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INTRODUCTION
PSYCHOLOGY
Nuzsep Almigo
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Predict what will happenSystematically observe events
Do events support predictions
Life Before Psychology
René Descartes(1596-1650)
Philosophy asks questions about the mind: Does perception accuratel re!lect realit" #o$ is sensation turned into perception"
Problem - No “scientic” wayof studying problems
Physiology asks similar questions about the mind
SCIENTIFICMETHD
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Psychology IsBorn
%ilhelm %undt(1&'-190)
First !perimental Psych Lab "#$%&'
ocuses on the scientiic stud o! the mind*
%% insists that +sch methods be as ri,orous
as the methods o! chemistr phsics*
(ni)ersity of Leip*ig+ar)ard (ni)ersity ,ale (ni)ersity
olumbia (ni)ersity
atholic (ni)ersity
(ni) of Pennsyl)ania
ornell (ni)ersity.tanford (ni)ersity
/undt0s students start labsacross (.1 "#$$2-#&22'
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/omen of Psychology
3ary al4ins - student of /illiam 5ames at+ar)ard but was not awarded a Ph676Founded psych lab at /ellesley ollege "#$'
3aragaret /ashburn - rst woman to recei)ePh676 in Psychology6 /rote 8he 1nimal 3ind9
which helped begin the Beha)iorist mo)ement6
Leta +ollingworth - 7ebun4ed popular theoriethat suggested women were inferior to men6
7id pioneering wor4 on adolescent de)elopmen
mental retardation : “gifted” children6
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Psychology "pre-#&;2'
!ilhelm !un"t (1&'-190)+hsiolo,ist +erceptual +scholo,ist
ounder o! +scholo, as a .cience/periments
#"$%&" Titchne& (1&6-19).tudent o! %undt
ormed Ψ at 2ornell3ntrospection
!illi%m '%mes (1&4-1910)
+hilosopher +scholo,ist
ormed Ψ at #arard
Psychology
nderstandin,
7ental +rocesses
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e a) or sm
.cienti!ic +scholo, should !ocus on
observable behavior*
8ohn %atson
(1&&-195&)
3an
Psych the .cience ofBeha)ior
Stimulus!esponse
Psycholo"y
Mental Processes cannotbe studied directly
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Psychology "#&;2s-#&
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.tructuralism )s Functionalism
%illiam 8ames1&4-1910
An%lyze consciousness into -%sic elements
%n" stu"y ho$ they %&e &el%te"
Introspection - sel!-obserationo! one?s o$n conscious eperiences
In,estig%te the unction. o& pu&pose
o consciousness &%the& th%n its st&uctu&e
@eaned to$ard applied $ork
(natural surroundin,s)
.tructuralism
Functionalism
%ilhelm %undt
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=estalt Psychology
7a %ertheimer
(1&&0-194')
#The whole is di$erent thathe sum o% its parts&'
Phi Phenomenon3llusion o! moement created b
presentin, isual stimuli in rapidsuccession*
; reaction a,ainst .tructuralism ;n attempt to !ocus attention back
onto conscious eperience
(i*e*A the mind )
(H)*
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+nconscious e,pressed in
dreams - #slips o% the ton"ue'
Freud : Psychoanalysis
.i,mund reud(1&56-19'9)
roposes the idea o% the +NCNSCI+S
Thou"hts. memories - desirese,ist below conscious awarene
and e,ert an in/uence on ourbehavior
Psychoanalytic Theory attempts to e,plaipersonality. mental disorders - motivation
terms o% unconscious determinants o% beha
i i
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ogniti)ePsychology
No%m Choms+y/L%ngu%ge0
1d)ent of computers "late #&>2s' pro)ides
a new model for thin4ing about the mind
o"nitive Psycholo"ists returnto the study o% learnin".
emory. perception. lan"ua"e.
evelopment - problem solvin"
ognition the mental processesin)ol)ed in ac?uiring9 processing9storing : using information
P h l "#&
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Psychology "#&
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7i@erent Perspecti)es in Psychology
iolo,ical +scholo,
ehaioralB2linical +scholo,
2o,nitie +scholo,
.ocial-2ultural +scholo,
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Biological Perspecti)e
Focus
#o$ the bod and brain create emotionsA memoriesA
and sensor eperiences*
Focus
#o$ the bod and brain create emotionsA memoriesA
and sensor eperiences*
Sample Issues
• #o$ do eolution and heredit in!luence behaior"• #o$ are messa,es transmitted $ithin the bod"• #o$ is blood chemistr linked $ith moods and moties"
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Beha)ioralAlinical Perspecti)e
Focus#o$ $e learn !rom obserable responses*
#o$ to best studA assess and treat troubled people*
Focus#o$ $e learn !rom obserable responses*
#o$ to best studA assess and treat troubled people*
Sample Issues• #o$ do $e learn to !ear particular obCects or situations"• %hat is the most e!!ectie $a to alter certain behaiors"• %hat are the underlin, causes o!:
;niet Disorders +hobic Disorders
=bsessie-2ompulsie Disorders
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ogniti)e Perspecti)e
Focus
#o$ $e processA store and retriee in!ormation*
Focus
#o$ $e processA store and retriee in!ormation*
Sample Issues• #o$ do $e use in!o in rememberin, and reasonin,"
• #o$ do our senses ,oern the nature o! perception"(3s $hat ou see reall $hat ou ,et")
• #o$ much do in!ants kno$E $hen the are born"
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.ocial-ultural Perspecti)e
Focus
#o$ behaior and thinkin, ar across situations
and cultures*
Focus
#o$ behaior and thinkin, ar across situations
and cultures*
Sample Issues• #o$ are $eA as members o! di!!erent races and
nationalitiesA alike as members o! one human !amil"• #o$ do $e di!!erA as products o! di!!erent social contets"• %h do people sometimes act di!!erentl in ,roups than
$hen alone"
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Psycholo"ists must be s0eptical
and thin0 critically
/hat is the e)idence+ow was it collected
Psychology is mpirical
Psych conclusions based on research
NC8 tradition or common sense
owled"e ac2uired throu"h observation
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Psych Is Theoretically Diverse
Theory
Dreams
3iolo"icalPsycholo"yPerspective
ClinicalPsychoanalytic
Perspective
; sstem o! interrelated ideas usedto eplain a set o! obserations
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Psych : .ociohistorical onte!t
Trends -Issues InSociety
4dvances InPsycholo"y
Psycholo"y develops in both asocial - historical conte,t
#%&ly Psychology;!!ected b
phsics phsiolo,
Society To"%y;!!ected b
pscholo,ical testin,
(3FA .;A
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/hat auses Beha)ior
3 e h
a v i o r
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Beha)ior is .haped by ulture
Personal Space
5alue o% Education
Punctuality
Social Norms
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InDuence of +eredity :n)ironment
Nature versus Nurture
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Perception Is .ubEecti)e
nternal In%ormation+rior /pectations2urrent 7ental .tate
/perience
E,ternal In%ormation;ctual %ordsB;ctions3ma,e Re!lected !rom =bCects
.oundE %aes
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3oth Determineur E,perience
o% the (orld
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/or4 In Psychology "'
Uni,e&sities 2
Colleges
34)35
#lement%&y6Secon"%&y
Schools
7)35
Hospit%ls.Counseling.
Clinics. etc)
33)85
(usiness.Go,e&nment o&
Consulting
93)95
In"epen"ent
P&%ctice
88)95
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.pecialties In Psychology
2linicalA
2ommunit
2ounselin,51*1G
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Hum%n (eh%,io&
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