Ionic column and the frond of bracken (pteridium
aquilinum)
Slide 15
ionic order ionic order
Slide 16
the ratio of golden mean
|---------------|-----------------------| X 1 X
Slide 17
A/C = B/A = 0.61803 C/A = A/B = 1.61803
Slide 18
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Classical Ideal (Classical Ideal) balance order
Slide 20
Martin, Thomas R. Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to
Hellenistic Times. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.
Slide 21
Public revenues Athens received substantial public revenues
form harbor fees, sales taxes, and the tribute of the allies.
Buildings paid for by public funds from these sources constituted
the most conspicuous architecture in the city of the Classical
period of the fifth and fourth centuries.
Slide 22
Agora and council The scale of these public buildings was
usually no greater than the size required to fulfill their
function, such as the complex of buildings on the agoras western
edge in which the council of five hundred held its meetings and the
public archives were kept.
Slide 23
The Acropolis 447 BCE Since the assembly convened in the open
air on a hillside above the agora, it required no building at all
except for a speakers platform. In 447 B.C., however, at Pericles
instigation, a great project began atop the Acropolis, the
mesa-like promontory at the center of the city, which towered over
the agora.
Slide 24
Slide 25
Parthenon a new Athena temple, the Parthenon Most conspicuous
of all were a mammoth gate building with columns straddling the
broad entrance to the acropolis at its western end and a new Athena
temple, the Parthenon, to house a towering image of the goddess.
Video: NOVA | Optical Tricks of the Parthenon | PBS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzh
A3yiEofI&feature=related
Slide 26
Expensive construction program These buildings alone cost
easily more than the equivalent of a billion dollars in modern
terms, a phenomenal sum for an ancient Greek city-state. The
program was so expensive that the political enemies of Pericles
railed at him for squandering public funds. The finances for the
program apparently came in part form the tribute paid by the
members of the Delian League.
Slide 27
Parthenon Parthenon, Parthenon, the name of the new temple
built for Athena on the Acropolis, meant the house of the virgin
goddess. As the patron goddess of Athens, Athena had long had
another sanctuary on the acropolis honoring her in her role as
Athena Polias (guardian of the city).
Sculptural decoration its refined architecture and elaborate
sculptural decoration The Parthenon was extraordinary in its great
size and expense, but it was truly remarkable in the innovation of
its refined architecture and elaborate sculptural decoration.
Optical illusion an optical illusion of completely straight
lines Since perfectly rectilinear architecture appears curved to
the human eye, subtle curves and inclines were built into the
Parthenon to produce an optical illusion of completely straight
lines: the columns were given a slight bulge in their middles, the
corner columns were installed at a light incline and closer
together, and the platform was made slightly convex.
sources Apollonius of Rhodes This is the title of a long poem,
very popular in classical days, by the third-century poet
Apollonius of Rhodes. Jason and Peliasfrom Pindar He tells the
whole story of the Quest except the part about Jason and Pelias
which I have taken from Pindar. It is the subject of one of his
most famous odes, written in the first half of the fifth century.
Euripides Apollonius ends his poem with the return of the heroes to
Greece. I have added the account of what Jason and Medea did there,
taking it from the fifth-century tragic poet Euripides, who made it
the subject of one of his best plays.
Slide 43
Journey by water The first hero in Europe who undertook a great
journey was the leader of the Quest of the Golden Fleece. He was
supposed to have lived a generation earlier than the most famous
Greek traveler, the hero of the Odyssey. It was of course a journey
by water. Ships did not sail by night, and any place where sailors
put in might harbor a monster or a magician who could work more
deadly harm than storm and shipwreck. High courage was necessary to
travel, especially outside of Greece.
Slide 44
Slide 45
the ship Argo No story proved this fact better than the account
of what the heroes suffered who sailed in the ship Argo to find the
Golden Fleece. It may be doubted, indeed, if there ever was a
voyage on which sailors had to face so many and such varied
dangers. However, they were all heroes of renown, some of them the
greatest in Greece, and they were quite equal to their
adventures.
Slide 46
The Argonautic expedition
Slide 47
Penteconter, 50-oared ship as pentecontor or pentekontor
(Greek: , fifty-oared) was an ancient Greek galley in use since the
archaic period.
