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A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
TIME & MOTION
STUDYOF
SIEMENS INDUSTRIES
PROJECT GUIDE: TEJAS PAREKH
(MBAGJ0042)
PAREPARED BY: MAULIK PARMAR
MBA 4 TH SEM (OPRATION MANAGEMENT)
ROLL NO.140200!"!
SIKKIM MANIPAL UNI#ERSITY
2015-2016
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ERTIFI ATE
TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN
T$% % ' *+'%,- '$' MAULIK PARMAR (Roll No.14020086!
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ECLARATION
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ACKNOWLE#EMENT
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MAULIK PARMAR
(14020086!
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INE
SR. NO. PARTICULER PA#
1 ECLARATION
2 ACKNOWLE#EMENT
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
4 RE#IE= OF LITERATURE
COMPOSITION AND OBSER#ATION
" COMPANY PROFILE
COMPANYS #ISION; MISSION AND #ALUE
DIRECTORS REPORT
! MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION
10 AUDITORS REPORT
11 EBIT EPS DATA ANALYSIS
12 RATIO ANALYSIS
1 FINDINGS
14 FINDINGS
1 RECOMMENDATIONS
1" SUGGESTIONS
1 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 1
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RESEARCH
METHODOLOG Y
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STOP WATCH TIME STUDY AND MOST:
WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Sr.No TitlePage
No.
4.1 Introduction 984.2 Stop Watch Time Study Method 98
4.2.1 Meaning of Time Study 98
4.2.2 Time Study Techniques/Types 99
4.2. Stop !atch Time Study Method 1""
4.2..1 #$o%ution of Stop Watch Time Study Method 1"1
4.2..2 Importance and &ses of Stop Watch Time Study 1"
4.2.. 'rocedure for conducting stop !atch time study 1"
4.2..4 Methods of timing using Stop!atch 1"(4.2..) #quipments used to measure time using Stop !atch 1"(
4.2..( Ma*or +ompanies using Stop !atch time study method 1",
4. M-ST Wor Measurement technique 1"8
4..1 +oncept of M-ST Wor Measurement technique 1"8
4..2 #$o%ution of M-ST Wor Measurement Technique 11"
4.. Importance of M-ST Wor Measurement Technique 112
4..4 The M-ST systems 11
4..) asic M-ST Method 11)4..).1 asic M-ST Wor Measurement Technique 11(
4..).2 Se%ection of asic M-ST 0enera% Mo$e sequence Mode% 11(
4..). 'arameters of asic M-ST 0enera% Mo$e Sequence Mode% 11,
4..).4 'hases of asic M-ST 0enera% Mo$e sequence Mode% 11,
Steps to oser$e the 'hases of parameter for asic M-ST4..).) 118
0enera% Mo$e sequence Mode%
4..).( 'rocedure of asic M-ST Method 119
4..( Ma*or +ompanies using M-ST Wor Measurement 119Techniques
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STOP WATCH TIME STUDY AND MOST: WORK MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES
Introd!tion:
+hapter attempts to no! !hat is producti$ity producti$ity impro$ement
Wor study and Wor measurement and their re%ationship !ith impro$ed producti$ity.
