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Boy / बालक / (Masculine / प ुंललङ्ग )
Case
विभक्ति / Singular
एकिचन Dual
क्वििचन Plural
िह िचन
Nominative (Subject)
प्रथमा बालकः (the boy) बालकौ
(two boys)
बालकाः (the boys)
Accusative (Object)
द्वििीया बालकम ्
(to the boy) बालकौ बालकान ् (to the boys)
Girl / िाला / vaalaa (F) / वरीललङ्ग
Case
विभक्ति Singular
एकिचन Dual
क्वििचन Plural
िह िचन
Nominative (Subject)
प्रथमा िाला
(the girl)
िाले (two girls)
िालाः (the girls)
Accusative (Object)
द्वििीया िालाम ्
(to the girl)
िाले (to two girls)
िालाः (to the girls)
Examples of noun form (शब्दरुप / shabdarupa):
The boy -> बालकः / baalakaH Many boys -> बालकाः / baalakaaH To the boy -> बालकम ् / baalakam To the boys -> बालकान ् / baalakaan The girl -> िाला / vaalaa Many girls -> िालाः / vaalaaH To the girl -> िालाम ् / vaalaam To the girls -> िालाः / vaalaaH Followings are few more nouns (शब्दरुप / shabdarupa).
School / विद्यालय (Masculine / प ुंललङ्ग)
Case
विभक्ति Singular
एकिचन Dual
क्वििचन Plural
िह िचन
Nominative
प्रथमा विद्यालयः विद्यालयौ विद्यालयाः
Accusative
विद्यालयम ् विद्यालयौ विद्यालयान ्
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Book / प विक / नप ुंसकललङ्ग
Case विभक्ति Singular
एकिचन Dual
क्वििचन Plural
िह िचन
Nominative
प्रथमा प विकम ् प विके प विकानन
Accusative
द्वििीया प विकम ् प विके प विकानन
*** In अकारान्ि / (नप ुंसकललङ्ग), both Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.
Me / अवमद् / (All Genders / त्ररललङ्गक)
Case
विभक्ति Singular
एकिचन
Dual
क्वििचन Plural
िह िचन
Nominative
प्रथमा अहम ् आिाम ् ियम ्
Accusative
द्वििीया माम ्/ मा आिाम ्/ नौ /
अवमान ्/ नः /
You / य वमद् / (All Genders / त्ररललङ्गक )
Case
विभक्ति Singular
एकिचन Dual
क्वििचन Plural
िह िचन
Nominative
प्रथमा त्िम ् य िाम ् यूयम ्
Accusative
द्वििीया त्िाम ्/ त्िा /
य िाम ्/ िाम ्/
य ष्मान ्/ िः /
Followings are the निङिपद (tiN^atapada) verb-forms (धाि रुप / dhaatutupa) of READ (पठ् / paTH) धाि (dhaatu) and GO (गम ्/ gam) धाि (dhaatu) in present tense (लट्लकार / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage in a sentence, we will cover all
other different forms.
Read / पठ् / paTh
Person / प रुष / puruSha Number / िचन / vachana
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Singular
एकिचन Dual
द्िीिचन Plural
िह िचन
Third
प्रथम पठनि
(is reading)
पठिः / paThataH
(both are reading)
पठक्न्ि / paThanti
(many are reading)
Second
मध्यम / madhyama
पठलस (you are reading)
पठथः (you two are reading)
पठथ (you all reading)
First
उत्िम पठालम
(i am reading)
पठािः / paThaavaH
(both of us reading)
पठामः (all of us reading)
Go / गम ्/
Person / प रुष / Number / िचन
Singular
एकिचन Dual
द्िीिचन Plural
िह िचन
Third
प्रथम / pratha ma
गच्छनि (is going)
गच्छिः (both are going)
गच्छक्न्ि (many are going)
Second
मध्यम / गच्छलस
(you are going)
गच्छथः / gachchhathaH
(you two are going)
गच्छथ / gachchhatha
(you all are going)
First
उत्िम / uttama
गच्छालम (i am going)
गच्छािः / gachchhaa vaH
(both of us going)
गच्छामः (all of us going)
A sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the above. These will help in learning the
sentence formation rules.
the boy is reading - बालकः पठनि the boys are reading - बालकाः पठक्न्ि
the girl is reading - िाला पठनि the girls are reading - िालाः पठक्न्ि
you are reading - त्िुं पठलस you all are reading - य युं पठथ
i am reading - अहुं पठालम we are reading - ियुं पठामः
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All the sentences above have the "Subject" (किाा / kartaa) and a "Verb" (क्रिया / kriyaa). In
all the sentences, the number (िचन / vachana) and person (प रुष / puruSha) of the "Verb"
(क्रिया / kriyaa) match number (िचन / vachana) and person (प रुष / puruSha) of the
"Subject" (किाा / kartaa).
Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" (बालकः पठनि / baalakaH paThati), the "boy"
(बालकः / baalakaH) is in third person singular (प्रथपप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha
ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" (क्रिया / kriyaa) is also in third person singular (प्रथपप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject" change. This can be seen
in the sentence "the girl is reading" (िाला पठनि / vaalaa paThati).
Rule 1: The verb (धाि / dhaatu) always follows number (िचन / vachana) and person (प रुष / puruSha) of the noun (शब्द / shabda).
Rule 2: The verb (धाि / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the gender (ललङ्ग / liN^ga) of the "Subject" (किाा / kartaa).
Rule 3: The verb form (धाि रुप / dhaaturupa) is always in second person (मध्यमप रुष / madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is अवमद् शब्द (asmad shabda). The verb form (धाि रुप / dhaaturupa) is always in first person (उत्िमप रुष / uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is य वमद् शब्द (yusmad shabda). All other nouns will always be in third person (प्रथमप रुष / prathamapuruSha).
Indeclinable (अव्ययपद / avyayapada): Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called अव्ययपद (avyayapada).
Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa अव्ययपद / avyayapada do not change in its form. It
remains same irrespective of gender, number, person and tense. Followings are few
examples:
kutra / क र - where atra / अर - here tatra / िर - there api / अवप - too Few sample statements using indeclinable (अव्ययपद / avyayapada):
where is the boy going - बालकः क र गच्छनि / baalakaH kutra
gachchhati
the boy is going there - बालकः िर गच्छनि / baalakaH tatra
gachchhati
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where are the boys going - बालकाः क र गच्छक्न्ि the boys are going there - बालकाः िर गच्छक्न्ि Note that the अव्ययपद (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the number, and
person of the "Subject" (किाा ).
Rule 4: Indeclinables (अव्ययपद) never change in form and remain same irrespective of the person and number of the "Subject" (किाा /kartaa).
Adjective (विशषेण )Adjective is the word that expresses an attribute or property of something
or someone. Only nouns can be used adjectives. In Sanskrit it is called विशेषण (visheShaNa).
Adjective always follows the gender (ललङ्ग) and number (िचन) of the subject or the word
for which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples:
blue sky - ननलः आकाशः && white cloud - विेिः मेघः In above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of sky and cloud. So,
these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud respectively.
Voice (िाच्य / vaachya): In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the following three voices.
'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only and this sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages like English.
1. Active voice or कितािाच्य (kartRRI vaachya). 2. Passive voice or कमािाच्य (karma vaachya). 3. Impersonal voice or भाििाच्य (bhava vaachya).
CHAPTER 2 - ACTIVE VOICE
Active Voice (कर्तिृाच्य / kartRRIvaachya): We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with
examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All
subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.
Study the following statements.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि Subject
(किाा / Verb
(क्रिया / Object
(कमा )
1. the boy is going बालः गच्छनि
the boy
बालः / going
गच्छनि / -
2. i am going अहुं गच्छालम
i am
अहुं / going
गच्छालम / -
3. the boy is
reading
बालः पठनि
the boy
बालः / reading
पठनि / -
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baalaH
4. i am reading अहुं पठालम
i am
अहुं / aha.n reading
पठालम / pathaami
-
5. the boy is going
to school
बालः विद्यालयम ्गच्छनि
the boy
बालः / baalaH
going
गच्छनि / gachchhati
to school
विद्यालयम ्/ vidyaalayam
6. i am going to
school
अहुं विद्यालम ्गच्छालम
i am
अहुं / aha.n going
गच्छालम / to school
विद्यालयम ्/
7. the boy is
reading the book
बालकः प विकम ्पठनि
the boy
बालकः / reading
पठनि / the book
प विकम ्/
8. i am reading the
book
अहुं प विकम ्पठालम
i am
अहुं / aha.n reading
पठालम / the book
प विकम ्
These are all examples of Active Voice or कितािाच्य (kartRRivaachya).
