Environment & Significance of Environment Management
Environment – means different things to different people
In business management – it refers to external environment in which the organization functionsEcologically , environment refers to sum total of all external conditions & influences affecting the
life and development of organisms
Business environment •External•Political•Economic•Social•Legal•Technological•International•Natural
Internal•People•Culture•Work ethics•Attitudes
Natural or physical environment is simply called environment Managers deal with industry - directly or indirectlyKnowledge of concerns regarding environment , latest environment protection services , environmental legislation & Rules and regulations for setting up new industry or trade , production processes , handling of wastes , especially chemical & hazardous , packaging & eco – labeling & environment protection equipment is essential
Environment refers to the region , surroundings or circumstances in which organisms , populations and communities exist & operate . It includes air , water , land , plants , animals , humans and their interrelationEnvironment of human beings includesAbiotic factors – land , water , atmosphere , climate , sound , odour , tasteBiotic factors – animals , plants , bacteria , viruses& social factors – aesthetics
environment refers to all surrounding things , conditions and influences affecting growth or development of living thingsenvironment study is a conglomerate of all basic & applied sciences , engineering , socioeconomic aspects , management & law.Environment of a region , country , state , district , city & village is influenced by several factors ranging from ethnic , geological , geographical , climatic and social considerations to economic and cultural circumstances.
Human environment denotes those activities of man’s activities that by affecting the natural biological & ecological systems of man affect his own life & well being.United Nations Committee describes Environment as sum total of identified & identifiable natural resources , existing in finite quantities on earth and , of the quality of environment of the milieu , which constitutes an important element of the quality of renewable resources
Environmental pollution is the reduction in the quality of the environment due to disposal of the residuals.It refers to the presence of any substance in excess , which is harmful to the living beings , and hence termed as pollutants due to ill effects of their presence.Environmental management is optimal utilization of finite resources between different possible uses . utilization / allocation of resources should be efficient available resources should be protected from degradationscarce & diminishing resources should be conserved
1. physical environment provides all resources necessary for life including raw materials , energy , water , air , land and living resources ( plants , fish ,animals )2. most of environmental resources in biosphere (life zone ) of the earth – a 6 km thick layer on the surface of earth – which includes atmosphere
Living organisms : Any form of life includes all plants & animalsThree Types of Organisms
1. Producers ( supply food to others )2. Consumers ( eat others in order to survive )3. Decomposers ( use non-living organic
matterHabitat : Place where an organism lives . Four
major habitats are •Biosphere •marine•freshwater•terrestrial
Population : Group of individual organisms of the same species living within an areaCommunity : Any assemblage of populations living in a prescribed area or physical habitat that has the characteristics in additions to its individual and population components . Community consists of number of populations.
Carrying capacity :Maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period of time Limiting factor : Any factor that limits the growth , abundance and distribution of population of a particular organism in an ecosystemCycles : Circulation of chemical elements in the biosphere from the environment to organisms and back to environment
Biological clock : Natural rhythms or cycles that constitute mechanisms within the organism for measuring time and events in some fashionFood chain : Transfer of food energy from its source in plants through a series of organisms where eating and being eaten is repeated a number of times
HerbivoresCarnivoresHerbivores may be eaten by CarnivoresDecomposing food chain begin with dead material – either animal wastes ( feces ) or remains of plants and animals - consumed by insects , worms and host of microorganisms such as bacteria – decompose waste & return of nutrients to environment
Simple food chain1.Producer - grass2.Herbivore - goat3.Carnivore - tiger
Food web 1.Producer – vegetation2.Herbivore – snail , grass hopper3.Primary carnivore – lizard , bird4.Secondary carnivore – snake5.Tertiary carnivore – eagle
Ecosystem: community of organisms and populations interacting with one another and with chemical and physical factors of their environment constitute an ecosystem
Ecosystem consists • Physical environment• Biological environment
Ecosystem is basic function unit in ecology & includes population & communities each influencing the other emphasizing relationships & interdependence Pond , lake , a tract of forest - are part of ecosystemWithout resources & services provided by ecosystem , human life would not be possible.Ecosystem is not a static system – constant changes Ecosystem is capable of self maintenance & self regulation
Ecology : Study of Relation of organisms to their environment & biology of group of organisms with functional processes on lands , in oceans & fresh waters is termed as Ecology .
