gŸë¡fšé¤ Jiw
nkåiy¥ gŸëfS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf«
m¿Kf«
khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, 2016-17M« fšéah©oš
nkåiy¥ gŸëfë‹ f‰wš ju¤Âid ca®¤Â¤ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid nk«gL
¤Jtj‰bfd jäœ, M§»y«, fz¡F, Ïa‰Ãaš, ntÂæaš, cæç-jhtuéaš, cæç-
éy§»aš, òéæaš, tuyhW, bghUëaš, tâféaš, fz¡F¥gÂéaš M»a
ghl§fS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf§fis cUth¡» cŸsJ.
Fiwªj kÂ¥bg© bgW« khztid¤ nj®¢Ábgw¤ jFÂ¥gL¤JtJ«, nj®¢
Áæ‹ éë«Ãš ÏU¡F« khztid mÂf kÂ¥bg© bgw it¥gJ«, mÂf kÂ¥bg©
bg‰W tU»‹w khzt®fis KG kÂ¥bg© bgw têfh£Ltj‰Fkhd Ïy¡Ffis
K‹åW¤Â Ï¡f£lf« totik¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
muÁ‹ édh¤jhŸ £l tiué‹ mo¥gilæš khzt®fë‹ nj®¢Á éG¡fh
£oid mÂfç¡F« neh¡»š cUth¡f¥g£LŸs Ï¡f£lf¤Âid khzt®fS¡F
e‹Kiwæš vL¤J¢ br‹W, khzt®fis¤ nj®Îfis v®bfhŸs¤j¡f JâΫ
j‹d«Ã¡ifÍ« ä¡ft®fshf cUth¡FkhW khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ
‰Á ãWtd« mid¤J MÁça¥ bgUk¡fisÍ« nf£L¡ bfhŸ»wJ.
tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT (BLUE PRINT)
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1. nk‰f©l _‹W ghl§fë‹ bgU«ghyhd 5, 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fŸ brŒKiw¤
nj®ényna Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gjhš mnj ghl§fis¡ fU¤Âaš nj®Î¡F« nj®Î
brŒJ go¥gJ vëJ.
2. khzt®fŸ Ï¥gæ‰Á¡ f£lf¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs nk‰f©l _‹W
ghl§fë‹ éil¡F¿¥òfis fU¤Âš bfh©L KGikahf¥ go¤J vGÂdhš
w tqkig¤! Oki <s <s q! oh x z il </ !!
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1 3 5 10 ெமா�த�
1ஆ�சிேயாெப� கள�� வைக�பா�
3 6 5 10 24
2 தாவர உ ளைம�ப"ய# 2 6 5 10 23
5 தாவர ெசயலிய# 3 9 10 10 32
� ghl v© 1, 2 k‰W« 5 M»a ghl§fis nj®Î brŒJ KGikahf¥ go¤jhny
69/75 kÂ¥bg©fis vëjhf¥ bgwyh«
� nk‰f©l _‹W ghl§fë‹ bgU«ghyhd 5, 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fŸ
brŒKiw¤ nj®ényna Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gjhš mnj ghl§fis¡ fU¤Âaš
nj®Î¡F« nj®Î brŒJ go¥gJ vëJ.
� 69/75 š vŠÁÍŸs 6 kÂ¥bg©fS¡F« ghl v© 3,4 k‰W« 6 èUªJÏJtiuæš bghJ¤nj®éš nf£f¥g£l mid¤J xU kÂ¥bg©édh¡fisÍ« KGikahf¥ go¤jhny vëjhf KG kÂ¥bg©fisÍ« bgwKoÍ«.
G xqh < Hg t<;.
� FiwªjJ 8 Kjš 13 kÂ¥bg©fŸ tiu gl« tiuªJ ghf§fis¡F¿ ngh‹w
édh¡fŸ nf£f¥gLtjhš ÏJtiuæš bghJ¤nj®éš nf£f¥g£l nk‰f©l
tifæyhd édh¡fis¥ gæ‰Á vL¤J¡ bfhŸtJ äfΫ mtÁa«.
� mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgw éU«ò« khzt®fŸ Ï¥gæ‰Á¡ f£lf¤Âš
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs éil¡F¿¥òfis¡ fU¤Âš bfh©L KGikahf¥ go¤J
vGÂdhš mªjªj édh¡fS¡F cça KG kÂ¥bg©fis vëjhf¥ bgwyh«.
� tiuaW v‹whš v‹d ? ngh‹w _‹W kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F¥ bghU¤jkhd
vL¤J¡fh£LfSl‹ éilfis vGÂdhš k£Lnk KG kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgw
Koͫ.
2
� 5 k‰W« 10 kÂ¥bg©fŸ gl¤Jl‹Toa édh¡fS¡F¡ f©o¥ghf¥ gl« tiuªJ
mid¤J ghf§fis¡ F¿¤jhš k£Lnk KG kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgw KoÍ«.
� jhtu braèaš ghl¤Âš cŸs 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F tiuaiwÍl‹ Toa
tiugl¤ij vGÂdhš KGikahd kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgwyh«.
� 5 kÂ¥bg© f£lha édh bgU«ghY« tif¥gh£oaš ghl¤ÂèUªnj mÂf Kiw
nf£f¥g£LŸsJ, vdnt Ït‰¿š mÂf ftd« njit.
� tif¥gh£oaèš cŸs 4 FL«g§fë‹ bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt¤ij KGikahf¥
go¤jhš _‹W k‰W« xU kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F vëjhf éilaë¡fyh«,
� 3 k‰W« 5 kÂ¥bg© bfh©l ntWghL tif édh¡fŸ ghl v© 1,2,3 k‰W« 5 Ïš
nf£f¥gLtjhš mj‰F K¡»a¤Jt« bfhL¤J go¥gJ mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgw
cjΫ.
� Fiwthd g¡f§fŸ bfh©l ghl v© 4'I e‹F go¤jhš xU 10 kÂ¥bg©
édhé‰F vëjhf éil më¡fyh«.
� cæç jhtuéaèš neuo édh¡fŸ mÂf« nf£f¥gLtjhš ghl¥gFÂæ‹ Ã‹
gFÂæš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs édh¡fis e‹F f‰W¥ gæ‰Á brŒjhš mÂf
kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgwyh«.
� jhtu braèaš ghl¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs MŒÎfŸ bjhl®ghd édh¡fis
brŒKiw¤ nj®Î gFÂæYŸsthW go¤jhš 5 kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgwyh«.
� mÂf kÂ¥bg©fis bgw Ï¥gæ‰Á f£lf¤Â‹ ÏWÂæš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs 3, 4
k‰W« 6M« ghl§fS¡F¿a édh éilia e‹F go¤J gæ‰Á bgwΫ.
� cæç jhtuéaiy¥ bghU¤jtiu 75 kÂ¥bg©fS¡F éilaë¡f
nt©oÍŸsjhš 85 ãäl§fS¡FŸ gš vGj nt©L«. filÁ 5 ãäl§fŸ
éilfis¢ rçgh®¡f nt©L«.
3
1.ஆ�சிேயாெப� கள�� வைக�பா�
3 kjpg;ngz;fs; 1. ÏUbrh‰ bgaçL Kiw v‹whš v‹d?
x›bthU jhtu¥bgaU« ÏU brh‰fshš MdJ. v.fh. khŠÁ~bguh Ï©ofh. Ïš khŠÁ~bguh v‹w brhš – ngçd¤ijÍ«, Ï‹ofh v‹w brhš – Á‰¿d¤ijÍ« F¿¡F«.
2. jhtu tif¥gh£o‹ neh¡f§fis vGJf.1. x¤j g©òfë‹ mo¥gilæš jhtu§fis xG§fhd Kiwæš tçir¥gL¤JtJ.2. bt›ntW bjhFÂfëilnaÍŸs jhtu§fë‹ kuò têia ãiyãW¤Jjš.
3. ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
1. ,aw;if capH myFfspd; tiuaiwfis epHzapj;jy;.2. gyjug;gl;l Nrhjid tifg;ghl;Lf; FOkq;fshd #o;epiyr; rpw;wpdk;> #o;epiy
tif> $l;Lr; rpw;wpdk; kw;Wk; fk;Nghpak; Kjyhditfis mwpjy;.
4. gçnrhjid tif¥gh£oaš - tiuaW ÏJ cæUŸs jhtu¤ bjhifæ‹ Kiw¥gh£oaš vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.
bršèaš, kuÃaš, jhtu¥ òéæaš, jhtu ntÂæaš, v©âaš tif¥ghL, _y¡TW ntÂæaš M»a m¿éaš _y§fëèUªJ bgw¥gL« g©òfŸ mo¥gilæš tif¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
5. ó¡F« jhtu§fë‹ 3 tF¥òfŸ ahit?
1. ilfh£oèlnd ( ÏU é¤Âiy jhtu«)2. í«ndh°bg®nk3. khndhfh£oèlnd ( xU é¤Âiy jhtu«)
6. bA®ngça« v‹whš v‹d? mG¤Â cy®¤j¥g£L, jhëš x£l¥g£L V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£l VjhtbjhU
tif¥gh£o‹go tçir¥gL¤j¥g£l cy® jhtu¤bjhF¥ò bA®ngça« vd¥gL«. (v.fh) ϪÂa jhtuéaš bA®ngça«, nfha«ò¤ö®.
7. khndh¡sikona - F¿¥ò tiuf?
X® mL¡F ÏjœfisÍila KGika‰w ky®fis¡ bfh©l jhtu§fŸ, òšè k‰W« mšè ÏjœfŸ bjëthf ntWgL¤Â¡ fhzKotšiy. khwhf óéjœ t£l« fhz¥gL»wJ. Ïš 8 tçir, 36 FL«g§fŸ cŸsd.
8. khšntÁ FL«g eh®¤ jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJ.1) fhì¥Ãa« gh®gbl‹°( v»¥J gU¤Â)2) fh.ï®N£l« (mbkç¡f gU¤Â)3) fh. bA®ngÁa« (gU¤Â)
9. khšntÁæ‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia vGJf.tF¥ò - ilfh£oèlnd Jiz tF¥ò - ghèbg£lhny tçir - jyhä ~ònshnu Jiw - khšntš° FL«g« - khšntÁ
4
10. òw¥òšè t£l« v‹whš v‹d? mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« jhtu¤Âš cŸsjh? ó¡fh«ò¢ bršfŸ xU t£l¤Âš òšè ÏjœfS¡F òw¤nj mikªJ cUthtJ
òw¥òšè t£lkhF« v.fh : khšth Ášbt°£ç° jhtu¤Âš 3 ó¡fh«ò bršfŸ cŸsJ. mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« jhtu¤Âš òw¥òšè t£l« Ïšiy.
11. khšntÁ FL«g kU¤Jt jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.1) mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« - nt® k‰W« ÏiyfŸ fhŒ¢riy Fz¥gL¤J«. 2) khšth Ášbt°£ç° - nt® k‰W« ÏiyfŸ fhŒ¢rš k‰W« f¡Fth‹
ÏUkiy Fz¥gL¤J«. 3) MšÂah nuhÁah - nt® tæ‰W¥ngh¡»id Fz¥gL¤J«.
12. m£nuhË v‹whš v‹d? m£nuhgh bgšynlhdh jhtu¤Â‹ ntçèUªJ bgw¥gL« MšfyhŒL¡F `m£nuhË’ v‹W bga®. ÏJ jirtèia Ú¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
13. brhyhndÁ FL«g kU¤Jt¤jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.1) m£nuhgh bgšynlhdh – nt® - jirtèia Ú¡f.2) brhyhd« £iunyhng£l« (öJtis)- Ïiy,ky®, få - ÏUkY¡F kUªjhf3) it¤jhåah rh«å ~bguh (mK¡»uh)-Ïiy,nt® - ÁWÚ®¥ngh¡if ö©l4) lh£^uh °£uhnkhåa« - Ïiy,ky® - M°Jkh, f¡Fth‹ ÏUkiy Fz¥gL¤j
14. òifæiyæš cŸs MšfyhŒLfis vGJf?1) ã¡nfh£o‹ 2) eh® ã¡nfh£o‹ 3) mdngÁ‹
15. ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Â‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia vGJf. tF¥ò - ilfh£oèlnd Jiz tF¥ò - khndh¡sikona tçir - ôåbr¡Rntš° FL«g« - ôngh®ÃnaÁ
16. »shnlhL v‹whš v‹d?
ôngh®Ãahé‹ gy Á‰¿d§fë‹ j©L xë¢nr®¡ifia nk‰bfhŸs cUkh‰w« milªJŸsJ. Ϥjifa cUkh‰w« »shnlhL vd¥gL«. v.fh. ôngh®Ãah ÂU¡fŸë, ô. M‹onfhu«.
17. äônrÁæ‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia jUf.tF¥ò - khndhfh£oèlnd tçir - v¥Ãifnd FL«g« - äônrÁ
18. ghènfk° v‹whš v‹d?
M©ky®fŸ, bg©ky®fŸ, ÏUghš ky®fŸ xnu jhtu¤Âš cŸsd. Ïj‰F ghènfk° v‹W bga®. ( v.fh ) äÍ[h ghuoÁahfh.
19. khndhfh®Ã¡ gšyh©L jhtu« v‹whš v‹d?
äôrh jdJ thœfhy¤Âš xU Kiw k£Lnk ky®fis c‰g¤Â brŒJ fåfis¤ jU»wJ. vdnt, ÏJ khndhfh®¥Ã¡ gšyh©L¤jhtu« MF«.
20. bghŒ¤j©L v‹whš v‹d? äôrhéš mJ v›thW cUth»wJ?
5
äÍ[héš jiu¡F nkš fhz¥gL« »isa‰w ã䮪j j©L ngh‹w gF bghŒ¤j©lhF«. ÏJ Ú©l fdkhd k‰W« mf‹w ciwngh‹w Ïiyao¥gFÂfŸ x‹iw x‹W jGé cUthdJ.
5 kjpg;ngz;fs; 1. bA®ngça¤Â‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij vGJf.
� xU eh£o‹ mšyJ xU F¿¥Ã£l Ïl¤Â‹ mšyJ xU Ãunjr¤ÂYŸsjhtu§fë‹ étu§fis m¿ªJ bfhŸS« _ykhf bA®ngça« cŸsJ.
� bA®ngça« guhkç¡f¥gL« mid¤J jhtu§fë‹ étu§fis¢ nrä¡F«ãiyakhf cŸsJ.
� jhtu§fis Ïd§f©l¿a, cy® khÂçfŸ äfΫ Jiz ò绋wd.� tif¥gh£oaš k‰W« cŸsik¥Ãaš MuhŒ¢ÁfS¡F bA®ngça« xU
f¢rh¥bghUshf cŸsJ.� 200 M©LfŸ tiu nrä¡f¥g£l cy® jhtu khÂçæYŸs kfuªj¤JfŸfŸ vªj
éj gh¥ÉF« cŸshtšiy. Mfnt, kfuªj¤ öŸfë‹ g©òfŸ k‰W« òwmik¥ò jftšfŸ jhtu tif¥gh£o‰F¥ bgçJ« gaDŸsJ.
� bršèaš, ov‹V-é‹ mik¥ò, v©âaš tif¥ghL, ntÂKiw tif¥ghL ngh‹wMuhŒ¢ÁfS¡F bA®ngça« _ykhf¥ ga‹gL»wJ. É‹fë‹ MuhŒ¢Á¡F É‹nrä¥ò ãiyakhf brašgL»wJ.
2. m»y cyf jhtuéaš bga® N£L¢ r£l¤Â‹ K¡»a m«r§fŸ (VnjD« IªJ)1. ngçd¥bga® x‰iw bga®¢brhšyhF«. M§»y¤Âš vGJ«nghJ ngçd¥bgaç‹
Kjš vG¤J bgça vG¤J¡fëš vGj¥gl nt©L«. Á‰¿d¥bga® xU g©ò¢brhšyhF«. Ïjid¢ Á¿a vG¤Âš vGj¥gl nt©L«.
2. bga® Á¿adthfΫ, JšèakhfΫ, vëš thÁ¡f¡ ToajhfΫ ÏU¤jšnt©L«.
3. ÏUbrh‰ bga®fis m¢ÁL« nghJ rhŒthf m¢Ál nt©L« mšyJmo¡nfho£L¡ fh£l nt©L«. v.fh. mò£oyh‹ Úš»ça‹°
4. xU jhtu¤Â‰F¥ òÂa bga® N£L« nghJ m¤jhtu¤Â‹ bA®ngça« jah®brŒa¥g£L VnjD« xU m§Ñfç¡f¥g£l bA®ngça ãWtd¤Âš mj‹éçth¡f¤Jl‹ nrä¤J it¡f nt©L«. Ï›thW nrä¤J it¡f¥gL«jhtu¥gF _y cy® jhtukhÂç vd¥gL«.
5. vªj xU eg® jhtu¤Â‰F Kj‹Kiwahf bga® N£o, m¤jhtu¤Â‹ és¡f¤ijmë¡»whnuhmšyJ jhtu¤Â‰F òÂa bga® N£L»whnwh mªeg® MÁça® vd¡fUj¥gL»wh®. xU jhtu¤Â‹ Á‰¿d¥ bgaç‹ ÏWÂæš MÁçaç‹ bga® RU¡f«vGj¥gL«. Ïj‰F MÁça® bga® F¿¤jš v‹W bga®. v.fh. khšth Ášbt°£ç°è‹ (è‹ v‹gJ è‹nda° v‹w bga® RU¡f¤ij F¿¡F«)
6. jtwhd _y¤ÂèUªJ xU jhtu« bga® N£l¥g£oUªjhš m¥bga® jtwhd bga®vd¡ fUj¥gL«. ÏJ ehbk‹ M«ÃFt« v‹W miH¡f¥gL«. Ï¥bga®cgnahf¤ÂèUªJ KGikahf ãuhfç¡f¥gL«.
7. xU jhtu¤Â‹ ngçd¢ brhšY« Á‰¿d¢ brhšY« xnu khÂçahf ÏU¡Fnkahdhšm¤jifa bga® lh£nlhå« vd¥gL«. v.fh. rhrh~¥u° rhrh~¥u°. ÏJngh‹wbga®fŸ V‰W¡bfhŸs¥gLtšiy.
8. bga® N£l¥g£l jhtu¤Â‹ Kj‹ikahd és¡f« Ïy¤Ô‹ bkhêæšbkhêbga®¥ò brŒa¥g£oU¡f nt©L«.
6
3. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£o‹ ãiwfis vGJf.1. E©âa neuo MŒé‰F c£g£L äfΫ Ïa‰if Kiwæš btëæl¥g£l
tif¥ghL MF«.2. jhtu§fë‹ és¡f§fŸ bjëthfΫ, KGikahfΫ, rçahfΫ ÏU¥gJ Ïj‹
Áw¥ò m«rkhF«.3. Ï›tif¥ghL Ëg‰Wtj‰F vëikahfΫ, jhtu§fis Ïd§f©l¿a xU
ÂwÎnfhyhfΫ cŸsJ. »ô bA®ngça« k‰W« cy»YŸs mid¤JbA®ngça§fëY« Ï›tif¥ghL ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
4. ÏJ xU Ïa‰ifahd tif¥ghlhf ÏU¥ÃD«, Ïj‹ bgU«gh‹ikahd fU¤J¡fŸj‰fhy kuò tê bfhŸiffS¡F x¤jik»‹wd. v.fh. jhtu§fë‹ tçirmik¥Ãš uhndš° v‹w Jiw Kjèl« bg‰¿U¥gJ Áw¥ò m«rkhF«.
5. khndhfh£oèlnd jhtu§fŸ Ï›tif¥gh£o‹ ÏWÂæš ilfh£oèlndjhtu§fS¡F¥ ÃwF Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gJ kuò têæš mikªjjhf¡ fUj¥gL»wJ.
4. ôngh®ÃnaÁ jhtu§fëš fhz¥gL« gšntW kŠrçfis és¡fΫ.
t.vz; kQ;rhp v.fh (,Unrhw; ngaH)
1 ghdpf;fps; hp]pd]; fk;A+dp]; 2 jdpj;j nurpNkh]; FNuhl;;;ld; ];ghHrp~GNshu]; 3 Nfl;fpd; mfhyp~gh ,z;bfh.
4 jdpj;j ,iyf; Nfhz irk;
~gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];
5 rahj;jpak; A+~NghHgpah
5.khy;Nt]p FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vOJf?
tif jhtutpay; ngaH gad;gLk; ghfk; gad;fs;
ehHj; jhtuq;fs;
fh]pg;gpak; ghHgnld;]; (vfpg;J gUj;jp)
tpijAiwapd; Nk‰gu¥ò eh®fŸ
ehH> Ehypiofs;
czTj; jhtuq;fs;
Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fnyz;l]; ( ntz;il )
K®¢Á milahj få
czT
fl;ilj; jhtuq;fs;
nj];gPrpah ghGy;dpah (G+tuR) fl;il
glF> kur;rhkhd;fs; kw;Wk; Ntshz; cgfuzq;fs;
kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs;
mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk; kw;Wk; khy;th rpy;nt];l;hp];
NtH> ,iyfs; fha;r;ry; ff;Fthd; ,Uky;
myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;
My;jpah Nuhrpah(N`hyp `hf;) KG¤jhtu« moFj; jhtu«
7
6. A+NghHgpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vOJf?
7. äôrh, uhtbdyh jhtu§fS¡»ilna cŸs ntWghLfis vGJf.äôrh uhtbdyh
1 bgça msthd gšyh©L ÁWbro ku« 2 c©ikahd j©L jiuao iunrh«.
jiu¡F nkš fhz¥gL« ã䮪j j©L bghŒ¤j©L MF«.
jiu¡F nkš tsU« f£il¤ j‹ik cila j©L c©ikahd j©L
3. RHš ÏiyaikÎ ÏUtçir mikÎ Kiw 4 »is¤j °gho¡° kŠrç kŠrç – T£L ir« MF« 5 6 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ, 5 kfuªj jhŸfŸ
tskhdit x‹W ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ 6 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ, mid¤J« tskhdit.
6 få - bg®ç bto få
8. äônrÁ FL«g¤ jhtu§fë‹ bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt¤ij vGJf.tif jhtutpay; ngaH gad;gLk;
ghfk; gad;fs;
czTj; jhtuq;fs;
kpA+]h ghub]pahfh (thio)
fdpfs;> thioj; jz;L> kyHfs;.
czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
kpA+]h irbd‹Á° (F£il neªÂu thiH)
få czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
ehHj; jhtuq;fs; kpa+]h nlf;];ilyp° (kzpyh ehHj; jhtuk;)
,iyab ciw
ehHfs; mghfh Jzp nea;jYf;Fk; kw;Wk; fapW jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;
];nlhpypl;[pah nu[pNd KG¤jhtu« mofpw;fhf Njhl;lq;fspYk; tPLfspYk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á°
KG¤jhtu« mofpw;fhf Njhl;lq;fspYk; tPLfspYk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tif jhtutpay; ngaH gad;gLk; ghfk;
gad;fs;
czTj; jhtuq;fs;
~gpy;yhe;j]; vk;g;spf;fh (ney;ypf;fha;)
fdpfs; itl;lkpd; “C” mjpfk; cila czT> CWfha; jahhpf;f.
vz;nza; jhtuq;fs;
hp]pd]; fk;A+dp]; (Mkzf;F) tpijfs;
Mkzf;F vz;nza; ,ae;jpuq;fSf;F caT vz;nza; MfTk;> rikaYf;Fk;> tapw;Wg; Nghf;fpidj; Jhz;Lk; kUe;jhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
kUe;Jj; jhtuq;fs;
~gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu]; (fPoh ney;yp)
KOj;jhtuk;
kQ;rl;fhkhiy Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.
,ug;gH jhtuq;fs;
`Ptpah gpNurpypnad;rp]; (ghuh ug;gH)
Nyl;lf;]; ,ug;gh; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;
A‡ngh®Ãah gy;nrhpkh KOj;jhtuk;
jhtuq;fs; moFf;fhf¤ Njhl;lq;fspYk; tPLfspYk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
8
10 kjpg;ngz;fs; 2 / oh f <k l<!. !a Qg<gi <!u j gh <hi m<M !n m <m u j { !; . !
!
2. iAðf° - nuh[h irbd‹ìid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.tsçašò - gy M©L òj®¢bro nt® - Mâ nt®¤ bjhF¥ò j©L - ãy¤Â‹ nkš fhz¥gL«, ã䮪jJ , cUisahdJ, f£il
j‹ikÍilaJ. Ïiy - jå Ïiy, KGikahdJ, Ïiyfh«ò bfh©lJ
kh‰¿iyaikÎ, g‰fŸ ngh‹w éë«òilaJ, tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎ.
kŠrç - Ïiy¡ nfhz x‰iw ky® ir«. ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂYilaJ, Mu¢rk¢Ó®
cilaJ, ÏUghš ky®, Iªj§f ky®, KGikahd ky®, Nyf nkš ky®, äôÁny{ kyçš fhz¥gL«.
òw¥òšè t£l« - 5 Kjš 8 ó¡fh«ò¢bršfŸ òšè ÏjœfS¡F òw¤nj mikªJ òw¥òšè t£l¤ij cUth¡F»‹wd.
òšèt£l« - òšèfŸ 5, ÏizªjJ, bjhL ÏjHikÎ, x‰iw¥òšè kyç‹ nk‰òw¤Âš fhz¥gL«.
mšè t£l« - mšèfŸ 5, Ïizahjit, ÂUF ÏjHikÎ. kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ v©z‰wit, Ïizªjit, xU f‰iw
kfuªj¤ jhŸfŸ, kfuªj¥ig XuiwÍilaJ, ÁWÚuf totkhdJ.
9
⊕
Nyf t£l« - Nš ÏiyfŸ IªJ, Ïizªjit, Nyf miwfŸ IªJ, m¢R Nš x£L Kiw, nkšk£l N‰ig.
få - bgU«ghY« Áijtilªjit
kyç‹ thŒghL - Br, Brl, ⊕,♀ , K(5), C5,A(α),G (5)
3. lh£Luh bk£lš jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.
tsçašò - ã䮪j, bgça gUkdhd ÁWbro. nt® - Mâ nt®¤ bjhF¥ò. j©L - c£FêÍŸsJ, gRikahdJ,
bk‹ikahdJ, äFªj kzKilaJ. Ïiy - jåÏiy, KGikahdit,
kh‰¿iyaikÎ, tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎilaJ.
kŠrç - jå¤j, Ïiy¡ nfhz irnkh°. ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢
brÂy‰wit, KGikahdit, Mu¢rk¢Ó® cilaJ, ÏUghš ky®, Iªj§f ky®, Nyf nkš ky®.
òšèt£l« - òšèfŸ 5, ÏizªjJ, gRikahdJ, bjhL Ïjœ mikÎilaJ, x‰iw¥òšè kyç‹ nkšghf¤Âš fhz¥gL«.
mšè t£l« - mšèfŸ 5, Ïizªjit , gRik fyªj bt©ik, ¥ënf£ , ÂUF ÏjHikÎ.
kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 5, jå¤jit, mšè x£oait, kfuªj¥ig ÏU miwfis cilaJ.
Nyf t£l« - Nš ÏiyfŸ Ïu©L, Ïizªjit, ÏU Nyf miwfŸ cŸsd. nghèahd FW¡F¢Rt® bfh©ljhš eh‹F Nyf miwfis¡ bfh©L fhz¥gL«. Nyf ÏiyfŸ m¢Á‰F ne®¡nfh£oš mikahkš r‰W rhŒthf¡ fhz¥gL«, nkš k£l N‰ig.
få - ãiy¤j òšèÍl‹ Toa btofå . éij - fUñ© cilaJ.
kyç‹ thŒghL -
4. çÁd° f«ôå° - jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.tsçašò - gy M©L òj®¢ bro. nt® - Mâ nt®¤ bjhF¥ò. j©L - ãy¤Â‹ nkš fhz¥gL« ã䮪j j©L, bk‹ikahdJ,
mo¤j©L f£ilahdJ, c£FêÍilaJ, ny£l¡° v‹w rhW cŸsJ.
Ïiy - jå Ïiy, Ïiy¡fh«ò cilaJ, kh‰¿iy mikÎ, 7 mšyJ mj‰F« nk‰g£l klšfisÍilaJ, m§if tot éçªj tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎ cilaJ.
kŠrç - T£L buÁnkh° mšyJ ghå¡»Ÿ. M© ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wJ, Mu¢rk¢Ó®
cilaJ k‰W« KGika‰wit.
10
óéjœ t£l« - óéjœfŸ 5, Ïizªjit, bjhL ÏjœmikÎ, x‰iw¥ óéjœ kyç‹ nkšghf¤Âš fhz¥gL«.
kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - gy kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ cilait, gy f‰iw kfªj¤jhŸ, kfuªj¡ f«ÃfŸ »is¤J«, ÏizªJ« IªJ »isfshf cŸsd, <uiw kfuªj¥ig.