Whereas an attempt is made in this chapter to introduce stop !atch time study and
M-ST measurement technique. The concepts of Stop !atch time study and M-ST
e$o%ution and history importance uses and types is co$ered in this chapter. Therefore
the o*ecti$e of this chapter is to no! and understand ao$e cited aspects !ith
respect to Stop !atch time study method and M-ST and to achie$e this present
chapter is arranged as fo%%o!s3
Introduction
Stop Watch Time Study Method
M-ST Wor Measurement technique
Sto" Wat!# Ti$e Std% Met#od:
Meaning o& Ti$e Std%:
Time study is the technique of esta%ishing an a%%o!ed time standard to perform a
gi$en tas ased upon measurement of !or content of the prescried method !ith
due a%%o!ance for fatigue and persona% and una$oida%e de%ays. I- defines time
study as a !or measurement technique for recording the times and rates of !oring
for the e%ements of specified *o carried out under specified conditions and for
ana%y5ing the data so as to otain the time necessary for carrying out the *o at a
defined %e$e% of performance. 6ccording to Meyers 72""2 time standards can e
defined as the time required to produce a product at a !or station !ith the three
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conditions3 71 a qua%ified !e%%:trained operator 72 !oring at a norma% pace and
7 doing a specific tas.;
Ti$e Std% Te!#ni'e()T%"e(:
Time study is usua%%y referred to as !or measurement and it in$o%$es the technique
of esta%ishing an a%%o!ed time standard to perform a gi$en tas ased on
measurement of the !or content of the prescried method and !ith due a%%o!ance
for fatigue persona% or una$oida%e de%ays. #sta%ishes time $a%ues are a step in
systematic procedure of de$e%oping ne! !or centers and impro$ing methods in
eata
1 /arnes 7198"= Wor Samp%ing
= 'redetermined Time Standard System 7'TS
= Stop!atch Time Study
= Stop!atch Time Study
= +omputeri5ed >ata +o%%ection
2 ?iee% 7199 = Standard >ata= @undamenta% Motion >ata
= Wor Samp%ing and Aistorica% >ata
= Time Study
= Standard >ata Systems
a!rences 72"""= 'redetermined Time Systems 7'TS
= Wor Samp%ing
= 'hysio%ogica% Wor Measurement
= aor Beporting
= 'redetermined Time Standard System7'TSS
Meyers and Ste!art = Stop!atch Time Study
4 = Wor Samp%ing72""2= Standard >ata= #ata
= Time Study
?iee% and @rei$a%ds= Standard >ata and @ormu%as
) = 'redetermine Time Systems72""= Wor Samp%ing
= Indirect and #
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To do time study $arious e
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too%s hasn‟t changed much. Today esides standard too%s of time study stop!atch and
c%ipoard !e use digita% stop!atches computers arcodes and accustudy soft!are
7I5etego$ic 2"",.
E,oltion o& Sto" Wat!# Ti$e Std% Met#od:
The +hart sho!ed the ma*or e$o%ution mi%estone of time study in the industry. This is
gi$en according to year and the person that contriute to the e$o%ution of the time
study technique.
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C#art
Ma-or E,oltion Mile(tone( o& Ti$e Std%
Sr.No Year Per(on Contri*tion
1 1,(" Cean Bodo%phe 'erronet: #
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I$"ortan!e and U(e( o& Sto" Wat!# Ti$e Std%:
0enera%%y this technique is used to determine the time required y a qua%ified and !e%%
trained person !oring at a norma% pace to do a specified tas. The resu%t of time
study is the time that a person suited to the *o and fu%%y trained in the specific
method. The *o needs to e performed if he or she !ors at a norma% or standard
tempo. This time is ca%%ed the standard time for operation. This means the princip%e
o*ecti$es of stop !atch time study are to increase producti$ity and product re%iai%ity
and %o!er unit cost thus a%%o!ing more qua%ity goods or ser$ices to e produced for
more peop%e. The importance and uses of stop !atch time study can e stated as
under3
7i >etermining schedu%es and p%anning !or
7ii >etermining standard costs and as an aid in preparing udgets
7iii #stimating the costs of a product efore manufacturing it. Such information is
of $a%ue in preparing ids and determining se%%ing price.
7i$>etermining machine effecti$eness the numer of machines !hich one person
can operate and as an aid in a%ancing assem%y %ines and !or done on acon$eyor.
7$ >etermining time standards to e used as a asis for %aor cost contro%.
7$iAe%ps to no! the aour producti$ity aour efficiency aour
'erformance and o$era%% time required to perform the tas.
7$ii Ae%ps to impro$e the process of operation.
Pro!edre &or !ond!ting (to" +at!# ti$e (td%:
0enera%%y the fo%%o!ing procedure is fo%%o!ed in conducting stop !atch time study3
. Sele!tion o& ta(/ to *e ti$ed:
Se%ect the tas or *o that needs to e timed for study purpose. There are $arious
priorities on the asis of !hich tas or *o to e studied is se%ected such as ott%enec
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or repetiti$e *os *os !ith %onger cyc%e time to chec correctness of e
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C#art
N$*er o& re!o$$ended !%!le( &or ti$e (td%
Minutes 'er To To To To To To To To To To -$er
+yc%e ".1" ".2) ".)" ".,) 1." 2." )." 1"." 2"." 4"." 4" ?umer of
+yc%es 2"" 1"" (" 4" " 2" 1) 1" 8 )
Becommended
Source: A!"!Sha:-stopatch time study-, in H!!Maynard .ed/: Industrial
"ngineering Hand0oo&, op!cit!#eproduced 0y &indpermission of the Mc1ra Hill oo& 2ompany!