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or कमा (karma) in them. So these are intransitive
or अकमा कितािाच्य ).
Rule 5: In a कितािाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or किाा is always in the "nominative case" or प्रथमा विभक्ति
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or कमा (karma) like विद्यालयम ्(vidyaalayam), प विकम ्(in them.
So, these are transitive or सकमाक कितािाच्य (sakarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a कितािाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or कमा (karma) is always in the "accusative case" or द्वििीया विभक्ति
CHAPTER 3 - PRESENT TENSE
लट्लकार / laTlakaara (Present Tense): लट्लकार (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in present
tense (ििामानकाल / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence which is in present
tense, the verb (क्रिया / kriaa) has to be in लट्लकार (laTlakaara).
The complete लट्लकार / laTlakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम ्/ gam (go) धाि / dhaatu are
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given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in
ििामानकाल (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda
Verb
धाि / dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Third Person Singular
ििामानकाल प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy is reading. बालकः पठनि baalakaH paThati
बालक baalaka
पठ् paTh
-
2. The girl is reading. िाललका पठनि vaalikaa paThati
िाललका vaalikaa
पठ् paTh
-
3. Rama is reading. रामः पठनि raamaH paThati
राम raama
पठ् paTh
-
4. Sita is reading. सीिा पठनि siitaa paThati
सीिा siitaa
पठ् paTh
-
5. The boy is going. बालकः गह्छनि baalakaH gachchhati
बालक baalaka
गम ् gam
-
6. The girl is going. िाललका गह्छनि vaalikaa gachchhati
िाललका vaalikaa
गम ् gam
-
Present Tense - Third Person Plural
ििामानकाल प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha vahuvachana
7. The boys are
reading.
बालकाः पठक्न्ि baalakaaH paThanti
बालक baalaka
पठ् paTh
-
8. The girls are
reading.
िाललकाः पठक्न्ि vaalikaaH paThati
िाललका vaalikaa
पठ् paTh
-
9. Students are
reading.
च्छाराः पठक्न्ि chchhaatraaH paThati
च्छार chchhaatra
पठ् paTh
-
10. Clearks are
reading.
ललवपकाराः पठक्न्ि lipikaaraaH paThanti
ललवपकार lipikaara
पठ् paTh
-
11. The boys are going.
बालकाः गच्छक्न्ि baalakaaH
gachchhanti
बालक baalaka
गम ् gam
-
12. The girls are
going.
िाललकाः गच्छक्न्ि vaalikaaH
gachchhanti
िाललका vaalikaa
गम ् gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb
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(पठनि ) is also in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन )
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (किाा ) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन /). Similarly the verb (पठक्न्ि ) is also in प्रथमप रुष िह िचन of verb पठ् (paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-form in use. Only
the number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the
Subject are in masculine (प ङ्ललन्ग) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the
Subject are in feminine (वरीललङ्ग ). However in neither case the verb depends upon the
gender.
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष). Now let us study the following
sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष) and first person (उत्िमप रुष).
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda Verb
धाि / dhaatu Comments
Present Tense - Second Person Singular
ििामानकाल मध्यमप रुष/ एकिचन / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You are going. त्िुं गच्छलस tva.n gachchhasi
य वमद् yusmad
गम ् gam
-
14. You are reading. त्िुं पठलस tva.n paThasi
य वमद् yusmad
पठ् paTh
-
Present Tense - First Person Singular
ििामानकाल उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I am going. अहुं गच्छालम aha.n gachchhaami
अवमद् asmad
गम ् gam
-
16. I am reading. अहुं पठालम aha.n paThaami
अवमद् asmad
पठ् paTh
-
Present Tense - Second Person Plural
ििामानकाल मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana
17. You all are going. य युं गच्छथ yua.n gachchhatha
य वमद् yusmad
गम ् gam
-
18. You all are reading. य युं पठथ yua.n paThatha
य वमद् yusmad
पठ् paTh
-
Present Tense - First Person Plural
ििामानकाल उत्िमप रुष िह िचन / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana
19. We all are going. ियुं गच्छामः vaya.n gachchhaamaH
अवमद् asmad
गम ् gam
-
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20. We all are reading. ियुं पठामः
अवमद्
पठ्
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second
person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana). We can see that in all
these sentences the Subject used is य वमद् शब्द . In case of second person the kartaa is
always य वमद् शब्द In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / In case of
19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन ). In all these sentences the
Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always
अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).
