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MODULE O3 TEKTONIKA
GERAK DAN SIFAT
INTERAKSI LEMPENGLITOSFERIK
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PLATE TECTONIC
Earthquakes
volcanic activity,
mountain-building, and
oceanic trenchformation occur along
plate boundaries
(most notably around the Pacific Ring ofFire).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake8/12/2019 Module 03 Tektonika
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PLATE TECTONIC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Plates_tect2_en.svg8/12/2019 Module 03 Tektonika
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PLATE TECTONIC
The lithosphere essentially "floats" on theasthenosphere and is broken-up into tenmajor plates: African, Antarctic, Australian,Eurasian, North American, South American,
Pacific, Cocos, Nazca, and the Indianplates.These plates (and the more numerous minorplates) move in relation to one another atone of three types of plate boundaries:convergent(or destructive, two plates push
against one another), divergent(orconstructive, two plates move away fromeach other), and transform(two plates slidepast one another).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Plate8/12/2019 Module 03 Tektonika
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PLATE TECTONIC
The division of the Earth's interior intolithosphericand asthenosphericcomponents isbased on their mechanicaldifferences. Thelithosphere is cooler and more rigid, whilst theasthenosphere is hotter and mechanically
weaker. This division should not be confusedwith the chemicalsubdivision of the Earth into(from innermost to outermost) core, mantle,and crust. The key principle of plate tectonicsis that the lithosphere exists as separate anddistinct tectonic plates, which "float" on thefluid-like asthenosphere. The relative fluidity ofthe asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates toundergo motion in different directions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere8/12/2019 Module 03 Tektonika
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Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by
Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age-Dating of Rocks
Plate Tecton ics
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Direct ion s o f Motion and Plate Veloci t ies Determined by GPS
(Global Pos it ioning System ) Satell i tes
Plate Tecton ics
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined
by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites
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Earths Tectonic Plates
North American
South
American
Juan deFuca
Cocos
Pacific
Nazca
AntarcticAntarctic
Caribbean
Scotian
African
Eurasian
Arabian
IndoAustralian
Pacific
Philippine
NorthAmerican
Plate Tecton ics
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Plate Tecton ics
What drivesPlate Tectonics
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What dr ives p late mot ions Forces that drive plate
motion Slab-pull
Cold, dense slabs ofsubducted oceaniclithosphere pull the platetowards the subduction zone
Ridge-push
The higher elevation ofspreading centers result inoceanic lithosphere wantingto move downhill, awayfrom the ridge
Far less important thanslab-pull
Mantle drag and plateresistance
Can act to increase ordecrease plate motion
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Mantle convection provides
the primary drive for
plate tectonics
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What dr ives p late mot ions Models of plate-mantle
convection Any model must be consistent
with observed physical andchemical properties of themantle
Horizontal movement of
plates causes mantleupwelling
Models
Layering at 660 km
Explains why basaltserupted at mid-ocean
ridges are different (moreevolved, relatively shallowsource) compared to thoseerupted at hot-spots (moreprimitive, deeper source).
We know that subducting
slabs descend beneath 660km
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What dr ives p late mot ions Whole-mantle convection
Would mix the entire
mantle in the space of a
few hundred million
years, removing
heterogeneities
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What dr ives p late mot ions Deep-layer model
Lava lamp model
Two layers swell and
shrink in a complex
fashion in response to
heat from the Earths
interior
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Internal Heat
Plate Tecton ics
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Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust
Plate Tecton ics
Divergent Boundary
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Transform Boundary
Plate Tecton ics
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Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust
and destruction of Oceanic Crust
Melting
ProducesMore
Felsic
Magma
Plate Tecton ics
Convergent Boundary: Subduction
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Arc-Trench systems 23
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Arc-Trench systems 24
Trench roll-back
T f t h t
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Arc-Trench systems 25
Types of arc-trench system
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BASIC PLATE TECTONICSRevised
Earths lithosphere is broken into 12-24 rigid
plates
Plates move about 1-10 cm/yr on the plasticAsthenosphere
Geology happens where the plates
interact with one another along Divergent,
Transform, Subduction and CollisionalBoundaries
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