Nyf t£l« - Ïšiy, våD« ky£L Nyf« fhz¥gL«.
bg© ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wit, Mu¢rk¢Ó® cilaJ k‰W« KGika‰wit, Nyf nkš ky®.
óéjœ t£l« - óéjœfŸ 3, bjhL Ïjœ mikéš Ïizªjit. kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - Ïšiy, våD« ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ fhz¥gL«. Nyf« - _‹W NèiyfŸ, Ïizªjit, _‹W Nyf miwfŸ, m¢R
Nš x£L Kiw ,nkšk£l N‰ig. få - bu¡kh vd¥gL« ÃsΡfå. éij - fUñ© cilaJ.
kyç‹ thŒghL -
5. äôrh ghuoìahfh – jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.tsçašò - bgça mséyhd khndhfh®Ã¡ gšyh©L ÁWbro. nt® - nt‰¿l ršè nt®¤ bjhF¥ò j©L - c©ikahd j©L jiuao iunrh«, jiu¡F nkš
fhz¥gL« j©L bghŒ¤j©lhF«. ÏJ Ú©l, fodkhd, mf‹w Ïiyao¥ gFÂfŸ x‹iwbah‹W jGé cUthdJ.
Ïiy - jå Ïiy, Ú©l Ïiy¡ fh«òl‹ Toa bgça Ïiy¤jhis cilaJ. RHš ÏiyaikÎ, ÁwF Ïiz¥ngh¡F eu«gikÎ cilaJ.
11
kŠrç - »is¤j °gho¡° kŠrç. ky® -óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wit, _t§f ky®fŸ,xU ghš
k‰W« ÏUghš j‹ikÍilait, ÏUg¡f¢ rk¢Ó® cilait, Nyf Ñœ ky®.
óéjœ t£l« - óéjœ 6. mL¡»‰F 3 Åj« 2 mL¡Ffëš mikªJŸsd. btë mL¡»š 3 óéjœfS« cŸ mL¡»š 2 óéjœfS« bjhL Ïjœ mikéš ÏizªJ fhz¥gL»‹wd. cŸ t£l nkšg¡f óéjœ
jå¤jJ. kfuªj¤jhŸ - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 6, jå¤jJ, t£l¤Â‰F _‹whf Ïu©L ⊗ t£l« t£l§fëš fhz¥gL« ,6 š 5 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ
k£Lnk tskhdit, 1 ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ, <uiw cilait, óéjœfS¡F vÂuhdit.
Nyf t£l« - NèiyfŸ 3, ÏizªjJ, 3 NyiwfŸ bfh©lit, m¢RNš x£L Kiw, Ñœ k£l N‰ig .
få - Ú©l bg®ç
kyç‹ thŒghL - Br, EBrl, ⊗,♀ , P(3+2)+1, A3+3, G(3)
2. தாவர உ ளைம�ப"ய#
3 kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. top nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d ?
Nthpd; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; TWfS¡F vjphpy; cs;s mfj;Njhy; nry;fspy; fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J top nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,J ePiuAk;> fåk cg ;Gf;fisAk; GwzpapypUe;J iryj;jpw;F flj;JfpwJ.
2. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vd;why; vd;d?
xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; Kjph;e;j th];FyhH fw;iwapd; fPo;g;gf;fkhf cs;s GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtile;J XH ,ilntsp cUthfpwJ. ,jw;F¥ GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;.
3. A+];By; vd;why; vd;d?
,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; gpj;ijr; #o;e;J tisa tbtpy; mike;J fhzg;;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F A+];By; vdg;gLk;.
4. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh> ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh NtWgLj;Jf?
t.vz; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh
1 Ïit nry;ypilntspapd;wp neUf;fkhf mike;Js;sd.
Ïit mjpfkhd nry;ypilntspfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
2 mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3 xspr;NrHf;ifapy; <LgLfpwJ. thA ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <LgLfpwJ.
12
5. vy;iy ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?
,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; th];FyhH fw;iwfisr; #o;e;J neUf;fkhf nry;ypilntspfspd;wp XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F vy;iy ghud;ifkh my;yJ fw;iw ciw vd;W ngah;.
6. ];fpsPiuLfs;- ehHfs; NtWgLj;Jf .
t.vz; ];fpsPiuLfs; ehHfs; 1. Fl;ilahdit. ePskhdit.
2. mjpfkhd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Fiwthd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3 éijÍiwæ‹ fod¤j‹ik¡F fhuzkh»wJ.
ÏJ jh§F¤ ÂRthF«
7. fw;iw ciw - fw;iwj; njhg;gp NtWgLj;Jf?
t.vz; fw;iw ciw fw;iwj; njhg;gp
1.
ÏJ th°Fyh®¡ f‰iwia¢ NœªJ fhz¥gL«. °»Çu‹ifkh ÂRthš MdJ.
th°Fyh® f‰iwæ‹ ~ònsha¤Â‹ ÛJ £L¡fshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹w °»Çu‹ifkh eh®fshš MdJ.
2. v.fh: xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu jz;L v.fh. ,Utpj;jpiy¤j jhtuj;jz;L
5 kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. miktplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; tifg;ghl;bid tpthp?
Edp Mf ;Fj;jpR :
1.NtH jz;L kw;Wk; fpisfspd; Edpay; fhzg;gLk;;
2.,it jhtuj;jpd; ePs;Nghf;F tsHr;rpf;F gad;gLk;.
3.,it %d;W gFjpfis nfhz;lJ.GNuhl;NlhnlHk; - Gwj;Njhy; jpRit cUthf;FfpwJ.
GNuhNfk;gpak; - Kjy;epiy th];FyhH jpRf;fis
cUthf;FfpwJ.
jsj; jpR – Gwzp kw;Wk; gpj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.,ilahf;F jpR
1.fZg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2.epiyj;j jpRf;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.,it fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ePl;rpf;Ffhuzkhf mikfpwJ. V.fh: xUtpj;jpiy
jhtuq;fs; (Gw;fs;)
gf ;f Mf ;Fj;j pR
1.jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; mjd; ePs; mr;Rf;F,izahf fhzg;gLk;.
2.,it ,uz;lhk;epiy jpRf;fis cUthf;Ftjpd;
%yk; jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; FWf;fsit mjpfhpf;f
nra;fpwJ. v.fh: fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (ngy;Nyhn[d;) kw;Wk; th];FyhH Nfk;gpak;.
13
2. Gwj;Njhy; jpRj; njhFg;gpd; gzpfs;:
1. jz;Lj; njhFg;gpy; cs;s Gwj;Njhy; jpRj;njhFg;gpy; fpa+l;bf;fps; ,Ug;gjdhy;mjpfg;gbahd ePhpog;G jil nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
2. Gwj;NjhyhdJ cl;Gwj; jpRf;fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.3. Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; thAg; ghpkhw;wk; Mfpa nray;fspy;
<LgLfpd;wd.4. tpijfs; kw;Wk; fdp guTjypy; biuf;Nfhk;fs; cjtpGhpfpd;wd.5. NtHj;Jhtpfs; kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk;> fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.
3. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuNth;- ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nth; NtWghL vOJf
t.v xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu NtH ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuNtH
1 gyKid iryk; fhzg;gLk;. ehd;F Kid iryk; fhzg;gLk;.
2 ikaj;jpy ;nghJthf xU nghpa gpj; fhzg;gLk;.
gpj; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
3 nkl;lhiryf;Foha;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; tl;l tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.
nkl;lhiryf;Foha;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; gyNfhz tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.
4 ,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpspnud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkh bršfshy ; MdJ.
5 ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
10 kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. th];FyhH jpRj;njhFg;G gw;wp tpthp :
� iryKk;> GNshaKk; xd;W NrHe;J njhFg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLtJ th];FyhH jpRj;njhFg;G vdg;gLk;.
� jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iw: iryj;jpw;Fk; ~GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLtJ jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iwfs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;L.
� %ba th];FyhH fw;iw:; th];FyhH fw;iwapy; iryj;jpw;Fk; ~GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. v.fh xU tpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;L
14
� Mug;Nghf;F mikT ( Radial arrangement): iryKk;> ~GNshaKk; ntt;NtW
Muq;fspy; fhzg;gL»wJ. v.fh Nth;
� fd;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw: iryk; kw;Wk; ~GNshak; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;J fhzg;gLtJ fd;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;.
� 1. xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw:; iryKk; ~GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;J ~GNshak; ntspNehf;fp mike;J fhzg;gl;lhy; mjw;F xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. v.fh. jz;L kw;Wk; ,iy.
� 2. ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhHfw;iw:; iryj;jpw;F ntspg;gf;fKk;> cs;gf;fKk; ~GNshak; fhzg;gl;lhy; mj;jifa th];FyhH fw;iw ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. v.fh.Ff;fHgpl;Nlrp FLk;;gk;.
� 3. #o;e;jike;jit: ~GNshak; KOtJkhf iryj;ijr; #o;e;Njh my;yJ iryk;
KOtJk; ~GNshaj;ijr; #o;e;Njh fhzg;gLtJ.
� m) ~GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw ( Amphicribral ): ~GNshak; iryj;ij KOtJkhf #o;e;J fhzg;gLtJ v.fh. ghypg;Nghbak;.
� M) iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw (Amphivasal): iryk; ~GNshaj;ij KOtJkhf #o;e;J fhzg;gLtJ v.fh. mf;Nfhu];.
� vf;]hHf; (ntspNehf;F) iryk:; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; Foha;fs; ntspNehf;fpAk;>
nkl;lhiryf; Foha;fs; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. NtH.
� vz;lhHf; (cs;Nehf;F) iryk:; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; Foha;fs; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk;>
nkl;lh iryf;Foha;fs; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. jz;L.
2. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nthpd; cs;sikg;G gw;wp tpthpiuNrhnlh;kp]; (m) vgpgpskh:1. Nthpd; ntspaLf;F. XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> fpA+l;bfps; ,y;iy.
3. Nth;j;J}tp xNu nry;yhy; MdJ. kz;zpypUe;J;; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkcg;Gfis cwpQ;RfpwJ
4. cl;GwjpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.
Gwzp
1. gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshdJ2. ,r;nry;fs; Kl;il (m) Nfhs tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.
gRq;fzpfq;fs; ,y;iy. ,itfspy; ];lhh;r; nfhz;l
ypA+f;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs; cs;sd.3. Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;fhd mfj;Njhy; XuLf;F gPg;gha;
tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
4. mfj;Njhypd; Mur;Rth; kw;Wk; fpilkl;l Rthpy;Rghpd; nghUs; gbe;J jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk; ,it
fh];ghhpd; gl;ilfs; vdg;gLk;.ePu; Gwzpf;F jpUk;gp
nry;tij jilnra;fpwJ.
5. GNuhl;Nlhiry $WfSf;F vjpNu f];ghhpad; gl;ilfs;mw;w topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;.,jd; topNa ePUk; fdpkKk;
flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
];By;: 6. mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J jpRg;gFjpAk;
Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk;.,jpy; nghpirf;fps;> th];Fyhh;
jpRf;fs;> kw;Wk; gpj; Mfpait cs;sd.7. ngupirf;fps;: ];Bypd; ntspaLF XuLf;F ghud;ifkh
nry;fshy; MdJ
8. th];Fyhu;; njhFg;G : Mug;Nghf;F mikT> gy Kid iryk;.
ntspNehf;F iryk;> ,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpspud;ifkhthy; MdJ.9. gpj; :ghud;ifkhthyhd gpj; czit Nrkpf;Fk; .
15
3. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu Nthpd; cs;sikg;G gw;wp tpthp :
iuNrhnlh;kp]; (m) vgpgpskh:1. Nthpd; ntspaLf;F. XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> fpA+l;bfps; ,y;iy.
3. Nth;j;J}tp xNu nry;yhy; MdJ. kz;zpypUe;J;; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpk
cg;Gfis cwpQ;RfpwJ
4. cl;GwjpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.
Gwzp
1. Gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshdJ
2. ,r;nry;fs; Kl;il (m) Nfhs tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.
gRq;fzpfq;fs; ,y;iy. ,itfspy; ];lhh;r; nfhz;l
ypA+f;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs; cs;sd.
3. Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;fhd mfj;Njhy; XuLf;F gPg;gha;
tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
4. mfj;Njhy;fspd; Mur;Rth; kw;Wk; fpilkl;l Rthpy;
Rghpd; nghUs; gbe;J jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk; ,it
fh];ghhpd; gl;ilfs; vdg;gLk;.ePu; Gwzpf;F jpUk;gpnry;tij jilnra;fpwJ.
5. GNuhl;Nlhiry $WfSf;F vjpNu fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs;
mw;w topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;.,jd; topNa ePUk; fdpkKk;
flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
];By;: 6. mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J jpRg;gFjpAk;
Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk;.,jpy; nghpirf;fps;> th];Fyhh;
jpRf;fs;> kw;Wk; gpj; Mfpait cs;sd.
7. ngupirf;fps;: ];Bypd; ntspaLF XuLf;F ghud;ifkh
nry;fshy; MdJ
8. th];Fyhu;; njhFg;G : Mug;Nghf;F mikT> ehd;F Kid
iryk;. ntspNehf;F iryk;> ,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkhthy;
MdJ.
9. gpj; :fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
4. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu (kf;fhr; Nrhsk;) jz;bd; cs;sikg;gpid tpthp?
Gwj;Njhy;:1. jz;bd; ntspaLf;F> XuLf;F nrt;tf tbt
ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; kw;Wk; fpA+l;bfps;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %bghJfhf;fpwJ.
jsj;jR :1. Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;> nghpirf;fps;> gpj; vd
NtWghlw;wit.2. ,J gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhdJ. ,jpy;
vz;zw;w th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; rpjwpfhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J czT nghUl;fis Nrkpj;jy;kw;Wk; thA ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <LgLfpwJ.
3. th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; : kdpj kz;ilNahL tbtk; >
fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> %bait >cs;Nehf;F iryk;;. th];Fyhh; fw;iwia Rw;wpYk;];fpspud;ifkh ehh;fshyhd fw;iw ciw cs;sJ.
4 . GNshak;: ry;yilf;Foha;fs; kw;Wk;Jiznry;fs;cilaJ.
5. iryk;: Y tbtk; nfhz;lJ. Kjph;e;j th];Fyhh;fw;iwapy; fPo;Gw GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtiltjhy;
GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp cUthfpwJ.
16
5. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;bd; (#hpa fhe;jp) cs;sikg;gpid tpthp?
Gwj;Njhy;:
1. jz;bd; ntspaLf;F> XuLf;F nrt;tf tbt ghud;ifkh
nry;fshy; MdJ.
2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> J}tpfs; kw;Wk; fpA+l;bfps;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.
Gwzp %d;W gFjpfis nfhz;lJ.
1.Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshyhd Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; (m)
i`g;Nghnlh;kp];-jz;bw;F cWjpia mspf;fpwJ.
2.FNshnud;ifkh mLf;F xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;fpwJ.
3.ghud;ifkh mLf;F – czT Nrkpf;fpwJ.
4.];lhu;r; mLf;F Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;F ,J XuLf;F gPg;gha;
tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ];lhh;r; Jfs;fs;
kpFe;Js;sJ. ,J Ntupd; mfj;NjhYf;F xg;ghf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
5. ];By; : mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J
jpRg;gFjpAk; Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;
gpj;ij #o;e;J xU tisakhf cs;sjhy; ,J A+];By;
vdg;gLk;
6. nghpirf;fps; : ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];fpspud;ifkhthyhdJ.
GNshaj;jpd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; ];fpspud;ifkh ehu;fshyhd
jpl;L fw;iw njhg;gp (m) td;ikahd gh];l; vdg;gLk;.
7. th];Fyhu; fw;iw : Mg;G tbtk;> fd;[hapd;l;>
xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit> cs;Nehf;F iryk;
8. GNshak; : ,jpy; ry;yilf;Foha;fs;> Jiznry;fs;>
GNshak; ghud;ifkh cs;sJ
9. Nfk;gpak;: 2 (m) 3mLf;F nrt;tf tbt nry;fshyhdJ.
10.iryk;: iryf;Foha;fs;>buf;fPLfs;>iryk; ehh;fs;>iryk;
ghud;ifkh cs;sJ
11.gpj; :,ilntspfSila ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
];lhh;r; Jfis Nrkpf;fpwJ.12. Kjyh« ãiy ä f®fŸ : ÏJ ghu‹ifkhthš MdJ
6. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bw;Fk; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bw;Fk; cs;sNtWghl;bid vOJf?
t.vz; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L
1 i`g;NghnlHkp]; Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
i`g;NghnlHkp]; ];fpsPnud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
2 jsj;jpR Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;> nghpirf;fps;> gpj; vd NtWghL mile;Js;sJ.
jsj;jpR xU njhlHr;rpahd NtWghLwhj ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
3 ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gLk;. ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gltpy;iy.
4 gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
5 nghpirf;fps; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghpirf;fps; ,y;iy.
6 nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; cs;sd. nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; ,y;iy.
7 th];FyhH fw;iwfs; jpwe;jit. th];FyhH fw;iwfs; %bait.
8 th];FyhH fw;iwfs;;gpj;j k¢ NœªJ xU tisakhf mike;Js;sd.
th];FyhH fw;iwfs; jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
17
9 fw;iwj; njhg;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ. fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ.
10 GNuhl;Nlhi]y ,ilntsp fhzg;gltpy;iy.
GNuhl;Nlhi]y ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
11 ~GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ.
~GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gltpy;iy.
12 th°Fyh® f‰iw M¥ò totKilaJ
th°Fyh® f‰iw kåj k©il X£L totKilaJ
7. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapd; (#hpa fhe;jp) mikg;ig glj;Jld; tpthp?
Gwj;Njhy;:
1. Nky; Gwj;Njhy;> fPo; Gwj;Njhy; vd;w ,U mLf;FfisAilaJ. nry;,ilntspfspd;wp neUf;fkhf mike;j XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
2. Nky; Gwj;Njhiy fhl;bYk; fPo; Gwj;Njhypy; ,iyj;Jisfs; mjpfKs;sd.
3. fPo; Gwj;Njhiy fhl;bYk; Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; jbj;j fpA+l;bfps; glyk;fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.
4. ,iyapilj;jpR : ,iyapd; Nky;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; fPo;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilapy;fhzg;gLtJ ,iyapilj;jpR (kPNrh~gpy; ); vdg;gLk;. ,J ,U tifg;gLk;.
5. m. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh M. ];ghd;Q;rp ghud;ifkh
m) ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh : Nky;Gwj;NjhYf;F¡ fPNo fhzg;gLk;. ePz;lJ> cUistbtj;Jld; neUf;fkhf mike;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpf gRq;fzpfq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; gzp xspr;Nrh;f;ifahFk;.
M) ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh : ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhtpw;F fPNo fhzg;gLk;. xOq;fw;wtbtk; nfhz;lJ. mjpf nry; ,ilntspfSld;> fhw;W miwfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fiwe;j gRq;fzpfq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
5. Rthr miw: ,iyj;Jisf;fUNf cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; fhw;wiw Rthr miw(m) ,iyj;Jis fPo; miw vdg;;gLk;.
6. fw;iw ciw (m) vy;iy ghud;ifkh : ,iyapd; th];FyhH fw;iwia¢ Rw;wpneUf;fkhf fhzg;gLk; XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd ciw.
7. th];Fyhu; fw;iw : fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> %bait. GNuhl;Nlhiryk;Nky;GwjNjhiy Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lhiryk; fPo; Gwj;Njhiy Nehf;fpAk; cs;sJ.
18
5. தாவர ெசயலிய#!
4 !l kqh<oh{ <!u qeig <gt<!
2 / ! fQi <!y tqh <hq tk <k z<!w e <xi z<!we <e @ !!
fqxl qk <ok i Gh <ò! ! II! )PS II) N g<̂ q\ Oe x<x ! fq j zb qz<! dt<t! Oh i K ! fQj v ! HOv im <m ie igUl<!
w zg<m <v i e igUl <! l x<X l<! N g<s q\ e ig Ul <! h qtg<G l <! Âwid më¡»wJ. Ï›thW xëæ‹ cjéahš Ú® _y¡TWfŸ Ãs¡f¥gL« ãfœ¢Á! fQi<! ytqh <h q tk <k z<! we h <hM l </ ! -k qz<!
l i r <geQ̂ <, giz<s q bl <!l x <X l<!GOt i j v M !n b e qgt <!h r <Ogx<gq e <xe / !
3 / !yt qh i <̂h v qgv {l<! we <xi z<!we <e @!
gRr<g{qgk <k q z<< xëæ‹! dk u qbi z<! ADP –Bm e <! yV! h i ^ <Oh m <! Osi <f<<K ! ATP &zg< %X !
d Vui Gl < !fq gp <s < sq !yt q hi ^ <h v qgv {l <!we h <hM l </ !
3. Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; ve;j #oypy; eilngWfpwJ?
1. PSI kl;Lk; nray;gLk;NghJ
2. ePh; xë¥gpsj;jy; eilngwhj NghJ
3. mjpf msT ATP Njitg;gLk; NghJ
4. xLf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd NADP+ fpilf;fhj NghJ Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk;epfo;fpwJ.
5 / !- Vu c u !gR§fâf§fŸ !w e <xi z<!w e <e @!
C5 ! k i uv r<g tqz<! - jzb qj m k<k qS ! gR§fâf§fŸ ! ! gqv i e i g<gis¡ bfh©L«,! ! ! f‰iw!
d j x! ! gR§fâf§fŸ ! ! gqv i e i g<gt<! n‰W«! ! fhz¥gL»‹wd/ ! - K! - Vuc u!
gR§fâf§fŸ vd¥gL«/ !
6 / !yt qs <S u i s l<!. !- Vt<!S u i s l<! Ou X h Mk <K g/ !
yt q s <Su i s l<! - Vt<!S u i s l<!
2 /y tqs <Osi <g<j g!os z<g tqz<!l m <M l<!fj m oh X l<! !
!
3 /y tq!- Vg<Gl <!Oh i K! l m<M l<!fj m o hX l</ !
4 /h Sr<g {qg l <? !oh v i g<̂ qOs il <?!j l m <Om i gi{<m <v qb ig<gt qz< !fj m oh X l</!
n j e k<K !d b q Vt<t!o s z<g tq Zl <!fj m o hX l</ !
yt q!l x<X l <!yt q!- z< zi k !Oh iK l < !fj m o hX l</ !
j l m <Om i g<gi {<m <v qb iu qz< !k£L« fj m o hX l</ !
7 / ! Ou k qs <Os i <g<j g !w e <xi z<!w e<e @ !
s qz! db qv qe r <gt<! g e ql h <oh i Vm <gj t! N g<s q\ Oe x<x l<! os b <K! gqj m g<Gl <! N x<x j zg<! o gi{< M !fh®nghiA£onu£il! k b iv qg<gqx K/ !- K!O uk q s <Os i<g<j g !we h <hM l </!w/ g i/ !h i g<C v qbr <gt </!
8 / !S u i s != U!. !u j v b X/ !S u is qk <k zqe <! Oh iK ! ou tqb qm h <h M l<! gii <h e <! j m ! N g<j sM g <Gl <! hb e<h M k<k h <h M l <!N g<s q\E g <Gl <!- j m Ob!dt<t !uqgq k l <!S ui s != U !we h <h M l <</ !
btë¥gL« CO2 msÎ
Rthr <Î = ---------------- ga‹gL¤j¥gL« O2 msÎ
19
9 / !ATP!n j l h <H !h m l <!; .!
!
: / CO2 s l fqj z h<! H t<tq !we <xi z<! we <e @ !
CO2.u qe <! wf<k ! o sx qU ! fqj zb q z<! ytq s< Os i <g<j gbi e K! S u is qk <k Zg<G¢! s l l i g! - Vg<gqx Ok i!
n KOu ! CO2 ! s l fqj zh <! H t<tq ! we h<h M l </ ! Ϫj ãiyæš xë¢nr®¡ifæ‹ ãfu c‰g¤Â VJäšiy.
2 1 /!o fi k qk<k z <!. !u jv bX /!
ofi k qk <k z<! ! we <h K! Ou k ql i x<xk <Ok iM ! %c b! F jv k<k z<! n z< zK ! oh ir <Gk z<! we h<h M l </!GT g<Ogi ^ <! & zg<%X ! gi x<x qz< zi K ! s qj k U x<X ! wk <k qz<! N z<ga izigU l <! g i i <he <! j m!N g<j s m i gU l<!l iX uK!ofik qk <k z <!we h <hM l </!
2 2 /!L j e !N k q g<gl <! we <xi z<!we <e @<!
F e qol im <m ie K! n K! dx<h k <k q! o sb<Bl <! N g<s qe <! & zl <! h g<g! ol im<M g<gtqe <! uti <s <sq j b¤!
k jm o s b<gq xK/ !- K!Lj e !N k qg<gl <!we h <h M l <</ !
2 3 /!Oh i z <c r<!. !u jv bX / !!
ofVr <gqb ! - j z! n M g<gl <! o gi{<m ! k i uv r<g tqz<! \ qh <v zqg<! nl q zk < j k¥! h be <hM k<Kl <! Ohi K!
ÂObud j©L ÚŸtJ« mijk <!ok i m i <f< K!l zi<kš!fq gp <tJ«!Oh i z< c r<!we h <h M l </ !
2 4 /!v qs<l i {<m<! zi r<!u qj tU !w e<x i z<!w e<e @ !
k i uv r<gt<! LKj l bjm uj k¢! j sm <Om i j geq e <! k il k h<h M k <Kgqx K ! - K! v qs<l i{<m <! zi r <!
u qj tU !we h <hM l </ !
2 5 /!s qg <li b <M !u j tU !we <x i z<!w e <e @!
Yi <! d b qv qe k <k qe <! n t u qz< ! Wx<h M l <! ut i<s <s q ! n z< zK! o s z<g tqe <! w{ <{ qg<j gb qz<! Wx<h M l<!n k qgv qh<H! N gqb ux <j x! gi z! ntu qx <G ! wk qv i g! u j v h ml <! uj v f<k i z<! nK ! S ! u c uk <k qz< !- Vg<G l </!- K !s qg<l ib <M !uj tU ! we h <h M l </ !
2 6 /!ytq g<gi z k<Ku l <!we <h K !bi K@!
ytq ! l x<X l<! - Vm <gi z! n tu qx<Og x<h ! Wx<h M l <! k iu v k<k q e<! h k qz<! os b z<! ytqg <gi zk <K u l <!we h <hM l </! ! xë¡fhy¤Â‹ gš braš ky®jiy Jt¡FtjhF«.! - K! H j gb qj z!
k i uv k<k qz< !L k e <!Lj xb i g¡!g {<m x qb h <hm <m K/ 2 7 /!Gt q i<! hk e l<. !u j v bX !/ !
ou i <e j zOs ]e <! n z< zK! Gt qi<h k e l <! we <h K! =v i{<M k <k i uv r<g t<! l x<X l <! h z<zi {<M k<!k i uv r<gtqz< ! l zi <k z< ! 2°C! Lk z<! 2 1°C! o uh < h fq j zb q z<! K{<m h <h M gqx K/ ! - K! G tqi <! h k e l <!we h <hM l </!!
17. Fsph; gjdq;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?1. gapHfspd; rhFgbf;fhy msit¡ Fiwf;fyhk;2.,aw;ifapy; tsuhj ,lq;fspYk; gaphplyhk; 3.jhtug; gapHg;ngUf;fj;ij tpiuTgLj;JfpwJ!
20
2 9 /!s qg<l i b <M !u j tu qz<! dt<t !h c fq j zgt <!b i ju @ 2 * !o l Kfqj z
3 * !Ou gfqj z 4 * !dX k qb ie !s Qv i e !fqj z!!
2 : /S ui s qk<k z <!l x <X l<!g q jtg <g iz q s q <̂!N gq bu x<x qe <!ym <M o li k<k !u qjej bg<! Gx qg<Gl < ! !s l e<h i m <cj e !w PK g/ S u i s qk<k z<!!! !!; !C6H12O6+6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kJ N x<x z</ !
g q jtg <g ijzs q ^ <;!C6H12O6+2ADP+2pi+2NAD ------> 2C3H4O3+2ATP+2NADH2
2ATP 2ADP
!
6 / !lk qh<oh{<!u qe ig<g t<!
1.RH‰Á k‰W« RH‰Áæyh xspgh];ghpfuzk; - NtWgLj;Jf
vz; RH‰Á ; xspgh];ghpfuzk; RH‰Áæyh xspgh];gupfuzk;
1 PSI kl;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ PSI, PSII Mfpa ,uz;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ
2
gr;ra %yf;$wpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd; Row;rpaile;J kPz;Lk; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nrh;fpwJ
vyf;l;uhd; Row;wpaile;J jpUk;Gtjpy;iy
3 ePh; xsp gpsj;jy;> O2 ntspNaw;wk; eilngWtjpy;iy
ePh; xspgpsj;jy;> O2 ntspNaw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.
4 xsp gh];gupfuzk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ
xsp gh];gupfuzk; xU ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ
5 NADP+ xLf;fk; miltjpy;iy
NADP+ ahdJ xLf;fk; mile;J
NADPH2 Mf khWfpwJ.