As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different
numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
आङ््लभाषा सुंवकत ि Subject
शब्द / Verb
धाि / Comments
Present Tense - Dual ििामानकाल द्वििचन
21. Two boys are reading. बालकौ पठिः
बालक
पठ्
-
22. Two girls are reading. िाललके पठिः
िाललका
पठ्
-
23. Two boys are going. बालकौ गच्छिः
बालक
गम ्
-
24. Two girls are going. िाललके गच्छिः
िाललका
गम ् m
-
25. Two students are reading. च्छारौ पठिः
च्छार
पठ्
-
26. Two clearks are reading. ललवपकारौ पठिः
ललवपकार
पठ्
-
27. Both of you are going. य िाुं गच्छथः
य वमद्
गम ्
-
28. Both of you are reading. य िाुं पठथः
य वमद्
पठ्
-
29. Both of us are going. आिाुं गच्छािः
अवमद्
गम ्
-
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30. Both of us are reading. आिाुं पठािः
अवमद्
पठ्
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many
Sanskrit sentences using लट्लकार are given. You will know about many more nouns (शब्द ) and verbs (धाि ) in those. In the next chapter we will study लतट्लकार (lRRiTlakaara) or future
tense.
Read / पठ् / paTh : लट्लकार (Present tense / ििामानकाल / vartamaanakaala)
Person / प रुष Number / िचन
Singular
एकिचन Dual
द्िीिचन Plural
िह िचन
Third
प्रथम पठनि पठिः पठक्न्ि
Second
मध्यम पठलस पठथः पठथ
First
उत्िम पठालम पठािः पठामः
Go / गम ्/ gam : लट्लकार
(Present tense / ििामानकाल )
Person / प रुष / Number / िचन
Singular
एकिचन Dual
द्िीिचन Plural
िह िचन
Third
प्रथम गच्छनि गच्छिः गच्छक्न्ि
Second
मध्यम / गच्छलस गच्छथः गच्छथ
First
उत्िम गच्छालम गच्छािः गच्छामः
Lesson 4 FUTURE TENSE
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लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense): In previous chapter we studied about present tense. In
this chapter we will study about future tense. लतट्लकार (lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent
the future tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in future tense we need to use
verbd-forms from लतट्लकार ).
The complete लतट्लकार of पठ् (read) and गम ् (go) धाि are given at the end of this chapter
for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in भविष्यिकाल or future tense.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / Verb
धाि / Comments
Future Tense - Third Person Singular ििामानकाल प्रथमप रुष एकिचन
1. The boy will read. बालकः पठठष्यनि
बालक
पठ्
-
2. The girl will read. िाललका पठठष्यनि
िाललका
पठ्
-
3. Rama will read. रामः पठठष्यनि
राम
पठ्
-
4. Sita will read. सीिा पठठष्यनि
सीिा
पठ्
-
5. The boy will go. बालकः गलमष्यनि
बालक
गम ्
-
6. The girl will go. िाललका गलमष्यनि
िाललका
गम ्
-
Future Tense - Third Person Plural भविष्यिकाल प्रथमप रुष िह िचन
7. The boys will read. बालकाः पठठष्यक्न्ि
बालक
पठ्
-
8. The girls will read. िाललकाः पठठष्यक्न्ि
िाललका
पठ्
-
9. Students will read. च्छाराः पठठष्यक्न्ि
च्छार
पठ्
-
10. Clerks will read. ललवपकाराः पठठष्यक्न्ि
ललवपकार
पठ्
-
11. The boys will go. बालकाः गलमष्यक्न्ि
बालक
गम ्
-
12. The girls will go. िाललकाः गलमष्यक्न्ि
िाललका
गम ्
-
12
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (किाा) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन ). As the
verb always follows the number and person, the verb (पठनि) is also in 3rd person singular
(प्रथमप रुष एकिचन).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन). Similarly the verb (पठक्न्ि) is also in प्रथमप रुष िह िचन of verb पठ्
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष). Now let us study the following
sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष) and first person (उत्िमप रुष )
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द Verb
धाि Comments
Future Tense - Second Person Singular
भविष्यिकाल मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You will go. त्िुं गलमष्यलस
य वमद्
गम ्
-
14. You will read. त्िुं पठठष्यलस
य वमद्
पठ् h
-
Future Tense - First Person Singular
भविष्यिकाल उत्िमप रुष एकिचन /
15. I will go. अहुं गलमष्यालम
अवमद्
गम ्
-
16. I will read. अहुं पठठष्यालम
अवमद्
पठ्
-
Future Tense - Second Person Plural
भविष्यिकाल मध्यमप रुष िह िचन
17. You all will go. य युं गलमष्यथ
य वमद्
गम ्
-
18. You all will read. य युं पठठष्यथ
य वमद्
पठ्
-
Future Tense - First Person Plural
भविष्यिकाल उत्िमप रुष िह िचन
19. We all will go. ियुं गलमष्यामः
अवमद्
गम ्
-
20. We all will read. ियुं पठठष्यामः
अवमद्
पठ्
-
13
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन ) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन ). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is य वमद् शब्द In case of second
person the kartaa is always य वमद् शब्द In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन /). In case of
19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन). In all these sentences the
Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always
अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).
You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense (लतट्लकार ) are similar to present
tense (लट्लकार) with a minor deviation. In case of a पठ् धाि (paTh dhaatu), the लतट्लकार form
can be derived from the लट्लकार form by inserting इष्य (iShya) before the निप ्(tip) end. For
most verb forms this is true.
Rule: For most verbs, the लतट्लकार form can be derived from the लट्लकार form by inserting इष्य (iShya) before the निप ्(tip) end.
However some verbs take a slightly different form in their overall formation. In case of गम ्धाि (gam dhaatu) instead of गक्च्छष्िनि the correct form is गलमष्यनि and so on. This
deviations should be kept in mind for such specific verbs.
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda
Verb
धाि / dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Dual
भविष्यिकाल द्वििचन / bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana
21. Two boys will read. बालकौ पठठष्यिः baalakau paThiShyataH
बालक baalaka
पठ् paTh
-
22. Two girls will
read.
िाललके पठठष्यिः vaalike paThiShyataH
िाललका vaalikaa
पठ् paTh
-
23. Two boys will go. बालकौ गलमष्यिः baalakau gamiShyataH
बालक baalaka
गम ् gam
-
24. Two girls will go. िाललके गलमष्यिः vaalike gamiShyataH
िाललका vaalikaa
गम ् gam
-
25. Two students will
read.
च्छारौ पठठष्यिः chchhatrau
paThiShyataH
च्छार chchhaatra
पठ् paTh
-
26. Two clearks will ललवपकारौ पठठष्यिः ललवपकार पठ् -
14
read. lipikaarau
paThiShyataH
lipikaara paTh
27. Both of you will
go.
य िाुं गलमष्यथः yuvaa.n gamiShyathaH
य वमद् yusmad
गम ् gam
-
28. Both of you will
read.
य िाुं पठठष्यथः yuvaa.n paThiShyathaH
य वमद् yusmad
पठ् paTh
-
29. Both of us will go. आिाुं गलमष्यािः aavaa.n gamiShyaavaH
अवमद् asmad
गम ् gam
-
30. Both of us will
read.
आिाुं पठठष्यािः aavaa.n paThiShyaavaH
अवमद् asmad
पठ् paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many
Sanskrit sentences using लतट्लकार are given. You will know about many more nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धाि / dhaatu) in those. In the next chapter we will study लङ्लकार or
past tense.
