,ltqudk a0zefcJhonfh
abm*aA'ynm&Sif rDvfwefz&Dref; (Milton Friedman)
uvnf; tpdk;&tcef;u@ ta&;BuD;yH kudk xyfrH
axmufjycJhzl;onf/ þodkYqdkvQif a,bk,stm;jzifh
vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufudk vufcHusifhoHk;&ef vdkouJh
odkY vdktyfygu tpdk;&\tcef;u@&Sd&rnfhqdkaom
t,ltqudk abm*aA'ynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkY vufcHonf
[k qdkEkdifonf/ tpdk;&wpf&yf\ pDrHcefYcGJrI? tkyfcsKyfrIjzifh
vnfywfvIyf&Sm;aeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfonf
aps;uGuftrsKd;rsKd;twGif; aeYpOf zvS,fa&mif;0,fazmuf
um;aeMuonf/ xdktrsKd;rsKd;aom aps;uGufrsm;onf
vlom;wdkY\ pdwfaepdwfxm; tjyKtrlrsm;aMumifhyif
tNrJrjywf tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:vsuf&Sd&m aps;uGuf
yHkrSefvnfywfrI ,dk,Gif;vmygu wm0ef&Sdonfhtpdk;&u
yg0ifywfouf&rnfom jzpfonf/
ajymif;vJacwfpepf tajctaersm;t& abm*
aA'tajccHt,ltqrsm;ay:wGif qifhyGm;awG;q?
ajymif;vJaeonfh tkdif'D,mrsm;vnf; xyfrHí ay:xGuf
vmMuayOD;rnf/ a&S;,cifumvrsm;u ay:xGufcJhNyD;
jzpfaom abm*aA'tawG;tac:&Sifrsm;\ tdkif'D,m
rsm;rSm av;toacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef; jznfhusifhcJhaom
oaAÁnKw a&TÓPfawmfydkif&Sif bk&m;&Sif\ a[majym
ñTefjycsufrsKd;uJhodkY razmufrjyef tNrJwrf; rSefuefMu
Ekdifonfr[kwf/ ¤if;wdkY\ awG;ac:azmfxkwfcsufrsm;
xJwGif rSwfom;? vdkufem? usifhoHk;p&mrsm; &SdEkdifaomf
vnf; avSeH"m;xpf w&m;aorSwfí umva'o rcGJ
jcm;bJ tcsdefwdkif;? ae&mwdkif; toHk;csEdkif&efrSmrl rjzpf
Ekdifay/
20
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
2018 ckESpfwGif tmqD,H\ pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefrnfjzpfaMumif;
cefYrSef;oHk;oyfxm;onfrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ odkYaomfvnf; tmqD,HtwGuf
pdefac:rIrsm;vnf; &Sdaeayonf/ xdkpdefac:rIrsm;udk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&efwpfckwnf;
aomenf;vrf;rSm pD;yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rI (Economic Integration) udk t&Sdefjr§ifh
wif&efjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh w½kwfEdkifiHuxkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom pufrIukef
acsmypönf;rsm; (Manufacturing Products)ESifh NydKifqdkif&rnfjzpfonf/
tmqD,H\ ,Ofaus;rIrwluGJjym;jcif;udk taMumif;jyKí ]]rwluGJjym;jcif;
onf tiftm;jzpfonf}}(There is Strength in Diversity) [lí ajymprSwfjyKMuonf/
xdkenf;wlpGmyif tmqD,H\ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrItqifhtwef;onfvnf; wpfEdkifiH
ESifh wpfEdkifiHuGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkuJhokdY pD;yGm;a&;rwluGJjym;rI (Economic
Diversity) onfvnf; ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o\ tBuD;rm;qHk;tiftm;jzpfaMumif;
awGU&onf/
21
ukefoG,frIaygif;pnf;jcif; (Trade Integra-
tion) rSqufvufí pD;yGm;a&; aygif;pnf;jcif; (Eco-
nomic Integration) udk tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef;
(AEC) jzifh taumiftxnfazmfvsuf&Sdonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
wdk;wufrItqifh uGmjcm;jcif;ESifh vkyfief;rsKd;pHkyg0ifae
jcif;u 2018 ckESpf tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;udk ydkrdkwdk;wufap
Edkifonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom wdk;wufrIESifhtwl rav;&Sm;ESifh
pifumyluJhodkYaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif aiGaMu;ay:vpD (Mo-
netary Policy) ykdrdkwif;usyfvmzG,f&Sdonf/ txuf
wGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; NydKifqdkifrIudk&ifqdkif&ef? pdefac:
rIrsm;udk wkHUjyef&efESifh tmqD,H\pD;yGm;a&; rwluGJjym;
rIay:vGifap&ef a&&Snf twGuf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;rSm
pD;yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rIudk ydkrdkeuf½dIif;pGm aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfygonf/
tmqD,H tDvufxa&mepfaps;uGufvuf&SdtmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;udk wdk;wufapaom
tif*sifpufrsm; (Current Engines of Growth) teuf
tif*sifpufwpfckrSm tDvufxa&mepfaps;uGuf jzpf
onf/ pifumyl? rav;&Sm;? xdkif;? zdvpfydkifESifh AD,uf
erfwdk Yonf tDvufxa&mepfxkwfvkyfa&mif;csrI
uGif;quf (Electronics Supply Chain) twGif; yg0if
aqmif&GufaeMuonf/ rdrdwdk Y\ xkwfvkyfEd kifpGrf;
tvdkuf pufypönf;tpdwftydkif;i,fav;rsm; (Chip
Production) rSonf ukefacsmwyfqifxkwfvkyfrI (Final
Products Assembly) xd aqmif&GufMuygonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh pufypönf;tpdwftydkif;i,fav;rsm;udk pifumyl
wGif xkwfvkyfNyD; AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif ukefacsmwyfqif
xkwfvkyfjcif;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf/
w½kwfEdkifiH\ tDvufxa&mepfypönf;
(Consumer Electronic Components) 0,fvdktm;onf
tmqD,H\ vQyful;ypönf; (Semiconductor) xkwfvkyf
rIudk wdk;wufapvsuf&Sdonf/ xdktajctaewGif AD,uf
erfonf awmifudk&D;,m; tDvufxa&mepfvkyfief;&Sif
rsm;twGuf pufypönf;rsm; wyfqifxkwfvkyfrIudk
ododomom wdk;wufaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ awmif
udk&D;,m;EdkifiHrS LG ukrÜPDonf AD,uferfEdkifiH Hai
Phon g NrdKUwGif puf½Hkwnfaxmifxm;NyD; w½kwfpm;oHk;
olrsm;twGuf OLED Screen rsm; xkwfvkyfaeygonf/
xdkYtwl Samsung ukrÜPDonfvnf; AD,uferfEdkifiH
Hanoi NrdKUteD;wGif ,if;\zkef;wyfqifrI 50 &mcdkifEIef;
udk aqmif&GufaecJhygonf/ þuJhodkYaom tmqD,H\
xkwfvkyfrIwdk;jcif;onf w½kwfEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;jyef
vnf wdk;wufNyD; 0,fvdktm;wkd;vmjcif;aMumifh jzpf
onf/ txl;ojzifh 2017 ckESpfwGif w½kwfEdkifiH\
tdrfjcHajraps;uGuf jyefvnfOD;armhNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
odompGm wdk;wufcJhaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;onf ,kwfavsmhvsuf&Sdaom
obm0o,HZmwxkwf,lwifydkYrItay: rSDcdktm;xm;rI
avQmhcsaeMuygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiH
onf Downstream Industries wGif tajrmuftrsm;
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHvsuf&Sdygonf/ Downstream Industries
qdkonfrSm ukefMurf;rSukefacsmypönf; (Finished
Product) xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh tqdkygukefacsmypönf;rsm;
udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;? tpdk;&ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;odkY a&mif;
22
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
csonfhjzpfpOfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh a&eHESifh obm0
"mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrIonf qufvufusqif;zG,f awGU&Sd
&aomaMumifh Downstream vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;
vmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wlpGmyif tif'dkeD;&Sm; EdkifiH
onfvnf; jynfwGif; oHow¬Kwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;wGif
ukefMurf;twdkif; wifydkYjcif;xuf wefzdk;jr§ifh xkwfvkyf
jcif; (Value-add) udkyd krd kOD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufaeyg
onf/
0efaqmifrIu@ESifh yk*¾vdupm;okH;rItmqD,H\ trsm;qHk;wifydkYvsuf&Sdaom ukef
ypönf;rsm; (Commodity Exports) rSm pm;tkef;qDESifh
ausmufrD;aoG;jzpfonf/ tmqD,Htaejzifh pm;tkef;qD
ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;uJhodkYaom ukefpnfrsm;udk avQmhcs
wifydkYoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;
EdkifiHonf w½kwfEdkifiHodkY ausmufrD;aoG; tajrmuf
trsm; wifydkYa&mif;csvsuf&Sdonf/ w½kwfEdkifiHonf
,if;\ obm0ywf0ef;usifay:vpDopfrsm; (New
Environmental Policies) aMumifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk
0,f,lwifoGif;vsuf&Sdygonf/ vlOD;a&jrefqefpGm
wdk;wufvsuf&Sdaom tdEd,ESifh tmz&duwdkYu pm;tkef;
qDudk ydkrdk0,f,lEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ tif'dkeD;
&Sm;ESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwkdY\ pm;tkef;qDxkwfvkyfrIonf
urÇmhpkpkaygif; pm;tkef;qDxkwfvkyfrI\ 80 &mcdkifEIef;
&Sdygonf/
tmqD,Hpm;oHk;olrsm;udk avhvm&mü 2017
ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh zdvpfydkifuJhodkYaom EdkifiHrsm;
wGif yk*¾vdupm;oHk;rI (Private Consumption) usqif;
cJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkuJhodkYusqif;&jcif;rSm tif'dk
eD;&Sm;wGif tcGefwdk;jr§ifhaumufcHjcif;ESifh tpdk;& toHk;
p&dwf avQmhcsjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? zdvpfydkifwGif
jynfyaiGvTJvkyfief; rwnfNidrfrIESifh vkyfom;aps;uGuf
tajymif;tvJaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzpfygonf/ þjzpf
&yfrsm;onf cPyef; odkYr[kwf ay:yifudpö&yfrsm;
(Ephemeral Factors) jzpfaomaMumifh 2018 ckESpfwGif
tqdkygudpö&yfrsm;onf yHkrSeftajctaeodkY jyefvnf
a&muf&Sd aumif;rGefoGm;Edkifonf/ umv&SnfwGif aumif;
rGefaom arc½dkpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD (Conducive macro
Policies) ESifh vlOD;a&wdk;wufrI (Strong Population
Growth) wdkYaMumifh tmqD,H\ pm;oHk;ol0,fvdktm;
qufvufjrifhwufEdkifonf/ umvwdkwGifvnf; a&G;
aumufyGJrsm;&SdaomaMumifh toHk;p&dwfrsm; jrifhwuf
Edkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 2018 ckESpfwGif usif;yrnfh
rav;&Sm;EdkifiH\ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJaMumifh tajccH
0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm; (Breadand-butter Services)
tay: oHk;pGJonfhtoHk;p&dwfrsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmEdkif
onf/
jynfoloef; 90 cefYqE´rJay;rnfh tif'dkeD;&Sm;
EkdifiH\ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh or®wa&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,f
pnf;½Hk;rIrsm;onfvnf; 2018 ckESpf? ZGefvESifh atmufwdk
bmvwdkYwGif pwifrnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpdk;&
toHk;p&dwfrsm; jrifhwufvmzG,f&Sdygonf/
tmqD,H\ 0ifaiGtrsm;pkonf 0efaqmifrI
u@rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh 0efaqmifrIu@onf
tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;aeonf/
tmqD,H\ pufrIukefacsmxkwfvkyfrI wdk;wuf½HkrQjzifh
vkyfom;aps;uGuf\ vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif
rnfr[kwfay/ pufrIukefacsmxkwfvkyfrI wdk;wufjcif;
ESifhtwl 0efaqmifrIu@wdk;wufjcif;ESifh yk*¾vdupm;
oHk;rIjrifhrm;jcif;wdkYaMumifh tmqD,Ha'o\ ydkYukefrsm;
ododomom wdk;wufaejcif;jzpfygonf/ pifumyl\
pufrIukefacsmxkwfvkyfrIudk Oyrmtjzpf avhvmMunfh½I
Edkifygonf/ pifumyl\ vQyful;ypönf;xkwfvkyfrI
(Semiconductor Production) onf EkdifiH GDP wdk;wuf
rI\ 50 &mcdkifEIef;&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ,if;vQyful;
ypönf;xkwfvkyf&mwGif pkpkaygif; vkyfom;tiftm;\
wpf&mcdkifEIef;om oHk;pGJygonf/ xdkYaMumifh 0efaqmifrI
u@ESifh yk*¾vdupm;oHk;rI wdk;wufjcif;u tvkyftudkif
&&SdrIudkrsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKaMumif; awGUjrifEdkif
onf/
23
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
wdk;wufrI\ armif;ESiftm;ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o wdk;wuf&eftwGuf
ydkYukefESifh yk*¾vdu pm;oHk;rIwdk;wufjcif;tjyif &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIwdk;wuf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ txl;ojzifh
tajccHtaqmufttHkwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif; (Publici-
Investment in Infrastructure) onf a'otwGuf
ta&;BuD;aom wdk;wufrI\ armif;ESiftm; (Growth-
Driver) jzpfonf/ þ&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf vdktyfaom
aiGaMu;trsm;pkudk A[dktpdk;&bwf*sufrS uscHoHk;pGJyg
onf/
w½kwftpdk;&u uscHoHk;pGJ taumiftxnf
azmfaeaom ]&yf0ef;ESifhvrf;tpDtpOf} (Belt and Road
Initiative) onfvmrnfh 5 ESpftwGif; tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;
tay: aumif;usKd;rsm; oufa&mufvmEdkifygonf/
txl;ojzifh rav;&Sm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiH
rsm;onf ]&yf0ef;ESifh vrf;tpDtpOf} \ aumif;usKd;
rsm;udk ydkrdkcHpm;&zG,f&Sdonf/ t"dutm;jzifh ydkufvdkif;?
rD;&xm;vrf;? pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfrIpuf½H k (Energy
Generation Plants) ESifh qdyfurf; (Port Facilities) wnf
aqmufa&;pDrHudef;BuD;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMu&rnf
jzpfonf/ xdkodk Ywnfaqmuf&mwGif w½kwfEdkifiH\
pufrIukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;udk 0,f,l&rnf jzpfaom
aMumifh oufqdkif&m tmqD,HEdkifiHtwGuf ukefoG,fa&;
vdkaiGjyrI jzpfay:Edkifonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tmqD,H\
vdktyfaeaom tajccHtaqmufttHkudk jznfhqnf;&m
a&mufaomaMumifh a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk rsm;pGm
taxmuftuljyKEdkifygonf/
wif;usyfaomaiGaMu;ay:vpDtmqD,H\ jynfwGif;0,fvdktm; (Domestic
Demand) wdk;wufvmonfESifhtnD vkyfom;aps;uGuf
rsm;onfvnf; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmaMumif; awGU&onf/
A[dkbPfrsm;\ aqmif&GufcsufaMumifh tmqD,HpD;yGm;
a&; ydkrdkwnfNidrfus,fjyefUvmouJhodkY jynfolvlxk\
,HkMunfrItñTef;udef;vnf; aumif;rGefvmonf/ xdkY
aMumifh A[dkbPfrsm;onf ajzavQmhxm;aom aiGaMu;
ay:vpDudk wjznf;jznf; jyefvnf wif;usyfoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/ rav;&Sm;? pifumylESifh zdvpfydkif A[dkbPf
rsm;onf 2018 ckESpf yxrESpf0uftwGif;rSmyif
wif;usyfaom aiGaMu;ay:vpD (Tightening monetary
policy) udk csrSwfusihfoHk;Edkifonf/
a'oqdkif&mpdefac:rIrsm;w½kwfEdkifiHonf tmqD,Ha'oqdkif&m tajccH
taqmufttHkwnfaqmuf&mwGif aiGaMu; axmufyHh
Edkifonfh ta&;ygaomEdkifiHjzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
w½kwf\ pufrItqifhjr§ifhwifjcif; (Industrial upgrading)
onftmqD,H\ orm½dk;us tDvufxa&mepfvkyfief;ESifh
xkwfvkyfa&mif;csrI uGif;quftwGuf pdefac:rIwpf&yf
jzpfonf/ w½kwfEdkifiH\ vQyful;ypönf;xkwfvkyfrI
twGuf tar&duefa':vm 150 bDvD,H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
onfh pDrHudef;onf tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;twGuf tcuf
tcJjzpfapygrnf/
xdkUaMumifh tmqD,Honf wefzdk;jr§ifhxkwfukef
rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif; (High-end manufacturing)? ydkrdk yl;
aygif;jcif;? a'owpf0ef;&Sd xkwfvkyfrIA[dkXmersm;
(Production Centres) udk xdef;xm;jcif;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
rIESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmf0efaqmifrIqdkif&m t[efYtwm;
rsm; xyfrHavQmhcsjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ þodkY
aqmif&Gufjcif;onfomtmqD,H\ ,SOfNydKiftm;om
csuf (Competitive Advantage) udk xdef;xm;EdkifNyD;
a&&Snfwdk;wufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;jzpfygonf/ txl;
ojzifh AEC t& pD;yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rIudk jrefjrefESifh
eufeufeJeJ aqmif&GufrSomvQif tmqD,H\ tvm;
tvmaumif;rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/
Source: CNA/sl
24
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rdwfqufOD;pGmwifjyvdkonfrSm þaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;rdjcif; taMumif;&if;yg/
aejynf awmfwGif wm0efpwifxrf;aqmif&onfh tcsdefwGif vrf;ab;axmifxm;aom
qdkif;bkwfwpfckudk rSwfrSwfxifxif owdxm;vdkufrdonfrSm yifvkHjzifhvGwfvyfa&;
&cJhonf/ 21 &mpkyifvkHjzifh 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaxmifrnf/
ponfaqmifyk'fyifjzpf&m zuf'&,ftjrif? zuf'&,f EdkifiHa&;? zuf'&,f
jynfaxmifpk? zuf'&, fpD;yGm;a&;ponfhtawG;aygif;rsm;pGm csJUxGifvsuf OD;aESmuf
wGif tpDt&Day:vmrdonf/ þaqmif;yg;azmfjycsufrsm;tay:wGif oabmxm;
rwdkufqdkifonfrsm; &Sdaumif;&Sdrnf rSefaomfvnf; pma&;ol\ jynfolwpfa,muf
taejzifhvGwfvyfpGm EdkifiHawmftusKd;&SdpdrfhaomiSm &nfoefvsuf a&;om;vdkuf&
jcif;jzpfygonf/
25
ed'gef;'Drdkua&pDudktajcjyKvsuf Nidrf;csrf;aom?