7. Mea(re t#e ti$e o& ea!# ele$ent (ing (to" +at!#:
The time taen for each e%ement is measured using a stop !atch. There are t!o
methods of measuring. %i3 . @%y ac method and +umu%ati$e method. The time
measured from the stop !atch is no!n as oser$ed time.
8. Deter$ine (tandard rating:
Bating is the measure of efficiency of a !orer. The operatorDs rating is found
out y comparing his speed of !or !ith standard performance. The rating of an
operator is decided y the !or study man in consu%tation !ith the super$isor.
Earious rating methods used are speed rating synthetic rating and o*ecti$e
rating.
9. Cal!late t#e Nor$al ti$e:
The oser$ed time cannot e the actua% time required to perform the !or for a
!orer. Therefore ?orma% time needs to e ca%cu%ated. ?orma% time is the time
that a !orer taes !hen !oring at norma% pace. It is ca%cu%ated as e%o!3
Nor$al Ti$e O*(er,ed ti$e ; Rating
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is no!n as a%%o!ance. It is genera%%y a%%otted as per the company po%icy.
. Deter$ine t#e (tandard ti$e:
The standard time is the sum of ?orma% time and a%%o!ances. Thus it isca%cu%ated as e%o!3
Standard Ti$e Nor$al Ti$e = Allo+an!e(
Met#od( o& ti$ing (ing Sto"+at!#:
There are t!o methods of timing using a stop !atch. They are3 @%y ac or Snap ac
method and +ontinuous or +umu%ati$e method.
. >l% *a!/ Met#od:
Aere the stop !atch is started at the eginning of the first e%ement. 6t the end of the
e%ement the reading is noted in the study sheet. 6t the same time the stop !atch hand
is snapped ac to 5ero. This is done y pressing do!n the no immediate%y the
no is re%eased. The hand starts mo$ing from 5ero for timing the ne
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1. >igita% or e%ectronics stop !atch
2. #%ectronic data co%%ector and computer
. -ser$ation oard
4. -ser$ation sheet
). Stationary F 'en 'enci% #raser +a%cu%ator.
Ma-or Co$"anie( (ing Sto" +at!# ti$e (td% $et#od:
Ma*ority of the manufacturing industries use stop !atch time study method as
too% for !or measurement. @o%%o!ing are some of the manufacturing industries those
app%y stop !atch time study method for !or measurement as sho!n
C#art
?i(t o& Ma-or Co$"anie( (ing Sto" Wat!# ti$e (td% Met#od
?i(t o& Ma-or Co$"anie( (ing Sto" Wat!# Ti$eSr.No
Std% $et#od
1 Mahindra and Mahindra 76utomoi%e
2 Tata Motors 76utomoi%e
Aonda Motors 76utomoi%e
4 a*a* Motors 76utomoi%e
) @ord Motors +ompany
( 0enera% Motors
Source: !i&ipedia!com
The ao$e %ist is indicati$e and not e
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MOST Wor/ Mea(re$ent te!#ni'e a@ *@ !
:
6fter understanding stop !atch time study method section introduces M-ST
!or measurement technique in this section.
Con!e"t o& MOST Wor/ Mea(re$ent te!#ni'e:
M-ST stands for Maynard operation Sequence technique. It is one of the
important !or measurement technique used for management decisions. Wor
measurement is a too% used as a asis for p%anning schedu%ing estimation of costs and
e$a%uation of performance. Motion Time 6na%ysis 7MT6 !as de$e%oped in 192".
Method Time Measurement 7MTM pu%ished in 1948 !as one of the ase methods
for many simp%ified and more efficient techniques. M-ST is one of the recent MTM
ased techniques that is used for !or measurement. M-ST is the acti$ity ased !or
measurement system that ena%es us to ca%cu%ate the %ength of time required to
perform a tas i.e. a system to measure !or. The concept of M-ST !as de$e%oped in
19(, and asic M-ST system !as introduced in S!eden in 19,2 and in the &nited
States in 19,4. M-ST is easy and faster action ased system no!n as user friend%y
!or predetermined motion time system. It is a reathrough !or measurement
technique that a%%o!s a greater $ariety of !or 7oth repetiti$e and non:repetiti$e for
manufacturing engineering to administrati$e ser$ice acti$ities to e measured quic%y
!ith ease and accuracy.
