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16Innate
Immunity :NonspecificDefensesof the Host
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&'(s
Differentiate !et)een innate and adapti*e i%%unityDefine to""+"i e receptorsDifferentiate physica" fro% che%ica" factors, and "ist e-a%p"es of
eachDescri!e the ro"e of nor%a" %icro!iota in innate resistanceC"assify phagocytic ce""s, and descri!e the ro"es of granu"ocytes and
%onocytesDefine and e-p"ain phagocyte and phagocytosisE-p"ain the different stages of inf"a%%ationDescri!e the cause and effects of fe*erDescri!e t)o of the three path)ays of acti*ating co%p"e%ent and
descri!e the . outco%esCo%pare and contrast the actions of +I/N and +I/N )ith +I/NDescri!e the ro"e of transferrins and anti%icro!ia" peptides in innate
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TLRs on MTLRs on M s,s,
dendritic cells,dendritic cells,epithelial cellsepithelial cells
Cytokines!
PAMPs recognition
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Horseshoe structure of ' ., sho)ing attached sugarsspheres3 and interna" structures
Fig. 16.7
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The Concept of Immunity
Susceptibility : 'ac of resistance to a disease
Immunity : 4!i"ity to )ard off disease
Innate immunity : Defenses against any pathogen
Adaptive immunity : I%%unity, resistance to a specificpathogen
Fig 16.1
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Physical FactorsEpider%is: consists of tight"y pac ed ce""s )itheratin, a protecti*e protein
)o other protecti*e physica" factors of s in5ucus of %ucous %e%!ranes
'acri%a" apparatus
&a"i*a
Nose hairs
uco3+ci"iary esca"ator
First Line of DefenseS!in and Mucous Membranes
Fig 16.3
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Chemical Factors
/ungistatic fatty acids in se!u%'o) pH .+73 of s in
'yso8y%e in 99999999999999999999999
'o) pH 53 of gastric $uice
Transferrins in !"ood
4"so i%portant: 4ntagonis% andco%petiti*e e-c"usion of nor%a" %icro!iota
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" st LineDefense in
#uman
ANIMATION Host Defenses: The Big Picture
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Second Line of Defense Formed $lementsin %lood Compare to Table 16.1
2 !2"#
3!$#
."!1##
2!%#6 !7 #
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&rocess of &ha'ocytosis
&ha'ocytes en'ulf and !ill microor'anismsSteps of phagocytosis:
Chemota(is
Reco'nition and attachment
$n'ulfment and creation of pha'osome
Fusion of pha'osome )ith lysosomeDestruction and di'estion
Residual body $(ocytosisFig 16.7
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&ha'ocytosis
Foundation Fig16.7
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Inhibit adherence M
protein, capsules
Streptococcus pyogenes, S.
pneumoniae*ill pha'ocytesLeu!ocidins Staphylococcus aureus
Lyse pha'ocytesMembrane attac!comple(
Listeriamonocytogenes
$scape pha'osome Shigella
&revent pha'osome+lysosome fusion #I
Survive inpha'olysosome Coxiella burnetti
icro!ia" E*asion of Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis and E*asion of Phagocytosis
ANIMATION Ph&goc'tosis: Micro(es Th&t )*&+e It
ANIMATION ,iru-ence F&ctors: In&cti*&ting Host Defenses
ANIMATION ,iru-ence F&ctors: Hi+ing Fro Host Defenses
ANIMATION Ph&goc'tosis: Mech&nis
ANIMATION Ph&goc'tosis: O*er*ie/
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Inflammation
Tissue dama'e leads to inflammatory response&urpose
Destroy patho'enlimit spread of infectionpave )ay for tissue repair
- cardinal si'ns .Acute+phase proteins /Chemical mediators0
activatedComplement proteinsCyto!inesSpeciali1ed proteins such as fibrino'en andbrady!inin
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The Three Sta'es of Inflammation
"2 asodilation and increased vessel permeability due to hista%ine and other cyto ine3 re"ease ede%a
32 &ha'ocyte mi'ration and pha'ocytosisargination and diapedesis e%igration3Che%ota-is due to *arious cyto ines andco%ponents of co%p"e%ent syste%3
Pus for%ation/actors cha""enging effecti*eness ofphagocytosis
42 Tissue repair and regeneration depends on typeof tissue
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Inflammatory &rocess
Diapedesi
Margination
Compare to Fig 16.8
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Treatment of abscess?
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Fever Abnormally #i'h %ody Temperature
Hypotha"a%us re"easesprostag"andins that reset thether%ostat
#ody reacts to raise thete%perature How?
;hen no %ore I'
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%eneficial effects of moderate fever Inhi!ited pathogen gro)th
Increased ce""u"ar %eta!o"is% e.g.:Increased transferrin productionIncreased I'
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Antimicrobial Substances
1 he co%p"e%ent syste%
2 Interferons
. ransferrins: !ind seru% iron
? 4nti%icro!ia" peptides: cause !acteria"
ce"" "ysis Produced !y %ucous%e%!rane ce""s and phagocytes
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TheComplementSystem
Compare toFoundation
Fig 16.9
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Complement System Summary
&eries of .0 p"as%a seru%3 proteins,acti*ated in a cascade
hree effects of co%p"e%ent syste%:"2 $nhances inflammatory response , e.g.:
attracts phagocytes
32 Increases pha'ocytosis throughopsoni1ation or i%%une adherence
. Creates e%!rane 4ttac Co%p"e-es MAC s3 Cyto"ysis
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5psonins co%p"e%ent proteins oranti!odies3 coat !acteria and pro%oteattach%ent of %icro+organis% to phagocyte 5psoni1ation
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Fig 16.12
Classical &ath)ay
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Some %acteria $vade Complement
Capsu"es pre*ent Co%p"e%ent acti*ation
&urface "ipid+car!ohydrates of so%e Ara%+negati*es pre*ent 4C for%ation
En8y%atic digestion of C7a !y Ara%+positi*es
ANIMATION 0o -e ent 'ste : Acti*&tion
ANIMATION 0o -e ent 'ste : O*er*ie/
ANIMATION 0o -e ent 'ste : esu-ts
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Interferons I/Ns3
/a%i"y of 'lycoproteinsHost+ce""+specific !ut not *irus+specific
+IF6 and +IF6: Produced !y *irus infected ce""s
ode of action is to induce uninfected ce""s to produceanti*ira" proteins A &s 3 that inhi!it *ira" rep"ication
+IF6: Produced !y "y%phocytes Causesneutrophi"s and %acrophages to phagocyti8e!acteria 4"so in*o"*ed in tu%or i%%uno"ogyeco%!inant interferons ha*e !een produced Ho)e*ershort+acting and %any side+effects No effect on a"ready
infected ce""s
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Interferons I/Ns3
Fig 16.15
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UnnumberedFigure 16.1a
Applications ofMicrobiology:Serum Collection
Unnumbered
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UnnumberedFigure 16.1b
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