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaom 'Drdkua&pD zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk
wpfckudkatmifjrifpGm wnfaxmif&mwGif EdkifiHom;wdkY\
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk a&S;½Ivsuf jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;
rsm;twGif; tMum;tvyfr&Sd zGHNzdK;rIrusef&pfzdkY&efrSm
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS OD;wnfoGm; aeaom EdkifiHa&;vrf;
aMumif;ay:wGif rlwnfaeouJhodkY ,if;udktaumif
txnfazmfaqmifrI? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya't& cGifhjyK
xm;rI? EdkifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIay:wGif rsm;pGm
wnfrSDaeayrnf/
þaqmif;yg;udka&;om;&mwGif tu,fíom
'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkqDodkY csDwufonfh
c&D;vrf;wpfavQmuf EdkifiHawmfrS BudK;yrf;rIwGif wpfzuf
wpfvrf;rS zuf'&,f pD;yGm;a&; tjrifwcsKdUESifh jzpfay:
oifhaom? jzpfay:vmEdkifaom tusKd;quf? rdrda'o
zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&may:vpDrsm; csrSwf&m
wGif taxmuftuljyKap&eftvdkYiSm ÓPfrSDoavmuf
wifjyKvdkuf&jcif;omjzpfygonf/
zuf'&,fpD;yGm;a&;tjrifjrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&eftwGuf ta&;yg
aom atmifqef;-tufwvD? yifvkHpmcsKyf? Ek-tufwvD
pmcsKyfrsm;jzifh EdkifiHpnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIudk tajccHvsuf
atmifyef;qifEdkifcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh
twl ,aeYtcsdefxd Nidrf;owf&ef BudK;pm;aeqJ jynfwGif;
ppfrD;udk tqkH;owf edXdwefaprnfh wpfckwnf;aom
enf;vrf;udk &SmazGMu&efvnf; tpdk;&tqufquf
ajcqefY&SmazGcJhMuonfudkvnf; awGU&Sd&ayrnf/
'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fEdkifiHa&;pepfwpfckudk xl
axmifvsuf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rS cGifhjyKxm;onfh
vrf;aMumif;rsm;rS csOf;uyfvsuf ,aeYvufawGUusaom
EdkifiHa&;c&D;jzihf qufvuf Nidrf;csrf;aom jynfaxmifpk
udk OD;wnfaeonfhtcsdefvnf;jzpfay&m vuf&Sd atmif
jrifaeaom 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fEdkifiHBuD;rsm;tm; pHxm;
um jrefrmjynfESifh awmfoifhrQwaom zuf'&,f pD;yGm;
a&;udk wnfaxmifEdkifrnfqdku rnfonfhEdkifiHESifhrQ
rwlaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwpfcktjzpf jzpfxGef;
ay:aygufvmrnfvnf;jzpfonf/
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudkMunfhvQif
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHhtpdk;&
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh tkyfcsKyfrIwGif rdrdwdkYyx0D0if
EdkifiHa&;ESifh yx0D0if pD;yGm;a&;udk tajcjyKvsuf jynfolU
tusKd;a&S;½I xlaxmifcJhMuNrJjzpfonfudk avhvm awGU&Sd
Edkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;udk
xlaxmif&mwGif EdkifiH\ yx0D0iftaetxm;? jynfol
vdktyfcsuf? urÇmhaps;uGufvdktif? rdrdEdkifiHrS aps;uGuf
vdktyfcsuftay: rnfonfhu@u yg0ifjznfhwif;ay;
rnf ponfh pepfwus a&;qGJxm;aom pDrHcsuf pDrHudef;
rsm;tvdkuf ESpfpOfvdktyfcsuf vdkvm;csufrsm;udk jznfh
qnf;vkyfaqmifoGm;Muonfudkvnf; awGU&Sd&ayrnf/
xdkodkYqdkvQif 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
tb,fhaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhokH;oifhoenf;
ar;cGef;tm; vG,fulpGm tajzay;rnfqdkygu ÓPfrD
oavmuf tajz&SmMunfh&vQif rdrdwdkYjynfe,f^wdkif;
a'oBuD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIonf rdrdwdkYudk,fydkif tkyfcsKyf
cGifhESifh rdrdwdkYa'opD;yGm;a&;udk rdrdwdkYzefwD;EdkifcGifh&SdrSom
'Drdkua&pDpHEIef;rsm; touf0ifvsuf EdkifiHwpf0ef; zGHUNzdK;
rI nDrQvmEdkifrnfvnf;jzpfonf/
zuf'&,fonf cGJxGufjcif;r[kwfbJ rwlnDrI
rsm;udk wlnDaomyef;wdkifwpfcktjzpf csDwufEdkif&ef
twGuf jynfaxmifpkwpf0ef; wpfajy;nDwdk;wufzGHUNzdK;ap
&ef wwfEdkifonfhbufrS wpfpdwfwpfydkif; yHhydk;axmufyHh
vsuf a&SUc&D;udkqufum EdkifiHwumtv,fwGif aemuf
usrusef&pfaprnfh enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf &Ijrifvsuf
26
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHtaetxm;t& 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,f
jynfaxmifpkc&D;onf awmfoifhrSefuefrnf[k ,lqMu
onfh EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siftrsm;pkrS vufcH
xm;Muonfudkvnf; qef;ppfodEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;
udk avhvmvQif OD;aqmifonfh tpdk;&\ jywfom;aom
rl0g'? oabmw&m;rsm;? jynfe,f^wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;
tay: tkyfcsKyfrI? vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmay;tyfrI? o,H
ZmwcGJa0okH;pGJrI? tusKd;tjrwfcGJa0rIrsm;ay:wGif
rlwnfaeonfudkvnf; awGU&rnf/ xdkYtwl taumif
txnfazmfolwdkY\ xufoefonfh owd0d&d,? jynfolU
tusKd;a&S;½IrI? EdkifiHtusKd;aqmif&GufrItay:wGif
rsm;pGmwnfaejyef onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;pepfonf
vufawGUb0wGif tusKd;&SdcsifrS&SdEdkifrnfjzpfNyD; OD;aqmif
onfh EdkifiHhtpdk;&rsm;\ tjrifoabmxm;ESifh jywfom;
onfh EdkifiHa&;^ pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'rsm;wGif rsm;pGm rlwnf
aeonfrSm urÇmay:&Sd vufawGUpD;yGm;a&;cdkifrmaeonfh
EdkifiHrsm;onf taumif;qkH;aom om"ursm;tjzpf
ñTefjyaeonf/ odkY&mwGif rdrdEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&? touf
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27
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
cdkifrmNyD; jzpfonfudk awGU&Sd&rnfjzpf onf/ xdkenf;wlpGm
AD,uferfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'vrf;aMumif;onf
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aqmufvkyfay;&jcif; ponfrsm;jzifh ulnDay;zl;cJhonf
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jcif;r[kwfbJ EdkifiHawmfwdk;wufrItwGuf tvsifjrefqkH;
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ajrykHtay:wGif vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf&rnfh
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OD;pGm wifjyvdkygonf/ rwifjyrD EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\
pD;yGm;a&; taqmuftODaumif;wnfaqmuf&mwGif
0efaqmifrI Service (S)? xkwfvkyfrI (pufrIvufrIvkyf
ief;) Industrial (I)? pdkufysKd;a&;tajccHvkyfief;rsm;
Agriculture (A) ponfjzifh SIA odkYr[kwf ASI [laom
pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;jzifh rdrda'o\ EdkifiHa&;yx0D0ifESifh
yx0D0if pD;yGm;a&;udk wGufqvsuf taumiftxnf
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taumif;qkH; pHjyEdkifiHtjzpf ,aeYwdkif wnfwHhvsuf
28
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
&Sdaeonf/ ,if;\ pD;yGm;a&;toGifoP²mefudk Munfh
vQif 0efaqmifrI (S) udk t"dutajcjyKvsuf xkwfvkyfrI
(I) aygif;pyfvsuf EdkifiHudk OD;aqmifrIaumif; atmuf
wGif zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf/
rwluGJjym;aomvlrsKd;rsm;ESif h rdrdwdk Ya'o
tvdkuf jzpfwnfrIESifh tkyfcsKyfrI tajccHvsuf jynf
axmifpktpdk;&\ vrf;jyrIatmufwGif tu,fí 'Drdk
ua&pDzuf'&,fc&D;udk trdjrefrmjynftaejzifh wnf
Nidrfaom EdkifiHa&;atmufwGifom c&D;ESifEdkifrnfqdkyg
vQif rnfrQ wdk;wufvmEdkifrnfenf;? rnfrQ c&D;wGifEdkif
rnfqdkonfudk pma&;oltaejzifh wifjy &efrvdkavmuf
atmif jynfhpkHpGm odxm;NyD;jzpfrnf[k ,kHMunfrdygonf/
tu,fí zuf'&,fc&D;atmufwGifom &efukef
wdkif;a'oBuD;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrItaumif
txnfazmfaqmifEdkifajcwGif SIA (0efaqmifrI? xkwfvkyf
rI? pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfrI) pepfonf wnf&SdqJ tajccH
taqmuftODESifh yx0D0iftaetxm;wdkYonf tm;om
csufwpfcktjzpf wnf&Sdaeonf/ odkY&mwGif {&m0wD
wdkif;a'oBuD;\ yx0D0if taetxm;udktajcjyKí
pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'csrSwfrnfqdku pdkufysKd;a&; tajccHaom
xkwfvkyfrI? pufrIvufrIvkyfief;tajccHaom xkwfvkyf
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wnf&Sdaom tajccHtaqmuftODESifh yx0D0iftae
txm;t& pufrIvufrI(xkwfvkyfrI) udktajcjyKí
c&D;ESifrnfqdkygu c&D;wGifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ qdkvdk
onfrSm (IAS) pepf jzifhc&D;ESifjcif;udkqdkvdkonf/ odkY&m
wGif &cdkifjynfe,f\ yx0D0iftaetxm;uay;aom
tajccHt& SAI jzifh c&D;ESifrnfqdkygu ydkrdkc&D;wGifEdkif
rnfvnf; jzpfonf/
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&,fpepfatmufwGif &SifoefEdkifcGifh&vmcsdefwGif quf
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wifjyvdkaomtcsufrSm zuf'&,f pD;yGma&;udk taumif
txnfazmfEdkifa&;onf edkifiH\tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
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aMumif;onf rnfonfh pepfatmufwGif &Sifoefonf
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txnfazmfrI xda&mufaprI&Sdonfudk ydkrdkjrifomEdkifap
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zuf'&,fc&D;rESifEdkifonfhumvrsm;wGifrl
jynfaxmifpkrS csrSwfaom pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'tay:wGifom
tajccH taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&jcif;jzpfonfh
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tvkyfrsm;pGmjzpf&ef aES;auG;rIrsm;ESifh cufcJrIrsm;&Sdae
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vlrsKd;rsm;? tajccHtaqmuftOD taetxm;wdkYjzifh
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tem*wfa&mifjcnfonf ,aeYEdkifiHawmfrS OD;wnfae
aom 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fpepfatmufwGifom tvsif
tjref pD;yGm;wufvsuf va&mifjzmEdkifrnf jzpfyg
aMumif;udk rrSdwfrokef ,kHMunfrdygawmhonf/
29
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a& 51.5 oef;\ 70 &mcdkifEIef;onf aus;vufwGif aexdkifum
xdkyrmP\ 3 ykH 2 ykHonf v,f,m? udkif;uRef;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKvsuf&Sdygonf/
EdkifiH\ t"dupD;yGm;a&;rSm pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh o,HZmw xkwf,lokH;pGJa&;wGifom rSDwnf&aomfvnf;
EdkifiH\ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u@wGif tvkyform;rsm;\ xkwfvkyfEdkifrI pGrf;tm;onf a'owGif;
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfygu tvGefedrfhusvsuf&Sdonf/
xdkYaMumifh EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIb0 zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf tav; xm;aqmif&Guf&ef
vdktyfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;u@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef ynm&Sifrsm;\ avhvmqef;ppfrI
rsm;t& a,bk,stm;jzifh pdkufysKd;a&;u@ yxr OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf&ef r[mAsL[m Agricul-
tural First strategy? zm;ckefykHpHr[m AsL[m Leap frogging ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;twGuf zufpyf
ykHpH r[mAsL[m Joint Development Strategy paom r[mAsL[mykHpH (3) rsKd;tm; aqG;aEG;Mu
ygonf/
yxr OD;pm;ay; r[mAsL[mrSm pdkufysKd;a&;u@tm; OD;pGmzGHUNzdK; wdk;wuf &ef aqmif&Gufí
pdkufysKd;a&;rS aiGt&if;tjrpftm; pufrIvkyfief;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef jzpfonf/ zm;ckefykHpH r[m
AsL[mrSm EdkifiHwGif;&Sd tvkyform;tiftm;udk&,lí txnfcsKyfvkyfief;uJhodkYaom ukefxkwf
vkyfrItm; t&Sdefjr§ifhwifum aiGaMu;t&if; tjrpfESifh todÓPf tajcjyK pufrIvkyfief;rsm;odkY
ul;ajymif;a&;jzpfNyD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;twGuf zufpyfykHpH r[mAsL[m paomykHpHrSm pdkufysKd;
a&;u@tm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf &ef wpfNydKifeufwnf; aqmif&Gufí wpfNydKifeufrSyif zm;ckefykHpH
r[mAsL[mjzpfaom tvkyform; tiftm;udk &,lNyD; ukefxkwfvkyfrItm; t&Sdefjr§ifhwifum r[m
AsL[m ESpf&yf\ aygif;pnf; tiftm;udk &,lí tjcm;zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufrIrsm;tm; tav;xm;
aqmif&Gufonfh AsL[mykHpHjzpfonf/ jrefrm EdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtajctaeay: rlwnfí-
pdkufysKd;a&;u@ yxr OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf&ef r[mAsKL[mtm; okH;oyf&mwGifrdrdwdkYEdkifiH\ pdkufysKd;a&;u@wGif ajr,m u@jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? pdkufysKd;oD;ESHa&G;cs,frI?
aps;uGuf0ifa&;ESifh aps;EIef; owfrSwfEdkifa&;? v,f,m xGufukef wefzdk;uGif;quf? pdkufysKd;a&;
qdkif&m tajccHtaqmufttkHESifh t"duoGif;tm;pkrsm;ESifh okawoeESifh zGHUNzdK;rIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh
0efaqmifrI wdk;csJUaqmif&Guf jcif;rsm;wGif pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&vsuf&Sdonf/ tqdkygpdefac:rI
rsm;tm; avhvm&mwGif-
30
ajr,mu@jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;íqif;&JrGJawrI? pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;tm;
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OD;a& wdk;yGm;rIeIef; jrifhrm;cJhrIwdkYaMumifh v,form;rsm;
taejzifh NrdKUjyrsm;odkY a&Tajymif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfMuaom
ajumifh tmrcHcsuf ay;Edkifonfh w&m;rQwrI&Sdaom
ajr,mOya'tm; xkwfjyefoifhygonf/
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A[dkjyKzGHUNzdK; wdk;wufapa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf taejzifh
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qdkifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; aqmif&Guf
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EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIydkif;qdkif&m tajctae
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csjcif;ESifh aps;EIef;owfrSwfjcif;paom rl0g'csrSwfjcif;
ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJhonf/ ,cifacwf
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v,f,mxkwfukefu@wGif tEkwfoabmaqmifonf
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v,f,mu@zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;? pm;eyf&du©mzlvkH
apa&;ESifh vlrIb0tqifajyapa&;twGuf acwfa[mif;
pepfa[mif;rsm;rS t,ltqrsm;tm; pGefYypf&rnf jzpf
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pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;pkrsm;tm; wefzdk;jrifhxkwf
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pHñTef;ESifh udkufnDonfh t&nftaoG;jrifhxkwfukef xkwf
vkyfa&;tm; tav;ay;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
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aMumifh v,f,mu@wGif atmifjrifrIrsm;r&&SdcJhay/
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vkyfom; tiftm;t&nftaoG;ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;
onf tvkyform;wpfOD;csif;pDt& 2009 ckESpfwGif
tar&duef 301 a':vmom&SdjyD; v,f,mu@onf
tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfygu tvGefedrfhusvsuf
&Sdonf/
xdkodkYjzpfay:&jcif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tokH;jyK
onfh "mwfajrMoZmonf tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;wGif t&nf
taoG;tedrfhusqkH;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif rd½dk;zvm vufrI
v,f,mom tav;xm;xGef,uf pdkufysKd;&vsuf&SdNyD;
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jcif;ESifh tjcm; pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m tajccH taqmufttkH
rsm;ESifh o,f,lydkYaqmifrIpepfrsm;rSm tm;enf;vsuf
31
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
&Sdonf/ urÇmhbPf\ ppfwrf;t& pyg;pdkufysKd;rItaejzifh
uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif wpf[ufwmrS &&Sdonfh tusKd;
tjrwfrSm tar&duefa':vm 340? AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif
430 &&Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:
a'orS &&Sdonfh tusKd;tjrwfrSm wpf[ufwmwGif
tar&duefa':vm 140 om&&Sdonf/
okawoeESifh zGHUNzdK;rIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI wdk;csJU aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í
v,f,mu@zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;onf urÇmh
EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif ta&;juD;aomtcef;u@ wpfck
taejzifh yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ a&S;,cifuyif &moDOwk
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rsm;tm; okawoejyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ xdkYjyif xkwfukef
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aps;uGuf0ifa&mufrIESifh pdkufysKd;xkwfukefvkyfief;
tavhtxrsm;tm; t"duxm; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
vuf&Sdumvü owif;tcsuftvuf enf;ynm jzefYa0
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Edkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh okawoe
ESifh zGHUNzdK;rI vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIwdk;csJUaqmif&Guf
jcif;rsm;tm; tav;xm;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
tjcm;tav;xm;aqmif&Guf&rnfh vlrIpD;yGm;
u@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m r[mAsL[m? pm&if;tif;
u@ wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&;ESifh tm;aumif; cdkifrmapa&;?