Read / पठ् / paTh : लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / भविष्यिकाल /)
Person / प रुष / Number / िचन /
Singular
एकिचन Dual
द्िीिचन Plural
िह िचन
Third
प्रथम पठठष्यनि पठठष्यिः पठठष्यक्न्ि
Second
मध्यम पठठष्यलस / पठठष्यथः / पठठष्यथ
First
उत्िम पठठष्यालम / पठठष्यािः पठठष्यामः
Go / गम ्/ gam : लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara (Future tense / भविष्यिकाल )
Person / प रुष / Number / िचन / vachana
Singular
एकिचन Dual
द्िीिचन Plural
िह िचन
Third
प्रथम गलमष्यनि गलमष्यिः गलमष्यक्न्ि
15
Second
मध्यम / गलमष्यलस गलमष्यथः गलमष्यथ
First
उत्िम / गलमष्यालम गलमष्यािः गलमष्यामः
Lesson 5 - Past Tense
लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara (Past Tense): In previous chapter we studied about future tense. In this
chapter we will study about past tense. लङ्लकार verb-forms represent the past tense in a
sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from
लङ्लकार
The complete लङ्लकार पठ् (read) and go धाि are given at the end of this chapter for
reference. Study the following sentences. These are in भ िकाल ( or past tense.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि Subject
शब्द / Verb
धाि / Comments
Past Tense - Third Person Singular भ िकाल प्रथमप रुष एकिचन
1. The boy was reading. बालकः अपठि ्
बालक
पठ्
-
2. The girl was reading. िाललका अपठि ्
िाललका
पठ् h
-
3. Rama was reading. रामः अपठि ्
राम
पठ्
-
4. Sita was reading. सीिा अपठि ्
सीिा
पठ्
-
5. The boy was going. बालकः अगच्छि ्
बालक
गम ्
-
6. The girl was going. िाललका अगच्छि ्
िाललका
गम ्
-
Past Tense - Third Person Plural भ िकाल प्रथमप रुष िह िचन
7. The boys were reading. बालकाः अपठन ्
बालक
पठ्
-
8. The girls were reading. िाललकाः अपठन ्
िाललका
पठ्
-
16
9. Students were reading. च्छाराः अपठन ्
च्छार chchhaatra
पठ्
-
10. Clearks were reading. ललवपकाराः अपठन ्lipikaaraaH apaThan
ललवपकार
पठ्
-
11. The boys were going. बालकाः अगच्छन ् baalakaaH agachchhan
बालक baalaka
गम ् gam
-
12. The girls were going. िाललकाः अगच्छन ्vaalikaaH agachchhan
िाललका vaalikaa
गम ् gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb
(पठनि / paThati) is also in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha
ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (पठक्न्ि / paThanti) is also in
प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana of verb पठ् (paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us
study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष / madhyamapuruSha)
and first person (उत्िमप रुष / uttamapuruSha).
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda
Verb
धाि / dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Second Person Singular
भ िकाल मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You were going. त्िुं अगच्छः tva.n agachchhaH
य वमद् yusmad
गम ् gam
-
14. You were reading. त्िुं अपठः tva.n apaThaH
य वमद् yusmad
पठ् paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Singular
भ िकाल उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I was going. अहुं अगच्छम ् aha.n agachchham
अवमद् asmad
गम ् gam
-
16. I was reading. अहुं अपठम ् aha.n apaTham
अवमद् asmad
पठ् paTh
-
Past Tense - Second Person Plural
भ िकाल मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana)
17
17. You all were going. य युं अगच्छि yua.n agachchhata
य वमद् yusmad
गम ् gam
-
18. You all were
reading.
य युं अपठि yua.n apaThata
य वमद् yusmad
पठ् paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Plural
भ िकाल उत्िमप रुष िह िचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana)
19. We all were going.
ियुं अगच्छाम vaya.n
agachchhaama
अवमद् asmad
गम ् gam
-
20. We all were reading. ियुं अपठाम yua.n apaThaama
अवमद् asmad
पठ् paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second
person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन )We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is
य वमद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of second person the kartaa is always य वमद् (yusmad)
शब्द (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / In case of
19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन )In all these sentences the
Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) (shabda). The followings are the dual number form of above
sentences.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda
Verb
धाि / dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Dual भ िकाल द्वििचन
21. Two boys were
reading.
बालकौ अपठिाम ्
बालक baalaka
पठ्
-
22. Two girls were
reading.
िाललके अपठिाम ्
िाललका
पठ्
-
23. Two boys were going. बालकौ अपठिाम ्
बालक
गम ्
-
24. Two girls were going. िाललके अगच्छिाम ्
िाललका
गम ्
-
25. Two students were
reading.
च्छारौ अपठिाम ् chchhatrau
apaThataam
च्छार chchhaatra
पठ् paTh
-
18
26. Two clearks were
reading.
