DSS Development : Development Strategy And Tools
Pertemuan - 13
Matakuliah : Decision Support SystemTahun : 2009
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Sasaran Pembelajaran
• Mahasiswa dapat menemukan metode dan teknik serta tools yang tepat yang diperlukan dalam pengembangan suatu DSS, dengan : – Mengerti konsep dasar Pengembangan sistem , tahapan-
tahapannya– Karakteristik dan tipe DSS-DSS – Mengerti faktor-faktor keberhasilan dan kegagalan
pengembangan DSS.– Mengerti Pentingnya project management.– Mengerti berbagai macam metoda pengembangan DSS– Mengerti Aspek Teknologi dan Tools dalam
pengembangan dan operasional DSS.
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Pokok Bahasan• DSS Development Strategy• - Generic SDLC Methodology• - Agile Development• - Prototyping• Development Team and Tools
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Pengalaman : Osram Sylvania Thinks Small, Strategizes Big-
Develops the Infonet HR Portal System
• Creation of a specialized business portal to solve specific problem– Prototype – Interactive, Web-based– HR portal
• Think small, strategize big– Focus on key problems first– Plan to achieve quick small successes
• Intranet-based portal for hiring, job postings, benefits, bonuses, retirement information
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DSS Development Strategy
•Project Management•Analysis and Design DSS •Implementation
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Successful Project Management• Establish a baseline • Define scope of project• Manage change and scope creep• Get support from upper management• Establish timelines, milestones, and budgets
based on realistic goals• Involve users• Document everything
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Implementation Failures• Lack of stakeholder involvement• Incomplete requirements• Scope creep• Unrealistic expectations• Project champion leaves• Lack of skill or expertise• Inadequate human resources• New technologies
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Evolutionary Disruptors• Development environment
– Organizational cultural factors– Loss of top management support– User and analyst attitude– User experience– Development team capability
• Development process– User education, support, involvement, training
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Project Management Tools• Project management software can allow:
– Collaboration among disparate teams– Resource and program management– Portfolio management– Web enabled– Aggregates and analyses project data
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Basic :Systems Development Life Cycle
• Empat fase– Planning– Analysis– Design– Implementation
• Cyclical • Dapat kembali ke fase lain• Model Waterfall
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Tools• Computer-aided software design tools
– Upper CASE – • Creates systems diagrams
– Lower CASE • Manages diagrams and code
– Integrated CASE• Combination
• RAD design tools– Enterprise class repository and collaboration– UML modeling
• Analysis and design software• Code debugging methods• Testing and quality assurance tools
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Alternative Development Methodologies• Parallel development
– Multiple development on separate systems• RAD
– Quick development allowing fast, but limited functionality• Phased development
– Sequential serial development• Prototyping
– Rapid development of portions of projects for user input and modification
– Small working model or may become functional part of final system• Throwaway prototyping
– Pilot test or simple development platforms
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Agile Development• Rapid prototyping• Used for:
– Unclear or rapidly changing requirements– Speedy development
• Heavy user input• Incremental delivery with short time frames• Tend to have integration problems
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DSS Development Methodology
• Prototyping• Iterative design• Evolutionary development• Middle out process• Adaptive design• Incremental design
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DSS Prototyping
• Prototype DSS– prototype is alternative to goal of an operational DSS– intended to demonstrate and provoke– produced more rapidly than operational DSS– analysis yields small (not complete) set of requirements– design quickly created without great attention to details– implementation is rapid without extensive testing or
documentation– design (what is the blueprint?)– implementation (following the blueprint)
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DSS Prototyping• resultant prototype demonstrates on a small scale and
in a partial way what might be experienced with an operational DSS– can aid in securing/retaining support by showing tangible
progress– if prototype is a failure, the plan to build an operational DSS
can be reconsidered quickly– can help provoke user to clarify what is desired, indicating
what to change, add, eliminate
• two kinds of prototypes– throwaway– evolutionary
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DSS Prototyping• Short steps
– Planning– Analysis– Design– Prototype
• Immediate stakeholder feedback• Iterative
– In development of prototype– Within the system in general– Evaluation integral part
• Control mechanism
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DSS Prototyping• Advantages
– User and management involvement
– Learning explicitly integrated– Prototyping bypasses
information requirement– Short intervals between
iterations– Low cost– Improved user understanding
of system
• Disadvantages– Changing requirements– May not have thorough
understanding of benefits and costs
– Poorly tested– Dependencies, security, and
safety may be ignored– High uncertainty– Problem may get lost– Reduction in quality– Higher costs due to multiple
productions
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Change Management• Crucial to DSS• People resistant to change• Examine cause of change• May require organizational culture shift• Lewin-Schein change theory steps
– Unfreeze• Create awareness of need for change• People support what they help create
– Move• Develop new methods and behaviors• Create and maintain momentum
– Refreeze• Reinforce desired changes• Establish stable environment
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DSS Technology Levels• DSS primary tools
– Fundamental elements • Programming languages, graphics, editors, query systems
• DSS generator (engine)– Integrated software package for building specific DSS
• Modeling, report generation, graphics, risk analysis
• Specific DSS– DSS application that accomplishes the work
• DSS primary tools are used to construct integrated tools that are used to construct specific tools
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DSS Hardware• Hardware
– Client/Workstation : PC sejenisnya– Server /Host :PCs to multiprocessor mainframes
• Communication Network– LAN, WAN, MAN– Internet
• Software– Involves multiple criteria– Develop in house, outsource, or buy off the shelf– Off the shelf software rapidly updated; many on market– Prices fluctuate– Different tools available
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DSS Developer• Team developed DSS requires substantial effort to
build and manage• End user developed DSS
– Decision-makers and knowledge workers develop to solve problems or enhance productivity
• Advantages– Short delivery time– User requirements specifications are eliminated– Reduced implementation problems– Low costs
• Risks– Quality may be low– May have lack of documentation– Security risks may increase
• DSS is much more than just a DBMS, MBMS, GUI, interface, and knowledge component
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Development Tools
• Objectives – Distinguish between DSSs and the tools used to build DSSs.
• Identify important factors that deserve to be considered when selecting tools for constructing your DSSs.
• Describe major interface styles that can be built into DSSs.
– Explain the relationship between DSS development tools and knowledge management techniques, including ways of integrating multiple techniques in the construction of a single DSS.
– Knowledge management techniques can be implemented in many tools and tool can furnish multiple knowledge management techniques
– Technique-oriented tool categories• Which technique is emphasized?• May fit in multiple categories
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Development Tools
• Roles of tools in development– Assist at analysis/design stages versus implementation
stage– Roles in implementation
– intrinsic tool» functions as PPS» developer initializes KS» LS, PS customization possible» widely used
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