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Importance and
Control of Acari
Parasitology Department
Medical faculty
Universitas Sumatera Utara
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Hemma Yulfi 2
Acarology
Refreshing
• Acari – Ticks and mites
– Composed of two parts: gnathosoma & podosoma
• Locomotion – Legs: hexapod larvae, nymph and adults octopod
• Respiration – Diagnosis measurement
– Stigmata
– Integument
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Hemma Yulfi 3
Acarines
• Four suborders of medically importance
acarines:
– Metastigmata
– Mesostigmata
– Prostigmata
– Astigmata
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Hemma Yulfi 4
Metastigmata
Medical Importance
• Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and soft ticks
(Argasidae)
• Causing irritation and ticks paralysis
• Transmits diseases: spirochaeta,
viruses, rickettisiae, bacteria
(tularemia), anaplasma, piroplasma,
theileria
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Hemma Yulfi 5
Tick removal from ear of a patientA nymphal stage of ticksuccessfully removed
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Hemma Yulfi 6
Metastigmata
Habitat
• Ticks are blood-feeding parasites that areoften found in tall grass where they will wait to
attach to a passing host.• Ticks can't jump or fly. Method of
transportation: physical contact, somespecies stalk the host from ground level,
emerging from cracks or crevices located inthe woods or even inside a home or kennel.
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Hemma Yulfi 7
Metastigmata
Habitat
• Ticks can be found in most wooded orforested regions throughout the world
(cosmopolitan).• In areas where there are deer trails or human
tracks.
• Abundant near water, where warm-blooded
animals come to drink, and in meadowswherever shrubs and brush provide woodysurfaces and cover.
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Hemma Yulfi 8
MetastigmataControl
• Control of ticks are desirable in areassuch as parks, lawns and otherrecreational areas
• Chemical control is most useful
• Protective clothing treated with repellants
• Vaccination of hosts with crude or purifiedtick extracts
• Use of anti-juvenile hormone agents
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Hemma Yulfi 9
Mesostigmata
• Gamasid mites
• Transmitting murine typhus, tularemia,
Korean hemorrhagic fever, coxackie
virus, and plaque
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Hemma Yulfi 10
Prostigmata
Medical Importance
• Larva (chigger) as the parasitic stage
• Leptotrombidium deliense carry Orientia
tustsugamushi , agent of scrub typhus.
• The bite causes dermatitis
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Hemma Yulfi 11
Prostigmata
Habitat
• Cosmopolitan
• Unfed larva are found on ground
surfaces, stalks and stems of grasses,
leaves and twig litters, nests on trees
and houses, holes in ground,
overhanging roots, fallen logs, treeholes, crevices in roofs and walls of
caves.
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Hemma Yulfi 12
Prostigmata
Habitat
• Soil with high content of clay has few
chiggers; loose soil yield many chiggers
• Newly emerged chiggers attach to hosts bydropping from overhanging leaves, grasses,
twigs and roofs of ground tunnels; by
clinging to the hosts as they pass by; or
climbing onto the host as the host is resting
• Also found in rodents, birds, bats, and
reptiles.
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Hemma Yulfi 13
Control
• Habitat modification, live-stock control
from ticks infestation.
• Prevent human-ticks/mites contact bywearing extended clothes when going
through forest or bushy areas.
• Biological: bird (guineafowl) and waspas predators.
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Hemma Yulfi 14
Control
• Chemical: Phenothrine (85.7%) and
methoprene combination for topical
flea/tick therapy for felines. Phentothrinkills adult ones, methoprene regulate
insect growth by interrupting the insect’s
life cycle by killing the eggs. This may
be toxic for human and animals.
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Hemma Yulfi 15
Astigmata
Medical Importance
• Sarcoptes scabiei causing scabies.
• Dust mites (e.g. Dermatophagoides pterynissinus) causing rhinitis
allergic, asthma, and dermatitis
allergic.
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Hemma Yulfi 16
Sarcoptes scabiei Life Cycle
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Hemma Yulfi17
Human scabies on the hand
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Hemma Yulfi18
Human scabies in the buttock
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Hemma Yulfi19
Sarcop tes scabiei
Control• The disease is prevented by preventing
contact with patients or patients’ clothes,
avoid sharing of clothes, beds, or towels.
• Treat all family and close contacts.
• Oral Ivermectin.
• Topical insecticides: permethrin 5%
malathion, lindane lotion, sulfur ointment and
soap.
• Cleaning of environment.
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Hemma Yulfi20
House dust mites
Control
• Keeping house dry reduces mite densities.
• Remove dust by vacuuming.
• Expose mattress to sunlight to kill mites
and denature mite allergens.
• Use plastic mattress covers and replace
mattress annually.
• Use of miticides.
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