ललवपकारौ अपठिाम ्lipikaarau
apaThataam
ललवपकार lipikaara
पठ् paTh
-
27. Both of you were
going.
य िाुं अगच्छिम ् yuvaa.n
agachchhatam
य वमद् yusmad
गम ् gam
-
28. Both of you were
reading.
य िाुं अपठिम ् yuvaa.n apaThatam
य वमद् yusmad
पठ् paTh
-
29. Both of us were
going.
आिाुं अगच्छाि aavaa.n
agachchhaava
अवमद् asmad
गम ् gam
-
30. Both of us were
reading.
आिाुं अपठाि aavaa.n apaThaava
अवमद् asmad
पठ् paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many
Sanskrit sentences using लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more
nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धाि / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study आझयाुंलोट्लकार (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or verb-forms
representing commands and requests.
Read / पठ् / paTh : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / भ िकाल / bhutakaala)
Person / प रुष / puruSha Number / िचन / vachana
Singular
एकिचन / ekavachana
Dual
द्िीिचन / dviivachana
Plural
िह िचन / vahuvachana
Third
प्रथम / prathama अपठि ्/ apaThat अपठिाम ्/ apaThataam अपठन ्/ apaThan
Second
मध्यम / madhyama अपठः / apaThaH अपठिम ्/ apaThatam अपठि / apaThata
First
उत्िम / uttama अपठम ्/ apaTham अपठाि / apaThaava अपठाम / apaThaama
Go / गम ्/ gam : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / भ िकाल / bhutakaala)
19
Person / प रुष / puruSha
Number / िचन / vachana
Singular
एकिचन / Dual
द्िीिचन Plural
िह िचन
Third
प्रथम अगच्छि ्/
agachchhat
अगच्छिाम ्/ agachchhataam
अगच्छन ्/ agachchhan
Second
मध्यम / madhyama
अगच्छः / agachchhaH
अगच्छिम ्/ agachchhatam
अगच्छि / agachchhata
First
उत्िम / uttama
अगच्छम ्/ agachchham
अगच्छाि / agachchhaava अगच्छाम /
agachchhaama
LESSON 6 – IMPERATIVE
आझयाांलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests): In previous
three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will study about verb-forms used
in imerative mood. These verb-forms are used while giving commands or requests.
आझयाुंलोट्लकार (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms represent these.
The complete आझयाुंलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम ्/ gam (go)
धाि / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following
sentences. These are in imperative mood.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda
Verb
धाि / dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular
आझयाुंलोट्लकार प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. Let the boy read. बालकः पठि baalakaH paThatu
बालक baalaka
पठ् paTh
-
2. Let the girl read. िाललका पठि vaalikaa paThatu
िाललका vaalikaa
पठ् paTh
-
3. Let Rama read. रामः पठि raamaH paThatu
राम raama
पठ् paTh
-
4. Let Sita read. सीिा पठि siitaa paThatu
सीिा siitaa
पठ् paTh
-
5. Let the boy go. बालकः गच्छि baalakaH gachchhatu
बालक baalaka
गम ् gam
-
6. Let the girl go. िाललका गच्छि िाललका गम ् -
20
vaalikaa gachchhatu vaalikaa gam
Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural
आझयाुंलोट्लकार प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha vahuvachana)
7. Let the boys read. बालकाः पठन्ि baalakaaH paThantu
बालक baalaka
पठ् paTh
-
8. Let the girls read. िाललकाः पठन्ि vaalikaaH paThantu
िाललका vaalikaa
पठ् paTh
-
9. Let the students
read.
च्छाराः पठन्ि chchhaatraaH
paThantu
च्छार chchhaatra
पठ् paTh
-
10. Let the clearks
read.