Slide 48
Jason and Argonauts the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the
gold-haired winged ram. It figures in the tale of Jason and his
band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece in order
to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly.
Slide 49
King Phineus & the Harpies, Athenian red-figure hydria C5th
B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu
Slide 50
Alice Y. Chang
Slide 51
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Slide 53
Colchis ancient region at the eastern end of the Black Sea
south of the Caucasus, in the western part of modern Georgia In
Greek mythology Colchis was the home of Medea and the destination
of the Argonauts, a land of fabulous wealth and the domain of
sorcery.
Slide 54
Symplegades/ Clashing Rocks
Slide 55
And then... When Jason and Medea returned to Iolcus, Pelias
still refused to give up his throne.Iolcus So Medea conspired to
have Pelias' own daughters kill him. She told them she could turn
an old ram into a young ram by cutting up the old ram and boiling
it. During her demonstration, a live, young ram jumped out of the
pot. Excited, the girls cut their father into pieces and threw him
into a pot. Having killed Pelias, Jason and Medea fled to
Corinth.Corinth
Slide 56
Medea avenges herself on Jason by slaying her own children upon
the altar, and destroying Kreon and Glauke by fire in the palace
(not shown). Triptolemos arrives on the scene with a flying,
serpent-drawn chariot to assist Medea in her escape.
Slide 57
Medea
Slide 58
Slide 59
the daughter of King Aetes of Colchis, niece of Circe,
granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero
Jason, with whom she had two children: Mermeros and Pheres. In
Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of
Corinth, offers him his daughter, Creusa or Glauce. The play tells
of how Medea gets her revenge on her husband for this
betrayal.
Slide 60
Meda--an enchantress Medea figures in the myth of Jason and the
Argonauts Medea is known in most stories as an enchantress and is
often depicted as being a priestess of the goddess Hecate or a
witch. The myth of Jason and Medea is very old, originally written
around the time Hesiod wrote the Theogony.
Slide 61
Medea kills her son, Campanian red-figure amphora, ca. 330 BC,
Louvre (K 300)
Slide 62
Jason & the Dragon
Slide 63
Colchis (daughter of King Aetes) Iolcos (wife of Jason;
murdering the king Pelias) Corinth (killing her children) Athens
(wife of Aegeus. )
Slide 64
Greek Tragedy, Euripides and Medea Week 15 Alice Y. Chang
Slide 65
Watch the modern rendering 1. MEDEA (1983) Zoe Caldwell
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zInoTXKyO vI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zInoTXKyO vI
Slide 66
Alice Y. Chang The fifth century BCE and intellectual
revolution Most of these plays date from the last half of the fifth
century B.C.; they were written in and for an Athens that, since
the days of Aeschylus, had undergone an intellectual revolution. It
was in a time of critical reevaluation of accepted standards and
traditions that Sophocles produced his masterpiece, Oedipus the
King, and the problems of the time are reflected in the play.
Slide 67
Alice Y. Chang Mysterious + contemporary The use of the
familiar myth enabled the dramatist to draw on all its wealth of
unformulated meaning, but it did not prevent him from striking a
contemporary note. Oedipus, in Sophocles play, is at one and the
same time the mysterious figure of the past who broke the most
fundamental human taboos and a typical fifth- century Athenian. His
character contains all the virtues for which the Athenians were
famous and the vices for which they were notorious.
Slide 68
Alice Y. Chang Pericles and Oedipus The Athenian devotion to
the city, which received the main emphasis in Pericles praise of
Athens, is strong in Oedipus; his answer to the priest at the
beginning of the play shows that he is a conscientious and
patriotic ruler.
Slide 69
Alice Y. Chang EURIPIDES 480-406 B.C.
Slide 70
Euripides Alice Y. Chang
Slide 71
The Works of Euripides Alcestis Written 438 B.C.E Andromache
Written 428-24 B.C.E The Bacchantes Written 410 B.C.E Alcestis
Andromache The Bacchantes Hecuba Written 424 B.C.E Helen Written
412 B.C.E Translated by E. P. Coleridge The Heracleidae Written ca.
429 B.C.E Translated by E. P. Coleridge Hecuba Helen The
Heracleidae Alice Y. Chang
Slide 72
Works of Euripides Iphigenia At Aulis Written 410 B.C.E
Iphigenia in Tauris Written 414-412 B.C.E Translated by Robert
Potter Medea Written 431 B.C.E Translated by E. P. Coleridge
Iphigenia At Aulis Iphigenia in Tauris Medea Rhesus Written 450
B.C.E The Suppliants Written 422 B.C.E Translated by E. P.