Wor means e
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performed !hen the asic motion patterns are tactica%%y arranged and smooth%y
choreographed common%y no!n as methods engineering. It !as noticed that the
mo$ement of o*ects fo%%o!s certain consistent%y repeating patterns such as reach
grasp mo$e and position the o*ect. These patterns !ere identified and arranged as a
sequence of e$ents 7or su acti$ities fo%%o!ed in mo$ing an o*ect. 6 mode% of this
sequence is made and acts as a standard guide in ana%y5ing the mo$ement of an
o*ect. In other !ords to mo$e an o*ect a standard sequence of e$ents occurs.
+onsequent%y the asic pattern of an o*ect‟s mo$ement is descried y a uni$ersa%
sequence mode% instead of random detai%ed asic motions. @or each type of mo$e
different sequence mode%s of e$ents occurH therefore a separate M-ST acti$ity
sequence mode% app%ies. The use of too% is ana%y5ed through a separate acti$ity
sequence mode% that a%%o!s the ana%yst the opportunity to fo%%o! the mo$ement of a
hand too% through a standard sequence e$ent !hich is a comination of t!o asic
sequence mode%s. The technique he%ps in enchmaring the methods and acti$ities
fo%%o!ed in $arious operations in the industry !ith !or%d c%ass standards. It e%iminates
the su*ecti$e performance rating and has a much etter acceptance of
!ormen/unions ecause it is tota%%y transparent and easy to demonstrate.
This concept pro$ides the asis for M-ST sequence mode%s. The primary
!or units are no %onger asic motions as in MTM ut fundamenta% acti$ities dea%ing
!ith mo$ing o*ects. These acti$ities are descried in terms of su acti$ities fi
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E,oltion o& MOST Wor/ Mea(re$ent Te!#ni'e:
The scientific process of engineering a tas using the time study methods
descried has fo%%o!ing !ea points3
1. The indi$idua% ana%yst must su*ecti$e%y rate or compare the operator to an
#stimated 1"" performance standard.
2. 6 !atch simp%y does not forecast predict or accurate%y determine times for
future situationsH it on%y determines !hat has a%ready occurred.
. Methods impro$ement neg%ected
4. When using time study a quantitati$e comparison of methods cannot e
produced un%ess another time study is taen of the ne! method.
6 comination of the time study technique and the motion study phi%osophy
!as arranged to form the predetermined motion Time systems 7'MTS. Since in
'MTS the cata%ogs of predetermined times a%ready %e$e%ed to 1"" there no need to
rate an operator and hence focus shifted from operator to actua% !or. These
dra!acs %ead to e$o%ution of Methods:Time Measurement 7MTM !hich !as
de$e%oped y Aaro%d . Maynard 0. C. Stegemerten and C. . Sch!a and pu%ished
in 1948. Synthesi5ed $ersions of MTM !ere de$e%oped to reduce app%icator errors and
the time of ana%ysis.
The e$o%utionary stages of M-ST ar sho!n . @urther ad$anced $ersion of
MTM technique !ere de$e%oped and named as MTM:2 and MTM:. Many efforts
ha$e een made to simp%ify the !or measure merit ana%ystJs tas. This has %ed to a
esta%ishment of $ariety of higher %e$e% MTM data systems %ie M-ST Maynard-peration Sequence Technique 7M-ST is a system to measure !orH therefore
M-ST concentrates on the mo$ement of o*ects. 6 mode% of this sequence is made
and acts as a standard guide in ana%y5ing the mo$ement of an o*ect. It !as a%so noted
that the su acti$ities in that sequence $ary independent%y of one another in their
actua% motion content. The operation time may e ept in TM& or con$erted to
minutes or hours. This time ref%ect the !or content !ithout a%%o!ances at the 1""
performance %e$e%.
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>igre
E,oltionar% (tage( o& MOST +or/ $ea(re$ent te!#ni'e
Time Study
Motion Study
Time and Motion Study
'redetermined Motion Time Systems
7'MTS
Methods:Time Measurement 7MTM
Methods:Time Measurement:2 7MTM:2
Methods:Time Measurement: 7MTM:
Maynard -peration Sequence Technique 7M-ST
Most Wor Most 6pp%ication Most +omputer
Measurement Systems Systems
Systems
: asic M-ST
: Mini M-ST
: Ma
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Thus ad$ancement in the techno%ogy rought further inno$ation to fie%d of
!or measurement and hence ad$anced $ersion of M-ST !ere de$e%oped and
adopted y the industries.
