DINOFLAGELLATES
I) PHYLOGENY
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
“ALVEOLATES”
Dinoflagellates
ALVEOLATES
Alveoli
“Amphiesma”
PHYLOGENY MODEL II
II) NATURAL HISTORY
713HABITAT
Karenia37
PeridiniumCeratium
Symbiodinium Pfiesteria
16
17ENDOSYMBIONTS: “ZOOXANTHELLAE”
Symbiodinium
NUTRITIONAutotrophy Heterotrophy
22
23
PISCIVORES
Pfiesteria
6 Red Tide Neurotoxic ShellfishPoisoning
Projectiles
15
BIOLUMINESCENCE
Light Detection
40
III) ARCHITECTURE
2
“Shells”
5
Desmokont Dinokont
Dinoflagellate Growth Forms
3
“Grooves”: Cingulum and Sulcus
Flagellae: Transverse and Longitudinal
Transverse Flagellum(Axoneme, Striated Filament = Centrin Filament)
Fig. 7.8 in Lee 1999
Longitudinal Flagellum(Axoneme, R-Fiber)
Fig. 7.6 in Lee 1999
Fig. 11-1 Graham and Wilcox 2000
Alveolus(Including Thecal Plates)
Amphiesma
4Thecal Plates, Sutures
Thecate vs. Non-Thecate Dinoflagellates
Growth in Thecate Dinoflagellates
Fig. 7.10 in Lee 1999
Pusule
Function: (?)
Fig. 11-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Fig. 7.14 in Lee 1999
“Ejectiles”: Trichocysts
“Ejectiles”: Mucocysts
Fig. 11.15 in Graham et al. 2008
“Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”)
Fig. 11.16 in Graham et al. 200949
Eyespot: Unbound by Dedicated Membrane42
Katodinium
43
Woloszynskia
Figs. 11.35, 11.36 in Graham et al. 2008
(Cytoplasmic) (Within Plastid)
Peridinium
Eyespot: Bound by Three Membranes
Fig. 11-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
40
Ocellus
Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup)
Fig. 11.38 in Graham et al. 2008
(Hyalosome surrounded byMitochondria, Fibers thatChange shape of “Lens”)
Bioluminescence
Fig. 11.32 in Graham et al. 2008
44
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource
Day NightDaily Migration of Scintillons
Pyrocystis
Daily Destruction/Nightly Synthesis
Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource
Lingulodinium
Day Night
“Dinokaryon”: Nucleus
Fig. 11.24, 11.26 in Graham et al. 2008
“Dinokaryon”: Chromosomes
Figs. 11.21 in Wilcox et al. 2008
24
25
26
27
28
NUTRITION
Heterotrophy: Phagocytosis / Engulfment
45Noctiluna
Figs. 11-29, 11-30 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes(Phagopods)
Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes(Peduncle)
Fig. 11.28 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Heterotrophy: Feeding Veils (Pallium)
Fig. 3.5 in Wilcox et al. 2008
46 Autotrophy: Plastids, Pigments
Fig. 11.34 in Wilcox et al. 2008 47
“Peridinin Plastid”
Peridinin
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll c
Peridinin Plastids: Pigments
Peridinin Plastids: Rubisco
“Normal” Rubisco Rubisco in PeridininPlastid
Origin of Peridinin Plastid?Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2
Rhodophyte (Red Alga) Stramenopile (Brown Alga)
47
Other Stable and/or Temporary Plastids
Cryptomonad Diatom
Haptophyte Chlorophyte (Green Alga)
Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like
structure). © Mona Hoppenrath
Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen
Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. ©
Gert Hansen
Pyrenoids, Storage Products
Nutrition: Mixotrophy
Particulate Carbon(POC)
Dissolved Carbon(DOC)
Heterotrophy Autotrophy
• Phagotrophy • Feeding Tubes
• Osmotrophy • Photosynthesis
Asexual Reproduction
Prorocentrum
Fig. 8-2, 11-31 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Mitosis/ Cytokinesis
Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Figs. 11-34, 11-36 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Fig. 11-40 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Sexual Reproduction(Planozygote, Hypnozygote)
Fig. 11-41 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Importance of Cysts (Dormant Forms)
A Typical (?) Dinoflagellate Life Cycle
Adnatosphaeridium
29 30
Hystrichosphaeridium
Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres
Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA)
Moldowan et al. 1996. Hemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors. Geology: 159-162.
