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GEOLOGI MINYAK DAN
GASBUMI
Hadi Nugroho
PS TEKNIK GEOLOGI
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
2 1
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Petroleum Geology
Geologi Minyak dan Gasbumi
● Geologi yang berhubungan dengan
Industri Minyak dan Gasbumi
• Proses -proses geologi• Origin dan akumulasi minyak dan
gasbumi
• Konsep yang berhubungan denganeksplorasi minyak dan gasbumi
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Petroleum
● Is a mixture of naturally occuring
“hydrocarbons” which may exist in the
“solid”, “liquid” or “gaseous” states,
depending upon the condition ofpressure and temperature to which
it is subjected.
● Petroleum consists of “crude oil” and“gas”
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• “Petroleum” ~ Minyak Mentah ~
Minyak Lantung ~ Minyakbumi
- Merupakan bentuk minyak yang belumdiolah dan masih terdapat dalam
kerakbumi.
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Petroleum and Hydrocarbon
• Petroleum : a natural yellow- to -blackflammable liquid hydrocarbon
found beneath the earth’s
surface.
• Hydrocarbon : an organic compound made up
of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Petroleum Composition
• Hydrocarbon compounds of carbon and
hydrogen only make up over 90 of most
“crude oil”.
• As “crude oil”, basically composed of
“carbon” (± 85 ) and “hydrogen” (± 12 )with minor amounts of sulfur (± 8 ),
oxygen (± 2 ), and nitrogen (± 1.5 )
• The hydrocarbons in crude oil vary in
molecular size and molecular type.
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Molecular Size Weight (%)Gasoline (C4 – C10)
Kerosene (C11 – C12)
Gas Oil (C13 – C20)
Lubricating Oil (C20 - C40)
Residuum (> C40)
31
10
15
20
24
100
Molecular Type Weight (%)
Paraffins
Naphthenes
Aromathics
Asphaltics
30
49
15
6
100
Composition of a Typical
“Crude Oil”
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Components Oil Asphalt Kerogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
SulfurNitrogen
Oxygen
84.0
13.0
2.00.5
0.5
100.0
83
10
41
2
100.0
79
6
52
8
100.0
Chemical Composition of Oil,
Asphalt and Kerogen
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“Dry” Gas consists
predominately of:
Methane
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“Wet” Gas Contains:
Methane, Ethane, Propane,
Butane (C
1
- C
4
), Isobutane
and minor amounts of
Higher Hydrocarbons.
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• Distilation separates crude oil
into molecular group of different
sizes such as:
Gasoline, Kerosene, Gas-Oil,
Lubricating Oil, and Residuum.
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• API gravities are used for classifying oils
by reference to their densities as defined
by the American Petroleum Institute
• It may range from – 1 to + 101
• The larger the number, the lighter the oil. - Light crude may be 40
0 API.
- A medium crude oil = 280 API and
heavy crude oil = 20
0
API
API =
141.5
S.G. At 16
0
C (60
0
F) - 131.5
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TYPES OF “CRUDE OIL”
“Light” Texas CrudePalo Pinto Field
North Texas
“Heavy” Texas CrudeHumble Oil FieldSouthwest Texas
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Gas
Oil
Global Oil and Gas Fields
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History of Petroleum
First Use: • Egyptians: oil to preserve mummies
• Chinese: natural gas for fuel• Babylonians: oil to seal walls and pave streets
• Americans: tar to seal canoes
First Drilling: • Chinese using bamboo: to 800’ in 347 AD
• Americans using cable tool: to 70’ in 1859 AD
First Product : • Kerosene for lamps
• Gasoline was unwanted by-product
Demand Increase : Industrial Revolution
- Internal Combustion Engine (1885)
- Global Economic Growth (1900 – present)
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Sumberdaya Alam MIGAS
• Unrenewable resou rces.
• Proses pembentukan dan pemerangkapannya berhubungan
erat dengan sejarah pembentukan bumi.
• Tidak ada alat / teknologi yang dapat memastikan keberadaan
jebakan migas (gambl ing bu s iness ).
• Alat / teknologi hanya mengurangi resiko kegagalan bukan
mengeliminir resiko (Risk Taker Engineer).
• Eksplorasi dan eksploitasi SDA Migas memerlukan biaya danteknologi tinggi.