i.e. it is the study of interrelations between living organisms and their environment . Ecology proceeds at three levels :Individual organism Population Community
Flora : Plant life of a given place Fauna : Animal life of a given place Fossil Fuel : oil , coal & natural gas
Ozone : A protective layer in stratosphere shielding earth from Sun’s harmful ultraviolet raysRainforest : Rainforests grow in between tropics of Cancer & Capricorn . They are self regenerating system , rich in bio-diversity Renewable Resources : Renewal resources are those which can be regularly regenerated like the use of wind , water and solar power . Other renewable resources include fauna , flora and their products
Human Nutritional Needs •Fats ., oils & sweets•Milk ,butter & cheese•Meat , poultry , fish , beans , eggs & nuts•Fruits•Vegetables•Cereals ( bread , rice & pasta )
Resources that environment provides may be :Tangible :airflows , water , minerals , fuels . food , materials etc.Intangible : nutrient cycling , climate regulation & removal , dispersion , storage , degradation of residuals or wastes and so onAesthetic : scenic , recreational and other pleasing features
Resources may either be renewable or non-renewableRenewable resources refresh themselves within a short time if properly managed ( air , land , water etc.)Non-renewable Resources once used , are lost forever (e.g minerals & oils )
Natural resources & associated problems Forest resources : use & over-exploitation ,deforestation . Timber extraction ,mining , dams , and their effects on tribal people .Water resources : use & over utilization of surface & ground water , ,floods , drought , conflicts over water , dams , benefits & problemsMineral resources : use & exploitation , environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources
Food resources : World food problems ,changes caused by agriculture & over grazing , effects of modern agriculture , fertilizer – pesticide problems , water logging , salinity Energy resources : growing energy needs , renewable and non – renewable energy sources , use of alternate energy sources Land resources : Land as a resource , land degradation , man induced landslides , soil erosion and desertification
Environmental Pollution Causes , effects & control measures of 1.Air Pollution 2.Water Pollution3.Soil Pollution4.Marine Pollution 5.Noise Pollution6.Thermal Pollution7.Nuclear Pollution
Problems concerning entire world :
To be tackled at global level , require international cooperation1.Global warming or green house effect2.Ozone depletion3.Hazardous wastes
Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 )•Main greenhouse gas•Arises from burning of fossil fuels•Levels increase as a consequence of deforestation
Methane ( CH4)About 20 % of greenhouse effect is due to methaneArises from
•Rice paddies•Wetlands•Cattle•Burning of wood•Landfills
Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFC5)Responsible for about 15 % of greenhouse effectThousand times more effective ( heat absorbing ) than CO2Reach the atmosphere from
•Refrigeration•Air conditioning industry•Foam packing industry
Nitrous Oxide ( NO2)Responsible for 5 % of greenhouse effectArises from
•Coal burning•Biomass burning•Breakdown of chemical fertilizers
Countries with highest CO2 Countries with highest CO2 emissionsemissions
CountryCountry Total CO2 Total CO2 emissions emissions ( 000 metric ( 000 metric tons)tons)
South South AfricaAfrica
305805305805
PolandPoland 338044338044FranceFrance 340085340085Mexico Mexico 357834357834Korea Korea 373592373592ItalyItaly 409983409983
CanadaCanada 435749435749Ukraine Ukraine 438211438211United United KingdomKingdom
542140542140
GermanyGermany 835099835099India India 908734908734JapanJapan 11267531126753Russia Russia 18180111818011ChinaChina 31924843192484United United StatesStates
54685645468564
Gases trap sun’s rays in the earth’s atmosphere causing temperature to rise known as global warming or green house effect.Effects of global warming :•Rise in sea level – submerge maldives , coastal cities•Hot summers – increase in consumption of electricity•Affect agriculture production•Disturb ecological balance
steps to combat 1. More use of natural gas which
contains half the carbon of coal & no sulphur
2. Renewable sources of energy – wind power , solar energy
3. Manufacture fuel efficient vehicles
4. Deforestation reversal
Ozone depletionOzone layer in stratosphere forms a shield protecting against harmful effect of ultra-violet radiation from outer spaceDepletion results in hole in the shield – UV radiation arising from sun would reach earth if there are ozone holes
Components of Ecosystem a.Physical Subsystem
1.Light2.Heat3.Evaporation & precipitation4.Humidity5.Gravity6.Pressure7.Air & water currents8.Sound
b.Chemical subsystem1.Oxygen2.Carbon dioxide3.Alkalinity/Ph4.Mineral nutrients5.Organic matter6.Salinity
c.Biotic subsystem1.Organisms2.Population3.Community
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