t&nftaoG; jynfh0onfh uRrf;usifvkyfom;rsm;
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qef;ppfrIrsm;tm; qufvuft&Sdefjr§ifhwif aqmif&Guf&ef
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rsm;? txl;ojzifh vQyfppf"mwftm; &&SdrIrnDrQjcif;?
vlrI0efaqmifrI t&nftaoG;enf;yg;rI? EdkifiHa&;tajc
tae rwnfNidrfrIrsm;rSm zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf t"du
pdefac:rIrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;tcuftcJrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;
Edkif&eftwGuf enf;vrf;rsm;tm; &SmazG&rnfjzpfygonf/
b@maiG&if;jrpftaejzifh uefhowfcsufrsm;&Sd
aom jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh pdefac:rIrsm;tm; wpfNydKif
wnf;ajz&Sif;&ef tcuftcJrsm;&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh v,f
,mu@ESifhpyfvsOf;aom tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm;tm;
OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ pDrHudef;rsm;tm;
tBuD;pm; taumiftxnfazmfí &if;jrpfrsm;wdk;yGm;&
&Sdap&efESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ifhwif&ef aqmif&Gufoifh
ygonf/ xdkYjyif v,f,mydkifqdkifrIESifhpyfvsOf;onfh
tm;aumif;cdkifrmaom rl0g'rsm;tm; csrSwf aqmif&Guf
oifhygonf/ odkYaomf tqdkyg pdkufysKd;a&; OD;pm;ay;
r[mAsL[monf Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;wGif 16 &mpk rS 19
&mpktxd usifhokH;cJhaom vrf;pOfjzpfaomaMumifh urÇmh
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh csdwfquf&ef rsm;pGmuGm[rnfjzpf&m
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ygu EdkifiHtaejzifh tusKd;aus;Zl;&&Sd&ef cufcJrnfjzpf
onf/
zm;ckef ykHpHr[mAsL[mtm; okH;oyf&mwGifzm;ckefykHpH r[mAsL[mrSm tvkyform; tif
tm;udk &,lí txnfcskyfvkyfief;uJhodkYaom ukefxkwf
vkyfrItm; t&Sdefjr§ifhwifum aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpfESifh
todÓPf tajcjyK pufrIvkyfief;rsm;odkY ul;ajymif;a&;
jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtaejzifh pufrI
xkwfukefrsm; wdk;jr§ifh xkwfvkyf&ef tajccHtaqmuf
ttkHESifh uRrf;usifrIt&nftaoG;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufNyD;
tajctaewGif &Sdae&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif EdkifiH\
pdkufysKd;a&;u@onf pOD;tajctaeüyif aumif;rGefpGm
zGHUNzdK;NyD; tajctaewGif&Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; pufrIvkyfief;
rsm;wGifvnf; tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;tm; azmf
aqmifay;Edkif&rnfjzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh
pdkufysKd;a&;u@tm; acwfrDwdk;wufa&;tm; taumif
32
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
txnfazmfaqmif&Guf&efESifh tvm;tvm&Sdaom pD;yGm;
a&;wnfaqmufykHajymif;vJrIudk usifhokH;Edkifa&;twGuf
BuD;rm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;udk ydkif
qdkifxm;aomfvnf; vkyfom;rsm;\ ukefxkwfvkyfief;
t&nftaoG;rSmedrfhusvsufyif&Sdao;um wefzdk;jrifh
vkyfief; uGif;quf aumif;rGefap&eftwGuf tajccH
taqmufttkHydkif;rsm;vnf; vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sdaeonf/
xdkYjyif tao;pm;ESifh tvwfpm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
zGHUNzdK;rIudk tm;ay;rnfh rl0g'rSm rzGHUNzdK;ay/ 0efaqmifrI
taejzifh ydkYaqmifa&;ESifh axmufyHhydkYaqmifa&;vkyfief;
rsm;? yk*¾vduu@rSm a'owGif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOf
ygu rsm;pGm uGm[vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiH\
pD;yGm;a&;tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif rdrdwdkYtaejzifh
zm;ckefykHpH r[mAsL[mrSm vwfwavmwGif oifhawmf
jcif;r&Sday/
zufpyfykHpH r[mAsL[mtm; okH;oyfcsufzufpyfykHpHr[mAsL[mykHpHrSm pdkufysKd;a&;u@
tm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&efaqmif&Gufí wpfNydKifeufrSyif
zm;ckefykHpHr[mAsL[mjzpfaom tvkyform; tiftm;udk
&,lí ukefxkwfvkyfrItm; t&Sdefjr§ifhwifum r[mAsL[m
ESpf&yf\ aygif;pnf;tiftm;udk &,lí tjcm;zGHUNzdK; wdk;
wufrIrsm;tm; tav;xm; aqmif&Gufonfh AsL[mjzpf
onf/ tqdkygr[mAsL[mtm; 1978 ckESpf aESmif;ydkif;
wGif w½kwf? *syefESifh awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh 1986
ckESpfwGif AD,uferfEdkifiHü usifhokH;cJhaom r[mAsL[m
ykHpHjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tqdkygenf;vrf;tm;
taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif todynmOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;
rsm; rzGHUNzdK;rDumvtwGif; Oyrmtm;jzifh txnfcsKyfvkyf
ief;taejzifh aumif;rGefpGm zGHUNzdK;jcif; r&Sdao;aomfvnf;
vQyfppftdrfokH;ypönf;wyfqif xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;i,f
rsm;tm; pwifvkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ vkyfom;rsm;
t&nftaoG;jynfh0ap&ef enf;ynmESif h oufarG;
ausmif;ynma&;pepftm; wpfNydKifwnf; taumif
txnfazmfaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ rSefuefaom uRrf;
usifrIrsm;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef
vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vwfw
avm tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wdk;wufvmrnfjzpf
NyD; vkyfief;cGiftwGif; vkyfom;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;rsm;
vnf; jr§ifhwifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh þenf;vrf;
onf rdrdwdkYEdkifiH\ vuf&SdtajctaeESifh udkufnDjcif;
&Sdonfudk avhvmokH;Muonf/
ed*kH;jrefrmEdkifiHonf vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
rIonf a'owGif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfygu rsm;pGm
aemufusaeonfrSm rSefuefrIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ rdrdwdkY
EdkifiHonf a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&;\ tcsuftcsm usaom
yx0D0iftaetxm;tm; ydkifqdkifxm;ygaomf vnf;
tajccHtaqmufttkHtm;enf;rI? vkyfom;rsm;\
t&nftaoG;rjynfhrDrI tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;
azmfaqmifEdkifjcif;tm;enf;rI? pufrI vkyfief;zGHUNzdK; wdk;
wufap&ef razmfaqmifEdkifjcif;rsm;aMumifh tcuftcJ
rsm;jzifh &ifqdkif&vsuf&Sdygonf/
xdkYaMumifh pD;yGm;a&; tm;aumif;cdkifrmvmap&ef
txufazmfjyyg r[mAsL[m enf;vrf;rsm; teufrS
rdrdwdkY\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;ESifh udkufnDonfh enf;vrf;
rsm;tm; a&G;cs,ftokH;csí taumiftxnfazmf aqmif
&Guf&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
rSDjirf;Ä 2016/2017 Knowledge Sharing Program with
Myanmar: Beyond Economic Liberalization: New
Policy Challenges for Myanmar
Ä tdktD;pD'D zGHUNzdK;rIvrf;aMumif;rsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH tay:
bufaygif;pkHrS &IjrifokH;oyfcsuf tpD&if cHpm? twGJ
(2) tao;pdwf pdppfavhvmrIESifh rl0g' tBuHjyK
csufrsm;/
Ä Myanmar Unlocking the Potential : Country
Diagnostics Study: Asian Development Bank
33
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
1/ Survey wpfck\ Foundation Stage jzpfaom Data Collection Stage
ESifhywfoufNyD; avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/ ,aeY rsufarSmufumvwGif Face to Face
Interview, Phone Interview, Mail Interview, Online Interview ponfjzifh Data
Collection Method rsm;pGm&Sdonfh teuf uRefawmfwdkY\ ywf0ef;usifwGif toHk;jyKrI
trsm;qHk; Data Collection Method rSm Face to Face Interview ESifh Phone Inter-
view wdkY jzpfMuonf/
2/ xdkYaMumifh tqdkyg Method (2)ck\ uGmjcm;csufrsm;udk qufvuf
avhvmMunfh&ef vdktyfygonf/
34
Face to Face interview \ tm;omcsufrsm;rSm -
(u) Enumerator rsm;taejzif h Respondent xHodk Y
vludk,fwdkif oGm;a&mufjcif;jzpf ojzifh Respon-
dent \ ,HkMunfrI&&Sd&ef (odkY) Respondent ESifh
wpfom;wnf; jzpf&ef wnfaqmufEdkifjcif;/
(Respondent ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif awGUqHkjcif;jzpf
ojzifh rdrdudk,fudk aumif;rGefpGmrdwfqufcGifh&&Sd
jcif;ESifh Project \ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkvnf;
aocsmpGm&Sif;jycGifh &&SdEdkifjcif;)
(c) Respondent \ ,HkMunfrI&&SdvmonfESifhtrQ
Respondent taejzifhvnf; ajzqdk&ef jiif;y,frI
(Refused) enf;jcif;ESifh ajzqdk onfh tajzrsm;onf
ydkrdkwdusrI &SdvmEdkifjcif;/
(*) Respondent \ ,HkMunfrI &&SdvmonfESifhtrQ
(odkY) Respondent ESifh wpfom;wnf; jzpfvmonf
ESifh trQ wzufwGifvnf; Respondent taejzifh
Interview tay: tcs de f yd kay;vmEd ki f jcif;/
(Interview udktcsdef MumMumar;cGifh &Edkifjcif;)
(C) Interview udk taxmuftyHh jzpfaponfh Show
Card rsm;? Material rsm; jyí ar;jref;Edkifjcif;/
Face to Face Interview \ tm;enf;csufrsm;rSm-
(u) Enumerator rsm;taejzifh Respondent xHodkY vl
udk,fwdkif oGm;a&mufjcif;jzpfí c&D;oGm;vmrI
Mumcsdefrsm;? oufqdkif&m&yfuGuf^ aus;&Gm tkyf
csKyfa&;rSL;wdkY\ cGifhjyKcsuf&&Sda&;twGuf apmifh
qdkif;&onfh tcsdefrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;
&jcif; (wcgw&H vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; tcuf
tcJrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&m a'o wm0ef&Sdolrsm;\
cGifhjyKcsuf apmifhqdkif;&jcif;rsm;aMumifh Project
umvonf owfrSwfxm;onfxuf ydkrdkMumEdkif
aMumif; awGU&onf/)
(c) Field Team rsm;\ c&D;p& dwfrsm;? aexd ki f
pm;aomufa&;p&dwfrsm; tygt0if tjcm;aom
p&dwfrsm; ukefusEdkifonfjzpfojzifh Project \
ukefusp&dwf jrifhrm;jcif;/
(*) Field Manager rsm;taejzifhvnf; ae&mtESHYtjym;
wGif&Sdaom rdrdwkdY\ Field Team rsm;udk pDrHaqmif
&Guf&mwGif tcuftcJrsm; BuHKawGUEdkifjcif; (tvGef
a0;vHonfh a'orsm;^ zkef;vdkif;rrdonfh a'orsm;
wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeonfh Field Team rsm;udk
Field Manager rS 4if;wdkY\ NyD;pD;rI? vkyfief;aqmif
&GufrI tajctaeESifh awGUBuHKaeonfh tcuftcJ
rsm;udktcsdefESifh wpfajy;nDod&SdEdkif&ef cufcJjcif;/)
Phone Interview \ tm;omcsuf -
(u) Enumerator rsm;taejzifh uGif;qif;aqmif&Guf
jcif;r[kwfbJ ½Hk;rSom Phone jzifh qufoG,fí
Interview aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfojzifh Project \
ukefusp&dwf vGefpGm oufomjcif;/
(c) uGif;qif;aqmif&Gufjcif;r[kwfojzifh obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,f twm;tqD;rsm;? vrf;yef;quf
oG,fa&;tcuftcJrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&m wm0ef&Sd
olrsm;\ cGifhjyKcsuf apmifhqdkif;&jcif;rsm;udk xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;&ef rvdktyfjcif;/
(*) uGif;qif;aqmif&Gufjcif;r[kwfojzifh xdkufoifh
onfh 0efxrf;ta&twGufjzifhom aqmif&GufEdkif
jcif;jzpfouJhodkY Field Manager taejzifhvnf;
35
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rdrd0efxrf;rsm;tm; pDrHaqmif&Guf&mwGif ydkrdk
tqifajyEdkifjcif;/
(C) tpm;xdk;aqmif&GufrIrsm; (Substituted)? jyefvnf
qufoG,faqmif&GufrIrsm; (Call Back) rsm;twGuf
vGefpGmtqifajyapEdkifonf/ (Respondent tpm;
xdk;jcif;bJjzpfjzpf? &yfuGuf^aus;&Gm tpm;xdk;
jcif;bJ jzpfjzpf? Call Back csdef;vdkYbJ jzpfjzpf vl
udk,fwdkif oGm;a&muf&jcif;r[kwfbJ zkef;eHygwf
ajymif;vJac:qdkjcif;jzifhom aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;
aMumifhjzpfonf/)
Phone Interview \ tm;enf;csuf -
(u) Enumerator rsm;taejzifh Respondent tm; Phone
jzifhom rdwfquf&jcif;jzpfojzifh Respondent \
,HkMunfrI&&Sd&ef (odkY) Respondent ESifh wpfom;
wnf; jzpfap&ef wnfaqmufEdkifrI tm;enf;jcif;/
(c) Interview twGuf Phone ac:qdkonfh tcsdefwGif
rdrdtaejzifh Respondent tm;^rtm; rod&SdEdkif
jcif;/ (ukd,f Phone ac:wJhtcsdefrSm Respondent
taejzifh tvkyf&Iyfaeonfh tcsdef^ tpnf;ta0;
wufa&mufaeonfhtcsdef^ vifr,m; &efjzpfae
onfhtcsdef [kwf^r[kwf rod&SdEdkifyg/)
(*) Interview udk Phone jzifhomar;jref;&jcif;jzpfojzifh
rdepf (20)xuf ydkar;&ef roifhavsmfjcif;/ (Phone
jzifh ar;jref;jcif;jzpfojzifh tcsdefumv Mumvm
onfESifhtrQ Respondent taejzifhvnf; em;yl
vmEdkifjcif;^pdwf½IyfaxG;vmEdkifjcif;rsm; jzpfay:
wwfonf/)
(C) Interview udk taxmuftyHh jzpfaponfh Show
Card rsm;? Material rsm; jyí ar;jref;&ef cufcJjcif;/
(taMumif;t&mtrsm;pkzwfjy&onfh ar;cGef;rsm;
wGif Respondent taejzifh ar;cGef;\ qdkvdk&if;
udkrSwfrd&ef^ od&Sd&ef cufcJEdkifjcif;)
(i) Phone ydkifqkdifonfh rdom;pk (Respondent) udkom
ar;jref;Edkifjcif;/
3/ txufyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk Munfhjcif;
tm;jzifh Method wdkif;wGif tm;om;csufrsm; &SdouJhodkY
tm;enf;csufrsm;vnf;&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
rdrdwdkY\ Project &nf&G,fcsuf? oHk;pGJEdkifonfh Budget
yrmP ESifh Project \ Time Line wdkYudk csdefxdk;NyD; oifh
avsmfonfh Data Collection Method udk a&G;cs,fMujcif;
jzpfonf/
4/ odk Yaomf wpfzufwGifvnf; Sampling
Method rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfNyD; Phone
Interview onf Phone y d ki fq d ki fonf h r dom;p k
(Respondent)udkom qufoG,fcGif h &&Sdrnfjzpf&m
tqdkyg Respondent taejzifhvnf;rdrdqufoG,fonfh
tcsdefwGif Phone jyefvnf ajzMum;&efvdktyfrnfjzpf
ouJhodkY Interview wGif yg0ifajzqdk&ef qE´&Sdoljzpf&ef
vnf; vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
5/ xkdYaMumifh Phone Interview onf Phone
ydkifqdkifonfh rdom;pk (Respondent) rsm;udkoma&G;cs,f
ar;jref;onfh oabmjzpfaeojzifh Probability Sampling
Method (jzpfwefpGrf;tay: rlwnfNyD;erlema&G;cs,fonfh
enf;vrf;) r[kwfbJ Non-Probability Sampling
Method jzpf jcif;aMumif h tqd kygenf;vrf;jzif h
aumuf,lxm; onfh erlem (Sample) onf Represen-
tative Sample (Population ud kud k, fpm; jy Konf h
Sample) r[kwfEdkif ouJhodkY Population (OD;a&) \
0daoo vu©Pmrsm;? taMumif;t&mrsm;twGuf
aumufcsufcs&ef tcsuftvuf cdkifvHkrItm;enf;rnf
jzpfygaMumif; wifjytyfygonf/
36
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ed'gef;rsufarSmufacwfjrefrmEdkifiHonf zuf'&,fEdkifiHa&;c&D; pwifcsDwufcsdef
wGif zuf'&,fpD;yGm;a&;udktaxmuftuljzpfap&ef &nfoefí jrefrmEdkifiH
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'tygt0if ukrÜPDrsm;Oya'wdkYudkyg jyifqifvsuf topf
jy|mef;um pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm ay:xGef;vmEdkifap&ef zefwD;wnfaqmufae
onfhumv[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/
wpfEdkifiHvkH;typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk OD;wnfvsuf EdkifiHawmf wnfNidrf
at;csrf;pGmjzifh wpfwdkif;jynfvkH;wpfajy;nD zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;twGuf pepf
ajymif;vJrI? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;? Oya'rsm;ajymif;vJrItygt0if EdkifiHa&;jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm; taumiftxnfazmfvsuf&SdaeqJ[k qdkEdkifonf/
xdkodkY zuf'&,fpD;yGm;a&;udk tkwfjrpfcsay;Edkifa&;? cdkifrmawmifhwif;aom
pD;yGm;a&;tvmtvmrsm; jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvma&;twGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;
rsm;tm; EdkifiHtwGif; tvsiftjreftajcus vkyfudkifcGifh&&SdEdkifrSom wpfzufwpfvrf;
rSxda&mufpGm taxmuftulay;edkifrnfvnf;jzpfonf/
,if;odkY &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; zdwfac:&mwGif urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;ü &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
olrsm;tm; tqifoif h taumiftxnf azmfxm;onfh ukefoG,fa&;Zkef?
pD;yGm;a&;Zkef? txl;pD;yGm;a&;Zkef? pufrIZkefrsm; ponfwdkYjzifh ESpf&SnfajriSm;&rf;cGifh?