2.C3 kw;Wk; C4 Row;rp – NtWgLj;Jf.
vz; C3 Row;rp C4 Row;rp
1 xspr;Nrh;f;if ,iyapilj; jpRf;fspy; eilngWk;.
xspr; Nrh;f;if ,iyapil jpR kw;Wk;
fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; eilngWk;
2 CO2it Vw;Fk; %yf;$W 5C bfh©l RuBP
CO2it Vw;Fk; %yf;$W 3C bfh©l PEP
3 Kjypy; cUthF« ãiyahd bghUŸ
3C bfh©l PGA Kjypy; cUthtJ 4C bfh©l OAA;
4 xspr; Rthrj;jpd; msT mjpfk; xspr;Rthrj;jpd; msT kpfTk; FiwT
5 cfe;j ntg;gepiy 200C-250C cfe;j ntg;gepiy 300C-450C tiu
6. v.fh. ney;> NfhJik> cUisv.fh. fUk;G> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;>mkuhe;j];.
21
3. ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
1.,J fhHNghi`bNul; rpijTf;F khw;W topahFk;.
2.,jpy; NADPH2 %yf;$Wfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. ,it nry;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy;
xLf;fpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd. ÏJ ATP c‰g¤ÂnahL Ïiz¡f¥g£ljšy.
3.epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd iuNgh]; fpilf;fpwJ.
4. mNuhNkbf; NrHkq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd vhpj;Nuh]; gh];Ngl; ,jpypUe;Jfpilf;fpwJ.
5.Ru5P xspr;NrHf;ifapy; CO2 epiyepWj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.
4. Mf;rpdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit?
1) jz;L kw;Wk; Kisf; FUj;J ePz;L tsu cjTfpwJ.
2) nry; ePl;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.
3) Edp nkhl;L cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mf;rpd; gf;f nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpia¤ jilnra;tJ
Edp Mjpf;fk; (m) Kid Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
4) Nfy]; kw;Wk; Nfk;gpaj; jpRtpy; nry; gphpjiy¤ Jhz;LfpwJ.
5) fUTwhf; fdp cUthf;fj;ijj; Jhz;LfpwJ. v.fh jf;fhsp, Mg;gps;
6) ,iy> fdp cjph;jiyj; jil nra;fpwJ.
7) 2>4-D fisf; bfhšèahf¥ gad;gLfpwJ.
5. [pg;uypd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit?
1) jz;bd; mrhjhuz ePl;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
2) Fl;ilahd jhtuq;fspd; Fl;ilj;jd;ikia¥ Nghf;FfpwJ.
3) jz;L jpBh; vd ePs;;tJk; mij njhlh;e;J kyh;jy;; epfo;tJk; Nghy;bq; vdg;gLk;.
4) kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; kyh;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
5) fUTwhf; fdpfis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; v.fh jf;fhsp, Mg;gps; , nts;shp.
6) tpij Kisj;jiyj; Jhz;Lk;.
7) cUisf; fpoq;fpy; tsh;tlf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
6. irl;Nlhifdpd;fspd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit?
1) nry; gphpjiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
2) fhy]; jpRtpypUe;J nkhl;L kw;Wk; Ntu; cUthjiyj; Jhz;LfpwJ.
3) Edp nkhl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gf;f nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.
4) tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;fp> Kisf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
5) jhtuq;fs; KJikailtijj; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J hpr;khz;l; yhq; tp;isT vdg;gLk;.
22
7. vj;jpypdpd; tho;;tpapy; tpisTfis vOJf1) jz;L kw;Wk; Ntu; Mfpatw;wpd; ePs;thl;l tsh;r;rpia¤ jil nra;fpwJ.
2) Nth;fspd; Gtp Neh;ehl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
3) gl;lhzpapy; gf;f nkhl;L tsh;r;rpia¤ jil nra;fpwJ.
4) fdpfs; gOg;gjpy; vj;jpypd; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
5) igd;> kh jhtuq;fspy; g+j;jiyj; Jhz;LfpwJ.
6) nkhl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
!
9 / ! Gtqi <h k e l<! Gx qk <K !wP Kg/ !
! !o ui <e j zOs ]e <! n z< zK! G tqi <hk e l <! we <h j k ! T.D j zo se <Og i! we <h u i< !n xqL gh <hM k<k qe i i</ ! k i u v r<gt<! h z ux <xqz< ! n k iu K! = v i {<M ! l x<X l<! h z<zi {<M k <! k iu v r <gt qz< !l zi<k z <!2 1C Lk z<!2 1 1C!ou h<h f qj zbq z< !K~ {<m h <hM g qxK/ !- KOu !Gtq i < hk e l<!we h <h M l </ !
! !! !G tqi<hk e l<! n z< zK! l q gg<Gj x f<k ! ! ou h <hfqj z ! n j e k<K! k i u v r<gtq Zl <!yOv l ik qv qb ie ! hk q z<! u q j tU gj t! Wx<h M k<Ku k qz<j z/ ! Gtq i<h k e k <k qx <G! d m <h M l<! k i u v r <gt<!K~{<m h <h M l <!k iu v r <gt <,!Gtqi <h k e k<k qx <G!d m <h m i k j u!K~{<m h <h m ik !k i uv r <gt<!N Gl </ !
Gt qi <h k e ! os b z <Lj xgt<! ! G tqi<h k e k <k iz<! K~ {<m h<h M l <! k iu v r<gt qe <! uqj k g j t! Lj tg<g!j u g<g! G j xf<k ! ou h<h fqj z! n k iu K! Gtqi <h k e ! o uh<h fq j zg< G ! d m<h M k <k q ! u qj k ! Ofi <k <k q!os b <K! !s qx qK !Ofv l <!dzi<k <k qb !h qe <!Lj tg <g!j u g<g! Ou {<M l </ ! !
Gt qi <h k e ! fQg<gl <! ! ! Gtqi <h k e k <k i z<! Wx <h M l<! uq j tj u! f Qg<g q! h j p b ! fqj zg<G¡!
og i{<M u Vl <! fqg p <s<s q ! Gtqi <h k e ! fQg<gl<! w e h<h M l </ ! n k iu K! G tqi<h k e k <k qx<G ! d m<h M k<k q b!u qj k gj t!db i<!ou h< h fqj zg <G !dm <hM k <Kl <!Ohi K !Gtq i <h k e !uqj t Ugt<!fQr <gq uq M gqe <x e /!
h be <gt<! !! !2 /!h bq i<gt qe <!si Gh c !gi z! nt j u g<!Gj x g<gqx K/ !
!!! !! ! !! !!!3 / !- bx <j gb qz<!o hi Ku ig !ut v !Lc b ik !- mr<gtqZl< !h bqv qm h<h M gqx K/ !
3. jhtu gapu;ngUf;fj;ij tpiuU h Mk<Kg qxK/
23
10 lk qh<o h{<!u qe ig<g t<!
1. gi z<u q e<!Row;rp (,Us; tpid) tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUfxsp tpidapdhy; cz;lhd ATP Mw;wy; NADPH2 Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpapdhy; CO2 MdJ fhHNghi`bNul;lhf xLf;fk; miljiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpidfs; ,Us; tpidfs; vdg;gLk;. Kjypy; cUthFk; epiyahd NrHkk; 3PGA MFk; vdNt ,J C3 Row;rp vdg;gLk;
24
2. C4 Row;rp tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUffUk;G Nghd;w rpy jhtuq;fs; CO2 MdJ ,U fhHgd; NrHg;G tpidfs; %yk; 4C
%yf;$W (OAA) M¡[hnyh mÁ£o¡ mäy« Kjèš cUth¡F»wJ. vdnt ÏJ C4 Row;rp vdg;gLk;
25
3.Xspr;Rthrk; my;yJ C2 Row;;rpia tpthpxspapUf;Fk; NghJ xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;Ak; jpRf;fspy; tof;fj;ijtpl mjpfkhf eilngWk; Rthrk;.
26
4. fpisf;fhyprp]; tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUf6 fhHgd; NrHkkhd FSf;Nfh];> 3 fhHgd;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L _y¡TW igUtpf;
mkpykhf khw;wkilAk; epfo;r;rpNa fpisf;fhyprp]; vdg;gLk;
27
5. fpug; Row;rp tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUfigUtpf; mkpykhdJ fhHgd; il Mf;irlhfTk;> ePuhfTk; khWk; NghJ thpirahf
eilngWk; epfo;r;rpfNs fpug;]; Row;rp MFk;.
!
!
28
உய�� - தாவரவ�ய 1. MŠÁnah°bg®«fë‹ tif¥ghL
1 kjpg;ngz;fs; 1. bra‰if Kiw tif¥gh£oid ãWéat® °Ål‹ jhtuéayh®2. vªj tif¥ghL Ïd¥bgU¡f tif¥ghL vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ bra‰if Kiw
tif¥ghL3. ÏU brh‰ bgaçL Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® fh°g®L ghï‹ 4. ÏUbrh‰ bgaçL Kiwia ga‹gL¤Âat® fnuhy° è‹nda° 5. bA®ngça¤jhë‹ ã®zæ¡f¥g£l ãiyahd msÎ 41cm x 29 cm 6. m»y cyf jhtuéaš bga® N£L¢ r£l« eilKiw¡F tªj M©L 1978 7. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® btëæ£l b#åuh Ãsh©lhu« bjhFÂfisÍilaJ. _‹W8. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£oš j‰fhy JiwfŸ v›thW miH¡f¥g£ld
nfhAh®£LfŸ9. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£oš étç¡f¥g£l FL«g§fë‹ v©â¡if 20210. Ïizahj jå¤j mšèfisÍila jhtu§fŸ Ïl« bg‰WŸs Jiz tF¥ò
ghèbg£lhny11. Ï‹~bgnu tçiræYŸs JiwfŸ k‰W« FL«g§fë‹ v©â¡if Kiwna 3 k‰W« 912. jyhä ~ònshnuæš Ïl« bg‰WŸs JiwfŸ k‰W« FL«g§fŸ 6 k‰W« 3413. Nyf Ñœ ky®fŸ bfh©l jhtu§fŸ Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir Ï‹~bgnu14. bj°ÃÁah gh¥òšåah Ïl« bg‰WŸs FL«g« khšntÁ 15. ôåbr¡Rntš° v‹w tçiræš cŸs FL«g« ô~ngh®ÃnaÁ 16. XuiwÍila kfuªj¥ig fhz¥gL« FL«g« khšntÁ 17. bt©il jhtu¤Â‹ ÏU brh‰bga® Vbgškh°f° v°Fy©l° 18. khšntÁ Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir jyhä~ònshnu 19. Vbgškh°f° v°Fy©l° jhtu¤Â‹ få Nyf miw btofå 20. brhyhndÁ Ïl« bg‰WŸs Jiw ghènkhånaš°21. eL eu«ò k‰W« g¡f eu«òfë‹ ÛJ kŠrŸ ãw K£fŸ fhz¥gL« jhtu«
brhyhd« rhªnjhfh®¥g«22. NèiyfŸ ne®¡nfh£oš mikahkš r‰W rhŒthf mikªJŸs ky®fisÍila
FL«g« brhyhndÁ 23 çÁd° f«ôå° xU F‰Wku« mšyJ òj®¢bro 24 ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Âš Ïl« bg‰WŸs ngçd§fŸ 300 25. »shnlhL¡F xU vL¤J¡fh£L¤ jUf. ôngh®Ãah ÂU¡fŸë / ô. M‹onfhu«26. ïéah ÃnuÁèa‹ì° jhtu¤Â‹ ÏiyfŸ _‹W Á‰¿iyfisÍila T£oiy27. bjhG nehŒ¡F kUªjhf ga‹gL« jhtu« #£nuh~gh fhì¥Ã~nghèah 28. vè Mkz¡F vd miH¡f¥gL« jhtu¤Â‹ jhtuéaš bga® Fnuh£l‹
°gh®ì~ònshu°29. ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Â‹ Áw¥ò kŠrç irah¤Âa« 30. gwitfë‹ brh®¡fky® v‹wiH¡f¥gLtJ °blçè£Áah buínd 31. gaâfë‹ gid v‹wiH¡f¥gLtJ uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° 32. äôrh jhtu¤Â‹ ÏiyaikÎ RHš Kiw 33. uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° jhtu¤Â‹ kŠrç T£L ir« 34. uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° kyçš fhz¥gL« tskhd kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 635. äônrÁ FL«g« Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir vÃifnd 36. kuò tê tif¥gh£o‹ mo¥gilæš xU é¤Âiy¤ jhtu tF¥Ãš nk«ghL
milªj FL«g« M®¡»nlÁ37 äô[héš fhz¥gL« få tif bg®ç ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29
jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;
1 kjpg;ngz;fs;
2 / !N g<Gk <k q S u ie K!fqj zk <k !k q S u ig!l i x<x l <!n j m u K! O u X hi mj mk z<!we !n j p g<gh <h M gqx K/ !
3 </ !ui j p ? !gz< u ij p !O hi e <x !k i uv r<gtqz< !g i {h<h M l <!fm <sk <k qv !u c u !h i v e <j gl i!os z<g t< !^ <om z<Oz m<! hi v e<j gl i!we h <hM g qxK/ !
4 / !k iu v k <k qe <!nj e k<K!dX h <Hg tqZl < !g i {h< h M l <!k q S !h i v e<j gl i /!
5 / ! a Qzq bi f<k ^ <!k i uv k<k qz<!n M g<G !Ogi ze <j gl i !gi {h<h M gq xK/ !
6 / !Oui <k <K u qgj t!dx<h k <k q!os b <hj u ! m <j v Ogi h qti ^ <m<M gt<! n z<z K !Gm <jm !o sz <gt</ !
7 / N <̂c Ob i ^ <gqtQj v M !!gi {h <h M l <!k i uv h <h Gk q !h m <mi {qb q e<!u qj k Bj x /!
8 </ - Vh g<g!yVr <gj l f<k !u i^ <G zi i<!gx<j x !gi {h <hM l <!k i uv g<GM l <hl <!G g <gi<h qm <O<m sq /!
9 </ j s zg <Gp i b<gt qz< !yx <j xk<Kj t k <km<M !gi {h <h M l<!k iu v l <! l i R <sq0 oh vi /!
: / h zL j e !j szl <!gi {h <hM uK ! y V !u qk<k qj z !k iu v Ou i</ !
2 1 /H x {q bqe <!g j m s qbM g<G! n g k <Ok i z</!
2 2 /j szLl<!H Ot ib Ll <!yOv !N v k <k qz<!g i {h<h M u K! ge <\i bq {<m <!we h <hM gqxK /!
2 3 /l e qk !l {<j m !YM !Oh i e <x!u i^ <G zii < !gx<j x gt<!gi{h <hM u K! y V u qk <k qj zk <!k i u v k<k {<M /!
2 4 /!H Ov i m<Om i !j sz !- j m ou tq!gi {h <h M u K !y Vu qk <k qj z k<!k i u v k<k {<M /!
2 5 /!- V!uq k <k qj z!k i u v Oui qz<< !gi {h <h M l <!u i ^ <Gzi i <!n j l h <H !fi e <G !Lj e !j s zl</ !
2 6 /!- Vh g<g!yk <k !n j l h<H j m b!- j zgt<!gi {h <hM uK !! !!!!! !!!!! !!!! !!! !! !!! !! ! !!!! !!! !!H z <!n z<z K!y Vu qk<k q j zk <!k i uv k <k {<M !!
2 7 /!- j zb qz<!gi {h <h M gqx !ui ^ <G zi i<!gx <j xgt <!y Vr <gj l f<k K? !& c b ju /!
2 8 /!- j z!S Vr <Gk z<!l x X l<!fQt<k Zg<G¥!h b‹h M l<!H xk <Ok i z< !os z<g t<!H z <zq0 hi i<l <!o sz <gt </ !
3 1 /!o k im i<f<K!hG h<h j m Bl <!k e <j l !og ie <m !o sz<gtqe <<!o k iG h< H ! N g<G k <k qS g<gt<! we h<h M l </!
3 3 /Og i{g<Ogi ze <j gl i!gi {h <hM l <!k iu v l <! m i m<_ v i !)l * !fqg<O gi m <c bie i /!!
3 4 /- jm o utq g<!Og i ze <j gl i !gi {h<h M l <!k i u v l<!J h<O h i l qbi / !!
3 5 /j szl<!fi i<gt qe <! Ou X oh bi <!z qh <v q0 hi i <l <!fi i <gt/ <! !
3 6 /!H Oti bl <!fi i <gtqe <! Ou X oh b i<! h i ^ <m<! fi i <gt</ !!
3 7 / !H Oti bl <!h i v e<j gl i !yVu qk <k qj zk <!k iu v r <gtq z< !gi {h <hM uk q z< j z/!
3 8 /Ou v qe <!out qh <Hx !n M g<G !j v Osi om i<l q ^ <!n z<zK !wh <h qh qtl i !we h <hM l</ !
3 9 /g i <̂h iv qb e<!hm <j m gt<! - Vu qk<k qj z, yVu qk <k j z!k iu v ! Oui <g tqe<<!n gk <Ok i zq z< !gi {h <h M gqx K/ !
3 : /u p qs<!os z<g t< !- Vu qk <k q j zk<! k iu v ! Ou iqe<! n gk <Ok i zq z< !g i {h<h M gq xK/ !
4 1 /H Ov im <Om ij s zl <!k {< c e <!j l b k<j k !Ofig<gq !n j l f<Kt<t !ui ^ <G z ii <!gx<j x !d t<O fi g<G !j s zl<!N Gl </!
30
k iu v !os b zqb z <!
2 / ytq s<Os i <g<j g!fj m o hX l<!- m l <!h S r <g {qgl <</ !
3 / Sp x<s q! wzg<m <v ie<!gm k <k zqe <!Oh iK !d Vui u K !ATP l m<M l </ !
4 / ! j v Oh i <̂!yV !6 !g ii < he <!Os i<l l </ !
5 / !C5 !k iu v k <k q x<G!y V!wM k <Kg <gim <M !g Vl <H, lg <gis <Os itl <, m <iq sH z^ <, n l v if<k ^ <
6 / !hs <j s b !dx <hk <k q g<G !Ok j uh <h M l <!Lg<gq b! oh i Vt <!o l g<e qs qb l </ !)Mg)
7 / !$ v qb !N x<x j z!gu i< f<k qPg<Gl < !n k qg!k qx e <!o gi {<m !fqxl q !h s <j sb l</ !
8 / n Ol ie qb ij u !j fm <jv m<m i g!N g<s q\Oe x <xl <! os b <Bl <!h i g<C v qbi ! j fm <v Os i Ol i ei ^ </!
9 / ! g^<Gm <mi !yV!L Py m<M {< {q k <!k i u v l i Gl </ !
: / !ytqs <Os i<g<j gj b !l qgk <k qxl<h m !K~ {<M l <!y tq !n j z !5 1 1 !nm-700 nm.
2 1 /!- Vm <S ui s l<!fj m o h xl<!F {<[ X h <H !j l m <Om i gi {<m <v q br<gt </!
2 2 /!ytq s<Os i <g<j gb qe <!Oh i K!ou tqb qm h <hM l<!ui B! N g<s q \e </ !)O2*
2 3 /!- Vt<u qj e b qe <!l X oh b i<! gi z <u q e<!S p x<s q/ !
2 4 /!C5 !S px<s qbq e <!l X o hb i<! O a m<s <. <̂zi g<!h i j k !we h<h M l</ !
2 5 /!ytq !S ui sk <k qe <!Ou X !o hb i<!C2! S p x<s q !n z< zK ! y tq<s <Os i <g<j g!gi i<h e<!!! !!!!! !!! !! !N g<̂ q\ Oe x<x !S p x<s q!we h <h M l</ !
2 6 /!H ,s <s qB {<[ l <!k i u v k <k q x<G !wM k <Kg<g im <M !m <v ^ Qvi /!
2 7 /! h s <j sb l<!a!!Lk e <j l !fqx l q!we h<h M l </ !
2 8 /!ytq s<Os i <g<j gb qe <! - Vt<!u qj e j b¡!g{< m xqf<k u i<! ol z<u qe <!gi z <u qe </!
2 9 !C3!k iu v r <gtqz<!yt q!l x<x l <!- Vt<!uqj e gt<!fj m o h X l<!- m l <!- j zb qjm k <k qS !os z<g t</ !
2 : /!C3!k i uv r <gtqz<!CO2 Wx <Gl <!& zg<%X !RuBP.
20.! u i {<m i !yV!o k ix <X k<!k i uv l <!N G l </ !
3 2 /hS r<g {qg k <k qz< !ytq s<Os i<g <j g !fqx l qgt<!g i {h <h M l <!- m l <!j k z g<gi b<M /!
3 3 /o h iKu ie !S ui s!k th <oh i Vm <gt<! gi i <O hi ja m<Ov m<M g t<!N G l </ !
3 4 /L Pjl b ig!N g<s q\ Oe x <xl<!n j m Bl <!GT g<Ogi^ q zqV f<K !gqj m g<G l <!N x <xz< ! 4 9ATP.
3 5. G Tg<Ogi s qe <!S u is != U ! ye <X / !
3 5 /!wzg<m <v i e<!gm k <K! s r<g qzq bq z< !ATP d{ < m i uK !N g <s q\ Oe x<x !hi <̂h v qgv {l<!!we h <hM l </!
3 6 /y V!GT g<Ogi ^ < !& zg <%X !N g<s q \Oe x <xl <!n j m f<K !o ut q h<h M l <! N x<x zq e <!ntU ! !
3 : 11 !kJ.
3 7 /k iuv !a i i<Ol i e <gtqz< !Lk zq z< !g {<m xq bh <h m<m K !N g<s qe<g t</!
3 8 /o s bx<<j g!N g<sq E g< G!yV !wM k <Kg<g im <M !NAA l x <X l <!3 , 5 !D
31
3 9. Lj e !N k q g<gl <!N g<s qe <gti z<!! Wx <hM gqxK /!
3 : / sq g <l i b<M !u j t U!uj v hmk <k qz<!u qj v ui e ! uti <s <sq !f qj z!Ou g fq j z!we g<G xqh <h qm h <h M gqx K/!
4 1 N g<s qe <gt<! d k qi <k jz!!!k j m !o sb <gqx K/ !
4 2 /!o fx <hb qv qz<!)h g<gi O e *!Ogil itq k <k e !Ofi j b!dV ui g<Gu K!\ qh <vz qe </ !
4 3 /!- j zk <Kj t !& M u j k !K ~{<M uK ! n h<s qs qg<! n l qz l </ !)ABA)
4 4 /!u iB! fq j zb q z<!d t<t!a i i<Ol i e <! w k <k q zQe </ !
4 5 /!fqzk <k q z<! dt<t!g j tgj t !fQg<Gu K ! 3 ? 5 .D.
4 6.!db i<k i u v r <gtqz< !g i{h<h M l <!- b x <j gbi e !a i i<Ol i e <!IAA l x <X l <!(PAA)!!
4 7 /!ytq g<gi z!nt uqx < O gx<h !nj l Bl <!k i uv r <gtqe <!h k qz< !o sb z< ! y tqg <gi z k<Ku l<!we h <hM l </!
4 8 /fQt<!h gz< !k i uv k <k qx<G !y V! wM k <Kg<gi m <M ! O gi K j l !l x<X l <!Ym <^<</!
!!!4 9 !G X l <h gz< !k u v k <k q x<g<G !y V !wM k <Kg<g i m<M ! H j gb q j z!lx<X l <! gqj v si f<k q l l</ !
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mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgWtj‰fhd TLjš édhéil¥gFÂfŸ
3. brš cæçaš k‰W« kuÃaš
1 kjpg;ngz;fs;
1 Fnuhnkhnrh« v‹w bgaiu m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® thšila®
2 Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ É‹fis¡ bfh©LŸsd v‹gjid Kj‹ Kjyhf cWÂ
brŒjt® Ãç£#°
3 É‹ v‹w brhšiy m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® W.n#hA‹r‹
4 Ïiz¥ò nrhjid¡ fy¥ò é»j« 7 : 1 : 1 : 7
5 Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ ÛŸ nr®¡if F‹wš Ãçjè‹ nghJ ònuh~ng° I š vªj
ãiyæš ãfœ»wJ gh¡»O‹
6 ËÍnfh Oéß° ÂO® kh‰w¤ij f©l¿ªj jhtu« <ndhÔuh yhkh®»ahdh
7 ÏJ Éå‹ brašgh£L myF Á°£uh‹
8 kåjDila 17-tJ Fnuhnkhnrh« m¡nuh br‹£ç¡
9 ešè nrhä vd¥gLtJ 2n-2
10 DNA é‹ Ïu£il RUŸ khÂçia és¡»at® th£r‹ k‰W« »ç¡
11 DNA _y¡T¿‹ é£l« 20A0
12 bršèYŸs RNA éš m-RNA é‹ msÎ 3-5 rjÅj«
32
_d;W kjpg;ngz;fs;
1.ghypBd;; kw;Wk; tpsf;F Jhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk; glk;
2. B-Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ ahit?
B-Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ Ïašghd Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ mo¥gil mik¥òfëèUªJ
ntWgL« mrhjhuz Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ MF«. Ïit N¥g®ãôkhç k‰W« Jiz
Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ v‹W« miH¡f¥gL«
v.fh. k¡fh¢nrhs«. Ïit jhtu§fë‹ thœÂwid¡ Fiw¡»‹wd.
3. FW¡nf‰w« v‹whš v‹d?
x¤j Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ ÏizÍ« nghJ rnfhjç mšyhj Fnuhnk£oLfë‹
J©LfŸ gçkh‰w« miltjhš òÂa É‹ nr®¡if cUthF« ãfœ¢Á FW¡nf‰w«
vd¥gL«. F‹wš Ãçé‹ nghJ ònuhng° 1š gh¡»o‹ ãiyæš FW¡nf‰w«
ãfœ»wJ.
4. kuò tiugl« v‹gJ ahJ?
xU Fnuhknrhäš É‹fë‹ mikél« mit mikªJŸs Kiw k‰W«
Ãiz¥ò É‹fS¡»ilnaÍŸs öu« M»at‰iw tiugl¤Â‹ _y« és¡F»‹w
gl¤bjhF¥ò kuò tiugl« vd¥gL«. kuò tiugl¤Â‹ myF kh®f‹ mšyJ
br‹okh®f‹ vd¥gL«.
33
5. Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ tiffis gl« tiuªJ ghf§fis¡ F¿.
6. FW¡nf‰w¤Â‹ K¡»a¤Jt§fis F¿¥ÃLf.
1. òÂa gçkh‰w É‹fis cUth¡Ftjhš òÂa jhtu Ïd§fë‹ njh‰w¤Â‰Fmo¥gilahf cŸsJ.
2. gçzhk¤Âš K¡»a g§F t»¡»wJ.3. Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ kuò tiugl§fis jahç¥gš cjéahfΟsJ
7. FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;G glk; tiuf ?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. ÂO®kh‰w¤Â‹ K¡»a¤Jt« ahJ?
• òÂa Á‰¿d§fŸ njh‹Wtj‰F« gçzhk ts®¢Áæš K¡»a fUéahfΫés§F»‹wd.
• bra‰ifahf njh‰Wé¡f¥gL« ÂO® kh‰w§fŸ étrha«, fhšeil guhkç¥òk‰W« cæ® bjhêš E£géaš M»at‰¿š gaDŸsjhF«. vL¤J¡fh£lhfÂO® kh‰w¤Â‰F c£gL¤j¥g£l bgåÁèa« mÂfkhd bgåÁèidcUth¡F»wJ
• òÂa gæ® uf§fis njh‰Wé¤J gæ®fis nk«gL¤j ÏJ Áwªj têahF«.
• ÉDila E© mik¥ig¥ g‰¿ m¿ªJ bfhŸs itu°fëš V‰gL« ÂO®kh‰w§fŸ ga‹gL»‹wd. É‹fŸ ahΫ ÁWÁW brašgh£L myFfisbfh©LŸsd. mit Á°£uh‹, bu¡fh‹ k‰W« äô£lh‹ vd¥gL«.
• gy tifahd ÂO®kh‰w§fŸ kåj®fëš gu«giu nehŒfisÍ«. ò‰WnehŒfisÍ« njh‰Wé¡f fhuzkhf cŸsd.
34
2. ÃshŒoæ‹ K¡»a¤Jt§fŸ g‰¿ vGJf.
1. jhtu¥gæ® bgU¡f« k‰W« njh£l¡ fiyæš K¡»a g§fh‰W»wJ.
2. òÂa Á‰¿d§fë‹ njh‰w¤Âš K¡»a g§fh‰W»wJ.
3. ky®fŸ k‰W« fåfŸ njh‹W« gUtfhy¤Âš kh‰w¤ij V‰gL¤J»wJ.
4. òÂa thœ Ïl§fëš ghèÃshŒo jhtu§fŸ e‹whf C‹¿ ts®»‹wd.
