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University of Malaya RAIN WATER DISCHARGE SYSTEMFACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT BSES 1105 BUILDING SERVICES I
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Content
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University of Malaya RAIN WATER DISCHARGE SYSTEMFACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT BSES 1105 BUILDING SERVICES I
GROUP 8
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1.0 Acknowledgement
We are very grateful to God for allowing us to complete this assignment on
time and achieve its target. We are indebted to many people with their help and
guidance in the preparation of this assignment. A special thanks to our beloved
lecturer En. Syed Abdul Fatah Syed Yusoff who had helps us the most and
encourages us in completing the assignment. Special thanks also dedicated to the
Built of Environment technicians that had provided us with all the information and
material about the Surveyor Building. Furthermore, we also want to thanks to our
course mates for their commitment and help in completing the assignment. Last but
least, to our family, we will always do the best for you. Without all your help we would
not be able to complete this task successfully. Thank you very much.
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2.0 Introduction
2.1 Rain water discharged system
Having a good knowledge of rainwater discharge system is essential in any
building construction to prevent unwanted disaster such as mudflow, flood or building
structure damage. This system is used to collect and discharge rain water or surface
water from building to drain and then the river .
There are three types of rain water discharged systems available; separate
drainage system, combined drainage system and partial drainage system.
The separate drainage system separated the foul water and the rain water.
The foul water will go into the drain that carries sewage and trade effluent, to the
men hole. But rain water would flow into the drain that carried rainwater as it goes
directly into a watercourse before going into the river.
The combined drainage system has one drain that carries both foul and
surface water into the men hole
The partial separate system conveyed most of rain water into surface water
sewer and less costly by doing isolated inlet connection .
To ensure liquids go into the right drainage system, it's essential to identify
every gutter, manhole, drainage grill or gully on site as either connected to foul,
surface water or combined drains.
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ontinuous luminium Gutter
Continuous Aluminium utt s is onsi t most ommon used today
ecause it olds more ater t an traditional ood utter. Alt ough it is generally
recommended, thismaterial may deform henaheavy ladder is leanedupagainst
them. hiscan eavoided ycareful useof ladders.
Fi"
ure2.2.2:#
ontinuous$
luminium Gutter
Source:% % %
.naapinc.com
Integral Gutter
Integral gutter as popular in the 60s and used the end of the rafters and
fascia on a sloped roof to form this system. he advantage of this gutter is that it
holds themost ater thanmost othergutter types. But it has thepotential to leaks,
hich can result indamage to the framing, fascia, soffit andsheathingof the roof.
herefore, theseguttersshould e inspected al ays.
Figure2.2.3: Integral GuttersSource:
% % %
.brillandson.co.uk
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Cast Iron Gutter
Cast ironguttercan eeasily found inoldhouses. hiskindofguttercan last
for a long time if it as painted regularly. he inside should e primed hit zinc
chromatepaint and ituminouspaint forth e finishingcoat. heyareheavy, a it hard
tohandle yourselvesandshould emaintainedandchecked al ays.
Figure2.2.4:Cast irongutters
Source:) ) )
.marleyalutec.co.uk
Steel Gutter
Steel gutter is one of the familiar gutter and most homeowners now days
choose these types of gutters. alvanized steel gutters tend to e the most
economical, easy to install, light andcheap. Althoughsteel guttersprove to emore
durable and can withstand ladders and fallen branches, evengalvanizedsteel can
eventuallyrust through. Stainlesssteel guttersarestrong, rust -freeandcanmaintain
theirhighsheen foryears.
Figure2.2.5: Steel GuttersSource:
) ) )
.icopal.com
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UPVC Gutter
PVCgutter is made from un-plasticizedpolyvinyl chloride. he sectionsand
fittingsare lighter, easy to fix anddonot requirepainting. he fittingsavailableare
themost commonusedandeasy toworkwith if fitting themasa DIY enthusiast. Half
round, squareandogeeprofilegutteringan d fittingsareavailable. Anogee isahalf -
roundadaptorused to joinguttersofdifferent profiles. Squareguttershaveamuch
greatercapacity forcarryingwaterthan thehalf -round type.
Figure2.2.6: UPVCgutters
Source:3 3 3
.axholme-cleaning-services.co.uk
Vinyl and Plastic Gutter
Vinyl and Plastic are other commonly used gutter and easy for DIY
installation. Vinyl guttersdonot rust or rot. hedownsideof thesem aterials is that
theycanbecomebrittlewithageorinextremecold.