I$"ortan!e o& MOST Wor/ Mea(re$ent Te!#ni'e:
M-ST is important ecause it he%ps in enchmaring the methods and
acti$ities fo%%o!ed in $arious operations in the industry !ith !or%d c%ass standards. It
e%iminates the su*ecti$e performance rating and is tota%%y transparent and easy to
demonstrate. M-ST is used to e
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Thus rief description of !hy M-ST is important for an organi5ation
inc%udes3 accurate !or standard capacity ana%ysis and manpo!er p%anning
!orp%ace design and *o acti$ity ana%ysis for re:organi5ation and a%%ocation for !or
a%ancing cost estimating for e
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Mini M-ST !ithin reach or a fe! steps !ith asic M-ST and more than t!o steps
!ith Ma
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Begard%ess of the cyc%e %ength Mini M-ST shou%d a%so e used to ana%y5e any
operation in !hich near%y a%% reach and mo$e distances for an operation are %ess than
1" inches 72) cm. Ao!e$er since its focus is on high%y repetiti$e !or !ithin reach
of the operator Mini M-ST !as not designed for ana%y5ing operations in !hich the
operator action distances e
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5a(i! MOST Wor/ Mea(re$ent te!#ni'e:
There are $arious asic M-ST !or measurement techniques as sho!n in
chartC#art
5a(i! MOST Wor/ Mea(re$ent te!#ni'e
Sr.No A!ti,it%Se'en!e
S*A!ti,it%) Para$eterModel
6: 6ction >istance
1 0enera% Mo$e 6 0 6 ' 6: ody Motion
0: 0ain +ontro%
' F '%acement6: 6ction >istance
: ody Motion
2+ontro%%ed
6 0 M L I 60: 0ain +ontro%
Mo$e M : Mo$e +ontro%
L : 'rocess Time
I : 6%ignment
6: 6ction >istance
: ody Motion
0: 0ain +ontro%
' : '%acement6 0 6 '
5lan/ S"a!e B i( &illed +it#
Too% &se *elo+ tool (e "ara$eter:6 ' 6 @:@asten
: oosen
S : Surface Treatment
M : Measure
B : Becord
T F Thin
Source: 4andin, 5!!, ‘M6ST 7or& Measurement Systems’, H!! Maynard and
2ompany Inc, Ne 8or&: Marcel De&&er, Second "dition, +9)(!
Sele!tion o& 5a(i! MOST Feneral Mo,e (e'en!e Model:
If the o*ects or materia% disp%acement fo%%o!s spatia% disp%acement or
unrestricted path through the air under manua% contro% genera% mo$e sequence mode%
is used.
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Para$eter( o& 5a(i! MOST Feneral Mo,e Se'en!e Model:
The parameters are the series of %etters representing $arious acti$ity e%ements.
The parameters of the asic M-ST 0enera% Mo$e Sequence consist of ) step pattern
as e%o!3
6 0 6 ' 6
Where3 6 G 6ction >istance
G ody Motion
0 G 0ain +ontro%
' G '%acement
• A!tion Di(tan!e AB:
This parameter is used to ana%y5e a%% the mo$ements of operator re%ated to hands
or feet for either %oading or un%oading of the materia%.
• 5od% Motion 5B:
This parameter is used to ana%y5e the ody motion of the operator %ie end
arise sit or stand !hi%e performing acti$ity.
• Fain Control FB:
This parameter is used to ana%y5e the comp%ete contro% of the materia% efore
mo$ing the materia% to another p%ace.
• Pla!e$ent PB :
This parameter ana%y5es the materia% p%acement a%ignment ad*ustment !ith
pressure.
P#a(e( o& 5a(i! MOST Feneral Mo,e (e'en!e Model:
Mo$ement of the o*ect through air occurs in three phases as under sho!n in
chart
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C#art
P#a(e( o& O*-e!t Mo,e$ent( &or 5a(i! MOST general Mo,e Se'en!e Model
Fet PUT Retrn
6 / 0 6 / ' 6
. >ir(t P#a(e G FET:
It is the action that is performed y the %aour to reach to the o*ect in comination
!ith the ody motion and gain contro% of the o*ect. The 6 parameter indicates the
distance the hand or ody must tra$e% to reach the o*ect. The parameter
indicates the ody motion !hi%e performing the action and the 0 parameter
indicates the contro% gained y the %aour on the o*ect.
0. Se!ond P#a(e PUT:
This phase indicates the action to mo$e or p%ace the o*ect to another %ocation.