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Largest Hydrocarbon Basins by Ultimate Potential
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BATUAN INDUK
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ROCK
MINERAL MATTER (99%) ORGANIC MATTTER (1%)
KEROGEN (90%)BITUMEN (10%)
KEROGEN & BITUMEN IN AVERAGE SHALES
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MIGRASI DAN AKUMULASI MIGAS
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The Origin of Petroleum
Organic-richSource Rock
Thermally MaturedOrganic Matter Oil
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BATUAN WADUK
RESERVOIR)
ADALAH BATUAN POROUS (BERPORI) DAN
PERMEABEL (DAPAT MELULUSKAN FLUIDA) ,
SEBAGAI TEMPAT AKUMULASI DAN TERJEBAKNYA
MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI SECARA ALAMIAH DI
BAWAH PERMUKAAN BUMI
New Venture 2001
Butir Pasir
Pori-Pori
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American Petroleum Institute, 1986
Salt DomeFault
Unconformity
Pinchout
Anticline
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CEKUNGAN MIGAS INDONESIA
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mod. from Pertamina and Beicip (1982, 1985)
INDONESIA BASIN TYPES
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10°S
05°S
00°
05°N
100° E 110°E 120° E 130 ° E 140 ° E
N
0 300 600Km
INDONESIA PETROLEUM WORKING AREA (2006)
BADAN PELAKSANA KEGIATAN
USAHA HULU MINYAK DAN GAS BU MI
: BLOK PRODUKSI
: BLOK EKSPLORASI
Wilayah Kerja Migas Indonesia
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EKSPLORASI
GEOLOGI GEOFISIKA
•
STUDI CEKUNGAN
•GEOLOGI LAPANGAN
•ANALISA LABORATORIUM
• Batuan induk (source rock)
• Batuan waduk (reservoir)
• Batuan penyekat (seal/cap rock)
PROSPEK LEAD
•
SURVEI SEISMIK
• SURVEI GRAVITY / MAGNETIK
• Migrasi (migration )
• Perangkap (Trap)
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SURVEY PEMETAAN GEOLOGI :
MEMETAKAN BATUAN DAN STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
DIPERMUKAAN
UNTUK MENGINTERPRETASIKAN KONDISI BAWAHPERMUKAAN
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Petroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure
SEAL
GasOil
Water
RESERVOIR
HC MIGRATION
from MATURED SOURCE ROCKS / KITCHE
SKETSA PEREKAMAN DATA SEISMIK LAPISAN BATUA
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PEMBORAN SEISMIK
DINAMIT
UNIT ALAT PEREKAMAN
LAPISAN BATUAN
MINYAK BUMI
SKETSA PEREKAMAN DATA SEISMIK LAPISAN BATUA
Sketsa Yani, Modif
Pengetahuan tentang Geologi Migas Tahapan kegiatan Migas Pengusahaan Bisnis Migas PotensiMigas
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American Petroleum Institute, 1986
Vibrator Truck(Energy Source)
Recording Truck
Geophone(Receivers)
ReturningSound Waves
1 km
Gambaran kegiatan survai seismik
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SiliconGraphics
Gambaran kegiatansurvai seismik di laut
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New Venture 2001
PETA HASIL INTERPRETASI SEISMIK
INTERPRETASI HASIL PENGOLAHAN DATA SEISMIK
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24803
Traveling BlockTraveling Block
HookHook
SwivelSwivel
Draw WorksDraw Works
Mud PumpMud Pump
Rotary TableRotary TableKellyKelly
Mud HoseMud Hose
Crown BlockCrown Block
ngg
CasingDrill Pipe
Bit
Drilling Rig
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Pemboran di Laut (semi-submersible rig )
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WIRE LINE LOGGING TOOL
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DST - 3
DST – 4
DST - 5
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Volumetric Method
Cadangan Migas :
Constant x Luas x Vertical Closures x Por x (1-Sw) x Cf
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Material Balanced Method
Cadangan Migas :
Cadangan sisa + Cadangan Terambil
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ANALISIS KEEKONOMIAN
• Cost (Exploration, Production)
• Revenue
• Tax
• Split
• Stock (?)
• NPV
• ROR
• POT
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Jakarta, Maret 2006Eksplorasi PT PERTAMINA EP
TERIMA KASIH
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