EMISSIONEN
Modul Luftchemie
15.01.2010
Andreas Kerschbaumer
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Gliederung
• Anthropogene und biogene Emissionen
• Anthropogene Emissionen:– Quellen - Einteilung in SNAP level 1– Spezies
• Biogene Emissionen– Landnutzungsdatenbasis– Wind-blown-Dust– Seesalz– Biogene Spezies (VOC, NO, SO2 …)
• Beispiele
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Warum braucht man Emissionskataster?
• Beschreibung von zeitlichen Entwicklungen in Emissionsmengen (Vergangenheit, Heute, Zukunft)
• Identifizierung von Trends (um gegebenenfalls eingreifen zu können)
• Identifizierung der (relativen) Bedeutung von Quellen• Abschätzung von Emissionsminderungen durch
politische, technische … Maßnahmen • Weitere Minderungspotenziale bei bestimmten Quellen
(Kostenfrage)• Eingangswerte für Ausbreitungsrechnungen
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Modellhafte Darstellung der Luftverunreinigung
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Kausalität: Luftverunreinigung
Pressures
State
Impact
ResponsesDrivin
g forces
e.g. health,
ecosystems
Pressures
ResponsesDrivin
g forces
Causes(economic growth,
increasing mobility)
Emissions of
pollutants
Policy(e.g., regulation of
emissions, filters, new technologies
PM10, NOx, ……
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Emissionsquellen
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Emissionsquellen
• Unterscheidung zwischen Punktquellen und diffusen Quellen– Punktquellen geographisch eindeutig zuordenbar – Emissionsstärke einfacher abzuschätzen
• Diffuse Quellen sind schwierig zu messen, zu quantifizieren und zu kontrollieren
• BEISPIEL: Feinstaub– Feinstaub aus Punktquellen:– Schlot: Ort, Höhe und Überhöhung mess- bzw. abschätzbar– Produktion und Verbrennungsprozesse bekannt – Feinstaub aus diffusen Quellen:– Produktion unter freiem Himmel– Transport
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Emissionsquellen http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR4Source sectors Description
1 Combustion Energy sector, utilities, refinaries 2 Combustion small sources (residential) 3 Combustion in industry 4 Process emissions (industry) 5 Mining and extraction of fossil fuels 6 Solvent use, use of products 7 Road transport
71 Road transport gasoline 72 Road transport diesel 73 Road transport LPG 741) Road transport non-exhaust (volatilization) 752) Road transport non-exhaust (tire, break and road wear)
8 Non-road transport 9 Waste processing
10 Agriculture 1) Relevant for NMVOC emissions 2) Relevant for PM emissions
“SNAP” Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Emissionsspezies:• Main pollutants (gaseous)
• CO
• NH3
• NMVOC
• NOx
• SOx
• Heavy Metalls
• As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn
• POP (persistent organic pollutants)
• PAH, benzo(a), benzo(b) …
• PM (particulate matter)
• PM10, PM2.5, TSP
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Example of TNO project:COORDINATED EUROPEAN PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSION
INVENTORY PROGRAM (CEPMEIP)
• Activity_ID• Sector
• Location
• Time
Activities
• AR-Value
• EF_ID• Technology_ID
• TSP PM10 PM2.5
• EF-Value
Emission Factors• Technology_ID• Description
Technology level
Covers all known anthropogenic emission causes of primary particulate matter; ~ 200 source categories - For each source category TSP, PM10 & PM2.5 emission factors derived.Emission factor : Representative index number that expresses the emission of a pollutant per unit of activity (e.g., g PM10 / GJ fuel)Emission is highly determined by emission control measures – technology level information is crucial!