Figure2.2.7: Vinyl and Plastic GuttersSource:
3 3 3
.residentielcladding.com
2.2.2. M TE I LS OF GUTTE
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Normally gutters are made from wood, vinyl, aluminium, steel and copper.
ood is least popularbecauseof itshighmaintenanceandprice. Vinyl iseasy for
installationandaluminiumguttersare themost common. Metal guttersaremade in
sheet metal shops and require gutter specialists to install them.
luminium
Aluminium is made by casting, extrusion or pressing from sheet. hey are
jointed with bitumen butyl rubber or other plastic compound and supported every
1830mm by aluminium or galvanized mild steel brackets. ive good performance
with very little maintenance. However, this material will expand twice as much as
steel and 50 percent more than copper. Aluminium is less strong than steel or
copperandcanbedentedmoreeasily. Primaryaluminium is the thickest andmost
consistent kind. Avoidsecondaryaluminium, arecycledproduct that oftenplagued
by inconsistent thickness.
Copper
Copperrequire littlemaintenanceandare light. hey havevarioussizesup to
125mm and are supported by stays at 380mm centres and brackets at 760mm
centres. Copper isconsideredasaqualityandpremiumproduct. It isanappropriate
material forhistoricpreservationprojects. Copperdoesno t requirepaint, will not rust
and well suited for nautical environments. However, copper is more costly than
alternativematerials. Skilled installersarerequires forcuttingandsolderingof joints
and transitions.
Galvanized Steel
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Galvanizedsteel aremade in light gauge insizesraging from 75 to 150mm in
bothhalf-roundandogeesections, in lengthof 910, 1220, and 1830mm. Gutterare
boltedand jointedwitheitherred leadandputtyormastic jointingcompound. Heavy
pressed valley, box andhalf-roundguttersaremade foruse in industrial buildings.
Galvanized steel is stronger than aluminium at equivalent thickness. he
disadvantage is that it will rust overtime. Hot-dippedgalvanizedguttersarepreferred
overothergalvanized finishes, but arenot recommended fornautical environments
unless the coil has been pre -coated.
Cast Iron Gutter
Cast ironguttersaresupplied in 1830mm lengthsand insizesvarying from 75
to 150mm, withashallowsocket at oneend toreceive theadj oining length. he joint
ismadewithred ledandputtyormastic jointingcompoundand issecurebyasmall
bolt. Half-roundguttersaresupportedbybracketsat 915mm centresand theseare
screwed through thebackat 610mm centres to the fascia.
PVC-U Gutter
his ismade inunplasticisedPVC (polyvinyl chloride) andcommonly inblack
or light greyand in somecases, white incolour andaresubject to movement and
slight colour change inuse. Its expected life is 20 years or more. It is jointed with
factory fittingsealingpadandusuallysupportedbyvinyl brackets. However, theyare
vulnerable todamagewithheavy rain falls. PVC isnumerousdue to it cheap, light,
non-corrosive, and easy to cut and does not dent. he disadvantages ofPVC are
that it cancrackwith forceapplied, andgoesbrittlewithage.
2.2.3. HOW TO M INT IN GUTTE SYSTEMS
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An improperly functioning gutter can contribute to water and ice backing up
against fascias and under roof shingles, damage soffits, and can discolour or
deterioratesidingmaterials. Besides that, faultygutterscanalso lead tosoil erosion
adjacent to buildings and serious water and foundation displacement problems in
basementsandcrawl spaces.
Gutters should be sloped a minimum of 1 inch for every 40 feet of run.
Standingwatermay indicateasaggingorincorrectlypitchedgutter. Guttersareoften
sizedaccording to theroofarea theydrain.
y ive-inch-wide K-styleguttersare theresidential industry'sstandard.
y Six-inch-wide K-styleguttersareused forlargerroofs.
y Half-roundguttersare typicallysized 1 inchwider than K-style toprovide the
equivalent capacity.
iderguttersmayberequired forcertainhardsurfaceroofingmaterials, such
as slate and tile, or used on steeply-pitched roofs, to prevent water from shooting
over thegutter. Guttersshouldbepositioned tight against roofingmaterialsand the
fascia.
Figure2.2.8: ShapesofguttersSource:
C C C
.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/10162.shtml
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Other recent developments include the use of vinyl (PVC) snap -together
gutter systems used primarily in do -it-yourself market because of their ease of
installation. Anotherrelativelynewproduct, Rainhandler(tm), claims toeliminate the
need forguttersbydeflectingrainaway from thebuilding. Eachguttersystemhas its
ownspecial characteristicsanduses.