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? vQyfppfrD;? aexdkifa&; ponf wdkYudk tqifoifhvG,fvifhwul
tokH;jyKEdkif&efESifh oD;jcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;pGmudk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; qGJaqmif
urf;vSrf;vsuf tNydKiftqdkifzdwfac:vsuf vnf; &SdaejyDjzpfonf/
37
owfrSwfxm;aom zGHUNzdK;a&;Zkefrsm;tvdkuf
vdkufavsmnDaxGaom owfrSwf ajraps;rsm;tygt0if
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;\ pdwfBudKufzefwD;ay;xm;MuNyD;
oifhwifhrQwonfh ajraps;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmftygt0if
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jr§ifhwifa&;at*sifpDrsm; rS tNrJtqifoifh
jyifqifí bmompum;rsKd;pkH wwfuRrf;olrsm;tm;
taotcsm avhusifhvsuf ,if;wdkYEdkifiHtwGif; tajcus
vma&muf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rvGJraoGjyKEdkifatmif qGJaqmif
vsuf&SdaeayNyD/
xdkodkYqdkvQif jrefrmEdkifiH\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;
jr§ifhwifa&;at;*sifpDwpfckuJhodkY rSwf,l&rnfh jrefrm
EdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;^ jynf
e,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfrwDrsm;taejzifh jynfwGif;ESifh
EdkifiHwum &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf odkYr[kwf xkxnf
BuD;rm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; qGJaqmifEdkif&ef
tqifoifh jzpfaeygNyDavm qifjcifokH;oyfMuNyD;
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfaqmifí tqif
oifhjzpfatmif jyifqifEdkifap&ef þaqmif;yg;jzifh
wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfrwDrsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifh
wdkif;a'oBuD; jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwD
rsm;udk zGJUpnf;cJhNyD; trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 25^2017
jzifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonfh
tavsmuf aumfrwDrsm;rSvnf; aumfrwD0ifrsm;tm;
em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef vkyfxkH;vkyfenf; &Sif;vif;
jcif;rsm;? wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,fOD;pD;rsm; em;vnf
oabmaygufrI ydkrdkxda&mufap&ef avhusifhay;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfcJhonfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/
trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 25^2017 t& wdkif;
a'oBuD;^jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwDrsm;taejzifh
owfrSwf &if;ESD;jr§yfESHrIyrmP atmufESifh jrefrmEdkifiH
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'yk'fr 36 ESifh NidpGef;rIr&Sdaom &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m twnfjyKavQmufxm;vTmrsm;udk vufcH
qkH;jzwfcGifhtygt0if &if;ESD;jr§yfESHrI ESpf&SnfjyKvkyfrnfh
ajrqdkif&mtokH;jyKcGifhudk cGifhjyKay;Edkif&ef cGifhjyKxm;aomf
vnf; tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhESifh oufomcGifhrsm;udkrl
vufcHcGifhom&SdNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif
odkY qufvuf wifjycGifhjyKrIrsm; &,lMu&rnfjzpfonf/
xdkYtwl aumfrwDrsm;taejzifh wifjyvmonfh twnf
jyKavQmufxm;vTmrsmtm; vufcHpdppfNyD;aemuf aumfrwD
tpnf;ta0;rwifjyrD jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumf
r&SifodkY wpfywfBudKwifí wifjyvrf;ñTefrIcH,l&ef
ñTefMum;pmrsm;udkvnf; xkwfjyefxm;onfudk awGU&ay
rnf/
xdkYodkYaom xkwfjyefrIrsm;udk qef;ppfMunfh
vQifrl jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'yg jy|mef;csuf
tcsKdUtm; tm;uljznfhqnf;ay;onfudk awGU&Sd&rnfjzpf
onf/ odkY&mwGif wdkif;a'oBuD;^ jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
aumfrwDrsm;taejzifh tvkyfjzpf&efrSm ajrqdkif&m
ay:vpDrsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifompGmjzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;
tm; csjy&efvnf; vdktyfvmaeonfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/
tjyKoaomaqmifaqG;aEG;&rnfqdkvQif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
jyKvkyfrnfhajrtaejzifh ESpf&SnfiSm;&rf;cGifh&rS odkYr[kwf
a&&Snf tokH;jyKcGifhay;rSom wGufacsudkufaom? t&if;
aMuaom tusKd;rsm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjzpfvmEdkifay
onf/
,kHMunfrIjzifh c&D;ESif&rnfh&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,f
tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;Mum; ajrqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;udk tjyK
oabmaqmif aqG;aEG;MurSom rdrdwdkif;a'oBuD;^
jynfe,frsm;wGif tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;
ay;EdkifrnfjzpfNyD; acwfrDenf;ynm&yfrsm;vnf;cHpm;
&&SdEdkifrnfvnf;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif ajrqdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;aqG;aEG;rIjyK
vkyfwdkif; ajriSm;&rf;cGifh oufwrf;tm; 3 ESpfom ay;
jcif;rsKd;rsm; rMumcP awGUBuHK&jcif;rsm;tygt0if
ESpf&Snf ajriSm;&rf;okH;pGJcGifhudk ,ciftpdk;& cGifhjyKcJhonfh
38
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ajrrsm;wGi f qufvuftaumif txnfazmf&e f
usL;ausmfrsm;? rlv ajrydkif&Sifrsm;ponfh tcuftcJ
rsm;pGmwdkYonf wdkif;a'oBuD;^ jynfe,frsm;wGif ESpf
&Snf&if;ES D;jr§KyfES Hrnfholrsm;twGuf ,kHMunfrIudk
usqif;aponfudk owdrl &ayrnf/
xdkenf;wlpGm &if;ESD;jr§KyfES Holrsm;bufESif h
EdkifiHhtusKd;pD;yGm; ponfh ESpfbufjrif pD;yGm;a&;tjrif&SdrS
om rdrdwdkYa'ozGHUNzdK;rItwGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;pGm
jzpfwnfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
okH;ESpf ajriSm;&rf;cGifhoabmwlxm;onfh
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;udk OyrmMunfhrnfqdkvQif yxr
ESpfESpfonf wnfaqmufa&;umv? wwd,ESpfonf
prf;oyfumvjzpfNyD; pD;yGm;jzpf pwifcsdefa&mufrS vuf&Sd
wnfaqmufxm;onfhajriSm;&rf;cGifh xyfrHr&&Sdawmhyg
u rnfodkYqufvkyfrnfenf;/ ESpfbufjrif0g'onf
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfaqmifolESifh tmPmvuf&SdolwdkYMum;wGif
vGefpGmta&;BuD;NyD; wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
tjzpfodYk zefwD;&ma&mufayrnf/
qdkvdkonfrSm &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh
vnf; ajrOD;vdkonfhpdwfqE´ryg0ifbJ rdrd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
udk &Sifoefatmifjrifzdk YtwGufom OD;pm;ay;oifhNyD;
BuHKawGUvmEdkifonfh tcuftcJrsm;tm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
rjyKvkyfrDuyif ueOD;wGufqcJhrnfjzpfonfhtavsmuf
rdrdwdkY ajcqefYEdkifoavmuf ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifhom wdkif;
a'oBuD;^jynfe,frsm;odkY csOf;uyfvkyfaqmifjcif;uom
ESpfzuf tusKd;rsm;rnfvnf;jzpfonf/ wdkif;a'oBuD;^
jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolvdkolrsm; taejzifh
ESpf&SnfajriSm;&rf;cGifhqdkif&mrsm;tay: oHo,pdwf
rxm;MubJ tay;t,lnDrQí a&SUwdk;vkyfaqmifEdkifrI
tay: tjyKoabmaqmif ,kHMunfrIwnfaqmufvsuf
wufvSrf;Mu&efvnf; vdktyfayonf/
,aehacwfpD;yGm;a&;tay: pdefac:rItcsKdUpD;yGm;a&;tjrifus,frIt& Eke,fonf[kqdkMu
&rnfh ,cifu rsSwaomt usKd;pD;yGm; cGJa0&,ljcif;ESifh
cG Ja0wm0ef,lrI Eke,fao;onf humvjzpfonf h
tavsmuf ,aeYtcsdefcgwGif urÇmEdkifiHBuD;rsm;rS
a':vmbDvD,Hcs Dí w&m;0ifvrf;aMumif; jzih f
0ifa&mufrIrsm; &SdvmouJhodkY wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,f
tm;vkH;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjyKvkyfrnfhtoGifjyvsuf
jzef Yusuf ajrOD;rI&,lEd kif&ef BudK;yrf;rIrsm;vnf;
awGUBuHKae&NyDjzpfonf/
ajrqdkif&m aygufaps;upm;jcif;rsm;tygt0if
aps;uGufcsKyfudkifrI OD;wnfvsuf Eke,fonfh pD;yGm;a&;
tjrifrsm; tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk ckwkH;vkyfaqmifvsuf
EdkifiHwumywfí vdrfvnfrIrsm; tar&duefa':vm
bDvD,HjzifhcsDvsuf a'ozGHUNzdK;a&;udk taMumif;jyí
vma&muf aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;vnf; acwfpm;vsuf&Sdaejyef
onf/ pdwfapwemtjynfhjzifh vkyfaqmifay;onfh
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;tm; vufurf;BudK&rnfjzpfaomf
vnf; rnfonfhpD;yGm;a&;orm;rS tusKd;tjrwfr&SdbJ
vkyfaqmifvdrfhrnfr[kwfqdkonfudkvnf; owdrlMu
&rnfvnf; jzpfonf/
taemuftiftm;BuD;rsm;rS EdkifiHa&;t& tcsKyf
tcsmtmPmrsm;jzihf zdtm;ay; vkyfaqmifrIrsm;&Sdaecsdef
wGif &yfwefYroGm;ap&efvdktyfNyD; jrefrmh&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
tajctaeudk xdef;n§d&rnfhtcsdefwGif wdkif;a'oBuD;^
jynfe,f&if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIaumfrwDrsm;taejzifh aygif;pyf
n§dEdIif;ay;Mu&mwGif ajrqdkif&mtcuftcJrsm;onf
t"dupdefac:rIwpf&yftjzpf rodrom ul;ajymif;vmae
NyDjzpfonf/
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnfholrsm;twGuf us,fjyefYaom
ajr&Sdvm;ar;rnfvnf;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;ajrwdkY
onf tenf;qkH; tpdk;&ydkif odkYr[kwf tjcm;enf; okH;pGJ
cGifhwpfckck odkYr[kwf *&rfayguf wpfckck ponf &Sdae
oifhonfrSefaomfvnf; pufrIZkefajrjzpfvifhupm;
pufrI*&rftrnfaygufZkefrSm &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;
tygt0if wdkif;a'oBuD; 3 ckavmufwGifom pufrI
vkyfief;okH;ajrtjzpf jyoiSm;&rf;Edkifonfhtaetxm;
jzpfaejyefonf/
39
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
a&? rD;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ponfh t*Fg&yf
rsm; rjynfhpkHvifhupm; EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jynfwGif; &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfrnfh ajrae&m
udkrl tqifoifh azmfaqmifoifhonfh tajctaevnf;
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif vuf&Sd tcsdefxd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'?
ukrÜPDOya'rsm;om ajymif;vJcJhaomfvnf; tjcm;
wnfaqmufrItydkif;ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfrnfholrsm;
twGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;? tqifajyrnfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
rnfh ajrae&mzefwD;ay;EdkifrIwdk YwGif tm;enf;csuf
BuD;rm;vsufvnf; &Sdaejyefonf/
pdefac:rIrsm;pGmtm; aqG;aEG;rnfqdkygu
ukefEdkifrnf rxifaomfvnf; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI trSef
wu,f pD;0ifvmapcsifygvQif EdkifiHawmfrSvnf; jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm;pGmudk ueOD;vkyfaqmifoifhaom t&m
rsm;pGmteuf ajrqdkif&mtusyftwnf;onf &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrsm; vma&mufjr§KyfESHjcif;udk rsm;pGm wGefYqkwfae
aponfudk txl;owdxm;oifhayonf/
aqG;aEG;wifjycsuftrSefwu,f&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; wdkif;a'oBuD;^
jynfe,ftESHY pD;0ifapcsifygu yxrqkH;vkyfaqmif&
rnfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;teuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf
vkHavmufaom us,fjyefYonfh ajrae&mtm; ESpf&Snf
iSm;&rf;ay;Edkifrnfh jynfolUtusKd;pD;yGm; rxdcdkufaprnfh
tusKd;rsm;aprnfh ajrae&mrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIOya'ESifhtnD udkufnDatmif pdppfa&G;cs,fxm;
oifhNyD; owÅd&Sd&Sd cGifhjyKay;&efESifh ,kHMunfrI wnfaqmuf
vsuf avhvmrI? tm;xkwfrIrsm;? okawoe tajccHvkyf
aqmifrIrsm;tm; tm½kHpdkufvkyfaqmifoifhvSygonf/
BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIzdwfac:
yGJrsm;tjyif vuf&Sd EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif; &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf rdrdwdkYa'otwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
rnfholrsm;twGuf wm;qD;aeaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
csÚf;uyftajz&Smvsuf a&SUwdk;vkyfaqmifoifhvSayonf/
aemufqkH;&v'faumif; xGufaprnfh xda&mufaom
pDrHudef;rsm;udk taotcsmtaumiftxnfazmfoifh
vSayonf/
þaqG;aEG;wifjycsufrsm;onf EdkifiHhtusKd;
pD;yGm;udkom OD;wnfaqG;aEG;jcif;vnf; jzpfonfudk
taocsmrSwf,lapcsifygonf/ us,fjyefYxda&mufaom
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk EdkifiHtESHY pD;0ifapvsuf tvkyf
tudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;Edkif&efrSm tajrmftjrif
ESifh txufatmufrnmwrf; ,kHMunfrIwnfaqmufEdkif
jcif;uom t"duudpöjzpfonfudk owdrloifhayonf/
ed*kH;jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmftaejzifh
zuf'&,fEdkifiHa&;wGif r&Sdrjzpf zuf'&,fpD;yGm;a&;
wnfaqmufEdkifrSom wdkif;&if;om;wdk Y\ ,kHMunf
udk;pm;rIrsm; rvGJraoG&&SdrnfjzpfouJhodkY wdkif;a'o
BuD;^ jynfe,f&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfrwDrsm; taejzifh
vnf; tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tMum;
xda&mufaom aygif;pyfn§dEdIif;rIrsm; ,cifxufydkrdk
vkyfaqmif&efvnf; rsm;pGm ta&;BuD;aeonfh umv
vnf;jzpfonf/
t&yftac:t& wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,f
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwDrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI yrmP
wufvmjcif;r&SdouJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
aumfr&SifwGifvnf; enf;yg;aeygvQif okawoejyK
vsuf jyefvnfjznfhqnf;vkyfaqmifoifhonfrsm;udk
vkyfaqmifrSom EdkifiHawmf\ a&SUquf&rnfhc&D;onf
ajzmifhjzL;om,m&SdrnfjzpfNyD; EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tusKd;
pD;yGm;onfvnf; OD;armhvmrnfvnf; jzpfayonf/
usrf;udk;pm&if;(1) jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§yfESHrIOya'? 2016
(2) jrefrmEd kifiH&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIenf;Oya'rsm;ESif h trdef Y
aMumfjimpmrsm;? 2017
40
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
azmifBuD;qif;azmifBuD;qif;vmawmh? qHyifu a&SUig;rl;? aemufwrwfqkdawmh? ckrS vGwfvmwJh
yHkpHaygh? 0efBuD;rsm;½Hk; Ak'¨bmomtoif;u &[ef;cHyGJ&Sdawmh rJ0ifEdIuf vdkufwm aygufa&m?
qHyifwkdawmh tqifajyvkYd? 8 rkdif ÓPpm*DrSm0wf&w,f? tvSLtwef;uvnf;aygawmh?