ललवपकाराः पठन्ि lipikaaraaH paThantu
ललवपकार lipikaara
पठ् paTh
-
11. Let the boys go.
बालकाः गच्छन्ि baalakaaH
gachchhantu
बालक baalaka
गम ् gam
-
12. Let the girls go.
िाललकाः गच्छन्ि vaalikaaH
gachchhantu
िाललका vaalikaa
गम ् gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb
(पठनि / paThati) is also in 3rd person singular (प्रथमप रुष एकिचन ) In case of setences 7 to
12, the Subject (किाा / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमप रुष िह िचन. Similarly the verb
(पठक्न्ि / paThanti) is also in प्रथमप रुष िह िचन / of verb पठ्
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमप रुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us
study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमप रुष / madhyamapuruSha)
and first person (उत्िमप रुष )
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda Verb
धाि / dhaatu Comments
Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular आझयाुंलोट्लकार मध्यमप रुष एकिचन
13. You go. त्िुं गच्छ
य वमद्
गम ्
-
14. You read. त्िुं पठ
य वमद्
पठ्
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Singular आझयाुंलोट्लकार उत्िमप रुष एकिचन Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural
21
आझयाुंलोट्लकार मध्यमप रुष िह िचन
17. You all go. य युं गच्छि
य वमद्
गम ्
-
18. You all read. य युं पठि
य वमद्
पठ्
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Plural आझयाुंलोट्लकार उत्िमप रुष िह िचन
19. Let us all go. ियुं गच्छाम
अवमद्
गम ्
-
20. Let us all read. ियुं पठाम
अवमद्
पठ्
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमप रुष एकिचन / ) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (मध्यमप रुष िह िचन / ). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is य वमद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda).
In case of second person the kartaa is always य वमद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्िमप रुष एकिचन / ). In case
of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्िमप रुष िह िचन / uttamapuruSha
vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In
case of first person the kartaa is always अवमद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
आङ््लभाषा / English सुंवकत ि / Sanskrit Subject
शब्द / shabda
Verb
धाि / dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood Dual ( आझयाुंलोट्लकार द्वििचन )
21. Let the two boys
read.
बालकौ पठिाम ् baalakau paThataam
बालक baalaka
पठ् paTh
-
22. Let the two girls
read.
िाललके पठिाम ् vaalike paThataam
िाललका vaalikaa
पठ् paTh
-
23. Let the two boys go.
बालकौ गच्छिाम ् baalakau
gachchhataam
बालक baalaka
गम ् gam
-
24. Let the two girls go.
िाललके गच्छिाम ् vaalike
gachchhataam
िाललका vaalikaa
गम ् gam
-
25. Let the two students
read.
च्छारौ पठिाम ् chchhatrau
च्छार chchhaatra
पठ् paTh
-
22
paThataam
26. Let the two clearks
read.
ललवपकारौ पठिाम ्lipikaarau
paThataam
ललवपकार lipikaara
पठ् paTh
-
27. Both of you go. य िाुं गच्छिम ् yuvaa.n gachchhatam
य वमद् yusmad
गम ् gam
-
28. Both of you read. य िाुं पठिम ् yuvaa.n paThatam
य वमद् yusmad
पठ् paTh
-
29. Let both of us go. आिाुं गच्छाि aavaa.n gachchhaava
अवमद् asmad
गम ् gam
-
30. Let both of us read. आिाुं पठाि aavaa.n paThaava
अवमद् asmad
पठ् paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many
Sanskrit sentences using लतट्लकार / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will know about many more
nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धाि / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study विधैललङ्लकार (vidhailiN^lakaara) or optative mood.
Read / पठ् / paTh : आझयाांलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)
Person / प रुष / puruSha Number / िचन / vachana
Singular
एकिचन / ekavachana
Dual
द्िीिचन / dviivachana
Plural
िह िचन / vahuvachana
Third
प्रथम / prathama पठि / paThatu पठिाम ्/ paThataam पठन्ि / paThantu
Second
मध्यम / madhyama पठ / paTha पठिम ्/ paThatam पठि / paThata
First
उत्िम / uttama पठानन / paThaani पठाि / paThaava पठाम / paThaama
Go / गम ्/ gam : आझयाांलोट्लकार / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)
Person / प रुष / puruSha
Number / िचन / vachana
23
Singular
एकिचन / ekavachana
Dual
द्िीिचन / dviivachana
Plural
िह िचन / vahuvachana
Third
प्रथम / prathama गच्छि / gachchhatu
गच्छिाम ्/ gachchhataam
गच्छन्ि / gachchhantu
Second
मध्यम / madhyama गच्छ / gachchha गच्छिम ्/ gachchhatam गच्छि / gachchhata
First
उत्िम / uttama
गच्चानन / gachchhaani
गच्छाि / gachchhaava गच्छाम /
gachchhaama