Figure2.2.9:G
ainhandlerSource:www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/10162.shtml
epairExisting GutterSystems
Other than keeping gutters clean of leaves, pine needles, and debris, gutter
maintenance usually involves refastening hangers that have become unfastened,
repairing broken hangers, or adding new hangers where hanger spacing was
excessive. Hangers come inavarietyof types, includinghangerandstrap, hanger
andbracket, spikeand ferrule, andconcealedhanger(below).
Nowadays, concealed fastenersarebecomingpopularbecause theyareeasy
to install, arenot visible, relativelystrong, allow thegutters toexpandandcontract,
and come in a variety of sizes and configurations. Other maintenance and repair
items include keeping gutter anddownspout screens in place, refastening leaders,
andmaintainingsplashblocksorconnections toundergrounddrains.
2.3 IN W TE DOWN PIPE
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ain water down pipe is a pipe which used to collect and store the rain water
from top of roof to drainage. As with gutters, the materials used for rain water pipes
should be of adequate strength and durability and firmly fi ed without restricting
thermal movement. All pipe joints inside a building should capable of withstanding
the air tightness test for underground drainage. Figure . shows some e lements of
rain water down pipe. Figure . shows the connection of gutter and dow n pipe.
Higure 2. I .1 P Elements of rain water down pipe
Source: www.buildeaQ
y.com/plumbing_downpipe.html
H
igure 2.I
.2: Connection of gutter and down pipeSource: www.fao.org/docrep/S1250E/S1250E0l.htm
2. .1 A ERIA S RAI A ER PIPE
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Cast Iron Down Pipe
his ismade in 1830mm lengthsanddiameters from 50 to 150mm. hepipes
are generally enjoined, but joints may be filled with red and white lead putty or
approved mastic. Connection of pipes is usually fixed by nails through ear s and
distancepieces intohardwoodplugsbuilt intowall. Normally, thiskindofdownpipe
ispaintedorcoatedwithcomposition to increase thedurabilityofpipes.
U igure 2.3.3: Cast irondownpipeSource:www.myvalleyshouse.org.uk/en/EavesAndGutters.aspx
PVC-U Down Pipe
hiskindofdownpipe iscommonlychosen in theconstructionof rainwater
discharge system nowadays due to the cheaper price compared with the other
materials. hematerialsof thisdownpipe isunplasticisedPVCand its length ranges
from 2 to 5.5m, diameter of 50 to 100mm as well as rectangular section of
6550mm. no jointing material is necessary for the UPVC down pipe. igure 3.4
shows thePVC-U downpipe.
Uigure 2.3.4: PVC-U downpipe
Source: www.regal-roofline.co.uk/fascia.htm
sbestosCement Down Pipe
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his ismade indiameterof 50 to 150mmand length from 1.8 to 3m. Joints
areusually left unfilledbut areotherwise jointedwithcement andsand inratioof 1:2
or jointing mastic. he pipes are fixedwith galvanized mild steel ringclips to keep
them 38mmclearof thewall. However, asbestoscement downpipe israrelyused in
construction nowadays due to the difficulty of maintenance. igure 3.5 is the
structureofasbestoscement downpipe.
Y
igure 2.3.5: Asbestoscement downpipeSource: www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/gallery.htm
luminium Down Pipe
Sincealuminium isa flexiblematerial, aluminiumdownpipe ismadeofvariety
shapes, thicknessesandsizes. However, jointsmight be looseorcaulkeddue to the
fixing isconnectedbypipenails throughearsanddriven intohardwoodplugs. igure
3.6 shows theexampleofaluminiumdownpipe.
Yigure 2.3.6: Aluminiumdownpipe
Source: www.amazon-rws.co.uk/commercial.html
2.4 IN W TE D IN GE
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Generally the materials, designs, layout and installation of rain water drains
should follow the recommendation for soil drains the size of the drain should be
sufficient tocarry theanticipated flow from theroofplusanyrun -off frompavedareas
(although this run-off is not covered by the Building Regulations). he paved area
run-off should be calculated on the basis of a rainfall intensity of 50mm/h. the
minimumsizeofarainwaterdrain is 75mmand theminimum fall forboth 75mmand
100mmdrains is 1 in 100.
cigure 2.4.1: Rainwaterdrainage
Source:cield Study (2008)
2.5 M NHOLE
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A manhole (utility hole, maintenance hole or access chamber) is the top
opening to an underground utility vault used to house as an access point for
undergroundworksandotherservices includingsewers, telephone, electricity, storm
drains and gas. It is protected by a manhole cover, a plug designed to prevent
accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole. Manholes are usually outfitted
withmetal orpolypropy lenesteps installed in the innersideof thewall toalloweasy
descent into themanhole.