Coleridge The Trojan Women Written 415 B.C.E Rhesus The Suppliants
The Trojan Women Alice Y. Chang
Slide 73
Medea an ancient Greek tragedy written by Euripides, based upon
the myth of Jason and Medea and first produced in 431 BC. The plot
centers on the barbarian protagonist as she finds her position in
the Greek world threatened, and the revenge she takes against her
husband Jason who has betrayed her for another woman. Alice Y.
Chang
Slide 74
Jason bringing Pelias the Golden Fleece Alice Y. Chang
Slide 75
Medea Euripides Medea, produced in 431 B.C., the year that
brought the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, appeared earlier
than Sophocles Oedipus the King, but it has a bitterness that is
more in keeping with the spirit of a later age.
Slide 76
Alice Y. Chang
Slide 77
Prologue of Medea NURSE Oh how I wish that ship the Argo had
never sailed off to the land of Colchis, past the Symplegades,
those dark dancing rocks which smash boats sailing through the
Hellespont. I wish they'd never chopped the pine trees down in
those mountain forests up on Pelion, to make oars for the hands of
those great men who set off, on Pelias' orders, to fetch the golden
fleece. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 78
Nurse Then my mistress, Medea, never would've sailed away to
the towers in the land of Iolcus, her heart passionately in love
with Jason. She'd never have convinced those women, Pelias'
daughters, to kill their father. She'd not have come to live in
Corinth here, with her husband and her childrenwell loved in exile
by those whose land she'd moved to. She gave all sorts of help to
Jason. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 79
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Medea Alice Y. Chang
Slide 81
golden coronet, covered in poison In Corinth, Jason abandoned
Medea for the king's daughter, Glauce. Medea took her revenge by
sending Glauce a dress and golden coronet, covered in poison. This
resulted in the deaths of both the princess and the king, Creon,
when he went to save her. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 82
The golden chariot According to the tragic poet Euripides,
Medea continued her revenge, murdering her two children by Jason.
Afterward, she left Corinth and flew to Athens in a golden chariot
driven by dragons sent by her grandfather Helios, god of the sun.
Alice Y. Chang
Slide 83
Ironic expression If Oedipus is, in one sense, a warning to a
generation that has embarked on an intellectual revolution, Medea
is the ironic expression of the disillusion that comes after the
shipwreck. In this play we are conscious for the first time of an
attitude characteristic of modern literature, the artists feeling
of separation from the audience, the isolation of the poet.
Slide 84
Alice Y. Chang rejected by his contemporaries The common
background of audience and poet is disappearing, the old
certainties are being undermined, the city divided. Euripides is
the first Greek poet to suffer the fate of so many of the great
modern writers: rejected by most of his contemporaries (he rarely
won first prize and was the favorite target for the scurrilous
humor of the comic poets), he was universally admired and revered
by the Greeks of the centuries that followed his death.
Slide 85
Alice Y. Chang Questioning the received ideas Younger than
Sophocles ( though they died in the same year), he was more
receptive to the critical theories and the rhetorical techniques
offered by the Sophist teachers; his plays often subject received
ideas to fundamental questioning, expressed in vivid dramatic
debate.
Slide 86
Euripides Medea His Medea is typical of his iconoclastic
approach; his choice of subject and central characters is in itself
a challenge to established canons. He still dramatizes myth, but
the myth he chooses is exotic and disturbing, and the protagonist
is not a man but a woman. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 87
The citizen rights? Medea is both woman and foreignerthat is,
in terms of the audiences prejudice and practice she is a
representative of the two free- born groups in Athenian society
that had almost no rights at all (though the male foreign resident
had more rights than the native woman).
Slide 88
Alice Y. Chang Anti-social The tragic hero is no longer a king,
one who is highly renowned and prosperous such as Oedipus, but a
woman who, because she finds no redress for her wrongs in society,
is driven by her passion to violate that societys most sacred laws
in a rebellion against its typical representative, Jason, her
husband.