By source
• By country /grid
Emissions
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
But…in underlying inventory much detail is necessary! Example combustion in industry:
Fuels (influence on emissions due to quality and composition):
• Heavy fuel oil• Lighter fuel oil• Gas • Coal, brown coal, peat• Wood• Industrial waste
Installation types (influence on emissions due to emission limits, removal efficiencies, Emission control technologies)
• Autoproducers (> 50 MWth)• Other large boilers (50 - 300 MWth)• Large and small furnaces where
combustion gases and proces emissions are emitted through the same stack (covered by Industrial process emissions, 10 - 300 MWth)
• Small Boilers (< 50 MWth)
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
WesternEurope
Central &EasternEurope
Russia &Western NIS
kton PM10 10 Agriculture
09 Waste sector
08 Other mobile sources
07 Road transport
06 Product use
05 Extraction fossil fuels
04 Processes industry
03 Combustion industry
02 Combustion other
01 Combustion energy supply
Emissionserhebung: ResultatBeispiel anthropogene PM10
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Emissionserhebung: Resultat Beispiel anthropogene PM2.5 – Bezugsjahr 2000
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Beispiel (TNO-Erhebung): Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in Europe - I
The main emission sources of SO2 are combustion processes, especially the combustion of coal and heavy fuel oil. In addition there are non-ferrous metals smelting processes of which the ores are generally in sulphide form.
• Activity data for fossil fuel combustion are taken from the IEA Energy Statistics [IEA 2003]. The IEA distinguishes several coal ranks and heavy and medium distillate fuel oils, as well as different types of lighter fuels and gasses.
• Emission factors - Combustion related SO2 emission by fuel type i and process j is calculated according to:
• Emissionfuel(i) = [Usefuel(i) x Sulphur contentfuel(i) - Sulphur retentionprocess(j)] x Removal efficiencyprocess(j)
• Values per country, by fuel type and by process for sulphur contents, sulphur retention in ashes and removal efficiencies have been taken from RAINS 7.2. [Cofala et al. 1998].
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Beispiel (TNO-Erhebung): Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in Europe - II
NEW_cc_SNAP_SOx incl RUS_TNO (17471 GG)
69%
6%
16%
5%
2% 0%0%2%
0%0%
Energy sector, utilities, refinariesFossil fuels, small sourcesFossil fuels, industryProcess emissionsMiningSolvent use, use of productsRoad transport Non-road transportWaste processingAgriculture
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Trends….
• Importance of sources shifts over time! • What is <10% today may dominate emissions in the future.
Past Present
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Road transport (Quelle: TNO)
• Large activity growth• Decreasing tail pipe emissions due to technological improvements• None-tail pipe emissions (wear of tires etc.) follow the trend of acticity
growth • Relative importance of non-tail pipe is increasing
To make an inventory of road transport emissions we need to know:• Activity data – fuel consumption (by type: diesel, gasoline, LPG) by
vehicle category (passenger cars, HDV, LDV, motorcycles)• fuel quality / composition (S content, Pb, ..)• technology level of fleet by year (emission limits, requirements)• Split in number of km driven urban / rural
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Emission inventories for AQ Teheran – what is needed?
• Activity_ID• Sector• Location• Time
Activities
• AR-Value
• Activity_ID• Technology_ID• Penetration
Select_Techn
• EF_ID• Technology_ID• Pollutant• EF-Value
EmissionFactors• Technology_ID• Description
Technologies
Tables of the relational TEAM database need to be filled – asking for 1) activity (statistical) data on energy consumption, industrial production,
….. 2) technologies present in Iran and their relative importance (penetration); 3) technology specific emission factors.
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
.
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Jahressummen für viele Spezies und Quellen!!!!
• Und nun????
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Time- and temperature factors!!!!
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Time- and temperature factors!!!!
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Time- and temperature factors!!!!
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Time- and temperature factors!!!!
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Time- and temperature factors!!!!
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
VOC – Splitting !!!!
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene Emissionen - Waldbrände
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene Emissionen – Blitze (NOx)
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene Emissionen – Vulkane (SO2 – SO4)
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene Emissionen - Seesalz
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene Emissionen – Seesalz (Beispiel RCG-Modell)
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene Emissionen – Seesalz (Beispiel RCG-Modell)
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene Emissionen
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust in Modellen (Beispiel RCG)
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene VOC aus Wäldern
• Biogenic emissions are important for Ozone production• 60-70% of secondary aerosols are of biogenic origin• Biogenic aerosol formation is not well understood• Quantify the impact of biogenic emission information on simulations
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene VOC aus Wäldern
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene VOC aus Wäldern
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Biogene VOC aus Wäldern
Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010
Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit!
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