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English 100 BC
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A dramatic ballad singer studied under a strict teacher
who insisted that he rehearse day after day, month
after month the same passage from the same song,
without being permitted to go any further. Finally,
overwhelmed by frustration and despair, the young
man ran off to find another profession. One night,
stopping at an inn, he stumbled upon a recitation
contest. Having nothing to lose, he entered the
competition and, of course, sang the one passage that
he knew so well. When he had finished, the sponsor of
the contest highly praised his performance. Despite
the student's embarrassed objections, the sponsor
refused to believe that he had just heard a beginner
perform. "Tell me," the sponsor said, "who is your
instructor? He must be a great master." The student
later became known as the great performer Koshiji.
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If a child says he wants to be a professional
basketball player, what must the child do?
If a student wants to be a good writer, what
must the student do?
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Noun
name of a person, place, thing, or concept
A Noun is a Person, Place, or Thing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0m89e9oZko
Pronoun
word used in place of a noun
Rufus Xaviar Sarsasparilla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVSr4bsVIpM
Verb
usually expresses action or being
Verb: That’s What’s Happening
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvBKnZ6u0jA
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1. A couple was going on a vacation.
verb
2. The wife was on a business trip and was
going to meet her husband in Barbados the
day after his arrival.
noun
3. When he reached his hotel, he decided to
send his wife a quick email.
verb
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4. Unfortunately, when typing her address, he
mistyped a letter, and his note was directed
instead to an elderly preacher’s wife whose
husband had passed away only the day before.
noun
5. When the grieving widow checked her email, she
took one look at the monitor, let out a piercing
scream, and fell to the floor in a dead faint.
Pronoun
6. When they heard the commotion, her family
rushed into the study.
verb
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7. They saw the following email on the
computer screen.
noun
8. Dearest Wife,
Just got checked in. Everything prepared
for your arrival tomorrow.
P.S. Sure is hot down here.
pronoun
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Whenever possible avoid the passive voice
and use the active voice
◦ Makes writing crisper, more lively, more
concise
Avoid or replace be verbs
◦ be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been
The fly ball was caught by Hernando.
Hernando caught the fly ball.
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Use the active voice unless you have a good
reason for choosing the passive.
◦ In active, the subject does the action
◦ In passive, the subject receives the action
Mostly scientific writing
The settlers stripped the land of timber.
The land was stripped of timber by the
settlers.
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Replace be verbs that result in dull or wordy
sentences
As a rule, choose a subject that names the
person or thing doing the action.
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1. Big crowds are drawn to annual “Fashion
Week” events in American and European
cities.
Annual “Fashion Week” events in American
And European cities draw big crowds.
2. Shows by new and established designers
are attended by photographers, journalists,
models, and celebrities.
Photographers, journalists, models, and
celebrities attend shows by new and
established designers.
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3. Many people in the audience have model-
thin bodies and photogenic faces.
Many people in the audience show off their
model-thin bodies and photogenic faces.
4. Often haute couture shows with their
expensive, trend-setting fashions are the
highlight of the event.
Often, haute couture shows with their
expensive, trend-setting fashions entice the
largest numbers of eager spectators.
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5. Haute couture garments are not expected
to be worn by ordinary people.
Designers do not expect ordinary people to
wear
haute couture
garments.
6. Haute couture creations are frequently
more like works of art than mere outfits.
Designers frequently consider their haute
couture creations as works of art rather than
mere outfits.
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7. Such clothing can be worn in public only by
runway models.
Only runway models can wear such clothing
in public.
8. Other people seem ridiculous in haute
couture
clothes.
Other people attract ridicule in haute couture
clothes.
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9. Clothes can be draped more easily on
models who have very thin bodies.
Dressers can drape clothes more easily on
models who have very thin bodies.
10. Some people are more impressed by the
spectacle than by the clothes.
The spectacle impresses some people more
than the clothes.
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Adjective
modifies a noun or pronoun
usually answers questions such as
Which one? What kind? How many?
Articles a, an, and the also adjectives
Unpack Your Adjectives
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmRBRnyfjFw
Adverb
modifies a verb , an adjective, or an adverb
usually answers questions such as
When? Where? Why? How? Under what conditions?
To what degree?
Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXwE1dVDHP0
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1. My captors continue to maliciously torment
me with bizarre dangling objects.
adverb
2. They eat lavish meals in my presence while I
am forced to subsist on dry cereal.
adjective
3. The only thing that keeps me going is the
hope of eventual escape.
adjective
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4. I also derive satisfaction from occasionally
ruining some piece of their furniture. adverb
5. I fear I may be going utterly insane.
adverb
6. Yesterday, I ate a houseplant.
Adjective (articles are adjectives too )
7. Tomorrow, I might eat another.
Adjective (plant is implied…another describes
plant)
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Preposition
indicates the relationship between the noun or
pronoun that follows it and another word in
the sentence
Busy Prepositions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmz8mM-nPtM
Conjunction
connects words or word groups
Conjunction Junction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AyjKgz9tKg
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1. We were somewhere around Barstow on the
edge of the desert when the drugs began to
take hold.
preposition
2. I remember saying something like “I feel a bit
lightheaded [so] maybe you should drive….”
conjunction
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3. And suddenly there was a terrible roar
all around us and the sky was full of what looked
like huge bats, all swooping and screeching and
diving around the car, which was going about 100
miles an hour with the top down to Las Vegas.
preposition
4. And a voice was screaming: “Holy Jesus What
are these goddamn animals?” Then it was quiet
again. My attorney had taken his shirt off and was
pouring beer on his chest, to facilitate the
tanning process.
preposition
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5. “What the hell are you yelling about?” he
mustered, staring up at the sun with his eyes
closed and covered with wraparound Spanish
sunglasses.
preposition
6. “Never mind,” I said. “It’s your turn to drive.”
preposition
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7. I hit the brakes and aimed the Great Red
Shark toward the shoulder of the highway.
conjunction
8. No point mentioning those bats, I thought
[for] the poor bastard will see them soon
enough.
conjunction
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Can you end a sentence with a preposition?
◦Where are you at?
◦ Where are you?
◦ She displayed the good humor she’s known
for.
◦ She displayed the good humor for which she
is known.
◦ I want to know where he came from.
◦I want to know from where he came.
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◦ She is a person I cannot cope with.
◦ She is a person with whom I cannot
cope.
If the restructured sentence sounds contrived
and unnatural, simply rewrite the sentence:
◦ It is behavior I will not put up with.
◦ It is behavior up with which I will not
put.
◦ It is behavior I will not tolerate.
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The source uses a variety of
people to show what happiness
is.
This is how people are.
Never end in a “be” verb
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Eng 100
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These distract or confuse readers
Point of view
Verb tense
Mood or voice
Indirect to direct questions/quotations
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First person emphasizes writer
Good for informal letters and writing based on
personal experience
Second person emphasizes reader
Good for giving advice or explaining how to do
something
Third person emphasizes subject
Best for formal academic and professional writing
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Our class practiced rescuing a victim trapped in a
wrecked car. We learned to dismantle the car with
the essential tools. You were graded on your
speed and your skill in freeing the victim.
Our class practiced rescuing a victim trapped in a
wrecked car. We learned to dismantle the car with
the essential tools. You were graded on your
speed and your skill in freeing the victim.
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Consistent verb tenses clearly establish time of the
actions being described
A. There was no way I could fight the current and
win. Just as I was losing hope, a stranger jumps
off a passing boat and swims toward me.
B. There was no way I could fight the current and
win. Just as I was losing hope, a stranger jumped
off a passing boat and swam toward me.
B. There was no way I could fight the current and
win. Just as I was losing hope, a stranger jumped
off a passing boat and swam toward me.
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When writing about literature or current research,
use present tense
The scarlet letter is a punishment sternly placed on
Hester’s breast by the community and yet it was
a fanciful and imaginative product of Hester’s
own needlework.
The scarlet letter is a punishment sternly placed on
Hester’s breast by the community and yet it is a
fanciful and imaginative product of Hester’s own
needlework.
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Three moods in English
Indicative is used for facts, opinions, questions
Imperative is used for orders or advice
Subjunctive is used to express wishes or
conditions contrary to fact
The counselor advised us to spread out our core
requirements over two or three semester. Also,
pay attention to pre-requisites for elective
courses.
The counselor advised us to spread out our core
requirements over two or three semester. She
also suggested that we pay attention to pre-
requisites for elective courses.
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Each student completes a self-assessment. The
self-assessment is then given to the teacher and
a copy is exchanged with a classmate.
Each student completes a self-assessment, gives it
to the teacher, and exchanges a copy with a
classmate.
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Indirect question: We asked whether we could visit
Miriam
Direct question: Can we visit Miriam?
A. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if
so, whether she reported it to the police.
B. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if
so, did she report it to the police?
A. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if
so, whether she reported it to the police.