Slide 89
Alice Y. Chang Earth and Sun Earth and Sun All through Medea
the human beings involved call on the gods; two especially are
singled out for attention: Earth and Sun. It is by these two gods
that Medea makes Aegeus swear to give her refuge in Athens, the
chorus invokes them to prevent Medeas violence against her sons,
and Jason wonders how Medea can look on Earth and Sun after she has
killed her own children.
Slide 90
Medea sarcophagus The relief shows four scenes from the Medea
myth, following the homnymous tragedy by the Athenian poet
Euripides. Topics from Greek mythology were a popular motif in Rome
for sarcophagus reliefs, especially when they depicted, as in the
case here, wedding and death and sorrow of life. Made and found in
Rome, Porta San Lorenzo, 140-150 AD. Altes Museum, Berlin 2011
Slide 91
Alice Y. Chang The Magic Chariot These emphatic appeals clearly
raise the question of the attitude of the gods, and the answer to
the question is a shock. We are not told what Earth does, but Sun
sends the magic chariot on which Medea makes her escape.
Slide 92
rejected by most of his contemporaries rejected by most of his
contemporaries scurrilous humor Euripides is the first Greek poet
to suffer the fate of so many of the great modern writers: rejected
by most of his contemporaries (he rarely won first prize and was
the favorite target for the scurrilous humor of the comic poets),
he was universally admired and revered by the Greeks of the
centuries that followed his death. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 93
Iconoclastic his iconoclastic approach His Medea is typical of
his iconoclastic approach; his choice of subject and central
characters is in itself a challenge to established canons. He still
dramatizes myth, but the myth he chooses is exotic and disturbing,
and the protagonist is not a man but a woman. both woman and
foreigner Medea is both woman and foreigner, that is, in terms of
the audiences prejudice and practice she is a representative of the
two free-born groups in Athenian society that had almost no rights
at all (though the male foreign resident had more rights than the
native woman). Alice Y. Chang
Slide 94
Finds no redress she finds no redress for her wrongs in society
The tragic hero is no longer a king, one who is highly renowned and
prosperous such as Oedipus, but a woman who, because she finds no
redress for her wrongs in society, is driven by her passion to
violate that societys most sacred laws in a rebellion against its
typical representative, Jason, her husband. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 95
Cinema and television In the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts,
Medea was portrayed by Nancy Kovack. In the 2000 Hallmark
presentation Jason and the Argonauts, Medea was portrayed by Jolene
Blalock. In 1970, the Italian director Pier Paolo Pasolini directed
a film adaptation of Medea featuring the opera singer Maria Callas
in the title role. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 96
Latest films In 2007, director Tonino De Bernardi filmed a
modern version of the myth, set in Paris and starring Isabelle
Huppert as Medea, called Mde Miracle. The character of Medea lives
in Paris with Jason, who leaves her.Tonino De BernardiIsabelle
Huppert Mde MiracleJason In 2009,"Medea" was shot by director
Natalia Kuznetsova. Film was created by the tragedy of Seneca in a
new for cinema genre of Rhythmodrama, in which the main basis of
acting and atmosphere is music written before shooting. -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Medea%22"Medea"Natalia Kuznetsova
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Medea%22 Alice Y. Chang
Slide 97
ending
http://video.mail.ru/mail/karelina-natalia/4815/28316.html
http://video.mail.ru/mail/karelina-natalia/4815/28316.html Alice Y.
Chang
Slide 98
Jason [shouting into the house, as he shakes the doors] You
slaves in there, remove the bar from this door at once, withdraw
the bolts, so I may see two things my dead sons and their murderer,
that woman on whom I shall exact revenge. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 99
The exodus of Medea Jason shakes the doors of the house, which
remain closed. Medea appears in a winged chariot, rising above the
house. The bodies of the two children are visible in the chariot.
Alice Y. Chang
Slide 100
Medea Why are you rattling the doors like that, trying to unbar
them so you can find their bodies and me, the one who killed them?
Stop trying. If you want something from me, then say so, if you
want to. But you'll never have me in your grasp, not in this
chariot, a gift to me from my grandfather Helios, to protect me
from all hostile hands. Alice Y. Chang
Slide 101
CHORUS [Exit Chorus] Zeus on Olympus, dispenses many things.
Gods often contradict our fondest expectations. What we anticipate
does not come to pass. What we don't expect some god finds a way to
make it happen. So with this story. Alice Y. Chang