Manholes are generally found in streets and occasionally under sidewalks.
heyareusually incircularshape toprevent accidental fall of thecover in thehole.
he shape also represents their functions, like round shape for heavy duty and
squareshape for light work. In Malaysia, Indah ater is thecompany that commonly
maintenanceandauthorize themanhole.
g
igure 2.5.1: ManholeSource:
gield Study (2008)
3.0 Methodology
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In running the case study, our entire group member had doing some site
surveyof thebuildingby identifying thegutter, drainandmanhole. ecounted the
quantityof thepipe, themanhole, and lookout forthegutter.
Secondly, we also look up for the detail of the building drainage system by
referring to thedetailingplangivenby the technicianand JPPHB.
he third method used by us in preparing this assignment is by asking
questions from the lecturerand the technicianabout thisbu ilding.
hereare threesteps that weused in thepreparationof thisassignment really
contributes toachieveourmotive.
his issomesimplemeasures that wehad taken toensure theright drainagesystem
wasused:
y edrawupadrainageplan to identify all drainsandkeep it up -to-date, taking
intoaccount newbuildingwork.
y e identified all the gutters, type of drainage and where it flows and the
locationof themanhole.
y astly, we ensure facilities such as the gutters are connected to the foul or
directly into thedrainage.
4.0 Case Study
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In this task, wehadbeengiven topiconrainwater dischargesystem.
In our case, we have been choosing Survey Building as our experimental
buildingbecausewearecuriousabout thebuildingweusedeveryday andwewould
like toknowmoreabout thedrainagesystemof thebuilding. Inaddition, thissurvey
building isnear toour residential college , so it iseasy forus toaccess it any time.
Another reason why we choose this building is in our assignment is because its
easy forus to findout andget thedetail about thebuildingdrainagesystem. ith the
help and support from the Built Environment technicians, we succeed to have the
detail of thebuilding that weare looking for.
his study was conduct by the entire member of group eight Building
Surveying. e cooperate together to complete thisassignment. he job hadbeen
divided equally to each of the group member. As a result we had successfully
completed this task.
4.1 Separate Drainage System
Until now, thesewersystemhas to fulfil some requirement in the long term,
that includewatertight (pipesand joints), run insufficient depth (frost -safe), sufficient
gradient to carry the pollutant substances. Moreover, the resistant to chemical and
physical corrosionmaybeconsidered. Also, theappropriatestructurallydesignand
cost-efficient are required. Drainage installations for building have to deal not only
with flow fromsanitaryappliancesbut alsowithrainwaterfromroofandpaving.
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Figure 4.1.1w
he Separate Rainx
aterDischarge System
Source: Building SurveyingNotes, 2008
Asweknow, separatesystem is theseparatecollectionanddrainagesystem
for sanitary and rainwater. In separate system, the rainwater runoff is widely
unpollutedandcanbedischargedwithout treatment. Besides, rainwater fromroof in
surface will drain to surface water sewer or soak away. he foul sewerorsanitary
sewer also known as the domestic and industrial wastewater sewer. his sewer
requires small profile only because of relatively constant flow. he foul water from
sanitaryappliances in thedrainwill flow to foul watersewer. Nevertheless, thegreat
discharge frombasement levelswill result ingreat deepnessof thesewer. However,
discharge toareceiving riverisnot possible. hat isbecause it requires treatment.
In planning one has to choose the most appropriate drainage system thinking of
technical, economical andecological aspects.
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Inourcasestudy, wehaddone thesitesurveyandsomeresearchabou t the
building and found out that Survey Building is using the separate system. It has 9
rainwater pipes in the front of the building, 10 rainwater pipes at the back of the
building, 2 rainwaterpipesat theright andnoneat the left building. Rainwaterp ipes
mayrunexternallyand the jointswouldbewatertight. Removal of therain fallingon
the roof is bygutters that collect thewater and direct flow tosurface water sewer.
hen therainwaterpipe isdelivering toasurfacewaterdrain, no trap isnece ssary
andadirect connectionbetweenpipeanddrainarebemade.