5. bl£uhÃshŒo nfh° k‰W« j¡fhë M»at‰¿š mÂf msÎ m°fh®Ã¡ mäy«
cŸsJ. bl£uh ÃshŒo k¡fhnrhs¤Âš mÂf mséš é£lä‹ A cŸsJ.
3. fl¤J RNA mik¥ò g‰¿ ÁW F¿¥ò tiuf.
1. t-RNA Fsht® Ïiy toéš fhz¥gL«.
2. 1965š R.W. nAhè v‹gt® Ϫj Fsht® Ïiy tot khÂçia btëæ£lh®.
3. t-RNA _y¡TW xnu xU ÏiHia bfh©LŸsJ.
4. Ïš eh‹F fu§fŸ cŸsd. mitahtd v® r§nfj fu«, D-fu«, T C-fu«
k‰W« mändh mäy¤ij V‰F« fu«.
5. t-RNA _y¡TWfŸ 73èUªJ 93 tiu iungh ãô¡ënahilLfshš Mdit
6. Áy t-RNA fëš Ïªj eh‹F fu§fSl‹ k‰bwhU fuK« cŸsJ. Ïj‰F
khWgL« fu« v‹W bga®.
7. mändh mäy V‰Ã fuK« v® r§nfj fuK« v® v® Âirfëš cŸsd.
35
4. DNA ¡F« RNA ΡF« cŸs ntWghLfŸ ahit?
t. v© DNA RNA
1 Ïš 5C o M¡ìiungh° r®¡fiu cŸsJ.
1. Ïš 5 C iungh° r®¡fiu cŸsJ.
2 Ïš moid‹ Fthid‹ irnlhÁ‹ k‰W« ijä‹ cŸsd.
2. Ïš moid‹ Fthid‹. irnlhÁ‹ k‰W« ôuhÁš cŸsd
3 ÏJ bgU«ghY« Ïu£il RUŸ ÏiHahf cŸsJ.
3. ÏJ bgU«ghY« x® ÏiHahyhdmik¥ghF«.
4 ÏJ äf ÚskhdJ. 4. ÏJ F£ilahdJ.
5 ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik mÂf«. 5. ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik FiwÎ .
4. cæç bjhêšE£géaš
1 kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. bu°lç¡r‹ behÂfŸ Ïš k£Lnk c‰g¤Â brŒa¥gL»wJ gh¡Oça§fshš
2. bu°lç¡r‹ behÂfŸ O.v‹.V _y¡TWfis mj‹ ãô¡ënahilL tçirfëš
J©o¡»wJ
3. maš Éid bršèDŸ brY¤j¥ ga‹gL« Kiw ä‹Jisah¡f«
4. Ï‹iwa ãiyæš maš É‹fis bg‰w jhtu§fë‹ v©â¡if I«gJ
5. ó¢Áfis¡ bfhšY« blšlh v©nlhlh¡Á‹ v‹w òuj¤ij c‰g¤Â brŒtJ
ngÁšy° JçŠÁa‹Á°
6. É‹ Ïlkh‰¿aik¡f¥g£l Nnlhnkhdh° óolh f¢rh v©bzia Áij¡»wJ.
7. cæUŸs jhtu brš KG¤jhtu¤ij cUth¡F« Âw‹ KG¤Âw‹ bg‰WŸsik vd¥gL«.
8. fhy° ÂR ts®¥Ãš ir£nlhifå‹ gâ brš gF¥ò
9. ÂR ts®¥ò Kiw _y« bgw¥gL« K¡»a bghUŸ bra‰if éijfŸ
10. ònuh£nlhÃshr Ïizéš ÏizΡfhuâ ghè v¤Âè‹ »is¡fhš
11. Ïj‹ _y« cly¡fy¥Ãd« cUth¡f¥gL»wJ ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ
12. kåj‹ c£bfhŸs¤j¡f it£lä‹ br¿ªj kh¤ÂiufŸ °igUèdh éèUªJ
jahç¡f¥gL»wJ
13. jå¢brš òuj c‰g¤Â¡F ga‹gL« Mšfh °igUèdh, Fnshbušyh, »shänlhnkhdh°.
14. bršfS¡F itu°fis v®¡F« Âwid më¥gJ Ï‹l®bguh‹fŸ
15. nehŒ v®¥ò¤Âw‹ bg‰w btŸisaQ¡fis cUth¡f ga‹gLtJ Ï‹l®èô¡»‹
16. ÚuêÎ nehŒ¡F Á»¢iraë¡f ga‹gLtJ Ï‹Rè‹
17. Ïu¤j mG¤j¤ij Fiw¡f ga‹gLtJ buå‹ jL¥gh‹fŸ
36
18. jåbrš òuj¤Âš cŸs fhkh-èndhèå¡ mäy« ÚuêÎ nehahëfë‹ Ïu¤j r®¡fiu
msit Fiw¡f ga‹gL»wJ.
19. mrfha ó¢Á vd miH¡f¥gL« gh¡Oça« Nnlhnkhdh° óolh
20. DNA J©Lfis x£L« beh DNA iynf°
21. kU¤Jt k‰W« thrid¤ jhtu§fS¡fhd ika MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« mikªJŸs Ïl«
y¡ndh.
22. thiHæš itu° m‰w E©âa ts®bkh£LfŸ njh‰Wé¡f ga‹gL« ãfœ¢Á
Eå M¡F¤ÂR ts®¥ò
23. maš Éid jhtu bršfëDŸ òF¤Jtj‰F ga‹gL« xU gh¡Oça« m¡nuhgh¡Oça«
24. Ïa‰ifæš ÁijÎW« Ãsh°o¡if c‰g¤Â brŒÍ« jhtu« vè¡fhJ mšè jhtu«
25. gh°£lh v‹w fis¡bfhšèia braèH¡f¡ brŒÍ« behÂia cUth¡F« ÉidÍila
gh¡Oça« °£bu¥nlhik[° iA¡nuh°nfhÃf°
26. nfyìèUªJ nt® njh‹WtJ iunrhb#åÁ°
27. m¡nuhgh¡Oça« oôä~ngÁa‹° njh‰Wé¡F« nehŒ kFl fHiy nehŒ
28. lh¡l® M.S. Rthäehj‹ MuhŒ¢Á ika« mikªJŸs Ïl« br‹id
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_d;W kjpg;ngz;fs ;
1. kW¢nr®¡if DNA bjhêšE£g« v‹whš v‹d?
xU cæçæ‹ Éndh« mik¥òl‹ éU«Ãa cæçæ‹ DNA J©Lfis Ïiz¤J òÂa
Éndhkhf kh‰W« bjhêš E£g« kWnr®¡if DNA bjhêš E£g« vd¥gL«.
2. maš Éid bg‰w ÏUé¤Âiy jhtu§fë‹ 3 bga®fis vGJf
1. Ëèahªj° MDt° 2. brhyhd« oôgnuhr« 3. fhÁÃa« ï®N£l«.
3. maš Éid¥ bg‰w xU é¤Âiy¤ jhtu§fë‹ 3 bga®fis vGJf?
1. xiurh r£ilth 2. Áah bkŒ° 3. médh r£ilth
4. cæçfshš Óuik¡f¥gLjš v‹whš v‹d?
R‰W¢NHèš cŸs e¢R¥ bghUŸfis Áij¥gÂY«, khRgLjiy jL¥gÂY« cæUŸs
E©Qæ®fis <LgL¤JtJ cæçfshš Óuik¡f¥gLjš vd¥gL«. Nnlhnkhdh° óolh
vd¥gL« gh¡Oçah ufkhdJ v©bizŒ khRfis Óuik¡»wJ.
5. KGÂw‹ bg‰WŸsik v‹whš v‹d?
cæUŸs xU jhtubrš KGts®¢Áailªj jhtukhf cUkhw Ïa‰ifahf mikªj Âwnd
KG¤Âw‹ bg‰WŸsik vd¥gL«. ÏJ jhtu bršfS¡F k£L« cç¤jhdjhF«.
6. jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥Ã‰F ga‹gL« 3 ts®¥ò Clf§fis F¿¥ÃLf
1. M.S. ts®¥ò Clf« 2. B 5 ts®¥ò Clf« 3. W ts®¥ò Clf«
37
7. clyfy¥Ãdkh¡fš v‹whš v‹d?
Ïu©L ntWg£l Á‰¿d§fë‹ cly¢ bršfë‹ ònuh£nlhÃsh°Lfis Ïiz¤jš
_y« fy¥òæç cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. ÏJ clyfy¥Ãdkh¡fš vd¥gL«.
8. jåbrš òuj« tiuaW
czÎ k‰W« éy§FfS¡F Ôtdkhf ga‹gL« E©Qæ®fë‹ cy®ªj bršfns
jå¢brš òuj« mšyJ E©Qæ® òuj« vd¥gL«. (v.fh.) °igUèdh.
9. _y¡TW x£Ljš v‹whš v‹d?
tH§» cæçæ‹ DNA J©LfS«, fl¤Â cæçæ‹ DNA J©LfS«, DNA iynf° v‹w
behÂæ‹ cjéahš Ïiz¡f¥gL»‹wd. Ϫj ãfœ¢Á _y¡TW x£Ljš vd¥gL«.
10. bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna° v‹gJ ahJ?
1. mid¤J gh¡Oça§fS« xU tif bu°£ç¡õ‹ behÂia cUth¡F»wJ.
2. gh¡Oça§fŸ, itu°fëèš ÏUªJ Ïj‹ _y« j‹id fh¤J¡ bfhŸ»wJ.
3. ÏJ DNA it J©Lfsh¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
11. cæ® bjhêš E£géaèš v. nfhiyæ‹ g§F v‹d?
1. v. nfhiy kuò¥ bgh¿æaèš xU äf K¡»akhd rhjd«.
2. bu°£ç¡õ‹ behÂfis c‰g¤Â brŒ»wJ.
3. fl¤Â _y¡TWfshd Ãsh°ä£il bg‰¿U¡»wJ.
4. kuò bgh¿aèš X«òæçahfΫ ga‹gL»wJ.
12. ϪÂahéš cŸs K¡»akhd cæ® bjhêš E£géaš ika§fis vGJf
1. ϪÂa nths©ik MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« - òJ blšè
2. ghgh mQ MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« - K«ig
3. kU¤Jt k‰W« thrid¤ Âuéa§fS¡fhd MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« - y¡ndh
4. M.S. Rthäehj‹ MuhŒ¢Á ika« - br‹id
13. fy¥ò DNA it cUth¡Ftš <LgL« behÂfŸ ahit?
1. bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna°fŸ mšyJ _y¡TW f¤Âç¡nfhš – ÏJ DNA it
F¿¥Ã£l Ïy¡Ffëš bt£Ltj‰F«
2. DNA iynf° bt£l¥g£l J©LfSl‹ éU«g¥g£l DNA it x£Ltj‰F«
ga‹gL»wJ.
38
Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. jhtu§fëš maš É‹ v›thW òF¤j¥gL»wJ?� m¡nuhgh¡Oça« oÍä~ngÁa‹° v‹w k© thœ gh¡Oça¤Âš ò‰W nehŒ ngh‹w
f£oia njh‰Wé¡F« Ti Ãsh°ä£ cŸsJ. ÏJ f¤jç, j¡fhë ngh‹wt‰¿š kFl fHiyia V‰gL¤J»wJ.
� m¡nuhgh¡Oça¤Â‹ Ti Ãsh°ä£o‹ xU gFÂahd T DNA-Îl‹ éU«Ãa jhtu É‹ nr®¡f¥g£L jhtu bršèDŸ brY¤j KoÍ«.
� mnj rka« Ti Ãsh°ä£oš cŸs ò‰W nehŒ¡fhd É‹ K‹ng Ú¡f¥gLtjhš ò‰W ngh‹w ts®¢Á V‰gLtšiy.
� Ï›thW òÂa É‹ nr®¡f¥g£l jhtu brš ÂR ts®¥ò Kiwæš ts®¡f¥g£L Vuhskhd ÁWbrofŸ cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. m¥nghJ jhtu¤Âš maš Éå‹ g©òfŸ btë¥gL»‹wd.
2. DNA v›thW J©o¡f¥gL»wJ?
� j‹id¤ jh¡F« ituìèUªJ ghJfh¤J¡ bfhŸs gh¡Oça§fŸ cUth¡F« bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna° v‹w beh itu° DNA it Áij¤J mj‹ jh¡FjèUªJ ghJfh¡»wJ.
� bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna° vD« beh DNA éš mj‰Fça ãô¡ënahilL tçiria f©lÎl‹ m›él¤Âš bt£o éL«.
39
3. jå¢brš òuj« mšyJ SCP g‰¿ F¿¥ò vGJf
czthf mšyJ éy§FfS¡F Ôtdkhf¥ ga‹gL« E©Qæç‹ cy®ªj
bršfns SCP mšyJ jåbršòuj« vd¥gL«.
jåbrš òuj c‰g¤Â¡F ga‹gL« cæçfŸ :
Mšfh - Fnshbušyh, °igUèdh, »shänlhnkhdh°
óŠir - <°£, mfhçf°
gh¡Oçah - Nnlhnkhdh°
jå¢brš òuj¤Â‹ ga‹fŸ
1. mÂf òuj ts«, it£lä‹fŸ, mändh mäy§fŸ k‰W« fod eh®fŸ cilait.
2. Ïit Ãugykhd Mnuh¡»akhd czÎ. it£lä‹ br¿ªj °igUèdh kh¤ÂiufŸ
k¡fS¡F ga‹gL»wJ.
3. kåj czÎ¥ g£oaèš òuj« br¿ªj kh‰Wzthf nr®¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
4. fhkh – èndhèå¡ mäy« ÏU¥gjhš ÚçêÎ nehahëfS¡F Ïu¤j r®¡fiu msit
Fiw¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
5. kåj clèš bfhy°£uhš nrfukhtij¤ jil brŒ»wJ.
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g¤J kÂ¥bg©fŸ
1. DNA kWnr®¡if bjhêš E£g« F¿¤J f£Liu tiuf
DNA kWnr®¡if bjhêš E£g«
xU cæçd¤Â‹ DNAit ntbwhU cæçæ‹ DNA Îl‹ Ïiz¤J òÂa g©òfis¡
bfh©l Éndhkhf kh‰W« bjhêš E£g« kWnr®¡if DNA bjhêš E£g« vd¥gL«.
kuò¥bgh¿æaè‹ mo¥gil¥ bghUŸfŸ
1. DNAit gy J©Lfshf kh‰W« ÂwDila bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlhãô¡ëna°
vd¥gL« _y¡TW f¤Âç¡nfhš.
2. DNA J©Lfis Ïiz¡F« ÂwDila DNA iynf°. Ïit Ïu©L« kuò¥
bgh¿æaè‹ mo¥gil¥ bghUŸfshF«.
kuò¥ bgh¿æaè‹ mo¥gil braš E£g§fŸ
1. tH§» caçæ‹ DNA it mšyJ Éid Ãç¤bjL¤J bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlhãô¡ëna°ga‹gL¤Â ÁW ÁW J©Lfsh¡f nt©L«.
2. Ϫj DNA J©Lfis jFªj efš bgU¡»Íl‹ Ïiz¡f nt©L«. v.nfhiygh¡Oça¤Â‹ Ãsh°ä£ Áwªj efš bgU¡» mšyJ Fnshå§ C®Âahf braš gL»wJ.
40
3. bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlhãô¡ëna°fis bfh©L fl¤Â DNA ÁW ÁW J©Lfshfbt£l¥gL»wJ. Ëd® DNA iynf° bfh©L tH§» cæçæ‹ DNA k‰W« fl¤Â DNA
J©LfŸ Ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ. ÏJ _y¡TW x£Ljš vd¥gL«. Ïj‹ éisthfkW¢nr®¡if DNA cUth»wJ.
4. kWnr®¡if DNA v.nfhiy, ngÁšy° r¥oè° ngh‹w x«òæçæDŸ brY¤j¥gL»‹wJ.
5. bršYny° v‹w behÂia x«òæç bršfSl‹ nr®¤J gj¥gL¤J« nghJmj‹ bršRt® kWnr®¡if DNA it cŸth§» bfhŸ»wJ.
� maš kWnr®¡if DNA é‹ f£lisia Ëg‰¿ x«òæç gh¡Oçah bjhl®ªJ gF¥gilªJ v©z‰w kWnr®¡if DNA ¡fis cUth¡F»wJ. ÏJ _y¡TW efš bgU¡f« mšyJ É‹ efš bgU¡f« vd¥gL«.
2. jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥Ã‹ mo¥gil braš E£g¤Âid étçjhtu bršfŸ, ÂR¡fŸ k‰W« cW¥òfis bra‰ifahf¤ jahç¡f¥g£l ts®¥ò Clf¤Âšf£L¥gL¤j¥g£l NHèš ts®¥gnj jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥ò vd¥gL«.
1. ts®¥ò¡ fy‹fŸ : jhtu ÂR ts®¥Ã‰F T«ò¡FLit, bg£ç j£LfŸ, ts®¥ò¡ FHhŒfŸ
ga‹gL»‹wd.
2. ts®¥ò Clf« : MS ts®¥ò Clf«, B5 ts®¥ò Clf«, W ts®¥ò Clf«, 㣢
ts®¥ò Clf« Kjèad ga‹gL»wJ. ( 5.8 )
3. E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒjš : ts®¥ò Clf« k‰W« jhtu¤ÂR¡fëš cŸs E©Qæçfshdgh¡Oça§fŸ k‰W« óŠirfŸ M»at‰iw Ú¡f« brŒa Ëg‰w¥gL« KiwfŸ E©Qæ®Ú¡f« vd¥gL«. ts®¥ò Clf¤ij E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒa M£nlh»nséš 121o
C bt¥gãiyæš 15 ãäl§fŸ ÏU¡FkhW it¡f nt©L«.jhtu¤ÂR¡fis E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒa nrhoa« iA¥ngh FnshiuL, fhšÁa«iA¥nghFnshiuL, ngh‹w VnjD« xU fiurèš 15 ãäl§fŸ ÏU¡FkhW it¡fnt©L«.
41
4. c£brY¤Jjš : ts®¥ò Clf¤Â‰FŸ jhtu¤ÂR mšyJ jhtu¥gFÂia brY¤JtJ
c£brY¤Jjš vd¥gL«. yhädh® fh‰nwh£l miwæš öŒikahd Nœãiyæš
c£brY¤Jjš brŒa¥gL»wJ.
5. milfh¤jš : ÂRÎl‹ Toa ts®¥ò Clf« 26oC ± 2o
C bt¥gãiyæš, 2000 Kjš 4000
y¡° xë¢ br¿éš, 16 kâ neu« xëæY«, 8 kâ neu« ÏUëY« it¡f¥gL»wJ.
6. nfy° cUtjhš : M¡Á‹, ir£nlhifå‹ ngh‹w Ah®nkh‹fë‹ brašgh£odhš
jhtu¤ ÂRéèUªJ fhy° cUth»wJ. fhy° v‹gJ xG§f‰w ntWghL milahj
ÂR¤ÂushF«.
7. òw¤njh‰wkh¡f« : fhyÁèUªJ nt®, j©L cUthtJ òw¤njh‰wkh¡f« vd¥gL«. fhy°
ÂRéèUªJ nt® cUthtJ iunrhb#åÁ° vd¥gL«. fhy° ÂRéèUªJ j©L
cUthtJ fhnyhb#åÁ° vd¥gL«.
8. fUcUth¡f« : fhyÁèUªJ nt® k‰W« j©L cila ÏUJUt mik¥òfŸ cUthtJ fU
cUth¡f« vd¥gL«.
9. tY¥bgWjš : jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥ò _y« cUthd ÁW jhtu§fŸ go¥goahf Ïa‰if
Nœãiy¡F bfh©L tUjš
42
3. jhtuÂR ts®¥Ã‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?
� mH»a ÏiyfŸ k‰W« ft®¢Áahd jhtu§fis cUth¡f E©gutš Kiw
ga‹gL»wJ.
� fhy° bkh£LfŸ gyj©L bjhF¥òfisÍ«, my§fhu jhtu§fisÍ« mÂf
v©â¡ifæš cUth¡f ga‹gL»wJ.
� Eå M¡FÂR ts®¥Ã‹ _y« itu° m‰w E©âa ts® bkh£Lfis
cUth¡fyh«. v.fh. thiH.
� clytê fU cUth¡f¤Â‹ _y« bra‰if éijfŸ cUth¡f¥gL»wJ.
� Ïu©lh« ãiy ts®Áij kh‰w¥ bghU£fis mÂf mséš c‰g¤Â brŒa cjλwJ.
� kfuªj¥ig ts®¥Ã‹ _y« cUthd x‰iwka jhtu§fë‹ ÔO®kh‰w
bgU¡f¤Â‰F« ÂR ts®¥ò bjhêš E£g« cjλwJ.
� v©nlh°ng®« ts®¥Ã‹ _y« cUthd K«ka jhtu§fŸ fUÎwh¡få
cUth¡f ga‹gL»wJ.
� g‹ka ÂRts®¥ò cæ®Âw‹ msit mÂfç¤J kfNiy mÂfç¡fΫ
ga‹gL»wJ.
� fU ts®¥ò E£g« éijfëYŸs j‹ ky£L¤j‹ik, éijÍw¡f«, fU¢ÁijÎ
M»a jilfis jh©o tsu cjλwJ.
� DNA cl‹ E©JfŸ thæyhf maš Éid J¥gh¡» _y« x«òaç bršèDŸ brY¤Âl
Ï«Kiw cjλwJ. Ïit É‹kh‰wkilªj jhtu§fshF«.
� j¡fhë k‰W« cUis¡»H§F ngh‹w x›thj jhtu índh«fis ònuh£nlhÃshr
Ïizé‹ _y« x‹whf Ïiz¤J òÂa clytê fy¥Ãd« cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. Ë ÂR
ts®¥Ã‹ _y« Ϫj clštê fy¥Ãd§fŸ mÂf v©â¡ifæš bgU¡fkil»‹wd.
v.fh. bghk£nlh.
4. ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ KiwfŸ F¿¤J vGJf.
� ÏU ntWg£l jhtu¢ Á‰¿d§fë‹ cly¢bršfŸ Ïiz¤jš _y« fy¥òæç
cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. ÏJ cly¡ fy¥òçah¡fš vd¥gL«.
� Ïj‹ Kjš ãiy ònuh£Ãsh°Lfis jå¤bjL¤jš.
� ònuh£nlhÃsh°Lfis jå¤bjL¤jš gyju¥g£l jhtu¤ÂR¡fëš ÏUªJ
ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ ÏaªÂu brašKiw k‰W« behÂfŸ _y«
jå¤bjL¡f¥gL»‹wd.
� ÏaªÂu brašKiw : Ï« Kiwæš jhtu¤ÂR¡fŸ cfªj fiurèš it¡f¥gL»wJ.
Ïjdhš ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ RU§» brš Rtiu é£L mfY»wJ. Ëd®
T®ikahd f¤Âahš ÂRit bt£o ònuhnlhÃsh°LfŸ jå¤bjL¡f¥gL»wJ.
43
� behÂfis¥ ga‹gL¤J« Kiw : 10 thu taJila jhtu ÏiyfŸ 70 rjÅj
MšfAhèš E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒj Ë 2 rjÅj nrhoa« iA¥ngh FnshiuL
fiurèš it¡f nt©L«. ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ jåik¥gL¤J« behÂfë‹
fyit 0.5 rjÅj« khrnuhir«, 13 rjÅj« rh®Ã£lhš k‰W« 2 rjÅj« bršYny°
M»at‰iw bfh©LŸsJ. ÏJ jhtu¤ÂRé‹ bršRtiu fiu¤J
ònuh£nlhÃsh°Lfis jåik¥gL¤J»wJ.
� ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ tH¡fkhd Kiwæš fy¥Ãd« brŒa Koahj jhtu§fë‹
Éndh« Ïiztij ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ vëjh¡F»wJ.
� ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ jåik¥gL¤j¥gL«nghnj jhdhf Ïizayh« mšyJ
ntÂæaš Kiwæš Ïiz¡fyh«.
� ntÂa Kiwæš ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ Ïiza ghè v¤Âè‹ »is¡fhš ÏizΡ
fhuâahf ga‹gL»wJ.
� Ïizªj ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ behÂfŸ _y« bršRt® cUth¡f¥g£L jFªj
ts®js¤Â‰F kh‰w¥gL»wJ.
� ÏÂèUªJ fhy° cUth¡f¥g£L, òÂa jhtu Á‰¿d§fŸ cUthf têtif
brŒagL»wJ.
44
2 / k e q os z<! H v k l<! h x<x q!y V!gm <M jv !u jv g/!
2 / d{U!n z< zK !k Que l i g!hb e <h M l<!F {<[ b qiq gtqe <!d zI f<k !o s z< gOt!ym <M o l ik <k l ig!
F {<[ b qi< !H v k l <!)n *! yx<j x !o s z< !Hv k l<! we h<h M l</ ! w/ gi /!gh¡O®çah, <°£,
gqt ij l Om iOl i e i°.!
3 / !k e qo sz <!H v k !dx <hk <k qx<G !h b e<h M l <! F{ <[b qi qgt<;!
N z<gi; !gqti j l Om i Ol ie i^ <? !G Otio v z< zi ? ! ^ <j h 'zqe i / !
H ,R <j s ;!s g<gi Ov ij l sq ^ <!o si q u qsq Ob? !u i z<u i i qbz< zi? !n gi iqg ^ < !gi l <h ^ <c iq <̂/!
h ig<C iqb i ;!$ Om i Ol ie i^ <<? !n z<g zq\ Qe <̂ </ !
!4 !k e qo sz <!H v k k<k qe <! h be <g t<;!
2 / n k qg!H v k l<? !nl qOe i !n l q zr<g t<?!j u m <m l qe <gt<? !gc e !fi I gt<!o gi {<m K /!
3 / j u m<m l qe<gt<!os x qf<k !^ <j h 'zqe i !l ik <k q j vgt <!k b i iqg<g !d k U gqx K/ !
4 / H vk l <!o sx qf<k !l ix <X {ui g !dt <t K/ !
5 / dm zqz< !o gi z^ <m <v iz<!Ok r <Gu j k !k j m !os b <gqxK /!
6 / gi l i .zqOe i zqe q g<!n l q zl <! dt<tk i z<! fi qp q U !O fi b itqb qe <!s Ig <gj v!n tj u! Gj x g<gqx K/ !
7 /leqk !fz!!O ll<him <cbz <!dbq i qbz<!
1 kjpg;ngz;fs;
2 / !3 1 1 1 !l i uK!N { <c z< !- Vf<k !d zg !l g<gt<! ok i j g!!! ! !! 7 / 2 !h qz<z qb e <!
3 / !Oa iOl ij s g^ <!n z< zK !yk <k !gVLm <j m !o gi {<m !k e q k <k iu v r<gt qzq Vf<K !ok i m i <s<s qb ie !!!
k e<!l gv f<k !Os i<g <j g !& zl <!Ok i <f<o k M g<gh <h M l <!Lj x…………/<! K ~b u p q!Ok i <U !L j x!
4 / !sQe iu q zq Vf<K !n xqL gl <!o s b<b h <hm <m !dT f<K!v gl <!………O h^ q Obi z <̂! !L r <Ogi!
5 / !d m z<!- e h<!oh Vg<g k <k q x<G!k G f<k Lj x………G Oti e<! Ok i<U !L j x!
6 / !he <l b k<j k k<!K~ {<M l <!oh iVt<……………g i z<s qs qe <!
7 / !H Ov im <Om i hqt is l <!- j {uj k k <!K~ {<M u K……/ hi zq !w k <k qz qe<! gqj tg <gi z<!
8 / !os z< !S u j v g<!gj v b!o sb <Bl < !ofik qg t< !……/ os z <ZO z ^ <!l x <X l <!o hg<c Oe ^ <!
9 / !H ,s <sq !l x <X l <!dui <k < k e<j l !k i r <gg<!%c b!n iq squ j g……/ n m <mi l qm<m i !.3 !n i qs q!
: / !l v H h<!oh ix qb qb z<!F m<h k <k q z<!gm k <k q bi gh <!h b e<h M uK……h qt i <̂l q m<!
2 1 /<!db qi q !dv r<g Tg<G !w/ g i…………/ h i g<C i qbr <gt<? !s b Oei !h i g<C i qb r <gt<!
2 2 /!j fm<v \j e !fq j zh < h M k<Kl <!h ig<C iqb i uqx <G !wM k <Kg<gi m <M………n s qm <Om i hi g<m i<? !
ghÁšy°, iunrhÃa«.
2 3 /!wf<k !h ig<C iq bl < !k i e qb r<g tqe <!uq j k gj t!Dx j uk <k z<!& zl <!O l z<!H , s<s i g !n j l f<K !
d b qiq !dv l igh <!hb e <hM gq xK……/ / S ,Om i Ol i ei ^ <!^ <m <jv Ob m<m i!
2 4 /!o fz< !u b z<gtq z< ! dbqi q! dv l i g!hb e <h Ml <!yV !fQi <h <o hv {q………n Os i z<zi !