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A. The patient said she had been experiencing
heart palpitations and please run as many tests
as possible to find out what’s wrong.
B. The patient said she had been experiencing
heart palpitations and asked me to run as many
tests as possible to find out what was wrong.
B. The patient said she had been experiencing
heart palpitations and asked me to run as many
tests as possible to find out what was wrong.
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1. West African villages have strong oral traditions
in which the younger people are told stories by
their parents and grandparents.
West African villages have strong oral traditions in
which parents and grandparents tell the younger
people stories.
2. Way back before the Revolutionary War, slave
traders forced ancestors of the people from
those villages to come to the United States.
Before the Revolutionary War, slave traders forced
ancestors of the people from those villages to
come to the United States.
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3. In their difficult new situation in this country,
the Africans adapted their stories so that you
could learn from them.
In their difficult new situation in this country, the
Africans adapted their stories so that people
could learn from them.
4. Although different stories had different
messages, one kind of character comes up over
and over again.
Although different stories had different
messages, one kind of character came up over
and over again.
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5. The character is cunning and clever; call him a
“trickster.”
The character is cunning and clever; he is a
“trickster.”
6. The stories about Br’er Rabbit are good
examples of folktales whose hero was a
trickster.
The stories about Br’er Rabbit are good examples
of folktales whose hero is a trickster.
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7. Many of the other animals want to gobble up
Br’er Rabbit, who has only his wits to protect
him.
Many of the other animals want to eat Br’er
Rabbit, who has only his wits to protect him.
8. Yet in every story, Brer Rabbit not only escapes,
but his enemies are made to appear foolish by
him as well.
Yet in every story, Br’er Rabbit not only escapes,
but he makes his enemies appear foolish as
well.
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What is a pronoun?
Substitutes a noun
He, she, it, her, him, they, we, us, them
What is an antecedent?
Noun or pronoun that a pronoun refers to
Dr. Berto finished her rounds.
The hospital interns finished their rounds.
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Do not use plural pronouns to refer to singular
antecedents
3 Ways to correct
When someone travels outside the US for the
first time, they need to apply for a passport.
Replace plural pronoun with he or she (his or her)
When someone travels outside the US for the first
time, he or she needs to apply for a passport.
Make antecedent plural
When people travel outside the US for the first time,
they need to apply for a passport.
Rewrite sentence to correct problem
Anyone who travels outside the US for the first time
needs to apply for a passport.
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Do not use plural pronouns to refer to singular
antecedents
These indefinite pronouns are all singular
Anybody anyone anything each
Everybody either everyone everything
Nobody no one neither nothing
Somebody someone something
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Treat collective nouns as singular unless the
meaning is clearly plural
Collective nouns are treated as a group and
functions as a unit
Jury committee audience
couple Crowd class
troop family team
The committee granted its permission to build.
Sometimes they act as individuals though
The committee put their signatures on the
document.
Simplify by adding a clearly plural antecedent
The members of the committee put their
signatures on the document.
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Treat most compound antecedents joined with
and as plural
In 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev held a
summit where they signed the Intermediate-
Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
With compound antecedents joined with
or
or
nor (or with either…or or neither…nor), make
the pronoun agree with the closer antecedent
Either Bruce or Tom should receive first prize
for his poem.
Neither the mouse nor the rats could find
their way through the maze.
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With compound antecedents joined with or or
nor (or with either…or or neither…nor), make
the pronoun agree with the closer antecedent
*if one antecedent is singular and the other
plural, put plural one last to avoid
awkwardness
If one antecedent is male and the other
female, do not follow the traditional rule
Either Bruce or Elizabeth should receive first
prize for her short story.
The prize for best short story should go to
either Bruce or Elizabeth.
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1. Meteorology has made many advances in the
past few decades, but they still cannot answer a
number of questions about tornadoes.
Meteorology has made many advances in the past
few decades, but it still cannot answer a number
of questions about tornadoes.
2. Every tornado has their own unique
characteristics.
Every tornado has its own unique characteristics.
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3. The science of tornado watching has its own
system, the Fujita scale, for measuring storms
from weakest (F0) to strongest (F5).
correct
4. An F4 tornado or an F5 tornado can destroy
everything in their path.
An F4 tornado or an F5 tornado can destroy
everything in its path.
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5. Scientists cannot yet predict how strong any
tornado will be before they happen.
Scientists cannot yet predict how strong any
tornado will be before it happens.
6. One mystery about tornadoes involves the last
step when it forms.