'arameter 6 and indicates the same function as mentioned in first phase 70#T
to p%ace the o*ect at required p%ace. The parameter ' indicates the !ay in !hich
the o*ect is p%aced at the desired p%ace.
2. T#ird P#a(e RETURN:
This phase indicates the distance tra$e%%ed y the %aour to return to the !or p%ace
after the o*ect is p%aced at the desired p%ace.
Ste"( to o*(er,e t#e P#a(e( o& "ara$eter &or 5a(i! MOST Feneral Mo,e
(e'en!e Model:
1. Beach to the o*ect co$ering distance of fe! steps in comination !ith the ody
motion.
2. 0ain manua% contro% of the o*ect
. Mo$e the o*ect at certain distance for p%acement in comination !ith the ody
motion
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4. '%ace the o*ect as required
). Beturn to the !orp%ace
Pro!edre o& 5a(i! MOST Met#od:
0enera%%y 9 steps are used for app%ying asic M-ST methods such as3 7i
Se%ection of Co 7ii Se%ect the -perator for study 7iii Becord detai%s of acti$ity and
conditions of Wor 7i$ -ser$ation of each parameter 'hases 7$ 'arameter Inde
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C#art 3.7
?i(t o& Ma-or Co$"anie( (ing MOST
Sr. ?i(t o& Ma-or Co$"anie( (ing Sr. ?i(t o& Ma-or Co$"anie( (ing
No MOST No MOST
Mahindra and Mahindra
1 6re$a 7S!itchgear 11 76utomoi%e
harat @orge 7+ran Menon and Menon
2 Shaft/6
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Re&eren!e
1. ?iee% . W DMotion and Time Study‟ Bichard >. Ir!in Inc. Aome!ood
I%%inois 19(2.
2. Internationa% aour -rganisation 7I- DIntroduction to Wor Study‟ &ni$ersa%
'u%ishing +orp. India. Third Be$ised #dition 198(.
. Meyers 2""2 in DTime Study Method Imp%ementation in Manufacturing Industry‟ 6
.# Beport &ni$ersiti Technia% Ma%aysia Me%aa 2""8 ''. (.
4. Busse%% B.B. Tay%or .W.‟ -perations Management3 Nua%ity and
+ompetiti$eness in a 0%oa% #n$ironment‟ )th #dition C. Wi%ey ?e! Oor 2"").
). ?aayama S. D 6 study on setting standard time using !or achie$ement quotient‟
Internationa% Courna% of 'roduction Besearch Eo%. 4" ?o. 1) 2""2 '' 94):).
(. I5etego$ic C. D'rouca$an*e 0radite%*se 'roi5$odn*e‟ #%etronici
&d5eni Pagre @acu%ty of +i$i% #ngineering 2"",.
,a. Pandin Q.. DM-ST Wor Measurement Systems‟ A.. Maynard and
+ompany Inc ?e! Oor3 Marce% >eer Second #dition 198".
,. Ma%i M.B. DImpro$e the producti$ity using M-ST‟ 6 .# pro*ect Beport
ECTI Mumai 2""4.
,c. San*ay Qumar D-ptimi5ation of Besources in Ser$ice as !e%% as manufacturing industries‟
'h.>. thesis &ni$ersity of Mumai 2"1".
8 D P *
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ININ#S
D' >-% %'*++*''% /*+'5* 6- +**+$*+ I $'*+ ";
' %'*++*'* >-* +*+% >6/+ +/'%%'% , ' '$ '%7* '/- 7*'$ % SIEMENS INDUSTRIES
T$* 63*'% 6++%*+ %'* %'$
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>%'% , ' '$ '%7* '/- 7*'$ /*+: ! . " . 1 S/77+- ,
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! . " . 4
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,+ ' '$ '%7* '/- 7*'$.
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S'
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*+'7*' 6* >%'% , S' '$ '%7* '/- M*'$:
I ) T$* '+ '%7* '5* ' *+,+7 + 7>*'* '$* %* '%*'* '$*%+ %*
'%
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CONCLUSIONS
T$*+* +* ' >* , /* +%% ,+7 $' , P+/'%
*+'%.
F%+'; - P+/'% +%'% *>+* %' *+'%>
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/7* '$' 6- *>* %>> 6* %'*+*'*. I, '$* '*' /**;
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6>*. T$* +*>%'- % '$' 77/%'- , *$* >-
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/76*+ , *>* %>. T$* 6**?' % '*+7 ,
%7+' , /'% -% +* >%5*>- ' /'*%$ '$* ' , '$* '/- -.
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