2 5 /!h Sj l !dv l i g!hbe <h M u K……/ Lg<G e i, byiju°, èÍ°Ádh.!
45
2 6 /!o fz< !u b z<gtq z< ! dt<t!- v {<m i l<!fqj z !yl <H bq iqk <!k i uv r<g t <……// c \ qOm i qbi !!! !
l i i<\ qOe m<m i!
2 7 /!o fz< zqe <!o uh <H !Of ij b !gm <M h<h M k <k !d k Ul <!H ,R <j s g<ogi z<zq……O h ii <m i g<̂ <!! ! !!!!
! !!gz j u!
2 8 /!o fz< zqe <!h qti ^ <m <! Ofi j b !d {<m ig <Gu K…// j h i q GOzi qbi !yj v Os !
2 9 /!o si <Ogi^ <Oh i v i!o hi < sOe m<m i !we <x !H ,R <j s b i z< !d {<m ig<g h<h M l <!Of ib <…/ !!
!!! fq zg<gm j zb qe<!c g <gi ! Ofi b<!
2 : /!o fz< !K r<Ov i!j uv ^ <!wk e <!& zl < !h v U gqxK……/ /o u m <M g<gqtq !
3 1 /!s if<Ok i Ol ie i ^ < !sq m <iq !we <x!h ig<C iqb i u i z< !!d{<m i Gl <! Ofi b <…w Zl qs <j s !gi e<gi <!
3 2 /!l q g!n k qg l ig!h b e <hM l <!h i g<C i qb!H ,s <sq g< !o gi z< zq………O h s qz <z^ <! Ki q R<s qb e <s q^ <!
3 3 /!l Qj k z<!J Os is b Oe m<!& zl <!d Vu ig <gh <h m <m !u Qiqb Lt <t!Ofi Bi qg< ! ogi z< zq…/ / o s i qe <!
3 4 /!j h iq k<v l<!we <x!oh i Vj tg <!o giM h<h K…………/ / gqj v s i f<k q l l <!
3 5 /!j u v <̂gT g<G!wk qv i g!os b z<h M l <!Hv k h <!o hi Vt <……………/ - e <mi <oh v i e<!
3 6 /!H x<X !Ofi j bg<!G { h <hM k<k !d k U l <!oh i V t<!dj m b !k iu v l <………O gkv ie <k ^ < (é‹fh)!
3 7 /!- f<k qb i uqe <!gi h <Hi q j l g<gizl <……6 !u Vm r <gt <!
3 8 /!s i<g <gj vj b g<!gim <c Zl <!2 1 1 !l m r<G!nk q g !- e qh<Ht <t!Hv k l <………/ hq Ov s qe<!
3 9 /!n ol i qg<g iu qe <!gih < H iq j l g<gi zl <…........2 8 !u Vm r<gt<!
3 : /!h ih <h q!os c b qzq Vf<K !oh xh <h M l <!nk qu zqj l !l qg<g !u zq! fQg<gq !l Vf< K………l ii <0 h qe<!
4 1 /!J zg<̂ <!h v iG ou e <s q^ <!- j zg t<!wk x<G !l ix <xi g!h b e <h M l<@ !!! O k eQi <!
4 2 /!gi h <hqg <G!l ix <xi g!h b e<h M u K!…O gi zi !fqm <cmi!
4 3 /!c \ ig<̂ q e <!we <x !l Vf<K !oh iVt qe <!h b e <<<<<<<<………- k b !Ofi b<! s qgqs <j s !l V f<K!
4 4 /!Gb qj e e<!we <x !l Vf<K!k Vl <!k i uv l <……/ / sqr <O gi ei !gi zqs i bi, Á.m~ÃÁdhè°!
4 5 /!l e !l x<X l<!dm z< !n Pk <k k <k qzqV f<K !u qM h m !h be <hM l <!l Vf<K !og i M g<Gl <! !
!!!k i uv l <…..// h e i g<^<!\ Qe <os r <!
4 6 /!Vgqz<!l i i<l qzi ^ <!w e <h k e<!um <m iv h<!o hb i <……u qz <u l <!
4 7 /!o si zi e l <!j fg<v l <! - ke <!u m <m i v h<!oh bi <@ !!! !l {k <k g<g i tq!
4 8 /!jm h<h ib qM !gi b <s< s j z!G {h <hM k <Kl <!l V f<K……/ /FnshnuhikÁo‹<!
4 9 /!lv hq bz<!l ix <xl <!os b <bh <h m<m !w/Ogi j z!h i g<C iqb i uqz <!dVu i G l <!!
!!!- e <S zqe <…/…/ / ïÍL zq e<!
4 : /!n iq sq j b!ofik qg<g ! j uk <K!k b ii qg<g h<h M l <! l Kh ie l <…………s i Og!
5 1 /!Ok g<G !- k e<!k iu v h <!oh bi <!…………/ o m g<Om i e i !gq vi‹<c <̂!!
5 2 /!wgqh <K!h Vk <k q! we h<h M u K!………gi ^ q h<h qb l <! hi i<h o m e<̂ <!
5 3 /!c \ qm i zq ^ <!we <x!k i uv k<k qzq Vf<K !oh x h<h M l <!l Vf<K……………/ / c \i g<̂ q e<!
5 4 /!s q0 h qzq^ <! we h <h M l <!O fi j b g<!G {h <h M k <k !d k Ul <!l V f<K………/ / h i ^ q m<vi s qe<!
5 5 /!fqzg<gm j zbq e <!- Vos ix <!o hb i <!…………mvi gq^ <!j a Oh i \ qbi !
5 6 /!yjv si !sm <j m ui !si i<f<Kt<t !G M l <h l <!……/ Oh i Ob ^ q!
46
! !! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! ! !!!_d;W kjpg;ngz ;g t<
2 / !oa m <c Ovi ^ q^ <! )n z<z K* !gzh <h qe !u Qi qb l<!w e <x i z<!w e <e @!
- V! o h x<Oxi i <! & zl <! dVu iG l <! L k z<! sf <k k qj b s <! Os i<f<k ! g zh <h q e r<gt<! wh <Ohi Kl < !
oh x <Oxi j v u qm !nk qgk <k qx e<!? !os b z<h iM !o hx <xq Vg<G l <!- K!oa m <c Ov i^ q^ <<! we h <h M l</ ! !!
2. db qi q !dv r<gt <!w e<xi z<! w e<e @ !
! !! !!gæ® ts®¢Á¡F <db qi qgtq m l qVf<K! Ok i e <x qb ! nje k<K! Dm<m h<! o hi Vm <gT l<! dbq iq !
d v r<gt <!we h <hM l</! !w/ gi !n s m <Om i hi g<m i <? !h i g< C iq br <gt<? !sb Oe i !h i g< C i qb r<gt <!
4 / ! d bqi q!H , s <sqg <!o gi z<zqg t<!w e<x i z <!w e <e @!
! H ,s <sq gt<? ! gj tg t<! l x <X l <! OfiBb q iq gt<! - ux <j x! gm <M h<h M k <k ! db qi qh <! o hi Vm <gt <!
h be <hM k <k h<hM g qe <xe /! - k<k j gb h<! oh iVm <gt <! d b qVt<t u x<x qzq Vf< K ! o hx h<h M gq e<xe /! - ju !
d b qiq h<H ,s < s qg<!og i z<z qg t<!we h<h M l </ !
5 / ! d bqi q!u p q h<! Oh i i <!w e <x i z<!w e <e @!
! F {<[ b qi q gt<! db qi q !h j m g<gze <gti g!h b e <h M k<k h <h M k z<!db qi q !u p qh <Ohi i< !we h <hM l </
v.fh. Á‹d«ik, Mªjuh¡°.!
6 / ! d bqi qh<! oh i Vt<! ogi t<j t !we <xi z<!we <e @!
! k Gf<k ! n E l k qb qe<x q! yV! fi m<c e <! d b / / qiq ! N k i v! u tr<gj t! - v gs qb l ig ?!
S b fzg<G xqg <Og iT m e <! h z! n j l h <H gTl <?! h e <e i m<M ! fqX ue r<gT l <! -v gs qb l ig! S v {<M uK ? !
h be <hM k <KuK !db q i qh< !oh i Vt < !o git <j t!we h <hM l</ !
7 / ! d bq i q!l V f<K gt<!w e <x i z<!w e <e @!
! l Vk <Ku k <! k iu v r<gt qzq Vf<K! oh x h<h M l <! u qj z! l k qh<Ht <t! l Vf<Kh <! o h iVm <g t<! dbqi q!
l Vf<Kgt< !we h <h M l </ !
8 / !a qÍL zqe <!w e <xi z<!we <e @
! w/Ogi j z! h ig<C iqb k <k q E t<! l e qk ! - e<S zqe <! \Qj e ! Fj p k<K! n f<k ! - e<S zqj e!
h ig<C iqb Ol !dx<h k <k q!o s b <Bl iX !d V ui g<gq Bt < te i</ !- f<k !- e<S zqe <!a qBL zqe <!we h <hM l</ !
9 / !l {<!s Qi <k q Vk <k l <!w e <x i z<!w e<e @ !
! h be <hM k <k h<hm ik ! fqjzbq z<! dt<t ! gti <k iq S ! fqzr <gj t! l i x<x q! n j l k<K! Ol l <hi M !
n j m b !o sb <u K!l {<s Q i<k qVk <k l <!!we h <hM l </!
!
Ie;J kjpg;ngz;<g t<!
2 / k i uv h<!h bq i<h <!oh Vg<g k <k qe<! Gx qg <Ogi t<gt<!bi ju @!
KjyhtJ kw;Wk; Kjd;idahd Nehf;fk; rhFgb gaphpy; mÂf gad;jUk; NtWghLfis
cUthf;FtNjahFk;
1) Gwk; Nghf;fhf tsUk; jhtuq;fis rhFgbf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;.2) gad; jUk; jhtuq;fis cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfspypUe;J nfhz;L tUjy;.3). jhtuq;fis gpw gFjp;my;yJ gpw ehLfspypUe;J mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; v>fh> jf;fhsp4). jhtu gapH ngUf;fKiwfis ifahz;L>Gjpa gy gapH my;yJ ufq;fis cUthf;Fjy; v.fh. kf;fhr;Nrhsk; 5) jd;ka kw;Wk; may; gd;kag; ngUf;fk;.6) jpBh; khw;wj; Njhw;Wtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp jpBh; khw;wq;fisj; Jhz;Ljy;.
47
7) kfue;jg;ig kw;Wk; R+y; jpR tsh;g;G Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU kaj; jhtuq;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
8) kuGg; nghwpapapy; %yk; czTg; gaph;fspd; Cl;lr; rj;J juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.9) Neha;> twl;rp kw;Wk; fhy epiy khw;wq;fisj; jhq;Fk; ufq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
2/ ! d bq i q!dv r<gtq e <!fe <j el gt<!bi ju @ ! 2 / !!db qi q dv r <j t!n k qg!nt uq z< !wtqk igk <!k b ii qg<g!Lc Bl </!Ol Zl < !G X l <!! !!!! !! ! !! uq us ib qgT g<G!u qj z!l zq ui g!g q j m g<g%c b k iG l</ !! 3 / !!l {< {qx<G !wu<u qk ! h ik qh <Oh i)n z< zK* !l i S h im <j m Ob i!Wx <h M k <k i K!l {< u tk <j k h <!!!!! !! ! !!oh Vg<Ggq e <xe /!! 4 / !!db qi q !dv r <gj th <!h b e <h M k<Ku k i z<!l g $ zq z< !5 6%!n k qgi qg<gqx K/ !!! 5 / !!n Os i z< zi !we <x !d b qi q!d v l ie K!g iql h <!o h iVm <g j t!l {<{ qz <!O s i<k <K !l {<j { !! !!!! !! ! !!k v h <h M k<Kg qxK!
6 / !hb e <h M k<k h<h m i k !fqj zb qz< !dt<t !gti < !k i qS !fq zr <gj t !l i x<x qb j l k<K? !!Ol l <h i M ! n j m b s<o sb <u K! l {< sQi <k q Vk <k l <! w e h<h M l </ ! - k q z<! fQ zh <h s<j s h <h is qgt <!Lg <gqb h<h r <G!ugq g<gqe < x e /!
4 / !Wgq z<! l ii <l qz i ^ <? ! os i zi e l <!j f g<v l <!l Vk <Ku h <!h b e <gt<! bi ju @!W gqz<! l i i<l q zi <̂!
2 / fQ{<m fi t<! u b qx<X h <! Oh ig<G ?! os i ql i { ! Gj xh i M ? ! sQk h <Ohk q ! - ux<j xg<!G{h <hM k <Kl <!
3 / - k b l<!l x <X l<!& j t!o sb z< !k q xe <!Ol l <h M k <k !- ke <!m ie q g<!h b e <h M gqx K/ !os i zi e l<!j fg<v l<;!
2 / gz< zQv z< ! s qOv i ^ q^ <! L k zqb ! g z< zQv z< ! Of ib <g Tg <G! - k e <! s i X ! f z< z! h zj e k <!k Vgqx K/ !
3 / gi b<s <s z<? ! sQ<k Oh k qj b ! G{h<h M k <Kg qxK/ !4 / s qX fQi <h< !oh Vg<j g!Dg< Gu qg<g qxK/ !
!5 / ! ng i z qhi !- {<c gi ?!j l Ol i si !H, c gi !l Vk <Ku !h b e <gt<! b i ju @!n gi z qh i !- {<c gi ; !!!
2 / - j zgj t!n j vk<K g<!gq j m g<Gl <!h j s !k Qg <gi b k <k qe <!l QK !H ,s h <hM gqxK /!3 / - j zs <! s ix <Oxi M ! S {<{il <H ! g zf< K! Os x<X h<H {<! Ok l z<! g {<m ! h Gk q bqz<! Ok i z< !
l QK!H ,s h<h M g qxK/ !4 / - j zgt<! o hi c b ig<gh <hm <M ! hM g<j gh <H {<! l x <X l<! g ib r <gtqz<! Wx < hM l<! H {< !
N gqb u x<j x g<!G {h <h M k <k h<!hb e <h M gqx K/ !j l Ol i si !H, c gi ;!
2 / & zO fij b !G {h<h M k <k !dk U gqxK / !3 / Ok i zq z< !Wx<h M l <!s qX gi b r <gj t!N x<x !h b e<h M gqx K/ !4 / gg<G ui e <!- Vl j z! G {h <hM k <k h<!h be <hM gqxK /!
5. kUj;Jtj;jpd; Ez;Zaphpfspd; gq;F ahJ?
Ez;ZapHfs; capH
vjph;nghUs;
gad;
ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; (ePyg;gRk;G+Q;ir)
ngdprpy;ypd; epNkhdpah Kjypa fpuhk; ghrpbt; ghf;Bupaq;fSf;F vjpuhf¤ jpwk;gl nray;gLk;
];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fpuprpa]; (Mf;bNdhikrPl;]; ,io ghf;Bhpak;)
];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;
rpWePu; Foha; njhlu;ghd Neha;fs;> vYk;GUf;fp Neha;> %isr; rt;T ghjpg;G(nkdpq;ifb];)> epNkhdpah fha;r;ry;.
];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; MupNahNgrpad;]; (Mf;bNdhikrPl;]; ,io ghf;Bhpak;)
MupNahikrPd; M];bNahikypb]; vDk; vYk;G Neha;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk; fz;Neha;fs;
];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; ntdpRNy (Mf;bNdhikrPl;]; ,io ghf;Bhpak;)
FNshNuhikrpbd; Ngrpy;y]; tif ghf;Bupaq;fis mopf;fpwJ. ilgha;L fha;r;riyf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ.
48
M];gu;[py;y]; /g;A+kpNfl];(G+Q;ir) capH vjpHg;nghUs;
ilgha;L fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; rPjNgjp Mfpatw;iw Fzg;gLj;Jk;.
Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];(ghf;Bhpak;) 60 tif capH vjpHg;nghUs;
Ngrpy;y]; iyfdpghu;kp]; (ghf;Bhpak;)
ghrpl;Nurpd;
rpgpyp]; vDk; ghYWg;G Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;> ePupopT NehahspfSf;F¢ ru;f;fiuapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
6. gUj;jpapd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf. !
1) gUj;jp xU gzg; gapuhFk;.
2) gUj;jp ,io> czTg; nghUs; kw;Wk; khl;Lj;jPtdk; vd;W %d;W nghUl;fis¡nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
3) gUj;jp ,iofspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; ypz;l;> Jzp nea;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.
4) tpijfspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; vz;iz td];gjp jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
5) gUj;jp tpij khT nuhl;b> gp];fl; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
6) gUj;jp tpij gpz;zhf;F ey;y fhpk fukhFk;.
7. epyf;fliyapd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.
1) epyf;fliy vz;iz kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU vz;izahFk;.
2) rikaYf;Fk;> td];gjp jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
3) epyf;fliy gUg;G mjpf Gujr; rj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4) fliy khT Cl;lr; rj;J kpFe;j xd;whFk;.
5) epyf;fliyapd; fdj;Njhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fhh;gd; jahhpf;f cjTfpwJ.
6) fdpfs; gwpf;fg;gl;l gpd;> gRikahd my;yJ cyh;j;jg;gl;l epyf;fliyr; nrbfhy;eilfSf;F ey;y jPtdkhFk;.
8. ney; jhtuj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.
1) mhprpg; nghwp cz;gjw;F nkhwnkhwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
2) ,bj;Njh my;yJ mOj;jpNah jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l GOq;fy; mhprp mty; vdg;gLk;. ,Jgy tifahd czTg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
3) mhprpia nehjpf;fr; nra;J> [g;ghdpy; ‘rhNf’vd;w kJghdk; jahhpf;g;gLfpwJ.
4) mhprp Miyapd; kpf Kf;fpa cgnghUs; jtpL. ,J kpfr; rpwe;j fhy; eil czthFk;.
5) jtpl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vz;iz mhprp jtpl;L vz;iz vdg;gLk;. ,J Njhy; kw;Wk; rhf;Nyl; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
6) nrq;fy; R+isfspy; ckp vhpnghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
7) itf;Nfhy; fhy; eilj;jPtdkhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
9. Njf;fpd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.
1) Njf;Fkuk; eP bj;J ciof;ff; $baJ.
2) gf;Ftg;gl;l fl;ilfs; RUf;f kiltjpy;iy. ntbg;gjpy;iy tbtk; khWtjpy;iy
3) tPl;L kur;rhkd;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.
4) fg;gy;> glF Kjypatw;iwf; fl;Ltjw;F¥ gad;gLfpwJ.
5) fl;blj;jpd; cs;; myq;fhu NtiyfSf;F¥ gad;gLfpwJ.
6) kug;gyiffs; jahpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.!
!
!
!
49
h b qx<s q!u qeik <kit<! .2 !
1 ,Unrhw; ngahpLKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ____________.
m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) fh];gHL gh`pd;
,) lhy;ld; `_f;fH <) mNlhy; ~g; vq;f;sH
2 ____________ vd;gtHfs; ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bay; vd;w nrhw;fis¥ Gof;fj;jpw;F¡ nfhz;L te;jdH.
m) Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp M) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
,) mNlhy; ~g; vq;f;sH <) fh];gHL gh`pd;
3 XuiwAila kfue;jg;ig¡ fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk;
m) nrhyNdrp M) A~NghHgpNarp
,) khy;Ntrp <) kpA+Nr]p
4 i\rhd;j]; gpd;Ndl;l]; jhtuj;jpy; ____________kfue;jj;jhs;fs; tskhdit.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5
5 ____________. jhtuj;jpy; ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; ,izahd Kl;fshf khwpAs;sd.
m) [l;Nuhgh FHf]; M) A+~NghHgpah ];gpyd;nld;];
,) A+NghHgpah jpUf;fs;sp <) A+~NghHgpah gy;nrhpkh
6 fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; ____________. rpw;wpdq;fis tpthpj;Js;shH.
m) 24 M) 202
,) 97205 <) 7300
7 ____________ tifg;ghL kuG top tifg;ghlhFk;.
m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH
,) vq;sH kw;Wk; gpuhz;ly; <) rhHy]; lhHtpd;
8 ,Unrhw;ngahpLKiwapid____________ vd;gtH gad;gLj;jpdhH.
m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) fh];gHL gh`pd;
,) rhHy]; lhHtpd; <) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH
9 %tq;f kyHfs; ____________jhtuj;;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
m) xUtpj;jpiy M) ,Utpj;;jpiy
,) [pk;Ndh];ngHk;fs; <) nlhpNlh~igl;Lfs;
10 rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> ____________. tifg;ghL Njhd;w xU Jhz;Ljyhf ,Ue;jJ.
m) ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL M) ,aw;if tifg;ghL
,) kuGtop tifg;ghL <) nraw;if tifg;ghL
50
11 Nghpdr; nrhy;Yk;> rpw;wpdr; nrhy;Yk; xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mjw;F ____________ vdg;gLk;.
m) lhl;Nlhdpk; M) ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk;
,) vgpnjl; <) Nfh`hHl;
12 eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;f euk;Gfspd; kPJ kQ;rs; epw Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; ____________..
m) nrhydk; nkyhQ;rpdh M) lhl;Luh nkl;ly;
,) nrhydk; rhe;NjhfhHgk; <) ngl;Ldpah i`g;hplh
13 P̀tpah gpNurpypad;rp]; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; ____________
m) Jdpapiy M) %d;W rpw;wpiy $l;biy
,) fhk;gw;wit <) mq;if tbt $l;biy
14 uhtndy;yh jhtuj;jpd; kQ;rhp ____________
m) ghdpf;fps; M) mk;ngy;
,) $l;L irk; <) ];igf;
15 jtwhd %yj;jpypUe;J xU jhtuk; ngaH #l;lg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;ngaH ____________. vdg;gLk;.
m) lhl;Nlhdpk; M) ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk;
,) vgpnjl; <) Nfh`hHl;
16 nug;gpnel; n`HNghpak; ____________y; cs;sJ.
m) nrd;id M) Nfhak;Gj;JhH
,) jpUr;rp <) nfhy;fj;jh
17 nrhyhNdrp ____________ Jiwiar; rhHe;jJ.
m) khy;Nty;]; M) ghypNkhdpNay;];
,) Adpnrf;RNty;]; <) uhNdy;];
18 fpshNlhLf;F v.fh. ____________
m) ~ gpy;yhe;j]; vk;g;spfh M) hp]pd]; fk;A+dp];
,) [hl;Nuhgh FHfh]; <) A~NghHgpah jpUf;fs;sp
19 ];gP]p]; gpshz;lhuk; ____________ vd;gtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) fh];gHL gh`pd;
,) mNlhy;g; vq;sH <) rhHy]; lhHtpd;
20 ml;Nuhgpd; vd;w my;fyha;L ____________ypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
m) ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh M) lhl;Luh nkl;ly;
,) epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk; <) nrhyhdk; nkyhQ;rpdh
21 A~NghHgpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; midj;J jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfspy; ____________fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) Gir M) nurpd;fs;
,) Nyl;lf;]; <) kpA+rpNy];
51
gæ‰Á édh¤jhŸ-2
1 ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh ____________ y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) fy;thio M) Fnuh£lnyçah
,) epk;~gah <) ÂU¡fŸë
2 Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ epiyj;j jpRthf khw;wkiltJ ____________vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ;
m) NtWghL miljy; M) njhlHe;J gFg;giljy;
,) kWNtWghL miljy; <) nry; gFg;G
3 GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp ____________ y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L M) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH
,) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L <) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu NtH
4 ,iyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w th];FyhH fw;iwfs; ____________
m) xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit M) xUq;fike;jit> %bait
,) ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit <) xUq;fike;jit> vf;]hHf;
5 ,Utpj;jiy jhtu jz;by; ,uz;lhk;epiy tsHr;rpapd; NghJ cUthFk; ghJfhg;G mLf;fpd; ngaH ____________
m) vgpnlHkp]; M) nghpnlHk;
,) iuNrhnlHkp]; <) ngy;Nyh[d;
6 ____________ jpR jhtuj;jpw;F jsj;jpRthf mikfpwJ.
m) ghud;ifkh M) Nfhyd;ifkh
,) ];fpsPiuLfs; <) ehH nry;fs;
7 rkmsTila ];fpsPiuLfs; ____________ vdg;gLk;.
m) gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuLfs; M) khf;Nuh ];fpsPiufs;
,) M];bNah ];fpsPiuLfs; <) vYk;G nry;fs;
8 gyJisj; jl;bw;F v.fh ____________
m) ePl;lk; M) khQ;rpnguh
,) FNuhl;lNyhpah <) yphpNahnld;l;uhd;
9 ____________ ypUe;J NtHj;Jhtpfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
m) vgpnlHkp]; M) biuf;Nfhgpsh];l;
,) vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; <) gpj;
10 ____________d; th];FyhH fw;iwfspy; GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ. m) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L M) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtujz;L,) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu NtH <) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH
11 gf;f NtHfs; ____________ypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wd. m) vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; M) nghpirf;fps;,) vgpnlHkp]; <) Gwzp
52
12 fh];ghhpad; jbg;Gfs; ____________vd;Dk; nghUspdhy; MdJ.
m) Rghpd; M) fpA+l;bd;
,) nry;Ynyh]; <) ypf;dpd;
13 xUq;fike;j> jpwe;j kw;Wk; cs;Nehf;fpa th];FyhH fw;iw ____________y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) xUtpj;jiy jhtu NtH M) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L
,) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH <) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L
14 thio> fy;thio Mfpa jhtuq;fspd; ,iyf;fhk;gpy; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit ____________vdg;gLk;.
m) ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh M) GNuhrd;ifkh
,) Vud;ifkh <) FNshud;ifkh
15 iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; th];FyhH fw;iw ____________vdg;gLk;.
m) fd;[hapz;l; M) Mug;Nghf;fikT
,) jpwe;jit <) %bait
16 fhHf; Nfk;gpak; vd;gJ ____________
m) Edpahf;Fj; jpR M) ,ilahf;Fj;jpR
,) GNuhnkhp];nlk; <) gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR
17 Nthpd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F ____________MFk;.
m) vz;NlhnlHkp]; M) iuNrhnlHkp];
,) Gwzp <) gpj;
18 ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj;jz;bd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; ____________My; MdJ.
m) Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fs; M) ghud;ifkh nry;fs;
,) ];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fs; <) GNshak;
53
h b qx<s q!u qeik <kit<! .4 !
1 --------vd;gtH FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;w ngaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.
m) ghy;gpahzp M) ~gpskpq;
,) gphpl;[]; <) thy;NlaH
2 FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; kPs;NrHf;if Fd;wy; nry;gphpjypd; NghJ -------- epiyapy; epfo;fpwJ.
m) nyg;NlhBd; M) irNfhBd;
,) ghf;fpBd; <) bg;NshBd;
3 L tbt FNuhNkhNrhk; --------vdg;gLk;.
m) BNyhnrd;l;hpf; M) mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf;
,) rg;nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf; <) nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf;
4 tpsf;FJhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk; -------- y; cs;s nghpa epA+f;spa]py; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) mrplhGNyhpah M) bNuhNrhgpy;yh
,) kf;fhr; Nrhsk; <) Gw;Wr; nry;fs;
5 [Pd;fSf;Fk; nehjpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig -------- vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
m) gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; M) Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp
,) N[h`d;rd; <) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH
6 Njy;fu]; jhtuj;jpd; jhtutpay; ngaH --------
m) l;hpl;bfk; V];btk; M) irrH Mhpl;bdk;
,) mugplhg;rp]; jhypahdh <) yj;iju]; XNlhNul;l];
7 bhpl;bfk; V];btk; jhtuj;jpd; xw;iwka FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;; vz;zpf;if--------
m) 12 M) 7
,) 40 <) 21
8 ,izg;G epfo;tpy; fpilj;j tpfpjk; --------
m) 1:7:7:1 M) 1:1:1:1
,) 7:1:1:7 <) 1:1
9 biuNrhkp vd;gJ -------- MFk;.
m) 2n-1 M) 2n-2
,) 2n+1 <) 2n+2
10 nu];l;hpf;\d;; nehjp -------- My; kl;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
m) ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kl;Lk; M) <];l;Lk; ghf;BhpahTk;
,) A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; <) midj;J tif nry;fSk;
11 G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;Yk; er;Rj; jd;ikAila nly;lh vz;Nlhlhf;rpd; Gujj;jpid cw;gj;jp nra;tJ ------
m) v];n]hprpah Nfhiy M) ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fpiurpa];
,) Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpnad;rp]; <) Ngrpy;y]; yhf
54
12 tpsf;F Jhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk;fis --------vd;gtH Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jhH.
m) ~gpsk;kpq; M) ghy;gpahdp
,) gphpl;[]; <) thy;NlaH
13 `pANfh Bt;hp]; jpBHkhw;wj;ij Kjd;Kjypy--------y; fz;lwpe;jhH.
m) epA+Nuh];Nghuh M) <NdhjPuh ykhHf;fpahdh
,) yj;iju]; XlNul;l]; <) nrhHf;fk;
14 ,izg;gpd; Nrhjidf; fyg;gpd; tpfpjk; --------
m) 1 : 7 : 7 : 1 M) 7 : 1 : 1 : 7
,) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 <) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
15 tpyfypd;; Nrhjidf; fyg;gpd; tpfpjk; --------
m) 1 : 7 : 7 : 1 M) 7 : 1 : 1 : 7
,) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 <) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
16 DNA tpd; ,ul;ilr; RUs; khjphpia tpsf;fpatH --------
m) thl;rd; kw;Wk; fphpf; M) Vt;hp kw;Wk; FOtpdH
,) fphp~gpj; <) ];nlapd;ngHf;
17 DNA éš--------nehjp mjpfkhf¢ RUz;Ls;s gFjpia¤ jsHj;jptpLfpwJ.
m) iyNf]; M) nry;Yny];
,) n`ypf;Nf]; <) NlhNghINrhnkNu];
18 Fd;wy; gphptpd;NghJ GNuhNg];; 1 y; -------- epiyapy; FWf;Nfw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.
m) nyg;NlhBd; M) irf;Nfhl;Bd;
,) ghf;ifl;Bd; <) ilahifdrp];
19 khNdhNrhkp -------- vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) 2n – 1 M) 2n – 2
,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2
20 ey;yp Nrhkp -------- vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) 2n – 1 M) 2n – 2
,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2
21 nll;;uhNrhkp --------vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) 2n – 1 M) 2n - 2
,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2
55
22 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; --------kuG nra;jpfis DNA tpypUe;j hpNghNrhk;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
m) m – RNA M) r - RNA
,) t – RNA <) kuG RNA
23 mfj;Njhy; nry;fspd; Mur;RthpYk; fpilkl;lr; RthpYk; --------vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) fpA+l;bd; M) lhdpd;
,) Rghpd; <) nurpd;fs;
24 capH Ntjp jpBh;khw;wk--------y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
m) nrhHf;fk; M) irrH
,) epA+Nuh];Nghuh <) bNuhNrh~gpy;yh
25 lGs; kpdpl;]; FNuhNkhNrhk; -------- y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) mbg;Ngh]; jpR M) Cirl;
,) ckpo;ePh Rug;gp <) Gw;WNeha; nry;fs;
26 DNA %yf;$wpd; tpl;lk; --------
m) 30 A° M) 25 A°
,) 15 A° <) 20 A°
!