• New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in
Precambrian (600 MYA) to Cenozoic rock samples.
• Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals
derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates.
Blooms
Neurotoxins
b) Brevetoxinsa) Saxitoxins
Na+
“Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning”
c) Okadaic Acid
Cytotoxins
“Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning”
Moral of the Story
2 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/BOT201/Algae/Dinoflagellate% 20panel%20Hokudai.gif
1 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Mastigophora/Glenodinium/sp_04c.jpg
3 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/dinoflagellate.gif
4 http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/em_unit/images/dino1.jpg
5 http://www.nmnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/highlight/dinos/images/fig_a_bbig.jpg
6 http://www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/Resource%20Images/habitat/ Red%20Tide.jpg
7 http://www.silvercity.org/Page_1/lake_roberts.jpg
8 http://www.preisvergleich.org/pimages/SKULL-CROSSBONES-2_88__ D-828.265_40.jpg
9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Liver_superior.jpg
11 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=21135
10 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/ SynapseIllustration2.png/350px-SynapseIllustration2.png
12 http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/images/courses/s00bis1c/Dinoflagellate.jpg
13 http://eric.boissard.free.fr/Pictures/oceanwaves.jpg
14 http://omp.gso.uri.edu/discovery/biota/Inverts/surfclm1.jpg
15http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-19878430.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BAF833BF1-09C5-4340-8E21-5D1D9566349E%7D
16 http://www.bigelow.org/reefwatch2001/coral_reefs/images/ glossary/symbiotic.jpg
18 http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/png/scans/zooxanth.jpg
17 http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/images/coral/S_Bleaching.jpg
21 http://www.seaslugforum.net/images/zoox1e.jpg
20 http://www.underwater.com.au/content/6154/nudibranch.jpg
22 http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/foodweb/pfiesteriafishsores.jpg
23 http://www.hpl.umces.edu/faculty/roman/biweekly_pfiesteria_picture.JPG
24 http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg
25 http://abacus.bates.edu/people/orgs/running/RunningPhotos/sun-cartoon.gif
27 http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/lucidkeys/ types_of_flagellates/images/tfp_chilomonas2_ugw.jpg
26 http://universe-review.ca/I10-23-chlorella.gif
28 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/diatoms.jpg
29 http://www.phoenix.org.br/images/Dinoflagelado_ Adnatosphaeridium.gif
30 http://www.kingston.ac.uk/geolsci/prg/images/photos/ hystrichosphaeridium.jpg
31 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309051274/html/images/img00037.jpg
32 http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/tcochran/BioImages/ciliate.jpg
33 http://www.palaeos.com/Proterozoic/Images/RoperAcritarchs.jpg
34 http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/contents/4100/4118/fig15.gif
35 http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch08/mimg/01a-pmen810227-11m.jpg
36 http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/manatee/RedTide_Karenia.jpg
37http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Peridinium_Key268.jpg
38 http://cimt.ucsc.edu/images/HAB%20ID/dinoflagellate/Dinos.jpg
39 http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/mme/movies/ProtozoanIngested.jpg
40 http://billeder-billedbasen.emu.dk/annotated/53/5B/9731.jpg
41 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445&usg=__crjTBEMxXApXU3v Hmpr1bD536TM=&h=250&w=471&sz=42&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid= iApAqe-i_JHakM:&tbnh=68&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3 Dtransverse%2Bflagellum%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
42 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/lajistoraporttiarkisto/2002/en_GB/804/_files/12076504320047742/default/1_Gymnodinium_sp._1a40_41.6_x_59.2_um_fp06592002.jpg
43 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/ lajistoraporttiarkisto/2005/en_GB/2528/_files/12076504320052782/default/cf._Scrippsiella_hangoei.jpg
44 http://www.bio.utk.edu/vonarnim/images/BRET.jpg
45 http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/noctiluca.jpg
46 http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/dinochlorotemtol.200a.jpg
47 http://www.pnas.org/content/99/18/11558/F1.large.jpg
48 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445
49 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445
50 http://www.int-res.com/uploads/pics/featureame45_big.jpg
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