tqifajypGmpm;ae&w,f? w&m;xkdif&wmawmh BudwfrdSwfvkyfaygh? (7) &uf0wfNyD;
rdb&yfxHjyefcsifawmh ½Hk;rSmcGihfwifw,f/ tJ'D rSm jyóemawGUawmhwmygyJ? a&SmifwcifcGihf
(3)&ufwifw,f? a';'&Jjyef&ef taMumif;jyw,f? pDrHvufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rSL; u
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vufaxmuf ñTefMum;a&;rSL;u cHpm;cGihfqkdwmBudKwif&w,f? ½Hk;csKyfrSxGufcGmcGihfawmif;&
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41
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42
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43
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
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vsuf&Sdonf/ vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESihf jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;XmerS
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u "Gender Equality" taMumif; ½kHtrSwf(32)&Sd pDrHudef;ESifhb@m
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[lívnf;aumif; owfrSwfazmfjyaMumif; tac:ta0:ESih fwuG t"dyÜm,f
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aejcif;jzpfonf/
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44
cGJjcm;rI yaysmufa&;qdkif&m ukvor*¾ oabmwlpmcsKyf
(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women- CEDAW)udk jrefrm
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trsdk;orD;rsm; zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufa&;qdkif&m trsKd;om;tqihf
r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;(2013-2022) National Strategic
Plan for the Advancement of Women( NSPAW)
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45
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uav;i,frSm ÓPfaumif;onf qdkonfrd k Yvm;/
xdkuav;tkyfpkeSihf BuHKorQvlwdkif; rsufESmay:wGif
tNyHK;&dyfawG tvdktavsmuf xif[yfvmatmifyif
cspfp&maumif;juonf/
xdk Ytwl ygarmu©rsm;aexdkif&m tdrf&m\
taemufzufwGif awmifukef;uav;&Sd&m obm0awm
awmifa&ajruJhodk Y zefwD;xm;aom ae&modk Yvnf;
awmifwuf tawGUtBuHK ,l&if;uav;rsm; tkyfpkvdkuf
waysmfwyg; avhvma&;xGufavh&Sdjuonf/ awmvrf;
wpfavQmuf &moDtvdkuf yGihfaeMuaom awmyef;
uav;rsm;udk uav;rsm;twGuf obm0 oifaxmuful
ypönf;tjzpf tokH;csum obm0a&ajrawmawmifESihf
uav;rsm;udk &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifaponfrSm twk,lp&m
aumif;vSayonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifudk i,fpOf
uwnf;u cspfjrwfEdk;apjcif;jzihf BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg
obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;olrsm; tvdktavsmuf
jzpfvmaprnhf enf;vrf;yifjzpfonf/ EdkifiHeSihf vlrsKd;
cspfpdwfudkyg wpfygwnf; ysKd;axmifEdkifayonf/
xdkYjyif 0efxrf;rsm;rS oD;yifpm;yifav;rsm;udk
tvS pdkufysKd;xm;onhf pdkufcif;av;rsm;&Sd&m þpdkufcif;
av;onf rlBudKausmif;rS uav;rsm;twGuf erlem
pdkufcif;yif jzpfayawmhonf/ tyifav;rsm;jum;wGif
waysmfwyg; a&avmif;aygif;oif aejuonfudk awGU
jrif&onfrSm tvGefpdwfMunfel;zG,f aumif;vSonf/
olwdkYtwGuf w&m;0if ajrBuD;udkifcGihf &THUudkifaqmhcGihf&
onhftcsdefyif/ uav;wdkY\ wGwfwD;wGwfwm ar;cGef;
rsm;udk ajzMum;&if; vdk&moif½dk;ñTef;wrf;yef;wdkifudk
ta&mufESifaejuonhf q&mr i,fav;rsm;udk awGUjrif
&onfrSm tm;&zG,f pdwfauseyfzG,f jrifuGif;jzpfayawmh
onf/
xdkYjyif wuúodkvfausmif;0if;&Sd abmvkH;tm;
upm;uGif;rSmvnf; olwdkYtwGuf tm;upm;enf;rsKd;pkH
,SOfNydKif&mupm;uGif;BuD;yif/ toHukefatmf[pfum
qifETJMuonfrSm aysmfp&mtwd/ ausmif;wGif; wuúodkvf
pmjunhfwdkuf&Sd wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf pmzwfenf;rsm;jzihf
zwf½Iavhvmvsuf&Sdaom ausmif;om;^olrsm;eSihfvnf;
&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifapjyefonf/ ausmif;0ef;udk taESmihf
t,SufrjzpfapbJ tkyfpkvdkuf wdwfwqdwf csDwuf
aeylpmvIH&if; vrf;ywfavQmufaeMuonfrSm vGefpGm
cspfp&m aumif;vSonf/ txl;ojzihf KDI School wGif
wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rdbrsm;\ rsufpd
atmuf&Sd udk&D;,m;EdkifiH &ifaoG;rsm;\ ynma&;tprSm
b0ifus ESpfNcdKufzG,fyif/
olwdkYav;rsm;udk ai;arm&if; uRefr ESpfNcdKuf
pGJrufpGm zwfzl;onhf q&mjrihfoef;a&;onhf ]awmhwdk;csef}
[lonhf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rwdkifrDu rD;&xm;wGJ
a[mif;BuD;wGif zGihfvSpfxm;onhf *syefrlvwef; ynm
a&;pepfudk bmomjyefxm;onhf pmtkyfudk vnf;aumif;?
q&matmifoif;\ ]uHhulvufvSJY}udkvnf;aumif;?
q&mcspfOD;ndK\ ]a':{MuifESihftuf*sLau;&Sif;} 0w¬K
wdkYudkvnf;aumif; Munfel;pGm trSwf&aerdonf/
xdkYaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd Xmeqdkif&m½kH;rsm;wGif
&ifcGifydkuft&G,frSpwifNyD; EdkifiHwumtqihfrD t&nf
taoG;jynhf0aom aeYuav;xdef;Xmersm; zGihfoihf
aMumif;/ odkYrSom rdcifrsm;taejzihf t[m&jynhf0aom
rdcifEdkYcsKdwdkufauR;&if; oufarG;0rf;aMumif; vkyfief;
wm0efrsm;udk pdwfajzmifhajzmihfjzihf wm0efausyGefpGm
xrf;aqmifEdkifrnfjzpf&m EdkifiHhtem*wf uav;oli,f
ESihf 0efxrf;rdbrsm;tm; yHhydk;ulnDoihfonfh rl0g'rsm;
udk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmifoihfyg
aMumif; ed*kH;csKyftaejzihf tBuHjyKwdkufwGef; a&;om;tyf
ygonf/
46
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rdom;pkwpfck\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerItqihftwef;udk odvdkygu xdkrdom;pk
aexdkif&m tdrf\ {nhfcef;udkMunhf½kHjzihf od&SdEdkifygonf/ tvm;wlpGmyif edkifiHwpf
EdkifiH\ vlrI pD;yGm;a&;tajctae wdk;wufrIudk odvdkygu ¤if;EdkifiH\ jy,k'f tajccH
taqmufttkHrsm;udk avhvmjunhfu od&SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm tdrfwpftdrf\
{nhfcef;ESihfwlaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ avqdyfudk pwifa&muf&SdonfESihf tuJcwf
avhvmEdkifygonf/
tajccHtaqmufttkHqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/ jynfolUtajccHtaqmuf
ttkHqdkonfrSm EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;
tvG,fwul vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaom taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm;udk
qdkvdkygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHudk ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;
xm;Edkifygonf/ “Hard Infrastructure” ESihf “Soft Infrastructure” [lí jzpfyg
onf/ Hard Infrastructure qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;qdkif&m taxmuftyHhrsm;
jzpfapEdkifaom taqmuftOD; (odkY) ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm;udk
qdkvdkygonf/ (Oyrm vrf;? wHwm;? avqdyf? oabFmqdyf? tusOf;axmif)/ Soft
47
Infrastructure qdkonfrSm vlrI pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tajccH
taqmufttkHrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;jcif;wdkY
jzpfygonf/ (Oyrm vrf;? oefY&Sif;a&;? ynma&;
odkYr[kwf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf oifwef;rsm;
ay;jcif;ESihf tjcm;aom vlrIa&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;/)
jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; zGHUNzdK; wdk;
wuf&efrSm rnfolü wm0eftrsm;qkH; &Sdonf[k xifyg
oenf;/ jynfolUtusKd;udk a&S;½Iaom? EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
a&;udk tav;xm;aom tpdk;&üom wm0ef&Sdonf
r[kwfygavm/ rSefygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; xdktajzonf
(100) &mcdkifEIef; vkH;0{uefrSefonf [krqdkvdkEdkifay/
tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf EdkifiHwGif;ü tpdk;&omru pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihf jynfolvlxkvnf; aexdkifaeMu
jcif;aMumihf EdkifiH\ tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;
wuf&efrSm aexdkifoltm;vkH;ü wm0ef&Sdí twlwuG
yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufMu&efrSm tvGefta&;BuD;
ygonf/
tpdk;&taejzihf pnf;rsOf;? Oya'rsm;a&;qGJjcif;?
pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfjcif;ESihf taumiftxnfazmfjcif;rsm;
udk jynfolUtusKd;twGuf aqmif&GufonfrSefaomfvnf;
tm;enf;csufrsm;? vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumihf
jynhf0aom jynfolU0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udk taumif
txnfrazmfEdkifay/ Oyrm tpdk;&\ b@ma&; tajc
taet&aomfvnf;aumif;? uRrf;usifvkyfom;rsm;
taetxm;t&aomfvnf;aumif;? vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI
tqihfrsm;t&aomfvnf;aumif;? txl;ojzihf enf;ynm
ydkif;qdkif&m tokH;jyKrIt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ xdkvdktyf
csufrsm;udk ukpm;&efrSm yk*¾vduu@ jr§ihfwifjcif;
enf;vrf;onf tokH;t0ifqkH;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; yk*¾vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf tjrwftrsm;qkH;
&&Sda&;udkom a&S;½IaomaMumihf obm0oHZmwrsm;
xkwf,l okH;pGJjcif;ESihf jynfolUtusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYwGif tqifrajyrIrsm; &SdvmEdkifyg
onf/ jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
atmifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf a&&SnftusKd;jyef&csufrsm;
udk arQmfudk;í &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ yk*¾vdu
u@onf ,SOfNydKifrItm;aumif;NyD; jyifyoufa&mufrI
rsm; (Externalities)ESihfywfoufí wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf
Edkifjcif;r&Sday/
xdkodkYaom tajctaet&yf&yfudk tajccHí
jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; taxmuftyHhjyKa&;
wGif EdkifiHrsm;tm; vkyfaqmifoihfaom enf;vrf;ESpf&yf
udk EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDrIrsm;tjzpf tBuHjyKxm;yg
onf/ (1) tpdk;&rS wdkuf½dkuf axmufyHhrIESihf (2) yk*¾vdu
u@jr§ihfwifa&;wGif vG,fultqifajyacsmarGUap&ef
taxmuftyHhay;a&;wdkY jzpfygonf/ xdkenf;vrf;
ESpfoG,fteuf yxrenf;vrf;rSm zGHUNzdK;qJESihf zGHUNzdK;rI
tm;enf;aom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf rjzpfEdkifay/
rQwí enf;pepfusaom yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrSonf tem*wf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqDodkY
xdktcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef tpdk;&yk*¾vdu
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI (Public Private Partnership –
PPP) enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKvmMuygonf/
tpdk;& yk*¾vduyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; (PPP)
qdkonfrSm jynfolUtusKd;jyK tajccH taqmufttkHrsm;ESihf
0efaqmifrIrsm;udk tpdk;&eSihf yk*¾vduu@wdkYrS umv
&Snf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkNyD; tusKd;wlyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfonf/ vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&rnhf wm0efrsm;ESihf
pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;udk tpdk;&eSihf yk*¾vduu@tMum; wdwd
usus cGJa0owfrSwf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif
yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&mrS jzpfay:vmEdkifonhf pGefYpm;rI
rsm;? aumif;usKd;? qdk;usKd; oufa&mufrIrsm;udk tpdk;&
ESihf yk*¾vduu@rsm;tMum; rQa0cHpm;jcif;rsKd;vnf;
jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif United Nation Economic Commission
for Europe tzGJUrS Mr. Marek Belka (Executive Secretary)
uvnf; PPP onf taumif;qkH; urÇmESpfck jzpfonhf
aumif;rGefaom oGif;tm;pkrsm;? xda&mufaom pDrHcefY
cGJrIt&nftaoG;ESihf acwfrDaom enf;ynmrsm; ydkifqdkif
onhf yk*¾vduu@ESihf pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; udkifwG,f
48
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
Edkifaom? jynfolUtusKd;a&S;½Iaom? qdk;usKd;rsm; umuG,f
ay;Edkifaom tpdk;&u@wdkY aygif;pnf;aqmif&Gufjcif;
enf;vrf;jzpfonf[k rSwfcsufjyKxm;ygonf/ PPP
onf tpdk;&ESihf yk*¾vdutzGJUESpfcktMum; Oya'tjrift&
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ pmcsKyfay:wGif
tajccHí pmcsKyftjrifoabmt& yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
jcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfonf/
tpdk;& yk*¾vdu yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
a0g[m&onf tar&duefEdkifiHrS pwifay:aygufvmyg
onf/ (1950) ckESpf ueOD;wGif ynma&;tpDtpOftwGuf
tokH;csrI&efykHaiGtjzpf tpdk;&ESihf yk*¾vdu csdwfquf
aqmif&GufrIrS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf(1960)
aemufydkif;wGif NrdKUjyjyefvnf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;
rsm;twGuf tpdk;&jynfol yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk
us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jyKvkyfvmjuonf/ tpdk;&r[kwf
aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS vlrIa&;0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf
jynfolU&efykHaiGrsm;udk pepfwuspDrHcefYcGJ taumiftxnf
azmfjcif;[kvnf; ½Ijrifvmjuygonf/
aemufydkif;wGif tjynfjynfqdkif&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm; (Oyrm - attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g
umuG,fa&;? iSufzsm;a&m*g) ESihf pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;
wufrI aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif aqmif&GufvmMuyg
onf/ tpd k;&ESi h f cs dwfqufaqmif& Gufr I (Joint
Government) ? taxmuftyH hay;a&;tzG J U (Aid
Agency)? yk*¾vduu@\ yPmrajcvSrf; (Private-
Sector-Initiative) ponhfenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKcJhyg
onf/ tqdkygenf;vrf;trsm;pkonf PPP \ rl0g'udk
tajccHjcif; (Policy-Based) ESihf tpDtpOfrsm; tajccH
jcif; (Programme-Based) [lí ESpfrsKd;cGJEdkifygonf/
PPPs ESihf ywfoufí tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;?
EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS ynm&yfqdkif&m ac:a0: aom a0g[m&
tokH;tEIef;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf/
Ä urÇmhbPfrS Public Participation in Infrastructure
(PPI)
Ä zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIbPfqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif
Private-Sector Participation (PSP)
Ä ajrmuftar&dutokH;teIef; P3
Ä MopaMw;vs tokH;tEIef; Privately-Financed
Projects (PFP)
Ä pD;yGm;a&;tokH;tEIef; P-P Partnership (Purchasing
Power Parity- PPP EdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd aiGaMu;vJvS,f
rIEIef;xm;rsm; EdIif;,SOfjcif;)
Ä NAdwdef\tokH;tEIef;jzpfNyD; ,cktcg *syefESihf
rav;&Sm;üvnf; tokH;jyKvmaom tokH;tEIef;
Private Finance Initiative (PFI)
PPP a0g[m&onf topfjzpfaomfvnf;
yk*¾vdu\ t&if;tESD;rsm;udk tpdk;&\ jynfolhtajccH
taqmufttkHrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhay;jcif;[laom
oabmw&m;rSm tqef;wMu,fr[kwfay/ (18) &mpk
ESihf (19) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;wGif NAdwdefEdkifiH&Sd pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm;rS vrf;wHwm;jzwfoef;c (Turnpike
Trusts) ESihf ywfoufí ykHpHa&;qGJcJ hjcif;jzpfonf/
¤if;rSm yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;xHrS vrf;? wHwm;
rsm;udk jyKjyif&eftwGuf aiGacs;iSm;cJhNyD; ¤if;acs;aiGudk
jyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf xdkvrf;? wHwm;udk tokH;
jyKolrsm;xHrS usoihfaiG (tzdk;tc)udk jyefvnf aumufcH
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd vrf;? wHwm;trsm;pk
wnfaqmufjyKjyifa&;wGif ¤if;enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKcJh
Muygonf/ (19) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;wGif tar&duefEdkifiH?
e,l;a,mufNrdKU&S d b&Gefuvif;wHwm;onfvnf;
yk*¾vduaiGt&if;tESD;jzihf aqmufvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfyg
onf/ yk*¾vduaiGt&if;tESD;jzihf wl;ajrmif;rsm; azmuf
vkyfjcif;vkyfief;udkvnf; jyifopfEdkifiHwGif (17) &mpk
rS pwifvkyfaqmifcJhygonf/
(a&SUvquf&ef)
49
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rl0g'udk tm½kHrpdkufbJ udef;*Pefrsm;udkom tm½kHpdkufjcif;onf zGHUNzdK;a&;
pDrHudef;wpfcktwGuf tEÅ&m,ftrsm;qkH;udpö&yfwpfckjzpfaMumif; W.Arthur Lewis
\ Development Planning pmtkyfwGif zwf½IavhvmrSwfom;zl;ygonf/ zGHUNzdK;rI
pDrHudef;rsm;udk atmifjrifatmif a&;qGJaqmif&Guf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;
t&mtrsm;tjym;&Sdonhfteuf udef;*Pef;rSm wpfcktygt0ifjzpfaomfvnf; udef;
*Pef;yg0ifrIudk t"du OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeygu atmifjrifEdkifrnf r[kwf
aMumif; azmfjyvdk&if;jzpfonf/ jynhfpkHaumif;rGefaom pDrHudef;wpfckudka&;qGJ&mwGif
udef;*Pef;rsm; jynhfpkHaumif;rGef½kHESihf rjzpfEdkifyg/ zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;wpfck a&;qGJ
&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;aomudpö&yfrSm pDrHudef;wpfckESihfwpfck [efcsufnDa&;? pDrH
udef;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufrnhf oufqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;tcsif;csif;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wdkYrSm t"dutaMumif;tcsufrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif
aqmif&Gufrnhf pDrHudef;oufa&mufrnhf{&d,m\ yuwdtajctaeudk od&Sd&ef
vnf; tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;wpfcka&;qGJ&mwGif t"dutm;jzihf
vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk od&SdEdkif&ef ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;? jynfolUb@maiG
tokH;p&dwfpm&if;rsm;? yk*¾vduu@ zGHUNzdK;rI? arc½dk pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:rI tajctae
rsm;tjyif? tpdk;&\rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif avhvmokH;oyfcsuf rsm;vnf; yg0ifoihf
50
ajumif; EdkifiHwumtawGUtBuHKrsm; u azmfjyMuonf/
xdktajctaet&yf&yfudk od&SdNyD; rSomvQif pDrHudef;\
pD;yGm;a&;t&omru vlrIa&;t& yg tusKd;oufa&mufrI
&Sdr&SdESihf jzpfEdkifajc &Sdr&SdwdkYudk BudKwifcefYrSef; od&Sdxm;
Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
pDrHudef;wpfckESihfwpfck [efcsufnDa&;onf
atmifjrifaompDrHudef;rsm;twGuf t"duaomhcsuf
jzpfonf/ [efcsufnDaom pDrHudef;rsm;ra&;qGJEdkiforQ
xdkEdkifiH\ pDrHudef;rsm;ratmifjrifEdkif[kyif ajymEdkifyg
onf/ Oyrm-a&&&Sda&;ESihf ausmif;usef;rma&;pDrHudef;
jzpfygonf/ ausmif;usef;rma&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf
ig;ESpfatmuf uav;aoqkH;rI? tajccHynmtqihf
tvdkuf twef;ynmoif,lNyD;qkH;rI wdk;wuf&&SdEdkifa&;?
vlUpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;txd ta&;
ygaomajumihf ausmif;usef;rma&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk pepf
wus xda&mufpGm aqmif&Guf&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/
ausmif;usef;rma&;udpörsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tdrfom
oefY&Sif;a&;? vufoeYf&Sif;a&;ponhf udpö&yfrsm; aqmif
&Gufavh&Sdonf/ aomufokH;a&oefY&Sif;a&;onfvnf;
ta&;ygonf/ xdkYaMumihf ausmif;usef;rma&; udpö
&yfrsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;udk ausmif;twGif;a&&&Sda&; ESihf
wGJzufvkyfaqmifoihfygonf/ oefY&Sif;a&;ESihf oefYav;
oeYf pDrHudef;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; a&udk tajccH
&onf/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; tdrfomrS xGufvm
wdkif; vufaq;&ef? tpmrpm;rD vufaq;&ef ponf
tm;jzihf ynmay;rIrsm; jyKvkyfaomfvnf; vufawGU
vdkufemusihfokH;&eftwGuf ausmif;wGif oefY&Sif;aom
aomufokH;a&? vufaq;&efa&ESihf qyfjym wdkYudk tvG,f
wulxm;&Sdjcif;udk raqmif&GufEdkifvQif xdkpDrHudef;rsm;
atmifjrifEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ xdkYtwl ydkYukefoGif;ukef
rl0g'ESih f jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrItajctae? tcGef
aumufcHjcif;ESihf arc½dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;onf
vnf; csdwfqufaeonhftwGuf pDrHudef;wpfck a&;qGJ
onhftcgwdkif; qufpyfaeaomu@rsm;udk avhvm
okH;oyf&ef vdktyfaeonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf jynfwGif;
qefpyg; xkwfvkyfrIusqif;aecsdefwGif jynfy ydkYukefrsm;
wifydk Ya&;twGuf qefpyg;udk t"duxm; wifydk Y&ef
ydkYukefvdkifpifrsm; vG,fulpGm&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;
aomfvnf; qefpyg;ydk Yukefu@rS 0ifaiGodompGm
wdk;wufvm&ef rarQmfvihfEdkifay/ rl0g'wpfckESihf wpfck
pDrHudef;wpfckESihfwpfck csdwfqufrIrsm;udk xda&mufpGm
avhvmokH;oyf&efvnf; ta&;BuD;ygonf/
pDrHudef;rsm;atmifjrifa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;
aom aemuftcsufwpfckrSm u@tvdkuf csdwfqufrI
jzpfygonf/ pDrHudef;wpfckudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif Xme
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; [efcsufnDnDyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
jcif;jzihf pDrHudef;atmifjrifapa&;? EdkifiHawmf b@maiG
rsm; oufoma&;? avsmhyg;apa&;wdkYtwGuf tm;aumif;
oxuf tm;aumif;atmif aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf/
XmetzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;twGuf
pm&if;tif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sdapa&; yl;aygif;
aqmif&Guf&mwGif pm&if;tif;tcsuftvufrsm; rQa0
a&;udk jyKvkyf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ OD;pD;Xme? tzGJU
tpnf;wpfcktaejzihf pm&if;tif;tcsuftvuf &&Sda&;
twGuf uGif;qif;í ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;aMumifh
jzpfap? tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckckjzihfjzpfap? xdk&&Sdvm
aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&m
wGif taxmuftuljyKaom a'wmrsm;tjzpf rQa0
tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ þae&mwGif ppfwrf;
aumuf,l&eftwGuf b@maiGudk EdkifiHawmf &efykHaiGrS
aomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;acs;aiGaxmufyHhaiG ponf
tm;jzihf rnfonhf &if;jrpfrS&&Sdaom b@maiGudk tokH;
jyKonf jzpfapumrlb@maiGudk wwfEdkiforQ xda&muf
tusKd;&SdpGmtokH;jyK&ef tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ xda&muf
pGm tokH;jyK&eftwGuf XmetzGJUtpnf;tm;vkH;onf
pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;jzpfpOfwGif yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Guf
&ef vdktyfygonf/ ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; udpö&yfrsm;
wGifvnf;aumif; tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzihf pm&if;
tif;aumuf,l&mwGifvnf;aumif; wlnDaom pm&if;
tif;tcsuftvufwpfckudk tzGJUtpnf;XmeESpfck?
51
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
okH;ckrS jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&ef rvdktyfbJ Xmewpfckwnf;rS
aqmif&Guf½kHESihf vkHavmuf Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif
xdkppfwrf; odkYr[kwf pm&if;tif; tcsuftvuf &,l
aqmif&Guf&mwGif vkyfief;rpwifrDuyif Xmetcsif;csif;
n§dEdIif; aqG;aEG;rIrsm; BudKwifjyK vkyfí tBuHÚmPfrsm;
&,l aqmif&ef vdktyfygonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf
b@maiG xda&muftusKd;&SdpGm tokH;csEdkifjcif;qdkaom
tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/
,ckaemufydkif;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf
yufoufí Cooperation? Coordination ESihf Collabo-
ration wdkYudkvkyfief;atmifjrifa&;twGuf C3 rlabmif
wpfcktjzpf a&;om;azmfjyí vmonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd
&onf (Coordination,Cooperation, and Collabo-
ration: Defining the C3 Framework,Breanna Weaver,
2011) tqdkyg (C3 )pDo&D;rlabmifudk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif
vnf;aumif;? ukrÜPDrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; tokH;jyK
jcif;jzihf &&SdEd kifaom &v'faumif;rsm;udk avhvm
okawoejyKvmMuonf/ tar&duefEdkifiHudef;b&pfcsf
wuúodkvf\ t"dyÜm,f zGihfqdkcsuft& (Coordination)
onf tzGJUtpnf;twGif; vkyfaqmifaeaomvkyfief;udk
twlwuG yg0ifvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;[k vnf;aumif;?
Cooperation onf ynm&yfydkif;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;udk
wGJzufvkyfudkifjcif; odkYr[kwf twlwuG vkyfaqmifjcif;
Collaboration onf ESpfa,mufxufydkaomvlrsm;u
taMumif;udpöwpfckudk twlwuG ykHazmfvkyfaqmifjcif;
[kvnf;aumif; zGihfqdkxm;ygonf/ t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkrI
rsm;t& tenf;i,fuGJjym;jcm;em;onf[k xif&aomf
vnf; (C3) pDo&D;\ t"duOD;wnfcsufrSm vkyfief;
atmifjrifa&;twGuf twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
yif jzpfonf/ xdkrlabmifudk pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;wGif
vnf; tokH;jyKoihfygonf/ txl;ojzihf pDrHudef;a&;qGJ
jcif;vkyfief;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIr&Sdygu rnfonhf
enf;ESihfrQ atmifjrifEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;pepfwGif
&Sdaeaom t"dutm;enf;csufrsm;udkavhvmMunhfygu
ude f ;*Pef; tcsuftvufrsm; wdusr Se fuefr I
tm;enf;jcif;? u@tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI
tm;enf;csufjcif;ponfwdk Yud k a,bk,stm;jzih f
awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;
jynhfpkHwdusrSefuefapa&;twGuf pDrHudef;ESihf b@m
a&;0efBuD;XmerS tpOfwpdkuf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaomf
vnf; tjcm;Xmeqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrIonfvnf; ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@wGif
yg0ifaeygonf/ ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;udpöwGif
pm&if;aumuf,lolrsm;\ tcef;u@rSm ta&;yg
ouJhodkY ajzqdkol EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcef;u@onf
vnf; t"dujzpfonf/ ajzqdkolrsm;\ tajzrsm; wdus
rSefuefrI&Sdapa&;twGuf ynmay;rIrsm; jyKvkyfay;&ef
&Sdaeygao;onf/ oufqdkif&m0efBuD;Xme tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;taejzihf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tm;enf;vsuf&Sdae
ao; onf/ pDrHudef;eSihf b@ma&;0efBuD;Xmetaejzihf
pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&rnhf
tjcm;Xme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; rMumcPoifwef;rsm;
zGihfvSpfjcif;? tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;? vdktyf
aom taMumif;t&mrsm; n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufa&;wdkYtwGuf
tpnf;ta0;rsm; zdwfMum;um aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdyg
onf/ oufqdkif&m0efBuD;Xme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzihf
vnf; tpnf;ta0;rsm; zdwfMum;vmonhftcg pDrHudef;
a&;qGJjcif;udk vufawGUvkyfaqmifaeaom trIxrf;
t&mxrf;rsm;udkom tpnf;ta0;rsm;odkY wufa&muf
aqmif&Gufapoihfygonf/ xdkodkYr[kwfygu n§dEdIif;
aqmif&Gufvdkaom udpö&yfrsm;udk rdrdXmewGif; jyefvnf
&Sif;vif;ajymqdk&mwifjy&mü em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;?
t"dyÜm,f aumuf,lrIvGJrSm;jcif;wdkY jzpfEdkifygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH taejzihf EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf
zGHUNzdK;rIpDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJaqmif&Gufaecsdef? jynfolU
b@mudk tusKd;&Sd xda&mufpGm tokH;csEdkifa&;twGuf
u@tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk jr§ihfwifEdkif&ef
(C3 ) pDo&D;rlabmif twdkif; us&mu@rS yl;aygif;yg0if
aqmif&GufMuygpdkY[k wdkufwGef;a&;om;vdkuf&ayonf/
52
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
t&G,fokH;yg;wGif yxrt&G,f ynm&Sm? 'kwd,t&G,f Opöm&Sm? wwd,
t&G,f w&m;&Smqdkonfh qdk½dk;pum;&Sdaomfjim;vnf; ,aeYynmacwfwGifrl
ynmudkt&G,fokH;yg;ra&G; avhvmqnf;yl;aeMuonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
]]ynmvdk? tdkonfr&Sd}} qdkonfhpum;ykHonf rsufarSmufacwf tcsdefumvESifh
ydkrdkudkufnDrI&SdvSayonf/ ]]ynmormtmbmex¬d}} ynmESifhwlaom tvif;a&mif
onfr&Sd/ ynmudktvif;a&mifESifh EdIif;,SOfMuonf/ ynmudk a&Ttdk;ESifhvnf;
wifpm;Muonf/ ynmonf vlom;wdkif;twGuf rGefjrwfonfh&wem wpfyg;jzpf
onf/ tzdk;e* ¢xdkufwefonfh tqifwefqmvnf; jzpfonf/
i,fpOftcgu tajccHausmif;rsm;wGif ]]rdrdudk,fudk,f aumif;atmif
BudK;pm;rnf? rdrdausmif;udkaumif;atmif BudK;pm;rnf? rdrdwdkif;jynftwGuf
aumif;atmif BudK;pm;rnf}} [lí aeYpOf&GwfqdkcJhMu&onfh aqmifyk'fav;twdkif;
vlwdkif;udk,fpD aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf ynm&nfjynfh0&ef vdktyfygonf/ ta&SU
awmiftm&S tmqD,HEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfonfh pifumylEdkifiHonf zGHUNzdK;rItrsm;qkH;?
pnf;urf;t&SdqkH;? av;pm;p&m? twkcdk;p&mrsm;jzifh acwfrDwdk;wufaomEdkifiHtjzpf
a&SUqkH;rScsDwufaejcif;onf EdkifiHom; wpfOD;csif;pD\ todynm? twwfynm
53
jynfhpkHrI&Sdjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ udk,f&nfudk,faoG;
tjynfht0zGHUNzdK;ap&ef ynmudkt&G,fokH;yg;ra&G; avhvm
qnf;yl;Mu&ef vdktyfygonf/ pmayjrifhrS vlrsKd;wifhrnf
jzpfonfhtwGuf vlom;wdkif; ynm&nfjynfh0apjcif;jzifh
EdkifiHhykH&dyfudk jr§ifhwifMu&ayrnf/
b0qdkonfrSm vdktyfcsufESifh vdktifqErsm;udk
jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf rdrdb0udk rdrdqE´ESifhtnD
udk,fwdkifykHazmf pDrHcefYcGJEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ bGJUwpfbGJU&NyD;
tvkyfwpfck&½kHESifh rdrdb0udk a&mifh&Jauseyf raeoifh
ay/ ynm&nfjynf0onfh b0jzpfvmap&ef ,kHMunf
csuf? cH,lcsuf? &nfrSef;csuf udk,fpDjzifh tqifhjrifhynm?
bGJUvGefynmrsm;udk t&G,fokH;yg;pvkH; qufvuf avhvm
qnf;yl;jcif;jzifh ynmtvif;a&mifrsm; xGef;n§dMu&rnf
jzpfonf/ rdrdwpfOD;wnf;b0? rdrdrdom;pkb0twGuf
omru rdrdEdkifiHtwGufqdkonfh jyif;jyaomqE´rsm;jzifh
rdrd\ b0wefzdk;udk jr§ifhwifMu&rnf jzpfonf/ ynm
tm;udk;jcif;jzifh vlaerIb0? A[kokwESifh tawG;tac:
rsm;yg zGHUNzdK; &Sifoefapygonf/ ynmonf trSm;trSefudk
tvif;jyay;Edkifonf/ taumif;tqdk;udk cGJjcm;ay;um
ÓPftvif;a&mifudk zGifhay;Edkifonfh yJhudkif&Sifjzpfonf/
ynmtvif;a&mif rD;ukef ,rf;ukefxGef;n§djcif;onf
okw? ynmtjzmjzmudk od&SdwwfrSwf em;vnfapEdkifyg
onf/
vlom;wdkY\b0wGif ynmjynfhpkHonfhvlrsm;
ESifh ynmcsKdUwJhonfhvlrsm; [lí vlwef;pm;tvTmESpfvTm
&Sdygonf/ ynmtajccH csKdUwJhrIrsm;jym;vmjcif;onf
urÇmBuD;\ wdk;wufrIudk aemufjyefqGJcsaeouJhodkY
jzpfaeygonf/ ajymif;vJaeaomurÇmwGif todynm?
twwfynmaemufusaeonfh EdkifiHrsm;onf qkH;½IH;rI
rsm;pGmESifh &ifqdkifaeMu&onfudk tm;vkH;todyif jzpf
onf/ rsKd;aphaumif;rsm; tyifoefrmBuD;xGm;vmap&efrSm
ajrawmifajr§mufay;rnfh O,smOfrSL;aumif;rsm;&Sd&ef
vdktyfygonf/ i,fpOfu rdrdjzwfoef;cJh&onfh b0
wpfavQmufwGif taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh rdrdvdkcsif
ckHrifcJhonfh tqifhjrifhynm&yfrsm;udk oif,lcGifhr&cJh
aomfvnf; ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif EdkifiHawmf\tpDtrHjzifh
qnf;yl;cGifh? avhvmcGifhrsm; &&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
vlwef;pm;tvTmtoD;oD;? XmetoD;oD;? 0ef;usiftoD;
oD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&eftwGuf ynmjzifh ½kyfvkH;azmfMu
&rnf/ ynm\ wefzdk;udkrodonfhtcg xdkwefzdk;\
tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk cHpm;EdkifcGifhr&awmhyg/ ynmjynfhpkH
rSomvQif oifhwifhavsmufywfaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk
zefwD;&&SdEdkifNyD; vlUabmifvlUavmu om,maprnf
jzpfonf/
pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;XmewGif yg&*l
bGJU& (30)OD;? jynfy Master bGJU&(168)OD; pkpkaygif;
(198) OD;&Sdygonf/ ( 5-3-2018) &ufaeYwGif jynf
axmifpk0efBuD;onf yg&*lbGJU&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh jynfy
Master bGJU&0efxrf;rsm;tm; awGUqkHum ynma&;ESifh
ywfoufNyD; tav;xm;aMumif;udk jyocJhonf/ wdkif;
jynfwdk;wufapjcif; odkYr[kwf qkwf,kwfapjcif; qdk
onfrSm ynmwwf aywHESifhwdkif;wmonfhtwGuf
0efBuD;XmetwGif;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh vlUpGrf;tm;
t&if;tjrpfrsm; tokH;0ifrI (Use Value) udk ydkrdkjr§ifhwif
Mu&ef? &&Sdxm;onfhynm&yfrsm;ESifh rdrd\0ef;usifudk
o[Zmwjzpfatmif aqmif&GufMu&ef? ynmESifhywf
oufNyD; tav;xm;Mu&efESifh 0efxrf;rsm;vlrSef ae&m
rSef pGrf;&nfrSefjzpfap&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;u
vrf;ñTefrSmMum;cJhonf/
ajymif;vJwdk;wufaeonfh acwfumvESifhtnD
54
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
vlom;t&if;tjrpf pDrHcefYcGJrIpepftaumiftxnf
azmfaqmif&mwGif 0efxrf;wdkif;? EdkifiHom;wdkif; xl;cRef
xufjrufí pGrf;aqmif&nfaumif;rGefap&ef ta&;BuD;
ayonf/ EdkifiHh0efxrf;rsm; pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ifhwifa&;?