!
56
gapw;rp tpdhj;jhs; -4
1 jpRtsHg;G Kiwapd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; --------
m) nraw;if tpijfs; M) gy tpijfisAila gok;
,) Kk;ka vz;Nlh];ngh;k; <) kyHfs; cz;lhf;FtJ
2 ,uz;L GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];LfSf;fpilNa ,izit cz;lhf;Fk; ,izT fhuzp --------
m) ghyp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; M) ghyp tpidy; FNshiuL
,) ghyp <j;Njd; fpisf;fhy; <) gh];ghhpf; <j;Njd;;
3 NtWghL milahj jpRj;jpus; -------- vdg;gLk;.
m) vf;];gpshz;l; M) fhy];
,) cly fUf;fs; <) ,dhFyk;
4 -------- %yk; cly fyg;gpdq;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
m) ghypyh ,izT M) GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT
,) cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; <) xl;Ljy;
5 KjpHe;j jpRf;fs; kPz;Lk; Mf;Fj;;jpRf;fshf khwp fhy]; jpRthf tsHr;rpailtJ -------- vdg;gLk;.
m) KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik M) NtWghL miljy;
,) NtWghL jphpjy; <) kWNtWghL miljy;
6 -------- nehjp DNA Jz;Lfis ,izg;gjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
m) iyNf]; M) ghypnkNu];
,) gpiuNk]; <) nu];l;hpf;\d; nehjp
7 capUs;s jhtu nry;ypUe;J KO jhtuj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd; -------- vdg;gLk;.
m) NtWghL miljy; M) cWg;Gfshf;fk;
,) Gwj;Njhw;whf;fk; <) KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik
8 nu];l;hpf;\d; nehjp --------My; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
m) ghf;Bhpah kl;Lk; M) <];l; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah kl;Lk;
,) A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; kl;Lk; <) midj;J nry;fs;
9 irl;Nlhifdpd; gzp --------ia mjpfhpg;gjhFk;. m) nry;ePl;rp miljy; M) fdp cUthjy;
,) nry; gphpjy; <) NtWghL miljy;
10 kdpjd; cl;nfhs;sj;jf;f itl;lkpd; nrwpe;j khj;jpiufs; -------- ypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. m) FNshnuy;yh M) <];l;
,) fhshd; <) ];igUypdh
57
gapw;rp tpdhj;jhs; -5
1 ,Ul;Rthrk; --------y; eilngWfpwJ.
m) gRq;fzpfk; M) nguhf;]pNrhk;fs;
,) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah <) hpNghNrhk;fs;
2 fhw;W Rthrj;jpd; Kjy;epiy --------
m) fpisf;fhiyrp]; M) fpnug;Row;rp
,) xsp tpid <) ,Us; tpid
3 -------- epwkp #hpa Mw;wiy kpfj;jpwk;gl <Hf;fty;yit.
m) gr;irak; M) fNuhl;bdha;Lfs;
,) rhe;Njh~gpy; <) igf;Nfh~gpypd;fs;
4 gr;ira cw;gj;jpf;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; --------
m) Mg M) Cl
,) Fe <) Mn
5 fPofz;ltw;Ws; nghJthd Rthrjsg; nghUs; vJ?
m) fhHNghi`l;Nul; M) nfhOg;G
,) Gujk; <) itl;lkpd;fs;
6 fPofz;ltw;Ws; C4 jhtuk;; vJ?
m) ney; M) fUk;G
,) NfhJik <) cUis
7 C4 topj;jlj;jpy; fhHgd; il Mf;i]il Vw;Fk; %yf;$W vJ?
m) ig&gpf; mkpyk; M) gh];Ngh fpsprhpf; mkpyk;
,) ig&gpf; ifNd]; <) gh];Ngh <dhy; ig&tpf; mkpyk;
8 --------MdJ nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) AMP M) ADP
,) ATP <) FADH2
9 -------- vd;gtH fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzp tpjpia ntspapl;lhH.
m) ];Bgd; M) fhy;tpd;
,) gpshf;Nkd; <) `py;
10 KOikahf Mf;]p[Ndw;wiklAk; FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J fpilg;gJ --------
m) 2 ATP M) 35 ATP
,) 36 ATP <) 38 ATP 11 Row;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ cw;gj;jpahtJ --------
m) NADPH2 kl;Lk; M) ATP kl;Lk;
,) NADH2 kl;Lk; <) ATP kw;Wk; NADH2
58
12 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; --------KOxl;Lz;zpj; jhtukhFk;.
m) f];Fl;lh M) tp];fk;
,) bu]Puh <) khNdhl;Nuhgh
13 ,Ul;Rthrk; ____________Ez;ZWg;gpd; gzpahFk;.
m) nguhf;]pNrhk; M) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah
,) FNshNuhgpsh];l; <) iuNghNrhk;fs;
14 fpisf;fhyprp]; -------- y; eilngWfpwJ.
m) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah M) irl;Nlhgpshrk;
,) iuNghNrhk; <) nguhf;rpNrhk;
15 rpf;kha;L tistpy;> kpf Ntfkhf tsHr;rp eilngWk; epiy--------MFk;.
m) nkJepiy M) Ntf epiy
,) cwf;f epiy <) cWjpahd rPuhd epiy
16 Mf;rpd; -------- iaj; jLf;fpwJ.
m) Kid Mjpf;fk; M) KJik miljy;
,) ghHj;jpNdhfhHgp <) cjpHjy;
17 xspr;Rthrk; -------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) C2 Row;rp b) C3 Row;rp
,) C4 Row;rp d) C5 Row;rp
18 ,Ul;Rthrj;jpd; kWngaH --------
m) fpnug; Row;rp M) fhy;tpd; Row;rp
,) ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; <) xspr; Rthrk;
19 ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; -------- vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
m) Fd; M) Nfdhq;f;
,) mNlhy;g; fpug; <) bf;fd;]; 20 ,iyj;Jis %Ltij Jhz;LtJ --------
m) Mf;rpd;
M) [pg;uy;ypd;
,) irl;Nlhifdpd;
<) mg;rprpf; mkpyk;
21 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xspr;NrHf;ifia kpfj;jpwk;glj; Jhz;Lk; xsp miy --------
m) 100 nm to 200 nm M) 200 nm to 300 nm
,) 400 nm to 700 nm <) 700 nm to 900 nm
22 C3 Row;;rpapy; fhHgd;il Mf;iril Vw;Fk; %yf;$W --------
m) RuBP M) Ru5P
,) R5P <) PEP
59
23 ATP apy; -------- kpif Mw;wy; gpizg;Gfs; ,Wjpapy; cs;sd.
m) 1 M) 2
,) 3 <) 4
24 FSf;Nfh]pd; Rthr <T --------
m) Rop M) xd;W
,) xd;iw tpl mjpfk; <) xd;iw tpl FiwT
25 epyj;jpy; cs;s fisfis ePf;fpl gad;gLtJ --------
m) 2,4 D M) A+hpah
,) ABA <) IAA
26 FWk;gfy; jhtuj;jpw;F v.fh. --------
m) NfhJik M) #hpa fhe;jp
,) Gifapiy <) Nrhsk;
60
gapw;rp tpdhj;jhs; -6
1 ____________ Nghd;w kUj;Jtg; gaDs;s jhtuq;fs; gpw ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
m) Iyf;]; guhFntd;rp]; M) Nfhyh epl;blh
,) ngd;lhilg;shd;l;uh gpNurpahdh <) Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa];
2 fhy;rprpd; vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; ____________iaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.
m) jpBHkhw;wk; M) n`l;bNuhrp];
,) ghypgpsha;b <) GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT
3 xiurh rl;ilth ____________ FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jJ.
m) A~NghHgpNarp M) &l;Nlrp
,) itl;Nlrp <) NghNarp
4 ighpFNyhpah xiuNr ____________cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
m) ney;ypd; ntg;G Neha; M) epyf;fliyapd; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha;
,) rpl;u]; fhd;fH <) ney;ypd; Jq;Nuh Neha;
5 ____________ rHf;fiuiaf; fhl;bYk; 100 klq;F ,dpg;GilaJ.
m) Iyf;]; guhFntd;rp]; M) Nfhyh epl;blh
,) ngd;lhilg;shd;l;uh gpNurpahdh <) Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa];
6 ____________ jhtuk; `hl;[H vd;gjd; tzpfg;ngauhFk;.
m) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; M) rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhhp];
,) nrhyhdk; ief;uk; <) ikNkhrh G+bfh
7 Fapidd; ____________ypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
m) rpd;Nfhdh m~gprpdhyp]; M) ikNkhrh G+bfh
,) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; <) mfhypah ,z;bfh
8 NjePUf;Fg; gjpyhf ____________jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
m) Iyf;]; guhFntd;rp]; M) Nfhyh epl;blh
,) ngd;lhilg;shd;l;uh gpNurpahdh <) Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa];
9 njhl;lhy; RUq;fp vd miof;fg;gLtJ ____________
m) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; M) rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhhp];
,) nrhyhdk; ief;uk; <) ikNkhrh G+bfh
. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . !
61
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65
ãiy - 1 3 kÂ¥bg© édh éil.
2. E©Qæçaš
1. E©Qæçaš tiuaW.
E©Qæçfë‹ tif¥ghL, mik¥ò, tot«, Ïd¥bgU¡f«, cl‰braèaš,
ts®Áij kh‰w« M»at‰iw¡bfh©L és¡F« m¿éašÃçÎ E©Qæçaš
MF«.
2. öa Clf c‰g¤Â brŒKiwæ‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?
1. öa Clf« gh¡Oçah¡fë‹ ts®¢Á¡F¥ ga‹gL»‹wJ.
2. nehŒ bjh‰wèY«, beh¤jèY«, k©âš ie£u#‹ãiy¥gL¤jèY«ÏJ
ga‹ gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
3. eÅd E©Qæçaš cUthf têtF¤jJ.
3. o¥shæL brštif ts®¥ò v‹whš v‹d?
o¥shæL bršfŸfU_y¤Âš bgw¥g£l Eiupuš, ÁWÚuf« M»a cW¥Ãfë‹
bršts®¥òfëèUªJ bgw¥gL»wJ.
ÏJkåj jL¥óÁ kUªJ jahç¡f éUªnjh«Ã¢ bršfshf¥ ga‹gL»wJ
4. mÛÃahÁ° v‹whš v‹d?
1. ϪnehŒ rh®¡nfhildh tF¥ig¢ rh®ªj ònuh£nlhnrhth cŸ x£L©âahš
tU»wJ.
2. v©läghï°nlhiyo¡fhé‹ Lnuhnghnrhir£LfŸ bgU§Flè‹Ûô¡f°
r›Î gFÂia¤ ‹Wmê¡»wJ.
3. ÏjdhšÏu¤j« fyªj ng c©lh»wJ.
66
5. N M‹ªÂnuhnghndhÁ° v‹D«brhš vjid¡ F¿¡»wJ.
1. ÏJ éy§FfëèUªJ kåjD¡F njh‹W« x£L©â nehŒ.
2. X£L©â thœ¡if¢ RH‰Áæš kåj‹ K¡»a Ïiz¥ghF«.
3. v.fh. khL, g‹¿ ehlh¥òG¡fŸ.
6. K¡»akhd v® E©Qæç bghUŸfis vGjΫ.
1. M«¥ÃÁè‹ 2. vç¤nuhikÁ‹ 3. bl£uhir¡ë‹ 4. °£bu¥nlhikÁ‹
7. vŒ£° nehia¡ f©l¿Í« Kiwfis étç.
1. viyrh nrhjid :- HIV M©oghofis¡ f©l¿jš
2. bt°£l®‹Ãsh£ :- vŒ£° nehia cWÂgL¤J« nrhjid
3. ÏJ HIV¡F vÂuhd M©oghofis¡ f©l¿a cjλwJ.
8. NndhÁ° v‹whš v‹d?
1. éy§FfëläUªJ kåjD¡F¤ bjh‰W« x£L©â nehŒ
2. v.fh. nuð
3. x£L©â v›éj e‹ikÍ« milahJ. Mdhš, kåj‹ ghÂ¥gil»‹wh‹.
9. öa ts®¥ò v‹whš v‹d?
xU Âut Clf¤ij¥ gy Ú®k§fëš nrhjid¡ FHhŒfëšÏ£L xnu
Ïd¤ij¢ rh®ªj E©Qæ® bršfis ts®¤jnyöa ts®¥ò vd¥gL«.
10. iyo¡ RH‰Á, iynrhb#å v‹whš v‹d?
1. iyo¡ RH‰Á :– itu°fŸ gh¡OçahéDŸ bgU¡f« milªJ mjid¢
Áij¡F«
2. iynrhb#å :– gh¡Oçah índhKl‹Ï›itu°ÏizªJ fhz¥gL«.
11. ÿæ gh°oÍç‹ K¡»a¡ f©LÃo¥òfŸ ahit? (ÁfurhjidfŸ)
1. bjh‰Wæç‹ Åça¤ij¡ Fiw¥gj‰fhd brŒKiw E£g«.
2. E©Qæç‹ nehŒ vÂ¥gh‰wš Âw‹ö©L« r¡Âia C¡Fé¤jiy
és¡»dh®.
3. nfhêfëš fhyuh jL¥óÁiaÍ«, MLfëš Mªjuh¡R¡fhd jL¥óÁiaÍ«,
kåjåš bt¿ehŒ¡ fo¡fhdnuð jL¥óÁiaÍ« f©LÃo¤jh®.
12. nfh¢Á‹ K¡»a¡ f©LÃo¥òfŸ ahit?
1. bl£lhd°, o¥Ôçah, vY«òU¡» ngh‹w nehŒ¡Fça gh¡Oçah¡fisÍ«
2. mj‰fhd M‹¥oghofŸ mt‰iw¢rkãiy¥gL¤j éUªnjh«Ãæ‹clšfëš
cUthtijÍ«f©LÃo¤jš.
3. mtUila f©LÃo¥òfŸ, nehŒ¤ jL¥ò¡ fh¥ò Kiw Á»¢ir¡F têtF¤jd.
13. nfhê¡fUΟ ts®¥ò Kiw v‹whš v‹d?
67
1. fUΉw nfhêK£il 5-12 eh£fS¡FŸ nj®ªbjL¡f¥gL»‹wd.
2. K£ilfŸ»UäÏšyhj ãiyæš itu°fŸ CÁ _y« brY¤Â Jthu¤ij
bkGF bfh©L mil¤J 36˚Cæš mil¡fh¡f¥gL»wJ.
3. fUÎzÎ¥ig bghJthd Áwªj itu°fë‹ ts®¥ò Clf«
14. itu°fŸ f£L¥ghLila brš cŸ x£L©âfŸ vd V‹ miH¡f¥gL¥»‹wd?
1. bra‰if Clf¤Âš itu°fŸ jhkhf tsuhJ.
2. jhtu mšyJ éy§F bršfëš k£L« tsU«.
3. vdnt Ïit f£L¥ghLila bršcŸx£L©âfŸ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
15. M‹nfh b#å¡ itu°fŸ v‹whš v‹d?
1. ò‰Wnehia cUth¡F« itu°fŸ M‹nfh b#å¡ itu°fŸ.
2. o.v‹.V. itu°fŸ: – mondh itu°fŸ, ghènahkh itu°fŸ, Áäæ‹
itu° 40. v¥°o‹ gh® itu°
3. M®.v‹.V. itu°fŸ:– nuht° rh®nfhkh.
16. nuð nehŒ guΫ Kiwia¡ TW.
1. nuð Å£L éy§FfŸ, td¥ ghÿ£ofë‹ x£L©âahF«.
2. nuð bjh‰¿a éy§F kåjid¡ fo¥gj‹ _y« kåjD¡F Ϫj nehŒ
c©lh»wJ.
3. Ïj‹ _yf§fŸ:– ehŒ, óid, btsthš.
17. nuð nehæ‹ m¿F¿fŸ ahit?
1. mÂf fhŒ¢rš
2. fL« jiytè
3.Ú® btW¥ò (iA£nuh~ngÃah)
.4.gj‰w ãiy
5. kd§Fiyªj ãiy
6. bjh©il kh®ò¤ jir eL¡f«.
18. ntçnahyh itu° g‰¿¡ F¿¥ò vGJf.
1. ÏJ bgça«ik itu°
2. ÏJ Ú®¤Jë _y« guλwJ.
3. Ïj‰F¤ jL¥óÁ th¡Áåah itu° _y« jah® brŒa¥gL»wJ.
19. gh¡Oçah¡fë‹ gšntW cU¤njh‰w§fŸ ahit?
1. cU©il tot (m) cUis tot mšyJ tisÎ tot mik¥òfS« mt‰¿‹
khWghLfS«.
2. gh¡Oça¢ bršfë‹ÏizaikÎ, bjhFÂaikÎ k‰W«üèiH totikÎ
M»ad.
3. gh¡Oçah¡fë‹Ú¢Rfis Áw¥ghd rhaäLjš (m) vy¡£uh‹ E©nzh¡»
_y« m¿a¥gL«.
20. ntÂ¥bghUŸ Clf« v‹whš v‹d?
1. xU E©Qæç Clf« gy ntÂ¥bghUŸfshš M¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
68
2. Ïš cŸs bghUŸfŸòuj§fŸ, fh®nghiA£nu£LfŸ, bfhG¥òfŸ
it£lÛ‹fŸ, ãô¡ë¡ mäy§fŸ.
21. gh¡Oçah cUkh‰w« v‹whš v‹d?
1. brš mik¥òÚ¡f¥g£l gh¡Oçahé‹ DNA¡fŸ xU brštifæèUªJ
k‰bwhU brštifæDŸ kh‰w¥gL«ãfœ¢ÁahF«.
2. Ïij¡»ç¥Ã¤ v‹gt® f©LÃo¤jh®.
22. ouh‹°l¡r‹ v‹whš v‹d?
1. xU gh¡Oçahé‹DNAæ‹ xU gF k‰bwhU gh¡Oçahé‰F
kh‰w¥gL«ãfœ¢ÁahF«.
2. Ïj‰F¥ gh¡Oçnah~ng{ itu°fŸ V‰W C®Âahf¢ brašgL»‹wd.
23. bghJ tif, Áw¥ò tif ouh‹°l¡r‹ v‹whš v‹d?
1. bghJ tif ouh‹° ;l¡r‹:- xU gh¡Oçahé‹ mid¤JDNAÍ« k‰bwhU
gh¡oçahéDŸ bršYjš MF«.
2. Áw¥ò tif ouh‹° ;l¡r‹ :- Áy É‹fŸ k£L«xU tH§»
FnuhnkhnrhäšÏUªJ ~ng{ _y« ouh‹°l¡r‹ miljš MF«.
24. fhyuh nehæ‹ m¿F¿fŸ ahit?
1. thªÂ
2. fLikahd ÚçH¥ò
3. fLikahd tæ‰W¥ngh¡F
4. jhJ c¥òfŸÏH¥ò
5. Ïu¤j¤Â‹ mäy¤j‹ik k‰W« ml®¤Â mÂfç¥ò.
25. Ãns¡ nehæ‹Ïu©L tiffŸ ahit? mt‰¿‹ m¿F¿fŸ vGJf.
1. ònghå¡Ãns¡:- clš Fë®jš, thªÂÍz®Î, thªÂbaL¤jš k‰W« clš
gyÅd« njh‹W«. Á»¢iræšyh ãiyæš 58% Ïw¥ò
2. ãnkhå¡Ãns¡ : - ãnkhåah¡ fhŒ¢rš, Ïu¤j¤ ÂtiyfŸ fyªj v¢Áš
btë¥gLjš. Á»¢iræšyh ãiyæš 100% Ïw¥ò
26. ÁÃè° F¿¥ò tiuf.
1. ÏJ ghšéid nehahF«. Oçnghåkh ghèl« ÁÃè° v‹w gh¡Oçahthš
tU»wJ.
2. ÏJ neuo ghš cwÎ_y« tU»wJ. ÏJ Ãshbr©lh _y« jhæläUªJ
nrŒ¡F¥ guΫ.
3. Ïj‹ éisÎfŸ:– f© gh®it ÏH¤jš, fhJ nfshik, _is¢ nrj«,
69
j©Ltl¢ nrj«, ö¡fä‹ik 27. bfhndhçah g‰¿¡ F¿¥ò vGJf.
1. ÏJ xU ghšéid nehahF«. ã°nrçah bfhndhçah v‹w gh¡Oçahthš tU»wJ.
2. M©fë‹ ÁWÚ® òwtê cW¥ig jh¡F»wJ. bg©fë‹
br®é¡°gFÂiajh¡F»wJ.
3. M©fS¡F¥ kŠrŸãw¤Âš ÁWÚ®¥òwtêæš Âut« btëtU«. bg©fS¡F
tèÍl‹ Toa ÁWÚ® nghF«Ïd¥òiHæš ÂutK« btë¥gL«.
28. Ïju¥ ònuh£nlhnrhth nehŒfis vGJf.
1. oç¥ndhnrhkh nf«Ãa‹°: - M¥Ãç¡f ö¡f éahÂ.
2. Ä°nkåah nlhdhthå :–fhyh mr®.
3. Ä°nkåah ouháfh : – njhšÄ°nkåahÁ°.
3:/lOziqbiuqe<!ujggt<!biju@!
2/ omi<sqbe<!!lOziqbi!)n*!hqjez<!omv<sqbe<!)n*!juuig<̂ <!lOziqbi!–
hqti^<Olicbl<!juuig<̂ <!
3/ jlz<M!!omi<sqbe<!)n*!YOuz<!lOziqbi!!.!hqti^<Olicbl<!YOuz<!
4/ ohi<eqsqb^<!lOziqbi!)n*!lizqg<ee<m<!lOziqbi!.!hqti^<Olicbl<!hiz<sqOhvl<!
5/ Guii<me<!lOziqbi!.!hqti^<Olicbl<!lOziqbi!!
30.Nf<k<vOhiOeis^<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
Ym<M{<{qgtiz<! okix<xh<hMl<! lx<Xl<! leqkEt<! lm<Ml<! fqjzh<hMk<kh<! ohXl<!
ym<M{<{qgjtBl<nux<xqe<Ofib<gjtBl<!Gxqg<Gl</!!
42/Oukqh<ohiVt<!nz<zK!lVf<K¢!sqgqs<js!we<xiz<!we<e?!
okix<X!Ofib<gjt!Oukqh<ohiVm<gt<!&zl<<!G{h<hMk<KkZl<!gm<Mh<hMk<KkZl<!
Oukqh<ohiVt<)n*!lVf<K¢sqgqs<js!weh<hMl</!
!
43/ws</J/uqbqe<!hml<!ujvf<K!higl<!Gxq@!
!
44/!F{<[bqovkqvq!)n*!wkqI!F{<[bqiq!)n*!N{<chbicg<!we<hK!biK@!
yV! F{<[bqiqe<! uti<sqjklix<xk<kqz<! dx<hk<kqbiGl<! yV! ohiVt<! lx<x!
F{<[bqiqbqe<uti<s<sqjb¤! kMg<Gl</! -k<kjgb! ohiVOt! F{<[bqovkqiq! weh<hMl<!
w/gi;!oheqsqzqe<!
!
70
!!!45/!wkqi<!F{<[bqiq!)n*!F{<[bqovkqiqbqe<!osbz<Ljx!%X/!
2!hig<ciqbi!ogiz<Zl<!ujg!)hig<CiqObijsmz<!*!
3!hig<Ciqbi!uti<s<sqjb¤!kMk<K!fqjzfqXk<Kl<!ujg!)!hig<CiqObi^<Omcg<*!
!
46/!nl<jl!juv <̂!Gxqh<H!ujvg@!
2/!wz<zi!juv^<gjtuqm!ntuqz<!ohiqkie!osr<gz<!Ohie<x!hig<̂ <!juv^<gt<!
3/!-vm<jm¢!sr<gqzq!c/we</WjuBl<<?!Hvkk<jkBl<<?!ogiPh<jhBl<!ogi{<mK/!
4/!-v{<M!nMg<G!su<uqeiz<!$ph<hm<m!GMGMh<jh!Ohie<x!fqBg<tqbib<jm!ogi{<mK/!
!
36.!Lke<jl!utIh<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!wzqNl<̂ <mi<?! Ogipq?! Gvr<G!nz<zK! leqke<!Ngqbux<xqe<! -bz<H¤! kqSg<gtqe<!
osz<gt<! osbz<Ljxg<G! Wx<h¥! hg<Gul<! osb<bh<hm<M! uti<g<gh<hM«OhiK! dVuiGl<!
nux<xqe<!Lkz<!keq!nMg<G!NGl</!
!
48/!hig<ciqbig<gtqz<!\Qe<!lX!Osi<g<jg!fqgp<Ugt<!biit@!
2 hig<ciqb!-j{U!3 dVlix<xl<!
3 cvie<̂ <mg<se<
38. க#ந>�கா�Aச�எ�றா�எ�ன ?
1. _isæ‹ jªJ»fŸ, x£L©â k‰W« knyçah JfŸfë‹ mil¥ghš Ïw¥ò V‰gL«.
2. Ãsh°nkhoa« ~ghšÁngu« tif knyçahthš V‰gL«.3. x£L bkh¤j Át¥gQ¡fŸ ÁijtilªJ ËnkhFnshËfŸ ÁWÚ® têna btëna‰w¥gL«.
39. ம#�%வB'Cய�3ய�எ�றா�எ�ன ?
* ேநா��ெதா!:*க�,
* ெதா!:*கானஉய��*காரண�
* ெதா!:தலினா�வ�ைளD.ேநா�ப!றிஅறித� .
40. ம#�%வB'Cய�3யலி�பய�யா% ?
* மன�தைன�ெதா!:கி�றB'Cய�3கைளD.அைவஎ.�ைறய��
ேநா�ேதா!:வ�*கிற%.
* ெதா!:*�எதிரானஉடலி�ெசயைலD.
* �றி�ப�டB'Cய�3எதி��2ம!:.சிகிAைச�ைறஅறித�.
41. சிப�லிEஅறி�றிக�யாைவ?
;�றா.நிைலய��க'பா�ைவஇழ�த� , கா%ேகளாைம , ;ைளA
ேசத., F*கமி�ைம ,தைலவலி , த',வடAேசத. ,உட�அவயவ�வ
மா!ற.அ�ல%சிைத� , கிராGேலாமாடEரண7க�க.மாEஉடலி�
உ�ேளD.ெவள�ேயD.ேதா�:கிற%.
3.nehŒ¤jil¡ fh¥Ãaš
1. Ï©l®~bguh‹fŸ v‹whš v‹d?
71
-btŸisaQ itu°fshš’ jh¡f¥gL«nghJÏ©l®~bguh‹fŸ vD« itu°
v®¥bghUis¢ Ru¡»wJ.