One mystery about tornadoes involves the last
step when they form.
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7. Specialists do not know if a tornado forms in a
cloud and travels to the ground or if they begin
on earth and spiral upward.
Specialists do not know if a tornado forms in a
cloud and travels to the ground or if it begins on
earth and spirals upward.
8. Improved meteorological technology and the
skill to interpret data have made their
contributions to tornado prediction.
correct
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9. Either a few extra minutes of warning or more
information about a storm’s power would prove
their effectiveness in saving lives.
Either a few extra minutes of warning or more
information about a storm’s power would prove
its effectiveness in saving lives.
10. People who live in a tornado zone should
always know where his or her nearest safe area
is.
People who live in a tornado zone should always
know where their nearest safe area is.
People who live in a tornado zone should always
know the location of their nearest safe zone.
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Avoid ambiguous or remote pronoun reference
Occurs when pronoun could refer to 2
possible antecedents
When Gloria set the pitcher on the glass-
topped table, it broke.
Which object broke – the pitcher or the table?
The pitcher broke when Gloria set it on the
glass-topped table.
Tom told Sam that he had won the lottery.
Who won the lottery – Tom or Sam?
Tom told Sam “You have won the lottery.”
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Generally, avoid broad reference of this, that,
which, it
By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical
companies gain exposure for their
prescription drugs. Patients respond to this
by requesting drugs they might not need.
What are patients responding to – ads,
companies, prescription drugs?
By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical
companies gain exposure for their
prescription drugs. Patients respond to the
ads by requesting drugs they might not need.
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Do not use a pronoun to refer to an implied
antecedent
A pronoun should refer to a specific
antecedent, not to a word that isn’t actually
in the sentence
After braiding Ann’s hair Sue decorated them
with ribbons.
What is the antecedent for the pronoun them?
After braiding Ann’s hair Sue decorated the
braids with ribbons.
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Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you
A pronoun should refer to a specific
antecedent, not to a word that isn’t actually in
the sentence
In June, they announced that parents would
have to pay a fee.
In June, the board announced that parents
would have to pay a fee.
In the encyclopedia it states that male moths
can smell female moths from several miles
away.
The encyclopedia states that male moths can
smell female moths from several miles away.
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Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you
A pronoun should refer to a specific
antecedent, not to a word that isn’t actually in
the sentence
Ms. Pickersgill’s book stipulates that you should
not arrive at a party too early or leave too late.
Ms. Pickersgill’s book stipulates that a guest
should not arrive at a party too early or leave
too late.
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To refer to persons, use who, whom, whose NOT
which, that
Use
which, that
to refer to animals or things
All thirty-two women in the study, half of which
were unemployed for more than six months,
reported higher self-esteem after job training.
All thirty-two women in the study, half of whom
were unemployed for more than six months,
reported higher self-esteem after job training.
During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos,
Mexican families celebrate loved ones that have
died.
During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos,
Mexican families celebrate loved ones who have
died.
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1. In much political analysis, they say that public
distrust of the US government began with
Watergate.
Many political analysts say that public distrust of
the US government began with Watergate.
2. That scandal’s continuing legacy may make it
one of the most influential American events of the
twentieth century.
That scandal’s continuing legacy may make
Watergate one of the most influential American
events of the twentieth century.
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3. Since the early 1970s, political scandals have
rarely interested Americans; they often seem to
have very little effect.
Since the early 1970s, political scandals have rarely
interested Americans; the scandals often seem to
have very little effect.
4. Journalists provided the American people with a
lot of information about the Iran-Contra hearings,
but they could not have cared less.
Journalists provided the American people with a lot
of information about the Iran-Contra hearings,
but the public could not have cared less.
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5. Most people were indifferent; could it have been
the result of post-Watergate trauma?
Could the indifference of most people have been
the result of post-Watergate trauma?
6. If Americans expect politicians to be corrupt, it
will not surprise or even interest them.
If Americans expect politicians to be corrupt,
government scandals will not surprise or even
interest them.
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7. Ironically, the media’s coverage of scandals
seems to have made the public suspicious of them
as well.
Ironically, the media’s coverage of scandals seems
to have made the public suspicious of journalists
as well.
8. Cynicism about political and journalistic motives,
leads to apathy and it can spread contagiously.
Cynicism about political and journalistic motives,
which can spread contagiously, leads to apathy.
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Sample essay
Read Preface pages 1 – 46 (How to Read an
Essay, How to Write an Essay, How to Revise
an Essay)
Skim chapter on Narrative writing
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