0efxrf;tajcjyKwdk;wufa&;wdkYonf t"duta&;BuD;
onfhtcsufrsm;yif jzpfonf/ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif
umv&Snf? umvwdkoGm;a&mufí avhvmqnf;yl;cJhMu
onfh 0efxrf;rsm;onf bmom&yf qdkif&m bGJUrsm;tvdkuf
tokH;csapjcif;jzifh bmom&yfqdkif&mvkyfief; pGrf;aqmif
&nfjrifhrm;vmrnf jzpfonf/ rdrdavhvmoif,lcJhonfh
tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm;tm; rdrd0ef;usif? rdrdXmeESifh
vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif wDxGifBuHqEdkifrSom vkyf
ief;cGiftokH;cscGifh &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmfonf zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHwpfck jzpfonfESifh
tnDwdk;wufaeaom urÇm\ pdefac:rIrsm;udk &ifqdkif
ausmfvTm;Edkif&eftwGuf ynmwwfOD;a&wdk;yGm; vmap
&ef trSefwu,f vdktyfaeygonf/ odkYrSom NyD;jynfhpkH
aom at;csrf;om,monfh vlrIb0udk EdkifiHwum
tqifhtwef;ESifhtnD &yfwnfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ ,aeY
tcsdeftcgonf tkyfcsKyfa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIt&Sdeft[kef
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ajymif;vJ&mwGif taxmuftyHhaumif;rsm; &&SdEdkifrnf
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wnfaqmufMu&ayrnf/ rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh bmom&yfudk
tajccHí wm0efxrf;aqmifapjcif;onf rdrdwm0ef,l
aqmif&Guf&onfh vkyfief;u@tvdkuf uRrf;usifrI
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tajz&SmEdkifjcif;? wm0ef,l&onfh vkyfief;rsm; jrefqef
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wGif wDxGifzefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfh tusKd;w&m;rsm;
udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
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udk awGU&onf/ ynmoif,lavhvmcsifolrsm;twGuf
ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiH? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGifomru
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a'oBuD;taMumif; vufvSrf;rDoavmuf pkpnf;
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60
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
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olwdkYESpfa,muf&JU t,ltq[m rdcifawGtm;vkH;udkawmh
udk,f pm;jyKcsifrS jyKrSmyg? 'gayrJh taygif;bufra&mufbJ
tEkwfvu©Pmbufa&mufaewJh tawG;awGrdkY owdjyKrdcJhjcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'geJYyJ tcsuftvufudk &SmMunhfcJ hygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh ,aeY rsufarSmufacwf? t"duae&mrSm&SdaewJh
pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rI yef;wdkifrsm; (Sustainable Development
Goals – SDGs) rS yef;wdkif (5) (Gender Equality) jzpfwJh usm;^r
wef;wl nDrQrI&&Sda&;ESihf trsKd;orD;rsm;? trsKd;orD;i,frsm;
tm;vkH;pGrf;yum;wdk;jrihfapa&;eJY ywfoufNyD; aqmif;yg;
wpfyk'ftjzpf qufpyf a&;om;vdkuf&ygw,f/
61
usm;^rwef;wlnDrQrI (Gender Equality)
2016 ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrS pwifí
touf0ifcJhaom urÇmh acgif;aqmifrsm; tm;vkH;rS
axmufcHtwnfjyKcJhMuwJh pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rI
yef;wdkifrsm; (Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs)
rS yef;wdkif (5) jzpfygonf/ 2015 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif
urÇmhEd kifiHtoD;oD;\ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csuf
yef;wdkifrsm; (Millennium Development Goals - MDGs)
NyD;qkH;oGm;cJhygNyD? odkYaomfvnf; zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiH trsm;
tjym;ESihf rdrdwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY zGHUNzdK;rIedrhfusonhf
EdkifiHrsm; (Least Developing Countries - LDCs) wGif MDGs
onf ,ckxufwdkif rNyD;qkH;Edkifao;onhf tpDtpOf
wpf&yftjzpf usef&pfqJjzpfaeygonf/ tqdkyg usef&Sd
aeonhf &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf ,cktcg 2030 jynhf
ESpf urÇmvkH;qdkif&m zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpÚftjzpf yef;wdkif 17
ck? &nfrSef;csuf 169 ckESihf tñTef;udef; 230 eD;yg;cefY
&Sdonhf pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rIyef;wdkifrsm; (Sustainable
Development Goals - SDGs) udk csrSwfcJhygonf/
yef;wdkif(5)onf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;
i,frsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHonhf ykHpH tm;vkH;ae&mwdkif;wGif
tqkH;owfa&;? trsm;jynfolESihf oufqdkifaomae&m
rsm;ESihf yk*¾vduESihf oufqdkifaomae&mrsm;wGif trsKd;
orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk vlukeful;jcif;? vdif
qufqHjcif;ESihf tjcm;tokH;csrIrsm; tygt0if tMurf;
zufrI ykHpHtm;vkH; yaysmufapa&;? uav;oli,frsm;udk
vufxyfaprI? t&G,fra&mufcif vufxyfaprI? twif;
t"r®vufxyfaprIESihf trsKd;orD;vdift*FgzsufpD;jcif;
uJhodkYaom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk
tEÅ&m,fjzpfaponhf tjyKtrl? "avhxkH;pHrsm; yaysmuf
a&;? rdom;pkESihf tdrfaxmifpktwGif; wm0ef,lrI wdk;jr§ihf
&eftwGuf vkyftm;cr&&Sdonhf jyKpkapmihfa&SmufrI tvkyf
rsm;ESihf tdrftultvkyfrsm; vkyfudkifolrsm;udk jynfolU
a&;&m 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;? tajccHtaqmufttkHESihf
vlrIa&;&mtumtuG,fay;rI rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;?
aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzihf tav;xm;todtrSwfjyKa&;?
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qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEdkifonhf tqihfwdkif;wGif trsKd;orD;
rsm; tjynhft0yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifNyD; wef;wltcGihf
ta&;&&Sda&;? vdifqufqHrIESihf rsKd;qufyGm; usef;rma&;
ESihf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk vlOD;a&ESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
tjynfjynfqdkif&mnDvmcH\ vkyfief;tpDtpOf (Program
of Action of the International Conference on
Population and Development)ESih f ab*sif;rl0g'
vrf;pOf aqmif&GufrI (Beijing Platform of Action)
nDvmcHwdkYrS oabmwlnDxm;onhftwdkif;ESihf nDvmcH
2 cktm; okH;oyfxm;rIrS xGufay:vmonhf &v'frsm;
twdkif; trsKd;orD;wdkif;&&SdEdkifa&;? pD;yGm;a&; t&if;tjrpf
rsm; (Economic Resources) udk trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wl
tcGihfta&;&&Sda&;? ajr,mESihf tjcm;ykHpH&Sdonhf ypönf;
rsm; obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;? tarGqufcHjcif;rsm;?
b@ma&; 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGihfESihf xdef;csKyfcGihf
&&Sda&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfrS jy|mef;xm;onhf Oya'rsm;
udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; aqmif&Gufa&;? trsKd;orD;rsm;
\ pGrf;yum;wdk;jr§ihf&ef twGuf owif;tcsuftvufESihf
qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmuJhodkYaom enf;ynmtokH;jyK
EdkifrIudk jr§ihfwifa&;wdkYyifjzpfygonf/
tawG;tac:rsm; ajymif;vJjcif; (Changing Thoughts)
½kH;oGm;zdkY tdrfatmufrSm BudK^ydkYum;udk qif;
apmihfae&if; tjzLESihf tpdrf;av;rsm; 0wfqifxm;onhf
62
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olav;rsm; ausmif;oGm;Muwmudk
awGUawmh cspfp&m aumif;vdkufwm[k jrifaerdonf/
t&G,ftvdkuf? twef;tvdkuf a,muFsm;av;? rdef;
uav; rcGJjcm;bJ twlwuG &,farm aysmf&TifaeykHu
vnf; tjypfuif;pifvGef;vSonf/ xdktjypfuif;pifrIrsm;
onf rdbrsm;\ oGefoifqkH;rrIjzihf ,Ofaus;pGm BuD;
jyif;rI tay:rSmvnf; rlwnfygonf/ tdrfwGif rdb?
ausmif;wGifq&mqdkouJhodkY xdkuav;rsm;\ b0tm;
aeYpOfrjywf teD;uyfMuyfrwfaerItay:wGif vdkufí
ajymif;vJaernf jzpfygonf/
wpfaeY uRefrqDodkY i,foli,fcsif;jzpfol &efukef
rS oli,fcsif;rwpfa,muf vmvnfygonf? ol\
trsKd;om;aejynfawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&ojzihf
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jcif; jzpfygonf/ olu NrdKU ESpfNrdKUudk EdIif;,SOfí tm;om
csuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a0zefajymjyaeygonf/
olu wpfOD;wnf;aomorD;? csrf;omonhf rdbtodkif;
t0ef;rS arG;zGm;vmonhfol? bGJUvnf;&cJhí ynmwwf
onf[kvnf; ajymEdkifygonf/ olUtrsKd;om;ESihfvnf;
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rdk;rIonf ,aeYtxd &Sdaeao;aMumif; awGUjrifcJh&yg
onf/
oluom;av;wpfa,mufom arG;xm;onf/
wpfOD;wnf;aom orD;jzpfayr,fh arG;csif;rsm;rsm;
vdkcsifonfr&SdcJh? olUvdkyif wpfOD;wnf; tukefvkH; pkNyHK
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r&SdcJh? om;udkvnf; olUykHpH0ifatmif aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd
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*kPfjrihfNyD; olUom;tay: c,atmufusKdUwwfwJh rdef;
uav;rsKd;eJ YrS ay;pm;csifonf[k qdkvmavonf/
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wpfOD;wnf;aomom;rdkU rdef;r,l&ifvnf; olwdkYESihfom
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olUom;u rSm;ae&ifawmifacR;ru onf;cH&rnfwJhav/
uRefr olajymwmudk em;axmif&if; pdwfxJu
ajymaerdonf/ b,frdef;uav; rdbu udk,hforD;udk
ynmwwf? tqihfjrih fjrih f wnfaxmifay;xm;NyD;
a,mu©rtdrfwuf? a,musfm;rsufESmMunhfNyD; tESdrfcH
b0rSm aecdkif;rSmvJ/ 'Dacwf&JUtaetxm;udkvnf;
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odkvftxd twlwufcJhwJhol? oli,fcsif;awGxJrSmvJ
tm;vkH;u olUudk tavQmhay;onf;cHcJh&wJhol? tEdkif,l
wwfonfhtusifhav;rSvGJí tppt&m&m pdwfa&m?
udk,fa&m tultnDay;wwfolrdkY ajymrxGufEdkifcJh/
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cscs ajymwmawmh vGefvGef;onf/ ckacwf rdef;uav;awG
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csrSwfEdkifrnhf tcef;u@rsm;tm;vkH;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;
yg0ifEdkif&rnfudk yef;wdkif (5) u OD;pm;ay;taumif
txnfazmfaqmif&Gufaewm rodava&mhovm;? olU
usawmh rajymvdkufcsifbl;[k pdwfxJu ajymaerdonf/
xdkYtwlyif tvkyfxJ0ifrS oli,fcsif;jzpfvmol
orD;wpfa,mufrdcifESihf pum;pyfía&mufwwf&m&m
ajymMunhfrdawmh olu olUorD;\ ynma&;udk txl;
tav;xm;í oifay;rnfqdkonhftaMumif;? ynm
wwf? tvkyftudkif aumif;aumif;&Sdaeygu tdrfaxmif
us&ifawmifrS a,musfm;a&m? a,mu©ra&m *½kpdkufp&m
rvdkonhftaMumif;? ypönf;uvnf; oihfwihfoavmuf
&Sdaeonfqdkawmh ESdrfcsqufqHonhf tdrfaxmifESihf
awGUygu csufjcif;uGJvm&rnfqdkonhf taMumif;awGudk
olu ajymaeayonf/ pdwfxJwGifawmh i,foli,fcsif;
jzpfoludk ajy;jrifaerdonf/ rdbawGawmh t,ltqawG
tawmfvGJaeMuNyD? tawG;tac:awGu taumif;buf
63
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
odkY OD;wnfjcif;r&SdbJ tqdk;bufodkY a&mufaeMuNyD
jzpfygonf/
*g&a0gpw&m; tav;xm;onhf uRefrwdkY
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif BuD;oludk½dkao? &G,fwludk av;pm;?
i,foludk oem;[lonhf pum;pkrsm;onf pmtkyfxJ
rSmyif usefaecJhavNyDvm;? a,musfm;av;&Sifa&m?
rdef;uav;&Sifa&m twåudkyJ udk;uG,faeMuNyDvm;?
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rsm;em;vnfatmif ajymjyoihfonf/ rdrdtwåudkyJ
tav;rxm;oihf? tckawmh 'DykHpHtwdkif; em;oGif;xm;
&ifjzihf odwwfp a,musfm;av;\ pdwfwGif igu
a,musfm;av;yJ jrihfw,f? jrwfw,f ydkwefzdk;&Sdw,f?
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ajymif;vJvmonhf acwfa&pD;aMumif;xJwGif
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rdkbdkif;zkef;? tifwmeufponfwdkYrS ,Ofaus;rIcsif;?
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vkrwwfjzpfaeonhf urÇm\ tcsKdU? tcsKdUaomae&m
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r&Sdonhf Oya'rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;rajyvnfonfh qif;&JwGif;
eufrIrsm;udk tajccHí 'ku©vdIif;wHydk;atmufwGif epf
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uav;rsm;\ pdwfxJwGifvnf; a,musfm;av;rsm;tm;
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vlUtoufwpfacsmif;tm; b0wpfckodkY ac:aqmifay;
Edkifonhf jrihfjrwfonhf rdcifb0tm; vspfvsLr½IapcsifbJ
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b,fvdk ydkwefzdk;&Sdonf rajymapcsif? tjzLa&mifudk
tpGef;txif;rjzpfapcsif? ½dkif;pdkif;rIudk oifwef;ray;
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64
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ed'gef;,aeYacwf vli,frsm;taejzifh pmzwfonfh tavhtx tvGefenf;yg;
vmMujyD; enf;ynmzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIa&pD;aMumif;twdkif; aeYpOfpD;arsmvdkufyg
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65
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b0twGuf a&G;cs,fp&mjzpfonfh Triple C Change
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Stimulation)?
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3/ rSwfÓPfudk wdk;jr§ifhay;Edkifjcif; (Memory Impro-
vement)?
4/ pum;a0g[m&<u,f0í b0aexdkifenf;udk ydkif;
jcm;odwwfjcif; (Vocabulary Expansion) ?
5/ tm½kHpl;pdkufrIESifh awG;awmEdkifjcif; (Improved
Focus and Concentration)?
6/ vGwfvyfaomazsmfajzrIjzpfonfhtwGuf rouf
romaom cE¨mudk,fudk cPwmtm½kHvGJapedkif
jcif;ESifh emusifrIudk ajzazsmufEdkifjcif; (Free
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(Stronger Analytical Thinking Skills)?
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xdef;odrf;wwfjcif; (Tranquility)?
10/ pmay\wefzdk;udk ydkíodwwfjcif;jzifh aumif;rGef
aom pma&;om;rIpGrf;&nf wdk;wufvmjcif; (Better
Writing Skills)/
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awG odyfrsm;vmygw,f/ vlBuD;awGudk,fwdkif pmtkyf
rudkifMuawmhwJhtcg aemufvli,fawGtwGuf pmay
qdkwmeJY ydkrdka0;oGm;Muw,f/ pmtkyfudkzwf&aumif;rSef;
rodMuawmhbl;/ bmaMumihf oli,fwef;uav;awG
usL&Sifwufae&wmvJ/ bmaMumihf ig;wef;ausmif;om;
ar;wJh t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFmawGudk rdbawGrodawmhwmvJ/
bmaMumihf ausmif;om;awGpmaMumuf? pmaysmuf
ae&wmvJ/ aemufqkH; bmaMumihf aemufrsKd;qufopf
awGu vlBuD;awGudk av;pm;twk,l&r,hftpm;
rcefYav;pm;vkyfvmMuwmvJ/ tJ'gawG[m uRefawmf
wdkY&JU toufuav;&vmwmeJY avhvmrIawG &yfwefY
vdkufvdkY? touf&vm&if pmzwfp&mrvdkawmhbl;vdkY
xifcJhvdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ avhvmp&mqdkwm rukefEdkif
wJhtxJ aocsmwmu uRefawmfwdY k &yfvdkufwmeJY
aemufrSm trsm;BuD;usefcJhawmhrSmjzpfw,f/ uRefawmhf&JU
avhvmrIawGudk &yfwefYvdkuf&if uRefawmfh&JU aemuf
rsKd;qufopfawGudk bmawGoifMum;ay;rSmvJ? bmawG
ajymjyay;rSmvJ? bmawGvufqihfurf;cJhrSmvJ/ uRefawmfh
rsKd;qufopfawGudk uRefawmfhvdk tdrfrufqdk;xJrSm r&Sif
oefapcsifwJhtwGuf pmzwfwwfzdkY? pmzwfjcif;jzihf
tem*wftwGuf tdrfruftopfawGrufwwfzdkY? tdrfruf
awGudk taumiftxnfazmf&if; BuHKawGY&r,hf t½IH;
awGxJrSm epfjr§KyfroGm;zdkY? t½IH;awGeJY BuHKawGU&wJhtcg
olwpfyg;tm; tjypfrwifbJ ,kHMunfcsufeJY BudK;pm;zdkY?