− ÏjdhšÃwbršfŸ itu° jh¡FjèšÏUªJ ghJfh¡f¥gL»wJ.
2. bršéG§Fjš (m) ngnfhir£nlhÁ° v‹whš v‹d?
− nehŒ¡»Uä jh¡f¤Â‹nghJnk¡nuh¥ng{fŸ k‰W«ãÍ£nuh~ÚfŸ,
ngh‹witfŸ gh¡Oça§fŸ, itu°fŸ k‰W«Áijtilªj bršfŸ M»at‰iw
éG§F»‹wd. Ïj‰F¢ bršéG§Fjšv‹W bga®.
3. v®¥bghUë‹ (M©oghoæš) _‹W K¡»a ¥ gâfŸ ahit?
1. gh¡Oçah, itu°fis¤Âçgila¢ brŒ»wJ.
2. gh¡Oçahé‹ btë¥òw¤Âšó¢rhf mik»wJ. Ïj‰F X¥nrhÜfuz« v‹W
bga®.
3.bršéG§Fjiy vëjh¡f»wJ.
4. gh¡Oçah btëæL« e¢R¥bghU£fis¢ brašÏH¡f¢ brŒ»wJ.
4. k©Ùuš gâfŸ ahit?
1. K®ªj Ïu¤j¢Át¥gQ¡fis mê¡»wJ.
2. Ïu¤j¢Át¥gQit c‰g¤ÂbrŒÍ«ÏlkhfΫÁt¥gQit¤
nj¡»iit¡F«ÏlkhfΫ cŸsJ.
3. Ïu¤j¤Âš cŸs E©»Uäfis tof£L»wJ.
4. M©o#D¡F vÂuhd jil¡fh¥ò elto¡ifia KL¡FéL»wJ.
5. ijkì‹ gâfŸ ahit?
− T- bršfis c‰g¤ÂbrŒ»wJ.
− brštênehŒ¤ jil¡fh¥Ãš g§nf‰»wJ.
- clè‹ è«~nghir£Lfë‹ bgU¡f¤Â‰¡F jiyaha ika«
6. M©o#‹ tiuaW.
− M©o#‹fŸ mašbghUŸfŸ MF«.
− Ïit M©oghoÍl‹éidòçÍ« _y¡TwhF«
- Ïu©L tif¥gL« - Ïa‰if, bra‰if
7. Ah¥bl‹fŸ v‹whš v‹d?
− Ïit jhnk jilfh¥òãfœÎfis¤ö©lhj ntÂ¥bghUŸ.
− V‰bfdnt c©lh¡f¥g£l M©oghofSl‹éidòçÍ«.
jil¡fh¥ò elto¡ifæš<Lglnt©Lbkåš, vL¤J¢
bršY«_y¡TWfSl‹Ïiz¡f¥glnt©L«. (v-L)DNΡ.
8. Ï«ÍndhFnshòè‹ (M‹oghoæ‹) IªJ tiffŸ ahit?
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE.
9. Ï«Índh xL¡» kUªJfŸ ahit?
− kh‰W cW¥ò mWit Á»¢iræšcW¥òãuhfç¥ig¥ jL¡f¥
ga‹gL¤j¥gL« kUªJfŸÏ«Índh xL¡»fŸvd¥gL«.(v-L)
72
ir¡nsh°nghç‹, °OuhŒLfŸ.
10. Kjšãiy ãzÚ® cW¥òfŸ ahit?
− ijk° k‰W« vY«ò k{i# (ghÿ£ofëš)
− gwitfëš′ng¥ßÁa° ig′.
11. Ïu©lh«ãzÚ® cW¥òfŸ ahit?
− k©Ùuš- ãzÚ® Ko¢RfŸ- MALT.
12. MALT , GALT, BALT - M»at‰¿‹éçth¡f¤ij¡ TW.
MALT - nfhiH¢r›Î rh®ªj ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fŸ.
GALT- Flš rh®ªj ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fŸ.
BALT- _¢R¡FHhŒfis¢ rh®ªj ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fŸ.
13. x›thik v›thW c©lh»wJ? iA¥g® br‹Á£oé£o
− rhjhuz M©o#‹fS¡bfÂuhf, jilfh¥ò k©ly« bghU¤jk‰wJ« tu«ò
Û¿aJkhd brašfëš <LgL«nghJ x›thik c©lh»wJ.
− v.fh. –öR, kfuªj¤öŸfŸ, óŠirfŸ.
14. mdh~igyh¡Á° v‹whš v‹d?
X›thik¡ fhuâfŸ Áy rka« gh¡f¥g£l kåj®fëšéiuthfΫ,
ÔéukhfΫéidfis¤ njh‰Wé¤Jkåjid Ïw¡f¢ brŒa¡TL« - Ï›éid
mdh~igyh¡Á° MF«.
15. Ra¤jil¡fh¥ònehŒfŸ v¥nghJ c©lh»‹wd?
jilfh¥ò k©ly«RabršfŸ k‰W« _y¢TW bršfis mê¡F« nghJ
Rajilfh¥ò nehŒfŸc©lh»‹wd.(v.L)- Ï‹Rè‹ CÁ njit¥gL« r¡fiu
éah kš£oß°»ënuhÁ°, çÍkh£lhæL 16. bg‰W¡bfh©l jil¡fh¥Ã‹Áw¥ò¥ g©òfŸ ahit?
− F¿¥ÃL«j‹ik – maš _y¡TWfë‹ nt‰Wikfis m¿jš.
− gštif¤j‹ik – maš _y¡TWfis milahs« fhQjš
− Ra k‰W« maš _y¡TWfis nt‰Wik¥gL¤Jjš
− ãidÎ.
17. brštê k‰W«Ïu¤jtê nehŒ jL¥gh‰wiy ntWgL¤Jf.
brštê nehŒ¤jL¥gh‰wš ,uj;jtop Neha¤; jL¥gh‰wy;
73
T– bršfshš c©lh»wJ B – bršfshš c©lh»wJ
nehŒ jh¡f¥g£l bršÏd§f©Lmê¡f¥gL»wJ
M©ogho c‰g¤Â brŒJ mê¡f¥gL»wJ.
18. brašäF¤jL¥gh‰wš, kªjkhf¥ bgw¥g£l jL¥gh‰wš ntWgL¤Jf.
brašäF jL¥gh‰wš kªjkhf¥ bgw¥g£l jL¥gh‰wš
nehŒ¡»UäfŸ mšyJ jL¥ò kUªJfŸ brY¤Jt‹ _y« bgw¥gL»wJ.
M©oghofisjil¡fh¥ò¤ÂwDŸs kåjçläUªJ jil¡fh¥ò¤Âwd‰w kåjU¡F¢brY¤Jtjhš bgw¥gL»wJ.
19.ghunlh¥, vÃnlh¥ ntWgL¤Jf.
ghunlh¥ vÃnlh¥
M©o#Dl‹ÏizÍ«M©oghoæ‹
gFÂ.
ghunlh¥òl‹ÏizÍ« M‹o#å‹ gFÂ.
20. Ï«ÍndhFnshòè‹ gl« tiuªJ ghf¤ij¡ F¿¥ÃLf.
fdj;jr; rq;fpyp mkpNdh Kid
,yFr; rq;fpyp
,izg;gplk;
s-s ,izg;G
COOH Kid
32/!Ofib<k<!kjm¡gih<hqbz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
Ofib<g<gqVlqgt<!lx<Xl<!Hx<XOfib<!Ngqbux<xqzqVf<K!dmjzh<!hiKgig<Gl<!!njlh<HOfib< ¤ kjm¡gih<H/!-Ksii<<f<k!nxquqbz<!Ofib¤ <!kjm¡gih<hqbz<!we<X!ohbi</!!!
22.ேநா�பர�2.நா��வைககாரண�க�யாைவ ?
* பா*H3யா*க�
74
* ைவரEக�
* IJைசக�
* 2ேராேடாேசாவ�க�
23.இய!ைகேநா�த,�பா!ற� / இய�2ேநா�தைட*கா�2 / �றி�ப�,
த�ைமய!ற தைட*கா�2வைறய: .
ேநாய�கள�லி#$%பா%கா�2�ெபறஇய!ைகயாகேவஅைம$தி#*�.
தைட*கா�2�ைறஆ�. .இ%அய�ெபா#க�உ2�வைதத,�ப%ட�
உ2�.ேநா�கி#மிக�அழி*க�ப,கி�றன .
24.�ய�:ெபற�படத,�பா!ற�எ�றா�எ�ன?
* இய!ைகேநா�தைட*கா�2ேதா�வ�D:.ேபா%ஒ#�றி�ப�ட
த�ைமDைடயதைட*கா�2ெச�க��,*கிவ�ட�ப,கி�றன.
* இ%F'ட�படபலநாக�ஆகலா..
* இ%�ய�:ெபற�பட / (அ�ல%) ெபா#$த�த�தைட**கா�2
(அ�ல%) �றி�ப�,த�ைமDைடயதைட*கா�2என�ப,. .
25. இ.Dேனா�ேளா2லி�க�எ�றா�எ�ன?-
* இ.Dேனா�ேளா2லி�க�கிைள*ேகா2ரத7களா�. .
* இைவ L ,H எ�றந>ளவ��தியாச��ளச7கிலியா�ஆனைவ .
* L இேலசானச7கிலி, 25000 lhšl‹ H கனமானச7கிலி 50000 lhšl‹
26.ஆேடாகிரா� , அ�ேலாகிரா�ேவ:ப,�%க
27. ெசேனாகிராஃ�,ஐேசாகிராஃ�ேவ:ப,�%க .
ஆேடாகிரா� அ�ேலாகிரா�
ஒ#வ3ட.இ#$%ெபற�படதி<அ�ல%
ேதா�அவ#*ேகெபா#�த�ப,..
எ.கா.
ெதாைட�ப�திய�லி#$%எ,*க�படத
ைசஅவர%�க�ப�தி*�மா!ற�ப,த�
ஒ#வ3ட.இ#$%ெபற�படதி<அ�ல%
உ:�2ம!றவ#*�ெபா#�த�ப,..
எ.கா, :-
ஒ#வ3�சிWந>ரக.ம�ெறா#வ#*�மா!
ற�ப,த�.
75
28. தி<வ >*க.ஏ!ப,வ%ஏ�?
தி<*கள��காய.ஏ!ப,.ேபா%தி<*கள��காண�ப,. “ மாE” ெச�க�
சிைத�:.ேபா%ஹிEடைம� ,ெசேராேடான��, ம!:.
2ேராEேடாகிளா���ேபா�றேவதி�ெபா#க�ெவள�ேய!ற�ப,வதா�
வ >*க.ஏ!ப,கிற% . !!29. Ï«Índh#‹ v‹gij tiuaW.
brštê k‰W« Ïu¤j tê nehŒjL¥ò M»a Ïu©L brašfis ö©L« maš bghUŸ Ï«Índh#‹ vd¥gL«
30.ijk° Ah®nkhf‹fŸ ijKè‹, ijnkhÁ‹, ijnkhghæ£o‹
!!
4.j‰fhy kuÃaš
1. nfçnah»uh« v‹whš v‹d mšyJ Ïonah »uh«
xU bršèš cŸs mid¤J¡ Fnuhnkhnrh«fS«Ãç¡f¥g£L, mit tçirahf
mik¡f¥gL« mik¥ng nfçnah»uh« vd¥gL«.
Ïonah»uhk« v‹w th®¤ij j‰nghJ ga‹gh£oš cŸsJ.
2. nfçnahil¥Ã‹ ga‹fis vGJ.
1. f®¥gfhy¤ÂšÃw¡f¥nghF« FHªijæ‹ ghš f©l¿a¥gL«.
2. kåjD¡F c©lhF« kuò nehŒfis¡ f©l¿ayh«. FiwghL bfh©l
fUéid¡ fU¢ÁijÎ brŒayh«.
3. Fnuhnkhnrh«Ãw£Áfis¡ f©l¿ªJ mjdhš V‰gL« Fiwfis¡
f©l¿ayh«.
3. kW nr®¡if DNΑ v‹whš v‹d?
X® mašDNΑJ©l« vªj tiuaW v©nlhãô¡ëna° behÂahšÃç¡f¥g£lnjh,
mnj behÂÃsh°ä£ DNΑitÍ« J©o¡»wJ.maš J©lkhdJ ènf°
. ெசேனாகிராஃ� ஐேசாகிராஃ�
�!றி/.மா:�படெவ?ேவ:இன7க)
*�இைடேயெச�ய�ப,tJ
எ.கா, :
ப�றிய�லி#$%மன�தG*�மா!ற�ப,வ%.
ஒேரமரப�யஅைம�2ெகா'டஇ#வ#*
�இைடேயெச�ய�ப,..
எ.கா, :-
உ#வெமா�தஇரைடய�க)*�இைட
ேயcW¥ò kh‰w«
76
behÂ_y«Ãsh°ä£ DNΑcl‹Ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ.Ãsh°ä£DNΑÎl‹Ïizªj
mašDNΑ kW nr®¡if DNΑ vd¥gL«.
4. kuò¥ bgh¿æaèš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« gh¡Oçah Ïd§fŸ ahit?
1. v°brçÁah nfhiy
2. ngÁšy° r¥oè°
3. °£bu¥nlh ikr°
5. N¥g® g¡ v‹whš v‹d?
1. kuò¥ bgh¿æaš _y« cUth¡f¥g£l Nnlhnkhdh° gh¡Oça« N¥g® g¡ vd
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
2. ÏJ v©bzŒ¡ fêÎfis¢ R¤j« brŒa¥ ga‹gL»wJ. ÏJ v©bzæš
cŸs M¡nl‹fŸ, irè‹fŸ,f‰óu« ngh‹wt‰iw¢Áij¡f tšyd.
6. rªj tê¤bjhl® MŒÎ v‹whš v‹d?
kuÃaš tšYe®fŸÏa‰ifæš eilbgW« kåj¡ fy¥òfis MŒÎ brŒtj‹
_y« xU FL«g« mšyJ rªj tê bjhl®fëš xU F¿¥Ã£l nehŒmšyJ
Éå‹ g©òfis MŒÎ brŒtJ rªj tê¤bjhl® MŒÎ vd¥gL«.
7. kuÃaš nehŒfë‹ bga®fis vGJf.
1. f® mçthŸ nrhif
2. jyhÓäah
3. vfhkhFnshòèåäah
4. mšÃår«.
5. m©o§l‹ bfhçah
6. fLik T£LnehŒ v®¥ò¡ FiwÎÁ©£nuh«.(SCID)
8. òuj ¢ brŒÂæaš (ònuh£onahä¡°) v‹whš v‹d?
1. gytif¥ òuj§fis MŒÎ brŒjš
2. mt‰¿‰Fça bršfis¡ f©l¿jš
3. mt‰¿‰Fça É‹fis¡ f©l¿jš
9. Fnshå§ v‹whš v‹d?
kubgh¤j cæçfis¥ ÃuÂfshf c‰g¤Â brŒÍ« brŒKiw Fnshå§ vd¥gL«.
10. khWghliljš v‹whš v‹d?
fUΉw K£ilæš ik£lhÁ°ÃçÎfŸ _y« v©z‰w bršfŸ cUth»‹wd.
Ï¢bršfŸÃ‹d® tot¤ÂY«braèY« gšntW brštiffshf khWghL
mil»‹wd.
11. É‹Á»¢ir v‹whš v‹d?
kåjåš jtwhd É‹fS¡F¥ gÂyhf ÂU¤j¥g£l É‹fis EiH¥gjhF«.
tiffŸ– 1. clš bršÉ‹Á»¢ir 2. fU¢ bršÉ‹Á»¡ir.
77
12. cæç jftèaš v‹whš v‹d?
cæç jftèaš v‹gJ cæç bjhêš E£géaY«, jftš
bjhêšE£géaY«Ïizªj xU Jiw mF«.
cæç jftšfshd ãô¡ë¡ mäy«É‹ tçirfŸ k‰W«òujtçiraik¥ò
M»at‰¿‹ juÎjs§fis
c©lh¡f cjλ‹WJ.
13. cæça brŒÂæaš juÎjs« vdwhš v‹d?
Éfhy¥ ga‹gh£o‰F cjΫ tifæš bgUkséyhd jftšfŸ mšyJ
gÂÎfë‹ nj¡fkhf és§FtjhF«. tiffŸ
1. bghJthd juÎòy«, 2. Áw¥ghd juÎòy«
14 cæç brŒÂæaè‹ ga‹ ahJ?
É‹Á»¢ir , nehŒ m¿jš , kUªjh¡f ãfœÎfŸ M»at‰¿‰F cæ® jftèaš
juÎfis MŒÎ brŒjš,
Éndh«, òuj _y¡TWfS¡fhd ä‹dQ juΤ js§fis¤ jah® brŒjš
15. cæç jftèaèš cjΫ bkhêfŸ ahit?
C, C++, #hth, ngh®£uh‹, iyd¡°, Íå¡°
16. DNΑüyf« v‹whš v‹d?
DNΑüyf« v‹gJ xU cæç¡Fça mid¤J¥ gFÂfë‹ tçiria cŸsl¡»a
nrfç¥ghF«.
17. DNΑJ©lh¡Fjš v‹whš v‹d?
DNΑ _y¡T‰iw¥ gy É‹ gFÂfshf¥ãô¡ënahilL tçirfisÍ« MuhŒªJ
gl« jahç¤jiy¡ F¿¥gJ MF«.
18. jyhÓäahé‹ kU¤Jt¡Tl m¿F¿fŸ ahit?1. vY«ò kŠi#æš FiwghL2. btë¥òw Ïu¤j X£l¢ÁijÎ3. k©ÙušÅ¡f«, fšèuš Å¡f«
19. òuj juÎ t§» v‹whš v‹d?
1. òuj§fë‹ K¥gçkhz mik¥ò g‰¿ brŒÂfŸòujjuÎ t§» vd¥gL«.
2. Ï›tif nrä¥ò fâåæš nrä¤J it¡f¥gL«.
3. òuj§fë‹ K¥gçkhz tot§fis m¿a ÏJ ga‹gL»wJ
20.�ேளான�7ெவ*டா� எ�றா� எ�ன?
அய� DNΑ%'ைட த�Gட� இைண�% <ம*கி�ற DNΑ *� ெவ*டா�
எ�: ெபய�.
78
21.அ�ப�ன�ச. எ�றா� எ�ன?
ெமலான�� வள�சிைத மா!ற �ைற�பாடா� வ#. பhர.பça tê nehŒ
ேதா�,��,க' ஆகியவ!றி� ெமலான�� இ�றி காண�ப,..
22.m'�7ட� ெகா3யா ேநாய�� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?
* clš Fnuhkhnrhä‹ X§F Édhš njh‰Wé¡f¥gLtJ
*அட*க ��யாத அளவ�!� ைக கா� உதற�.
* 2�தி 6�ைம சரீழி�
* ;ைள ேசா��,பய.
* மனTதியான பாதி�2க�
23. நிைற�:�2 DNΑ(cDNΑ)எ�றா� எ�ன?
*2ரத7கைள ஆ�� ெச�ய mRNAபய�ப,கிற%.
* mRNA ;ல. 2ரத7கைள உ:வா*கிய ஜ>�க� க'டறிய�ப,கிற%.
*ேம!ப� க'டறிய�பட DNΑ (cDNΑ)அ�ல% நிைற�:�2 DNΑஎன�ப,..
24.மன�த ஜ>� வ7கி அ�ல% ஜ>ேனா. ெச�தி ேசக3�2. எ�றா� எ�ன?
* வைரய:*க�பட ஜ>�கள�� வ3ைச�ைற�ப,�தைலl* �றி*கிற%.
* எதி�கால� பய�பா�!� ேம!ப� வ3ைச�ப,�%த� ெச�ய�ப,கிற%.
* வைறயைர ெச�ய�பட ஜ>�கேள அ��பைட ெச�திகளாக வ�ள7�கி�றன
25, மன�த மரப�ய�/த!கால மரப�ய� எ�றா� எ�ன?
மர2� ெபாறிய�ய� �*கிய�%வ7க� ,மர2 ேநா�க�, ஜ>� சிகிAைச ,
�ேளான�7 �ைறக�, மரபC மா!ற�பட உய�3க� ஆகியைவ இதி�
அட7�. .
* ஜ>� ெதா��பா��,உய�3ய� தகவ� ம!:. 2ேரா�ேயாமி*E ஆ��
ெச�ய�ப,கிற%.
26. �மி\ சி:வ� சி�ேரா. எ�: அைழ*க�ப,. ேநா� யா%? அத�
அறி�றிக� யாைவ?SCID
*�ழ$ைதகைள பாதி*�. மர2வழி ேநா�.
* ெவ�ைள அC*க� அழி*க�ப, �!றி/மாக ேநா� எதி��2 ச*தி
இ�லாம� ேபா�.
* இ$த ேநா�*கான ADAஜ>� �ேராேமாேசா. 20� உ�ள% .
27.�ரா�ஜ>ன* அ�ல% மரப�ய�2 மா!ற�பட உய�3க� எ�றா� எ�ன?
ஜ>�கைள மர2� ெபாறிய�ய� ;ல. ஒ# உய�3ய�லி#$% .!ெறா#
உய�3*� மா!றி உ#வா*க�பட உய�3 �ரா�ஜின�* உய�3க�.
79
28. எ3தண� க3 வ�ள*�க.
* 2ரத அைம�ப�ைன வ�ள*�. கிராப�*E கண�ன� மாதி3.
* ஒ# 2ரத�தி� உ�ள அமிேனா அமில7கள�� ப'2க� , ெசய�பா,க�
அறிய உத�..
* 1970 �த� கண�ன� ;ல. 2ரத மாதி3 தயா3*க�ப,கிற%.
29. ngè‹£nuh« fhu tçir v‹gJ xU F¿¥Ã£l Kiwæš fhu§fŸ mikªJ mit DNAš
Ïu©L r§»èfëY« vÂbu® Âiræš fhz¥gL«.
(vL.fh) GATTC 5´ - 3´
CTTAAG 3´ - 5´
5 kÂ¥bg© édh éil E©Qæçbš<<<
1. itu° mik¥ig étç.
1. itu°Á‹ ika¥gF ãÍ¡ë¡ mäy¤ij¡ bfh©LŸsJ. Ïij¢ R‰¿
nf¥nrhäa®fshš Md nf¥Á£ ciw cŸsJ.
2. cU©il tot itu°fŸ rkg¡f clš mik¥ig¡ bfh©LŸsJ.
3. Áè©l® tot itu° RUŸÓuik¥ig¡ bfh©LŸsJ.
4. éy§F itu°:- Úô¡ënah nf¥Á£ v‹w nkš ciwia¥ bg‰WŸsJ.
Ï›Îiw è¥ngh òuj¤jhš MdJ.
5. ng¡Oçnah-ng{itu°:- ÏJ Óu‰w mik¥ig¡ bfh©lJ. khWg£l¥
òuj§fisÍ« è¥ngh òuj§fisÍ« bfh©oU¡F«.
6. mondh itu°:- rkg¡f Ó®tot itu°fŸ
7. nghènah itu°:- ÏJ cU©il totkhdJ. Ïj‹ nkšòw« K¡nfhz
mik¥ig¡ bfh©oU¡F«.
8. òifæiy bkhir¡ itu°:- RUŸ tot nk‰òw mik¥ig¡
bfh©oU¡F«.
2. kåjåš fhz¥gL« itu° nehŒfŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò jUf.
ò‰W nehŒ
1. ò‰W nehia cUth¡F« itu°fis M‹nfhb#å¡ itu° v‹W
bga®.
2. v.fh. mondh itu° ghènahkh itu°, Áäa‹ itu°
nuð nehŒ
1. Ϫj itu° nu¥nlh itu° FL«g¤ij¢ rh®ªjJ
2. ÏJ Å£L éy§F _y« guΫ. nuð itu° bjh‰¿a éy§F
kåjid¡ fo¥gjhš tU»wJ.
3. m¿F¿:- jiytè, mÂf fhŒ¢rš, jir eL¡f«, Ú® btW¥ò, m¿F¿
fhy« - 3 Kjš 8 thu§fŸ. ÏjdhšÏw¥ò 100%
m«ik itu°
80
1. Ϫj itu°fŸ gh¡° itu°fŸ. Ïit Ïu£il r§fè, DNA itÍ«,
òuj¤ijÍ« bfhG¥iÍ« bfh©LŸsJ.
2. ntçnahyh:- ÏJ bgça«ik itu°. ÏJ Ú® Jë _y« guλwJ.
bgça«ik jL¥óÁ th¡Áåah itu° _y« jahç¡f¥gL»wJ.
bA¥g£il£o° - Ã itu°
1. ÏJ nkYiwÍl‹ Toa Ïu£il r§»è bfh©l DNAitu° MF«.
2. Ïj kŠrŸ fhkhiy, fšÄušò‰W nehia cUth¡F«. vŒ£i[ él
bfhoa nehŒ.
3. HBVjL¥óÁ , xU R¤jpfhp¤j v¢Ãé M‹o#‹ MF«.
3. E©Qæç nehŒ»Uäfë‹ jftik¥òfŸ ahit?
1. nehŒ¡»UäfŸ bjh‰Wtj‰F nt‰Wæçfë‹ btë¥òw cW¥òfshd
njhš, f© Ïilbtë c£òw gFÂfshd Rthr ghij, tæ‰W Flš
ghij, Ïd¥bgU¡f¥ ghijæš cŸs nfhiH¥gFÂfëš x£o¡
bfhŸ»wJ.
2. clè‹ nkšòw¤ ÂRtêahf clš c£òw¤ ÂR¡fis mil»wJ.
3. E©Qæç vªj¥ gFÂæš EiHªjnjh, mnj gFÂæšãiy bfh©L
ÏU¡F«.
4. Áy E©»UäfŸ gšntW ÂR¡fŸ, cW¥òfëš br‹W gué¡»l¡F«.
5. Áy E©QæçfŸ bršfS¡»ilna ts®¢Á mil»wJ. Ïjdhš ÏJ
Ru¡F« e¢R¥ bghUshš ÂR ghÂ¥gil»wJ.
4. cyf Rfhjhu mik¥Ã‹ (WHO) go tiuaW¡f¥g£l vŒ£° nehæ‹ m¿F¿fŸ
ahit?
1. clš vilæš 10% Fiwjš.
2. bjhl®ªJ xU khj¤Â‰F nkyhf fhŒ¢rš
3. bjhl®ªJ xU khj¤Â‰F nkyhf ngÂ
4. Ïuéš éa®¤jš, ÏUkš
5. vY«òU¡» nehŒ tUjš
6. bjh©ilæšóŠir bjh‰Wjš
7. ò¤Â¡ T®ik ÏH¤jš
8. Phgf¢ r¡Â Fiwjš
9. eu«ò nrj« V‰gLjš
10. bkå‹i#£o° c©lhFjš
11. fnghÁ rh®nfhkh - ò‰nehŒ
5. vŒ£° nehŒ jL¥ò f£L¥gL¤Jjš g‰¿ F¿¥ò vGJf.
1. Ïu¤j«, Ïu¤j¥ bghUŸfëšHIV itu° cŸsjh v‹W nrh¤jš.
2. k¡fëilna vŒ£° éah bjh‰WjY¡fhd éê¥òz®it V‰gL¤jš
3. ghJfh¥ghd clš cwΫ, el¤ijfŸ g‰¿ ngh¤jš.
81
4. bghJ ey Ïa¡f§fŸ _y« vŒ£° éê¥òz®Îãfœ¢Áfis el¤jš
5. M‹£o itu° kUeJfshd ΑΖΤ, mÁnlhijäo‹, ínlhÎo‹,
ir¡nshé® ngh‹wit nehahëfS¡F vëš»il¡FkhW brŒjš.
6. ÿæ° gh°oÍç‹ kU¤Jt E©Qæçaš g§fë¥ig TWf.
7. HIV ituÁ‹ mik¥ò k‰W« mjid f©l¿ªj ãfœéidÍ« vGJf.
1.HIVitu° cU©il totkhdJ.
2.ÏJRNΑ itu°. Ïj‹RNΑia R‰¿òuj ciw cŸsJ. òuj ciwæ‹
btë¥òw«òuj E©r£lf E©K£fŸ c©L. Ïj‹ myF gp120. ÏJ Fäœ
ngh‹w mik¥ig¡bfh©lJ.
3.òuj ciuæ‹ c£òwK« E© K£fŸ cŸsJ. Ïj‹ myF gp41. Gp41
ü‰¿‰F« nk‰g£l mändh mäy§fis¡ bfh©l Ú©l òuj mik¥ò
MF«.
4HIVnkš cŸs òuj gutš xU fhšgªJ ngh‹w cUt mik¥ig¥ bg‰WŸsJ.
5.HIV æ‹ Éndh«Ïu©L tisªj RNΑ MF«. Ïš çt®°
ouh‹°»ç¥nl° beh ÏizªÂU¡F«. Ϫj beh RNΑit DNΑthf
kh‰w¡Toa Âw‹ bg‰wit.