Nevertheless, in separate system the advantage of the separate system isthat CSOs, and thepollutionassociatedwith them, areavoided. It alsoavoidanceof
surchargingofsewerbyvast volumeofsurfacewaterduringstorms. Also, there isa
reduced volume or treatment costs at processing plant. But on the other side, the
system allows the construction of smaller capacity drains and sewers to deal only
with foul drainage. In practice, however, truly separated drainage is difficult to
maintain, and is often confusing, leading to wrong connect ions being made by
developers. he contamination by tar used in roads and domestic driveways and,
more particularly, by increasing, amounts of oil and other deposits from motor
vehiclesarerendering thissystemofdrainage lessand lesseffectiveasamea nsof
preventing contamination of the natural water environment. here is also a high
investment costs forinstallationof thisdrainagesystem.
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4.2 low of the System
igure 4.2.1:
he flow of rainwater
Source:
ield study (200
)
Based on the figure above, rainwater will first hit the roof, then flows into the gutter on
the roof, flows do wn by gravity through the down pipe, reaches the d rain and then into a
sump. Basically, it will then flows to another drain and so on.
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5.0 P OBLEMS ND ISSUES
After completing the study, we know that the Survey Building in Faculty of
Built Environment, University Malaya is using separate rainwater discharge
system. his is inordertoreduce the treatment cost at processing plant.
By using this separate system also, we can prevent flooding and prevent
manhole fromoverloading. ealsonotice that the Survey Building isusingbigdrain.
his isbecause thesuitablesizeof thedrain is important tosupport thewaterand
rainquantity that will flow through thedrain.
In addition, the Survey Building in located at a sloping site, thus the rain
water flow in thedraincouldspeed fast and flow inabigquantity. hereforebigsize
of drainage is really suitable to this situation plus it can avoid flooding in that
compound.
hemainproblem that occurs in the faculty is thedrainandsumphasa lot of
rubbish inside, especially near the canteen part. e can observe that there were
many plastic bags, tissue papers andPVC food con tainer. hose itemare not bio
degradableas it will stayat thedrainandsump fora longperiod ifnoonecleans it .
Even thoughwehave largedrains for thebuilding, but it isnot impossible for
flood tooccurbecause therainwater isnot discharge inaproperway.
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6.0 CONCLUSIONS
Theorganization inchargeshouldhavea frequentlycleaning for thedrain. It
isnecessaryso that thedrainwouldnot stuckbecause University Malaya is located
in themiddleof Kuala umpur and we all knowhow Kuala umpuroften strike by
heavy flood.
ocated near the equator, Malaysia's climate is categorized as equatorial,
being hot and humid throughout the year. Annual rainfall exceeds 2000mm a year
and theaverage temperature is 27 degreesCelsius. Thisstatement also influences
thereasonwhy Survey Building isusingseparatesystemandbigdrain. Therefore it
isclear that theseparatesystemused in Survey Buildingreallysuit therequirement
of thebuilding. Even though the installationcharge isexpensive, the treatment cost
ischeapand it isgood forlong termperiod.
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REFERENCES
y Hall, Fred, 1994. Building Services & Equipment. 3 rd Edition. ongman
Scientific & Technical.
y Seely, IvorH., 1995. BuildingTechnology. 5 th Edition. ondon: McmillanPress
td.
y Barry, R., 1998. TheConstructionof Building. Volume 5.
y Greeno, Roger, 2000. Building ServicesTechnologyand Design.
y Frederick, Hall E., 1999. Essential Building Service & Equipment. ondon:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
y Barritt, C. M. H., 1997. The Building A ctsand Regulations Applied (Buildings
forPublic Assemblyand Residential Use). Addison esley ongman imited.
y Barritt, C. M. H., 1995. Building Acts and Regulations Applied (Houses and
Flats). 2nd
Edition. ongmanGroup imited.
y Building Servicenotes, 2008
y PeterBurberry. (1997). Environment and Services. (8thedition).
y http://www.wau.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/H811-
SIG/Skripten/811356/811356_04_b.pdf
y http://www.wikipedia.com
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APPENDIX
Pictures and drawings of the manhole and drainage that used at the
Survey Building, Facultyof Built Environment
Figure5.1.1: Picturesat Survey Building
Source: Fieldstudy 2008
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Figure5.1.2: DrawingofManhole
Source: Fieldstudy2008
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Figure5.1.3: DrawingofDrainage 1
Source: Fieldstudyk2008
l
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Figure5.1.2: DrawingofDrainage2
Source: Fieldstudy2008
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Figure5.1.3: DrawingofDrainage3
Source: Fieldstudy 2008
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