aemufqkH;avhvmrIawG r&yfwefYvdkufzdk Y uRefawmf
udk,fwdkif wefzdk;&Sdvli,f? wefzdk;&SdvlBuD;tjzpf a&SUu
OD;aqmif o½kyfjy&if; tdrfruf½dkif;rS Edk;xzdkY/ /
70
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
wuúodkvfb0ESifh vkyfief;cGifb0 txufygacgif;pOf\ taMumif;t&mjzpfaom ]]wuúodkvfb0ESihf
vkyfief;cGifb0}}wdkYonf ta&SUESihftaemuf? awmifESihfajrmufuJhodkY vkH;0OókH
qefYusifbuft&mrsm;yif jzpfonf/
wuúodkvfwufa&mufaeonhf tcsdefumvtwGif; rdbaqGrsKd; nDtpfudk
armifESrrsm;\ yHhydk;jcif;ESihftwl ynma&;wpfckom tm½kHpdkuf&aom taetxm;
wpfckjzpfaomaMumihf vGwfvyfrI? aysmf&TifrIwdkYtm; tjynhft0cHpm;Mu&onf/
xdkb0rSaeí ausmif;NyD;aomtcg wpfenf;tm;jzihf bGJU&NyD;aomtcg vufawGU
vkyfief;cGifodkY 0ifa&muf&awmhrnhf tcsdefwGif pdefac:rIrsm;pGm BuHKawGUMu&ayrnf/
“Are you ready ? ” [k avmuBuD;u ar;vmonhftcsdefwGif “Yes.” [lí jyefajz
Edkifatmif BudK;pm;Mu&rnf/
71
vkyfief;cGifodk Y 0ifa&mufNyD;csdefwGif rdrd\
t&nftcsif; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf jyKrl
tyfaomt&mrsm;tm; tBuHKjyKwifjyvdkygonf/
(1) Self-access (rdrdudk,fwdkif &SmazGa&G;cs,f oif,lrI)
(2) Self-appointed (rdrdudk,fwdkif owfrSwfxm;aom
rdrd\ae&m)
(3) Self-confidence (rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrI)
(4) Self-educated (rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwfajrmuf
jcif;)
ponhf tcsufrsm;jzihf jynhfpkHap&ef BudK;pm;Mu
&rnf/
(1) Self-access
(rdrdudk,fwdkif &SmazGa&G;cs,f oif,lrI),aeYacwfonf IT (Information Technology)
acwfjzpfaomaMumihf enf;ynm tokH;jyKrI uRrf;usif&ef
vdktyfonf/ Computer tokH;jyK&mwGif Word , Excel ,
Power Point rsm;omru Website tokH;jyKykH? Google
&SmazGenf;? E Mail tokH;jyKenf;rsm;üvnf; uRrf;usif&ef
vdktyfonf/ xdkYjyif t*Fvdyfbmompum; ajymqdk a&;
om;zwf½IEdkif&efvnf; ta&;BuD;onf/
xdkt&mrsm; uRrf;usifwwfajrmuf&eftwGuf
Computer Training Center , Language Training Center
rsm;odkY oGm;a&muf oifMum;Edkifaomfvnf; tpOfwpdkuf
avhvmrIrjyKvkyfygu oifwef;wufrIonf tcsnf;ESD;
yif jzpfayonf/ Training Center rsm;rS ydkYcsoifMum;rIrsm;
onf Theory ydkif;t& trsm;qkH;jzpfNyD; Practical ydkif;
wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef rdrdudk,fwdkif avhusihf
oif,lrI jyK&ayrnf/
Computer Skills wdk;wufvmap&eftwGuf
Word File wGif Typing avhusihfívnf;aumif;? Excel
File wGif Calculation avhusihfüvnf;aumif;? Power
Point File wGif Own Thinking Key Note Design rsm;
a&;qGJ avhusihfívnf;aumif; aeYpOf Practice jyKvkyf
&ef vdktyfonf/
English Language Skills wdk;wufaumif;rGef
vmap&eftwGufvnf; Grammar rsm; avhvmjcif;?
Phonetic rsm; avhvmjcif;wdk Ytjyif Listening Skill
aumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf English Songs , Dialogue ,
Conversation rsm;tm; &SmazG em;axmifrIrsKd; jyKvkyfoihf
ayonf/
(2) Self-appointed
(rdrdudk,fwdkif owfrSwfxm;aom rdrd\ae&m)]]ae&m}}qdkaom pum;vkH;onf vlwpfa,muf
\ b0twGuf vGefpGm ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrd ydkifqdkifxm;
aom b0ae&m? rdrdydkifqdkifcsifaom b0 ae&m ponf
wdkYtm; aocsmpGm od&Sdxm;oihfonf/ odkYrSom rdrd
jzpfcsifaom pdwful;tdrfrufrsm; taumiftxnf
ay:aygufvmap&eftwGuf rnfrQBudK;pm;&rnfudk
cefYrSef; od&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
xdkYtwlyif rdrd\cH,lcsuf? pdwfaepdwfxm;
Self-educated (rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwf ajrmufjcif;)
qdkonfrSm rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS
oifMum;ay;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ rdrdbmom
pOf;pm;awG; ac: jcif;jzihf tawG;opf? tjrifopfrsm;
zefwD;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
72
2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rsm;udk xm;&Sd&mae&monf jzLpifoefY&Sif;aeap&ef vdk
tyfygonf/ txufvlBuD;rS rdrdtm; vkyfief;wm0ef
wpfckay;tyfaom tcsdefwGif rdrdudkyJapcdkif;onf[laom
Bad Thought rsm;rawG;rdapbJ rdrd\ vkyfief;uRrf;
usifrItm; ,kHMunfrI&SdaomaMumihf wm0efay;tyfonf
qdkaom Good Thought rsm; awG;rdwwfap&ef ta&;
BuD;onf/
&mxl;i,fonfjzpfap? &mxl;BuD;onfjzpfap
rdrdydkifqdkifxm;aom vkyfief;ae&mESihf xdkufoihfonhf
vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI? wm0ef,lrI? wm0efcHrI&SdrSom
vkyfazmfudkifzuf rsm;\ av;pm;rI? ,kHMunftm;udk;rItm;
ydkifqdkif&vdrhfrnf jzpfygonf/
(3) Self-confidence (rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrI) ,kHMunfrIonf vlwpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;tMum;
aygif;oif;qufqH&mwGif &mEIef;jynhf ta&;ygaom
t&mjzpfouJhodk Y vlwpfa,muf\ atmifjrifrIeSih f
us½IH;rIonf xdk,kHMunfrIay:wGif rlwnfaeonf/ vkyf
ief;udpöwpfck aqmif&Guf&mü rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrI
jzpfay:ap&eftwGuf rdrdwGif t&nftcsif;rsm; jynhf0
ae&ef vdktyfonf/
xdkYaMumihf ysif;&dNiD;aiGUwwfaom tusihfqdk;
rsm;udk z,f&Sm;í vkyfief;wm0efrsm;tm; pdwf0ifwpm;
avhvmjcif;jzihf rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrIrsm; wnfaqmuf
Edkifygonf/
(4) Self-educated
(rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwfajrmufjcif;) Self-educated (rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwf
ajrmufjcif;) qdkonfrSm rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS
oifMum;ay;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ rdrdbmom pÚf;pm;awG;
ac:jcif;jzihf tawG;opf? tjrifopfrsm; zefwD;jcif;udk
qdkvdkonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; ponf
wdkYtm; trSeftrSm;? taumif;tqdk;? tem*wfwGif
jzpfay:Edkifacs&Sdaom t&mrsm;tm; udk,fydkiftawG;
tac:rsm;jzihf a0zefqef;ppfEdkifrIudk qdkvdkygonf/
xdkuJhodkY a0zefqef;ppfedkif&eftwGuf rdrd\
tawG;tac:onf &ihfusufrIESihf A[kokw jynhf0ae&ef
vdktyfygonf/ xdkYaMumihf A[kokwrsm; &&Sd&eftwGuf
pmtkyfpmay zwf½IrIrsm; jyKvkyf&efvdktyfouJhodkY pdwf
wnfNidrfrI&&SdNyD; rSwfÓPftm;aumif;ap&eftwGuf
aeYpOf tenf;qkH; tcsdefem&D0ufcefY w&m;½IrSwfjcif;rsKd;
jyKvkyfoihfayonf/
pma&;ol\ tBuHjyKtrSmpum;Management oifwef;rsm; rwufcif rdrd\
udk,fydkiftcsdef 24 em&Dudk aumif;rGefpGm Management
jyKvkyfEdkifap&ef BudK;pm;yg/
Speaking oifwef;rsm; rwufcif rdrdEIwfrS
xGuf&Sdaom pum;rsm;onf rkom;uif;ap&ef? ysm;
oumvdk csKdomap&ef? trSefw&m;udkom xkwfazmfajym
wwfap&ef? owif;udkomaqmifí twif;tzsif;qdk
a&Smif&Sm;Edkifap&ef BudK;pm;yg/
LCCI oifwef;rsm; rwufcif rdrd\ udk,fydkifaiG
tm; Balance nDrQpGm tokH;jyKwwfEdkifap&ef BudK;pm;yg/
73
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif; (100) ausmf&SdonfhtxJwGif
csif;vlrsKd;onf rsKd;EG,fpktrsm;qkH;jzpfygonf/ csif;rsKd;EG,fpkrnfrQyif rsm;jym;NyD;
bmompum;uGJjym;aomfvnf; csif;vlrsKd;taejzifh wpfrsKd;wnf;jzpfygonf/
csif;vlrsKd;wdkY\ txdrf;trSwf oauFwrSm atmufcsif;iSufjzpfygonf/ ,if;
oauFwrSm cspfjcif;arwåmBuD;rm;NyD; opömuwdwnfjcif;wdkYudk azmfñTef;jyqdk
vsuf&Sdygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; wdkif;&if;om; nDtpfudkrsm;tm;vkH;ESifhtwl
cspfMunfpGmjzifh wpfvkH;wpf0wnf; twlaexdkifvsuf&Sdygonf/ csif;jynfe,fwGif
emrnfausmfMum;aom pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mae&ma'orsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ odkYygaom
aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd wpf ajrwnf;ae wpfa&wnf;aomuf aoG;csif;nDtpfudk
armifESrom;csif;tm;vkH;udk csif;wdkYXmaeodkY tvnfwpfacguf ta&mufvSrf;cJh&ef
awmifay:ZvyfajrrS tpOfzdwfac:BudKqdkvsuf&Sdygonf/
csif;jynfe,f\ trsKd;om;aeYudk ESpfpOfazazmf0g&Dv (20) &ufaeYwGif
usif;yvsuf&Sdygonf/ csif;trsKd;om;aeYukd 1951 ckESpfrSpwifí ESpfpOfusif;y
vmcJhonfrSm 2018 ckESpfwGif (70) Budrfajrmuf&SdcJhNyD jzpfygonf/ ,if;aeYwGif
csif;trsKd;om;aeY aemufcHordkif;aMumif;ESifh csif;vlrsKd;wdkY\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI
qdkua&;wD;rsm;udk azsmfajzyGJrsm;jzifh usif;yavh&Sdygonf/ csif;trsKd;om;aeYonf
74
csif;vlrsKd;rsm;\ oluRefrcHvdkonhfpdwf"mwf? e,fcsJU
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qE´t& 'Drdkua&pDpepfjzihf tkyfcsKyfaompepfjrwfEdk;
aompdwf"mwftay:tajccHí aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpf
ygonf/
csif;jynfe,fonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrmufvwåD
wG'f 20 'D*&D 40 rdepfESifh 24 'D*&D 09 rdepftMum;?
ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f 92 'D*&D 36 rdepfESifh 94 'D*&D 08
rdepftMum;wGif wnf&Sdygonf/ tus,ft0ef;rSm
13906.97 pwk&ef;rdkif &Sdygonf/ 2014 ckeSpf oef;
acgifpm&if;t& vlOD;a&rSm 478.8 axmifaygif; jzpf
ygonf/ NrdKUawmfrSm [m;cg;NrdKUjzpfNyD; c½dkif (5) c½dkif
([m;cg;? zvrf;? wD;wdef? rif;wyfESif h rwlyD)ESif h
jynfe,ftwGif; NrdKUe,f (16) NrdKUe,f ([m;cg;NrdKU?
zvrf;NrdKU? wD;wdefNrdKU? xefwvefNrdKU? wGef;ZHNrdKU? &d'facg
'gNrdKU? usD;cgNrdKU? rif;wyfNrdKU? rwlyDNrdKU? yvuf0NrdKU?
uefyufvufNrdKU? a&ZGmNrdKU? vdkifvifyD;NrdKU? qrD;NrdKU?
ruGDtdrfEl;NrdKU? em&defNrdKU) &Sdygonf/ csif;jynfe,fESifh
xdpyfaeaome,fajra'orsm;rSm ta&SUbufwGif
ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;ESif h rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;?
taemufbufwGif tdE´d,EdkifiHESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH?
awmifbufwGif &cdkifjynfe,fESifh ajrmufbufwGif
tdE´d,EdkifiHwdkY jzpfMuygonf/
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcJNyD; a0;vHacgif
zsm;aoma'ojzpfonfhtwGuf zGHUNzdK;rI tenf;qkH;
jynfe,fwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/ csif;jynfe,ftwGif;
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rSm pdkufysKd;arG;jrLjcif;
vkyfief; jzpfygonf/ tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;jzpfaom a'o
xGufyJrsm;? ajymif;rsm;udkom tm;xm;í pdkufysKd;ae
aMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ csif;jynfe,fwGif &moDOwk
ajymif;vJjcif;? vlOD;a&wpfESpfxufwpfESpf ydkrdkwdk;yGm;
vmjcif;? a&okH;pGJrIrsm;jym;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifh aomuf
okH;a&&&SdrItaejzifh tcsKdUa'orsm;wGif tcuftcJrsm;
BuHKawGU&ygonf/ 2014 ckESpf vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;
t&m oef;acgifpm&if;ppfwrf;rsm;t& csif;jynfe,f
onf qif;&JeGrf;yg;rItjrifhqkH;jynfe,f? vlOD;a& arG;zGm;
rIEIef;taejzifh tjrifhrm;qkH;? q,fausmfouft&G,f
uav;arG;zGm;EIef;taejzifhvnf; tjrifhqkH;? udk,f0ef
aqmifrdcif aoqkH;rIEIef;taejzifhvnf; tjrifhqkH;ESifh
arG;zGm;pOf arQmfrSef;oufwrf;taejzifh tedrfhqkH; jzpf
onfudk 2017 ckESpf 'DZifbmv tESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmrS
avhvmod&Sd&ygonf/
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aomtcgwGif ucsifwdkif;&if;om;BuD;? u&ifwdkif;&if;
om;BuD;ESifh csif;wdkif;&if;om;BuD;wdkY qkHMu&mü ¤if;wdkY
a'otoD;oD;\ zGHUNzdK;rI txifu&rsm;ESifh ywfoufí
pum;&nfvkajymMu&mwGif ucsifwdkif;&if;om;BuD;
taejzifh ¤if;wdkYa'owGif tzdk;wef ausmufpdrf;xGuf&Sd
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a'oxGufudk pOf;pm;awG;awmr&onfhtqkH; ¤if;a'o
wGif tzdk;wef vlxGufygaMumif; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
wu,fudkyif csif;jynfe,fonf vlOD;a& arG;zGm;rIEIef;
taejzifh jrifhrm;onfhtjyif a&TUajymif;vkyfom;rsm;jym;
onfudkvnf; avhvmod&SdEdkifygonf/
csif;jynfe,fwGif a'oxGuftzdk;wefypönf;
rsm; rxGuf&Sdaomfvnf; csif;jynfe,f\ obm0tvS
w&m;½Icif;rsm;rSm pmzGJUí rrSDEdkifatmif c&D;oGm;rsm;udk
qGJaqmifonfh ae&mrsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ xdkYjyif csif;½dk;&m
*sufckwfjzifh ,ufvkyfxm;onfh qef;opfaom 0wfpkH
aygif;pkHjzifh ]]rdkif}}wdkY\tvSrsm;ESifh ]]qvdkif;}}wdkY\
wnfMunfcefYnm;rIrsm;udkvnf; cspfcifESpfvdkzG,f
pum;oH0J0Jrsm;jzifh cifrif&if;ESD;Edkifygonf/ csif;½dk;&m
tursm;wGif 0g;n§yftuonf xifay:ausmfMum;aom
tuwpfckjzpfNyD; csif;acgif&nfonfvnf; emrnfausmf
Mum;ygonf/ csif;½d k;&m"avhrsm;ESi f hqufpyfí
]]awmifay:acgif&nfcsK d jrjr wpfusK dufavmuf
aomuf&if tarm ajy? 'g[mvnf;csif;jynf&JU"avh
wpfckyg? tvnfwpfacgufvSrf;cJhprf;yg? wdkYrsm;csif;
75
twJG(5)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
"avh½dk;&mjrifap csifprf;uG,f}ponfjzifh oDqdkzGJUqdk
xm;rIrsm;jzifh ,Ofaus;rI"avh½dk;&mrsm;udk cHpm;½Ijrif
Edkifygonf/
csif;wdkYXmae&Sd c&D;oGm;rsm;pdwf0ifpm;vnf
ywfonfh a'orsm;rSm zvrf;c½dkif? zvrf;NrdKUe,f?
&d'fNrdKUwGif wnf&Sdonfh toJESvkH; ykHo@mef &d'fa&uef
onf xif&Sm;aom a&ueftjzpfvnf;aumif;? wD;wdef
NrdKUe,fwGif&Sdonfh &SmvkrfcHwyf? zdkY0dIufac: t*Fvdyf
ppfocsKØif;onfvnf; A[kokwavhvm&ef pdwf0ifpm;
zG,faumif;aom a'owpfcktjzpfvnf;aumif;?
rif;wyfc½dkif? rwlyDNrdKUe,fwGif vkHwdrfawmifudk jrpfzsm;
cHvsuf pD;qif;vmaom bkHwvma&wHcGefonf tqifh
(7) qifh&SdjyD; ,if;ywf0ef;usifwGif obm0 tzdk;wef
opfcGyef;rsKd;pkHESifh ewfaq;*rkef;yifrsm; ysm;tkHESifh
wd&pämefrsKd;pkH&Sdonfh vSyonfh a'owpfcktjzpfvnf;
aumif;? rif;wyfc½dkif? uefyufvufNrdKUe,fwGif ewfr
awmif trsKd;om;O,smOftwGif;&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH\ wwd,
tjrifhqkH;ay (10500) tjrifh&Sd 0dwdk&d, awmif (c)
acgEkokrfudk wdrfawG&Sd&mt&yf[k wifpm;ac:a0:onfh
c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm; pdwf0ifpm;rI trsm;tjym;&&Sdaom
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NrdKUe,fwGifvnf; ausmufyef;awmif(ac:) uDrdkawmif
teD;0ef;usifonfvnf; obm0 tajcjyKc&D;oGm;vkyf
ief;zGHUNzdK;rI tvm;tvmaumif;aom ae&ma'owpfck
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