the collective centre of the Belgian technological industry
Hybridisatie van een machine: hoe begin ik eraan ?
Seminarie 07-06-2012 [email protected]
Content
• “Hybrid”: what does it mean ?• Rationale: why hybrid ?• History and future• Classification of hybrids• Overview
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© 2011 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
07-06-2012
“Hybrid”: what does it mean ?
According to Wikipedia: “hybrid machines (vehicles) are machines (vehicles) with two or more power sources in the drive line”
Advantage hybrid: selection of proper combination of power sources in function of operation mode
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Example: hybrid car (simplified)
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Combination Operation mode
Stopped
Start-up and light acceleration
Driving @constant speed
High acceleration (“power boost”)
Coasting and braking
Hybrid system: general overview & operation modes
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Normal / steadystate operationLow power operationLow power operation with engine-stop / power cut-offEnergy recovery (regenerative braking) Excessive energy recovery; emergency stop
Primary source (grid, solar, ICE,…)
Secondary power sourceEnSto (Energy Storage)
proces1
Power carrierM
brake
proces3
proces2
M
M
Multiple processesMore operating modes possible feed power into grid; start/stop conditions;…
Case specific power flow strategies possible i.e. power management
Typical configuration of hybrid (electric) machine
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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~=
+
DC- bus-
proces1
proces2
brake
==
~=
M
EnStoBattery pack
Capacitor stack…
~=
M
Grid or engine with generator
Rationale: why hybrid / energy storage ?
• store (otherwise wasted) brake energy in order to recuperate it during next acceleration phase energy efficiency (decrease energy cost) decrease emissions, pollution, noise…
• store energy during periods of low power needs for use during peak power requirement (load leveling) reduce connection cost to grid or
downsize (mobile) generator prevent causing power dips with
your machine
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© 2011 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
07-06-2012
Rationale: why hybrid / energy storage ?
• store energy for use during power dips or interrupts on the grid increase energy quality to your machine prevent shut-downs of your machine scrap & production loss
• store a buffer of energy for use in case of emergencies safely shut down keep stand-by functions & alerts working
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© 2011 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
07-06-2012
History of hybrid vehicles
“Steam car” – ca. 1650 – Ferdinand Verbiest
First electric vehicle – ca. 1840 – Robert Anderson
First hybrid car– ca. 1900 – Ferdinand Porsche (ICE + electric)
Release of “modern” commercial hybrids (Toyota & Honda) – ca. 2000
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Today and future
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States
Classification of hybrids
• By topology (parallel, serial, power-split)• By utilisation (full, mild, PHEV)• By nature of primary and secondary power source
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Classification of hybrids (1)
• Parallel, serial, power-split
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Classification of hybrids (2)
• Full• Can be driven by primary power source only• Can be driven by secondary power source only• Can be driven by both power sources
• Mild• Some degree of hybrid hardware, but limited features
• Plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV)• Can by charged by the grid
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Classification by nature of power source (3)
• Electric/ICE• Electric/fuel cell• ICE/hydraulic• ICE/pneumatic• Flywheel• Human powered, environmental powered
• Mind the topology of the existing drive line !
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Classification by nature of power source (4)
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Sec Prim Electric ICE Hydr Pneum Other
Electric Volt, Tesla,Elevator/crane
Prius,Insight
Cost! Cost! El. bike
ICE UPS - ? ? -
Hydr. Cost!Power plant
Train,city delivery
IMmachines
? Desertpump?
Pneum. Power plant Research labs
Researchlabs
Pneum.accu
Desertpump?
Mech. KERS Flywheel Shredderflywheel
Spring? Desertpump?
Comparison energy storage technologies(5)
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© 2011 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
Energy Storage type
Power density
Energy density
Cycle life
Safetyassets
Typical load cycle time
Flywheel + + + rupture Seconds-minutes
Hydraulic ++ - + Leakage Seconds - minutes
(Pneumatic + - + ‘pressurevessle’
Minutes (hours) )
(Super)caps ++ +/- ++ Chemicals Fraction of seconds to seconds
battery - ++ - - Chemicals Minutes to hours
Comparison of technologies (6)
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© 2011 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
HydraulicSupercaps
Positioning of energy storage devices in terms of energy density & power density (Ragone chart)
Comparison of technologies (7)
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© 2011 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
How do I start ?
• Define the rationale(s) (load levelling, regenerative braking…)
• Study the topology of the machine’s drive line
• Investigate the typical load cycle(s) of the machinery(dynamic!)• Ragone chart (power – energy – duration)• E.g. hybridisation is not possible when the machine is always
operated with 100% duty cycle
• Economical aspects : pay-back ?• Cost of extra components for hybridisation / energy storage• Cost of extra safety components (mechanical & electrical)
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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Questions ?
• Next presentation: more technical details
• Don’t hesitate to contact us !
07-06-2012
© 2012 Sirris – FMTC – VUB www.sirris.be www.fmtc.be mobi.vub.ac.be
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