HIV f©l¿ªj ãfœÎfŸ
6.1981M« M©L vŒ£° nehŒ f©LÃo¡f¥g£lJ. ÏJ xU ghšéid nehŒ.
7.ÏJ Ïu¤j« _y« guΫ nehŒ.
8. 1983šÿ¡kh‹nl¡åa®,uhg®£ nfnyh HIVitui[ f©LÃo¤jd®.
9.1986š itu° tif¥gh£L¡FG. Ïj‰F HIVvd bgaç£ld®.
8. Áwªj nt¢ Á»¢ir kUªJfë‹ g©òfŸ ahit?
1.nehŒ c©lh¡F«»Uäia éUªnjh«Ã¤ ÂR¡fS¡F v›éj ghÂ¥ò«Ï‹¿
mJ jL¡»wJ.
2.kUªJ éUªnjh«gš ÂR¡fS¡FŸòFªJ m§FŸs nehŒ»Uäfis v®
bfhŸ»wJ.
3.kUªJ éUªnjh«Ãæ‹ bršéG§Fjš, M‹ogho c‰g¤Â M»a Ïa‰if
ãfœ¢ÁfS¡F v›éj ghÂ¥ò«Ï‹¿ brašgL»wJ.
4.kUªJ, nehŒ»Uäfis¡ bfhš»wJ mšyJ ts®¢Áia jL¡»wJ.
5.éUªnjh«Ã cæç¡F¡ fLikahd éisÎfŸ VJ«Ï‹¿ kUªJ
brašgL»wJ.
:/!uqzr<G!juv^<gtqe<!utIh<H!Ljxjb¥!hx<xq!wPKg/!
uqzr<G!juv^<gtqe<!utIh<H!
2/ juv <̂gt<! dbqVt<t! osz<gtqz<! lm<MOl! utVl</! n{<jlbqz<! Ogipqg<gVUt<!
utIh<H!Ljxbqz<!w{<{x<x!juv^<gt<!utIg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
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3/ gVUx<x! Lm<jmgtqz<! 6.23! fim<gt<! ujvbqzie! Lm<jmgt<!
Oki<f<okMg<gh<hM»‹wd.!
4/ juv <̂gjt! Lm<jm! Ym<ce<! upqOb! gqVlqbx<x! fqjzbqz<! Dsq! &zl<!
dm<hkqk<kz<!osb<k!hqe<!Ym<ce<!KjtbieK!olPG!ogi{<M!njmg<gh<hMgqxK!
5/ -kje!47’C!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!juk<K!uti<g<gh<hMgqxK/!!
6/ Lm<jmbqz<! dt<t! gVuqe<! gVU{Uh<! jh! juv^<gtqe<! utIs<sqg<Ogx<x!
Dmglig!uqtr<GgqxK/!
!Lke<jl!utIh<H!ujggŸ wzq?! Nl<̂ <mi<?! Ogipq?! Gvr<G!mšyJ! leqke<! Ngqbux<xqe<! -bz<H! kqSg<gtqe<!osz<gt<!osbz<Ljxg<G!Wx<h!hg<Gul<!osb<bh<hm<M!ts®¡f¥gL«nghJ!dVuiGl<!nux<xqe<!Lkz<!keq!nMg<G!NGl<!!ch<tib<M!osz<ujg!)n*!-vm<jm!w{<!osz<!uti<h<H!
• gV&zk<kqzqVf<K¥! ohxh<hm<m! FjvbQvz<! sqXfQvgl<! Ngqbux<xqe<! osz<!uti<h<HgtqzqVf<K¥!ohxh<hMgqe<xe!
• leqk!kMh<H,sqgt<!-ke<!&zl<!kbiiqg<gh<hM»‹wd!!
!okimi<upq!osz<!uti<h<H!okimIupqs<! osz<gt<! w{<{qzmr<gi! Ljxbqz<! -vm<ch<H! njmBl<! ke<jl!ogi{<mK/! -ju! osz<zqe<! kqCI! lix<xk<kiZl<?! Hx<X! Ofib<! osz<gtqzqVf<Kl<!ohxh<hMgqxK/!uti<g<gOu!Lcbik!sqz!juv^<gjt!-l<Ljxbqe<!&zl<!uti<g<gzil<<</!
!!21/!hig<Ciqb!Dmgr<gtqe<!kbiiqh<hqx<G!nusqblie!fqjzgt<<!ahit@!
2/ fQI! -z<zik!Dmgk<kqe<! yu<ouiV! ohiVTl<! yV!Gxqh<hqm<m! ge!ntU! fQiqz<!gjvg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ Dmgk<kqe< PH!ntju!g{g<gqm!Ou{<Ml</!4/ ngI!ohiVt<!Dmgk<kqz<!OsIk<K!nK!gjvukx<gig!$Omx<xh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!5/ DmglieK!GMjugtqz<!nz<zK!Gpib<gtqz<!Osgiqg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!6/ DmglieK!Nm<OmigqOtu<!ogi{<M!gqVlq!fQg<gl<!osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!hig<Ciqbig<gtqe<! utIs<sqg<G! Dmgk<jk¤! kuqv! -bx<h{<Hgtie! ouh<hfqjz!uiBfqjz!PH!ytq!Ohie<xjugjt!siIf<K!njlBl<<</!!
22/!hig<Ciqb!Ofib<gt<!hx<xq!wPKg!siz<liez<zi!lx<Xl<!leqk!Ofib<gt<!siz<liez<zi! yV! Ohsqz <̂! ujg! hig<Ciqbi! NGl</! -ju! leqkiqz<! jmhib<M! )n*!hivijmhib<M! Og <̂m<Ovi! w{<m<cjvm<c <̂! lx<Xl<! osh<CsQlqbi! Ohie<x! Ofib<gjt!d{<mig<GgqxK/!!jmhib<M!\`vl<;!siz<liez<zi!ilà vd<x!hig<ciqbiuqeiz<!d{<migqxK/!nxqGxqgt<;!okimI!gib<s<sz<!Gmz<!v{likz<!ubqx<X!H{<!lx<Xl<!l{<{Qvz<!uQg<gl</!!Og <̂cOvi! w{<m<cjvm<c <̂;! -K! siz<liez<zi! gizOvsqb <̂! we<x! hig<Ciqbiuqeiz<!d{<migqxK/-f<k! hig<Ciqbl<! Gmz<hijk! upqbig! vk<<k! ym<mk<jk! njmf<K! nr<G!ohVg<gljmukiz<!dbI!gib<s<sz<!ncg<gc!d{<miGl</!nxqGxqgt<;!dmz<!wjm!Gjxkz,<!dmz<!GtqI,!hsqbqe<jl!Ohie<xju!NGl</! hig<Ciqbi!lx<x! dXh<Hgjt¤ kig<Gl<OhiK! dXh<Hgtqz<! H{,<! fqOlieqbi! ofh<jvm<c <̂!N <̂cObijlzm<c <̂!Ohie<xju!d{<miGl</!!
83
gizvi! ;! -f<Ofib<! uqh<iqObi! gizOv! we<x! hig<Ciqbiuqeiz<!
Wx<hMgqxK/OfiB{<mig<Gl<! ke<jl;! hig<Ciqbi! sqXGmzqe<! whqkQzqb! kqSuqz<! ym<c!
ohVg<gljmf<K!w{<cOvi!mig<sqe<!we<x!fs<sqje!d{<mig<GgqxK/!
!
nxqGxqgt<;! uif<kq! lx<Xl<! gR<sq! k{<{Qi<! Ohie<x! ubqx<Xh<Ohig<G/! gMjlbie!fQiqph<H!kiK!dh<HgtqPh<H!vk<k!nlqzk<!ke<jl!nkqgiqk<kz</!!hqOtg<! ;! wIsqeqbi! oh <̂c <̂! we<x! fgIs<sqbx<x! gqvil<! ofgcu<! Ohsqz <̂! hig<ciqbiuqeiz<!d{<migqxK/!hqOtg<!ujggt<;!HOhieqg<!hqOtg<!;!-kqz<!fq{fQI!Svh<hqgt<!v{ligq!uQg<gl<!njmgq‹wd./!nxqGxqgt<;! uif<kqB{IU! uif<kqobMk<kz<! lx<Xl<! dmz<! GtqIkz</! -f<Ofib<!
sqgqs<jsbtqg<gi!fqjzbqz<!69%!-xh<jh!d{<mig<Gl<!
fqOlieqg<!hqOtg<;!-K!fqOlieqbi!gib<s<sjz!d{<mig<Gl<!
nxqGxqgt<;! -kqz<! -vk<k! Ktqgt<! gzf<k! ws<<sqz<! outqh<hMl</! -f<Ofib<!
sqgqs<jsbtqg<gi!fqjzbqz<!211%!-xh<jh!d{<mig<Gl<</!
23/hi¡Oçahthš c©lhF« ghšéid nehŒfis étç.
!!!!2/ÁÃè° 2.bfhndhçah
13.itu° kuÃaš F¿¥ò tiuf.
14.gh¡Oçah kuÃaš g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf
15.ònuhnlhnrhth nehŒfŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf
!
3. nehŒ¤jil fh¥Ãaš
1. Mu«gãiy (Kjšãiy) jL¥gh‰wèšés§F« clš mik¥ò¢ rh®ªj jilfŸk‰W«Å¡f« g‰¿és¡F. (m) F¿¥ÃL j‹ika‰w (m) Ïašò nehŒ jil fh¥òclyik¥ò¢ rh®ªj jilfŸ
− clèš EiHÍ« nehŒ»UäfŸÏ«Kiwfshš jL¡f¥gL»‹wd. − njhš, Rthr k©ly«, Flš, Ïd¥bgU¡f k©ly« M»at‰¿š cŸs nfhiH¥gly« E©»Uäfis¢Á¡fit¡»wJ. − Ïš cŸs FW ÏiHfë‹ mirédhš»UäfŸ btëna‰w¥gL»‹wd.
Å¡f« nehŒ»Uäfshš jh¡f¥gL«nghJ«, fha« V‰gL« nghJ« tè V‰g£L Å¡f« c©lh»wJ.
− Ïjdhš fhŒ¢rš c©lh»wJ. fhŒ¢rš E©»Uäfiis¤ jL¡»wJ. − Å¡f« c©lhd Ïl§fëšÏu¤j¡fÁÎ V‰gL»wJ. ÏšÓu¥òuj§fŸ
cUth»gh¡Oçah¡fismê¡»wJ. − Ï›têahf tU« nehŒ»Uäfis ng¡nfhir£LfŸ mê¡»wJ.
2. F¿¥Ã£l jL¥gh‰wš tifæ‹Áw¥ò¥g©òfis étç (m) bg‰W¡bfh©l mšyJbghUªjjF nehŒ¤ jilfh¥ò 1.F¿¥ÃL j‹ik
gyju¥g£l _y¡TWfë‹ nt‰Wikia m¿Í« M‰wš. 2. gštif¤j‹ikgšntW _y¡TWfis milahs« fhQ«Âw‹.3. Ra k‰W« maš _y¡TWfis ntWgL¤Jjš
− maš _y¡TWfis Ïd«fhQjš− Ra M‹ob#‹fS¡F vÂuhd elto¡ifia¤ j鮤jš
4. ãidÎ
84
− jilfh¥ò¤Âw‹ Kj‹Kjyhf xU maš fhuâia v®¡F«nghJ jilfh¥òk©ly« beLeh£fS¡FÏ›éidia ãidéš it¤J¡bfhŸ»wJ. − Ïu©lhtJKiw mnj mašfhuâiav®¡F«nghJÔéukhd jilfh¥ò elto¡ifiank‰bfhŸ»wJ.
3. Ï«ÍndhFnshòè‹ mik¥ig étç. mšyJ v®¥ò¥bghUŸ mšyJ M©oghomik¥ò ÏJ Ïu©L r§»èfshš MdJ.
1. nyrhd r§»è(L r§»è)2. fdkhd r§»è (H r§»è)− L r§»èæ‹ _y¡TW vil 25000 lhšl‹ − H r§»èæ‹ _y¡TW vil 50000 lhšl‹ − Lr§»èÍ«, H r§»èÍ«Ïu£il ršigL Ïiz¥ÃšÏiz¡f¥g£LŸsJ. tiffŸ - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE. − Lr§»èæš cŸs ghèbg¥ilLfŸ xnu mik¥ig¡ bfh©lJ. mJ f¥gh k‰W« yh«lh. ghèbg¥ilL r§»èæ‹ gFÂfŸ − H,L r§»èfS¡F Ïu©L gFÂfŸ cŸsJ.
1. khWgL« gF mšyJ Fab gFÂ− mändh mäy tçiræš r§»èæšäFªj khWjš V‰gL«. − Ï¥gF¡F Ah£°gh£LfŸ v‹W bga®. − M‹o#‹ m‹ogho Ïiz¥Ã‰F Ah£°gh£LfŸ K¡»akhdit.
2. ãiyahd gF mšyJ Fc gFÂ− Ï¥gFÂÏ«ÍndhFnshòè‹ j©LgF − Ïj‹ moKid C Kid mšyJ COOHKid vd¥gL«. − Ï¥gFÂæš mändh mäy tçir khwhkšãiyahf ÏU¡F«.
4. M‹ogho tê nehŒjilfh¥ò / Ïu¤jtê nehŒ jilfh¥ò¥ g‰¿¡ F¿¥ò vGJf.i. Ï›tif jil¡fh¥ÃšÏ«ÍndhFnshhòè‹ cUth¡ff¤Â‰F
BbršfŸ ga‹gL»‹wd.ii. x›bthU M‹ob#D« gšntW M‹ob#‹ ã¢Áa F¿fis bfh©lJ.iii. x›bthU« F¿¥Ã£l M‹oghoÍl‹ bghUªÂ ÏizÍ« mik¥ò
bfh©lJ.− M‹oghoæ‹ gâfŸ1. gh¡Oçah, itui[¤Âçgila¢ brŒjš2. x¥nrhÜfuz«, bršéG§Fjiy vëjh¡F»wJ.3. gh¡Oçah e¢R¥bghUis¢ braèH¡f¢ brŒ»wJ.
5. bghUªj¤jF nehŒ jilfh¥ò v›thW KL¡»él¥gL»wJ.− x›bthUM‹o#D«-nk¡nuh¥ng{fŸ,B-bršfŸbl©oiu£L bršfŸ
ngh‹w M‹o#‹m¿Kf¥gL¤J« bršfshš gj¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. − Ï¢bršfë‹btë¥òw¤Âšgj¥gL¤j¥g£lM‹o#‹fŸ
njh‰Wé¡f¥gL»w‹wd. − fh£Á¥gL¤j¥g£l M‹o#‹fnshL T-cjébršfŸ bjhl®ò bfh©L
ö©Ljšãiyia mil»‹wd. − Ï›thW KL¡»él¥g£l T-cjébršfŸ B-bršfŸ k‰W«CTLsxU
Ãçéid¤ö©L»wJ. − ö©l¥g£lB-bršfŸ k‰W«CTLsbgU¡fkilªJ ‘Xçd¢ bršbgU¡f«‘
85
mil»wJ. − Ïit xnu mi
6. ãzÚ® Ko¢Á‹ mik− Ïit ãzÚ®
mikªJŸs Á¿− Ïit eh®¢brš− òw ciwæèts®ªJŸsd. − ãzÚ® Ko¢Áš− fh®bl¡° gF
njh‰wkë¡»w»isfSl‹ T
− fh®bl¡°, bkLrh®ªj gF vd
− fh®bl¡°, bkϧF bršfŸ cŸsd.V
ãzÚ® Ko¢R
7.cW¥ò kh‰w¤Â‹ kuÃ
− všyh¤ÂR¡fë− cW¥ò kh‰w«
nt©oÍŸsJ.− R©blèfë‹− kåjåšÏt‰¿− HLΑ É‹fë‹
mik¥ò¡ bfh©l M‹o#id mê¡ftšyit.
ik¥ig gl¤Jl‹étç. Ú® FHhŒfëš t£ltotkhfnth, K£iÁ¿a Ko¢RfŸ. šfëdhš Md òw ciwahšNH¥g£lLŸsd
æèUªJ ouhgh¡Fyh vD« jL¥ò¢ Rt
¢Áš fh®bl¡°, bkLšyh vd Ïu©L mL¡FfgFÂæšè«~nghir£LfŸ x‹W To mU
wJ. ÏitKjšãiy ghè¡»ŸfŸ.bkLšyToa g£ilfshf è«~nghir£LfŸcŸsd
, bkLšyh gFÂfëšB-bršfŸ Vuhskhf cŸsvdyh«.
, bkLšyh Ït‰¿‰F Ïil¥g£l gF ghuh
Vdnt Ï¥gF ijk° rh®ªj gF vdyh«.
Ãaš mo¥gil g‰¿ vGJf.
ëY«ÂR¥bghU¤j M‹o#‹fŸ cŸsd. brŒa nt©oa eg®fë‹ÂR¥bghU¤j M‹
sJ. ë‹ MwhtJ FnuhnkhnrhäšÏit cŸsd.
‰¿‰F HLΑ v‹W bga®. ë‹ mšÄšfŸ cW¥ò kh‰w« brŒgtç‹
it.
il totkhfnth
d. Rt®fŸ cŸneh¡»
FfŸ cŸsd. mU«ò ika§fshf¤
yh gFÂæšÚ©L, sd.
sjhš vY«ò k{i#
ghuhfh®bl¡° MF«. T-
.
‹o#‹ x¤J¡nghf
ç‹ÂR¥bghU¤j¤ij
86
ã®zæ¡»‹wd.
8. ouh‹°Ãsh‹nlr‹ v‹whš v‹d? »uh~g£o‹ tiffis étç mšyJ cW¥òkh‰w«.
gGJg£l X® cW¥ig Mnuh¡»akhd cW¥ò bfh©L rçbrŒtJ ouh‹°Ãsh‹nlr‹ v‹W bga®. 1. Rakh‰WW¥ò(M£nlh»uh~¥£)
− bfhilahëæläUªJ bgw¥g£l ÂR mnj bfhilahë¡F¥ bghU¤JtJ. − v.fh. Ãsh°o¡ mWit Á»¢ir – bjhilæèUªJ vL¡f¥g£l njhš
gFÂia m«kåjå‹Ô¡fha« V‰g£l gF¡F kh‰Wjš.
2. X¤j kuÃa¥ g©ò bfh©l kh‰WW¥ò(Inrh»uh~¥£)‘− Xnu kuÃaš mik¥ò¡ bfh©l ÏU eg®fS¡»ilna el¥gJ. − v.fh. cUtbkh¤j Ïu£ila®fS¡»nil el¥gJ, Fnsh‹fŸ
3. Xnu Ïd cæ®fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò(mšnyh»uh~¥£)− Xnu Á‰¿d¤ij¢ rh®ªj cæ®fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò − v.fh. xU kåjèUªJ ÁWÚuf« k‰bwhU kåjD¡F kh‰WtJ.
4. nt‰¿d cæ®fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò(brndh»uh~¥£)− bt›ntW Ïd§fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò − v.fh. g‹¿æèUªJ kåjD¡F kh‰Wjš.
9. »uh¥£ãuhfç¥Ã‹ m¿F¿fŸ ahit?− njhš mç¥ò − k©ÙuèšÚ®f£Ljš k‰W«Å¡fkiljš − clš bkèªJnghjš (ÏkhÁnar‹) − tæ‰W¥ ngh¡F, Ïu¤j nrhif − Ïu¤j¢ nrhif − nehŒ v®¥ò¤Âw‹ Fiwjš − äjehs« gGjiljš − ÃèUË mÂfkhf c‰g¤Âahjš.
10. kU¤Jt Á»¢iræ‹ nghJ kh‰WW¥òãuhfç¥ig¤ jL¥gj‰F nk‰bfhŸs¥gL«elto¡iffŸ ahit? − cW¥ò V‰gtç‹Ïu¤j bjhFÂia MuhŒjš − cW¥ò V‰gtç‹Ïu¤j Óu¤Âš brš e¢rh¡f M‹oghofŸ cŸsdth
v‹gij¤ f©LÃo¤jš − cW¥ò jhd« brŒgt®, cW¥ò bgW« eg® M»a ÏUtç‹Ïu¤j¢ bršfis¡
FW¡F x¥ÕL brŒjš. − ir¡nsh°nghç‹ k‰W«°OuhŒL ngh‹w jilfh¥ig k£L¥gL¤J«
kUªJfis cW¥ò bgW« egU¡F më¤jš. − ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fis KGikahf¡ fÂça¡f¤Â‰F c£gL¤jš.
11. jilfh¥ò FiwÎ nehŒfŸ g‰¿ vGJf.− Ïašò mšyJ jftik¥ò nehŒ¤jilfh¥ò mik¥òfë‹ myFfëš,
VnjD« Fiw ÏUªjhš jilfh¥ò¡ FiwÎ nehŒfŸ njh‹W»‹wd. jil¡fh¥ò Fiw cila eg®fis¤ jh¡F« nehŒfŸ, Ãw kåj®fis¤
87
jh¡F« Ïašòilajšy. fhuz« - É‹ kh‰w«, ég¤J, nghÂa czÎÏ‹ik. SCID -Ôéu xU§»izªj jilfh¥ò FiwÎ nehŒ, nehÍWjš.
− kuÃaš Fiwgh£lhš V‰gL»wJ. − mondhÁ‹ o mänd° Fiwthš tU»wJ. − ϪnehŒ cŸst®fŸÏu¤j¤Âš ijnkhir£LfŸ v©â¡if FiwÍ«. − Ïs« taÂånyna ÏwªJéLt®.
ΑIDS − ÏJ jilfh¥ò Fiwthš tU»wJ. − HIVMš c©lh»wJ. Ï›itu°T –bršfis¤ jh¡F»wJ. − HIVÏš cŸs çt®° ouh‹°»ç¥nl° beh cjéahšDNΑ goahf khW»wJ. − ÏjdhšHIV - RNΑ, kåjå‹DNΑcl‹ÏizªJ gykh‰w§fis mil»wJ. − ÏWÂæšRNΑJ©Lfshf itu° btëtªJ nkY« gy Tbršfis¤ jh¡F»wJ
12 .»uh~¥o‹ nghJ cW¥òãuhfç¥ò v›thW eilbgW»wJ? − Kjš bjhF¥Ãš cz®ñ£l¥g£l T-bršfŸ, nk¡nuh ~ng{fŸ
k‰W«Ãsh°kh bršfŸ <LgL»‹wd. − Ïu©lh« bjhF¥ÃšB-bršfŸ brašgL»‹wd. − brštê jilfh¥òéidfëšÏ‹l®èô¡»‹ 1 k‰W«Ï‹l®èô¡»‹ 2
g§nf‰»‹wd. − »uh~¥o‹ÏW¢ brç¤jèš, è«nghlh¡ì‹fŸ, nehŒ¡f£o Áij¥ò¡
fhuâfŸ mšyJ òuj¢ brç¥òbehÂfŸ brašgL»‹wd. 24/!A¥g®br‹Á£oé£o mšyJ x›thik F¿¥ò tiuf. 25/ Ra jilfh¥ò nehŒfŸ F¿¥ò tiuf. 26/ k©Ùuš F¿¥ò tiuf. 27/ ijk° F¿¥ò tiuf.
j‰fhy kuÃaš
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4. Fnuhnkhnrh« bjhF¥ò tiugl« jahç¡F« Kiwia étç.5. kåjå‹ VG bjhF Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ g‰¿ étç.6. kWnr®¡if DNA bjhêšE£g¤Â‹ ga‹fŸ ahit.7. kåj Éndh« £l« ga‹ghLfŸ K¡»a¤Jt« g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.8. br«k¿ ML Fnshå§ brašKiw és¡Ff.9. Fnshå§ xG¡f« rh®ªj Ãu¢ridfŸ. (e‹ik, ÔikfŸ)10. fUK£ilfŸ mšyJ fUfëš É‹fŸ kh‰w¥gLjš.11. kuò kh‰w¥g£l mšyJ ouh‹Éå¡ cæçd§fë‹ ga‹fŸ ahit.12. É‹ Á»¢ir k‰W« mj‹ tiffis és¡Ff.13. cæç jftèaš neh¡f« ahJ.14. juÎ òy« v‹whš v‹d? tiffŸ ahit?15. òuj khÂç v‹whš v‹d? ga‹fŸ ahit?16. òuj mik¥ò F¿¥ò tiuf?17. KGik¤Âw‹ k‰W« gF¤Âw‹ és¡Ff.
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V.�#தி <ழ!சி !!81/!jlm<vz<!uiz<U!weh<hMuK!__________(=vqkp<uiz<U*!82/!/-kbk<kqz<!lqe<!K~{<Mkjz!Okix<Xuqg<Gl<!hGkq!____________(SA g[*!83/!-kbl<!fqlqmk<kqx<G!wk<kje!Ljx!Kcg<Gl<!)83!.!91!Ljx*!84/!zh<!wEl<!fQ{<m!yzq!wf<k!uiz<U!&mh<hMukiz<!Wx<hMgqxK/!)Wm<vqObi!.!ou{<m<vqGzii<!uiz<U*!85/!-v{<miuK!-kb!yzq!)mh<*..........&Mukiz<!Wx<hMgqxK/)njvsf<kqv!uiz<U*!86/!-kbk<!kjs!kleq!Ofib<!weh<hMuK___________(-kbk<kjs!fsqUxz<!Ofib<*!87/!liv<jh!nPk<KuK!Ohie<x!gMjlbie!uzqjb!Wx<hMk<Kl<!liv<H!uzq!)Ne<j\ei*!88/!F{<ெணாzq!njzUgjt!dm<osZk<kq!-kbk<kqe<!dt<tjlh<hqje!hmlig!89/!Okix<Xuqk<kz<!)-kb!wkqovizq!ujvh<hml<*!8:/!-kb!uiz<U!GXgjzjmkz<!____________(^<omOeisq^<*!91/!dmz<!fzLjmb!yVuvqe<!-vk<k!nPk<kl<!__________(231!/ 80 lq/lQ/!olv<g<Gvq*!92/!gMjlbie!ofR<squzq!g<G!giv{lie!ேநாb<!...!)-kbk<kjs!fsqUxz<!Ofib<*!93/!N{<gTg<G!oh{<gjt!uqm!-kb-vk<kg<Gpz<!njmh<H!Ofib<!nkqgl<!uVukx<gie!!aii<Olie<!....)=^<m<Ovi\e*<!94/!leqkeqz<!Lke<!Lkzig!-kb!lix<X!nXjus<!sqgqs<jsbqje!osb<kuv<!__________ 2:78!.!Ohvi/gqxq^<cbie<!ohv<eiv<M)oke<!Nh<vqg<gi**!95/!-bz<hie!N{<?!oh{<gtqz<!dt<t!-vk<k!ntU!________(6.7!zqm<mv<<; 5.6!zqm<mv<*!96/!N{<?!oh{<!-vk<kk<kqz<!dt<t!RBC uip<fit<!____________(231!; 221!fim<gt<*!97/!N{<?!oh{<!-vk<kk<kqz<!dt<t!RBC gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!_____________ )!6/3!lqz<zqbe<!; 5/6!lqz<zqbe<!/ 2!g/lq/lQ/!98/!RBC dx<hk<kqbiGlqml<!_________(uqzi!wZl<H?!LKogZl<Hgtqe<!wZl<H!l\<j\*!99/!wf<k!WBC osz<zqz<!-vk<kl<!djxkjz!kjm!osb<Bl<!aqh<hivqe<!dt<tK/!
105
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106
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107
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108
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12.2ேரா�ேய<க� எ�றா� எ�ன?
13 �ட�2' எ�றா� எ�ன?
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19.�ட� ப�I,க வைகக� யாைவ?
20.ப��த*க!க� எ?வா: ேதா�#கி�றன?
3.எB.2க�, ;,க�,தைசக�
21.ப�ஸிேயா ெதரப� வைரய:.
22.எ/.2 சிகிAைச வைரய:.
23.ெகள எ�றா� எ�ன?
24.3*க-E அறி�றிக� யாைவ?
25.ஆE�ேயா மேலசியா அறி�றிக� யாைவ?
26.;,க� ந@�த� ம!:. வைகக�யாைவ?
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5.�#திA <ழ!சி
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35.எ*ேகா கா��ேயாகிராப� ெசய�ப,. ேபா% எ�ன நிக\கிற%?
36.நா��%��ைப எ?வா: அளவ�டலா..
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46.கி3�ன�ஸ. ேநா� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?
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50.நா� அTனலி� பண�க� யாைவ?
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53. CLR எ�றா� எ�ன?
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56.க' பா%கா�2 எ�றா� எ�ன?
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62.லி�ேதா�3�சி எ�றா� எ�ன?
63.சி:ந>ரக ெச�ல இழ�2 எ�றா� எ�ன?
64.சி:ந>ரகNதிU �*கிய பண� யாைவ?
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69.�iெப*டமி (அ'ட நாள %'��2) எ�றா� எ�ன?
70.கா�பE j�ய. எ�றா� எ�ன?
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