Dr. Dr. MohdMohd. . SallehSalleh PunanPunan
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development InstituteMalaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute(MARDI) (MARDI)
Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
DEVELOPING PRECISION DEVELOPING PRECISION
COLD CHAIN SYSTEM COLD CHAIN SYSTEM
FOR TROPICAL FRUITSFOR TROPICAL FRUITS
Cold Chain World, 22Cold Chain World, 22--23 May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand, 23 May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand,
• Introduction• Tropical fruit challenges • Cold chain development strategy• Handling components• Strengthening technology • Commercial adoption • Conclusion
CONTENTSCONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Welcome to MalaysiaWelcome to Malaysia
Basic Statistics
Total area 330,000 sq. km. Population 29 million GDP (2011) US$278.67 billion
Agriculture 8.6%Industry 47.8% Services 43.6%
Agricultural Economic ContributionAn increasing trend1987 RM16.2 bil. (US$5.1 bil.)2000 RM18.7 bil. (US$5.9 bil.)2009 RM20.0 bil. (US$6.4 bil.) 2020 (target) RM49.0 bil. (US$15.7 bil.)
MALAYSIA
�� Southeast Asia has traditionally been Southeast Asia has traditionally been recognized as a tropical agricultural regionrecognized as a tropical agricultural region
�� Banana, durian, Banana, durian, jackfruit, mango, jackfruit, mango, mangosteenmangosteen, , papaya, pineapple, papaya, pineapple, pomelopomelo, , rambutanrambutanand and starfruitstarfruit are are among the popular among the popular tropical fruits tropical fruits available in the available in the region, including region, including MalaysiaMalaysia
Tropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit ProducerTropical Fruit Producer
�� Domestic market Domestic market
�� Regional marketRegional market
�� Export marketExport market
�� Hong KongHong Kong
�� Middle EastMiddle East
�� EuropeEurope
Tropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit MarketsTropical Fruit Markets
MALAYSIA
Contribution in the World Market
�� Latin America & Latin America & Caribbean: 40% Caribbean: 40%
�� Asia: 20%Asia: 20%�� Malaysia: 3Malaysia: 3--5%5%
�� Africa: 14%Africa: 14%�� Others: 26%Others: 26%
Malaysia’s Fruits Exported
� Pineapple� Starfruit� Papaya � Banana� Durian� Watermelon
TROPICAL FRUIT’SCHALLENGES
� High PostharvestlossesAverage losses:
About 25%Could be 0 to 100%
� Highly sensitive to chilling injury
� Tropical fruits be kept between 10-15 oC
� Ethylene producer or ethylene sensitive�Ethylene producers should be separated
from ethylene sensitive fruit
�Use MAP technique
� Limited storage life� Less than 1 week at ambient� 2-3 weeks at low temperature� Not all responding well with CA
COLD CHAIN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
R&D StrategyR&D Strategy
�� Temperature risk assessmentTemperature risk assessment�� Extending storage lifeExtending storage life�� Establishment of cold chain Establishment of cold chain
facilitiesfacilities�� Implement cold chain handling Implement cold chain handling
systemsystem
Produce temperatures during handlingProduce temperatures during handling
Retailing
Warehouse
Transportation
Storage
Packinghouse
Harvestin
g
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time after harvest, days
Tem
per
atu
re, o
CSurroundingtemperatures, oCProducetemperatures, oC
Reta
iling
Reta
iling
Reta
iling
Reta
iling
Warehouse
Warehouse
Warehouse
Warehouse
Transporta
tion
Transporta
tion
Transporta
tion
Transporta
tion
Sto
rage
Sto
rage
Sto
rage
Sto
rage
Packin
ghouse
Packin
ghouse
Packin
ghouse
Packin
ghouse
Harvestin
gH
arvestin
gH
arvestin
gH
arvestin
g
TEMPERATURE RISK ASSESSMENT
Washing, air ventilation Washing, air ventilation 2525--2828Packinghouse Packinghouse
operationoperation1 day1 day
Inefficient air ventilation Inefficient air ventilation 2525--3030Storage/delay Storage/delay 1 days1 days
Open lorry and hot day Open lorry and hot day 2828--3535Transportation Transportation
(land/air)(land/air)11--2 days2 days
Good ventilation Good ventilation 2525--2828Warehouse Warehouse
storagestorage11--2 days2 days
AirAir--condition in supermarket/hypercondition in supermarket/hyper--
market market 2020--2525RetailingRetailing11--3 days3 days
Respiration, heat evolution Respiration, heat evolution 3030--3333Temp. storageTemp. storage8 hrs8 hrs
Shaded packinghouseShaded packinghouse2828--3030PackinghousePackinghouse10 hrs10 hrs
Field heat and respiration activityField heat and respiration activity3333--3535Infield handlingInfield handling4 hrs4 hrs
Expose to sun light / high temperatureExpose to sun light / high temperature2828--3030HarvestingHarvesting2 hrs2 hrs
Temperature risksTemperature risksProduce Produce
temperatures (temperatures (ooCC))Handling stagesHandling stagesDurationDuration
(hrs or days)(hrs or days)
FruitsFruits Temp (Temp (°°C)C) RH (%)RH (%) PeriodPeriod
CarambolaCarambola 55 8585--9090 55--9 wks9 wks
PapayaPapaya 1010--1313 8585--9090 22--4 wks4 wks
CikuCiku 1313 8585--9090 11--3 wks3 wks
DurianDurian 1010 8585--9090 11--3 wks3 wks
GuavaGuava 55 8585--9090 33--7 wks7 wks
PummeloPummelo 77--99 8585--9090 12 wks12 wks
MangoMango 1515 8585--9090 22--3 wks3 wks
BananaBanana 1414 8585--9090 22--3 wks3 wks
RambutanRambutan 1010 9090--9595 11--2 wks2 wks
WatermelonWatermelon 1010 8585--9090 22--4 wks4 wks
Extending Storage Life withExtending Storage Life withLow Temperature Low Temperature ConditionCondition
LOW TEMPERATURE FACILITIES
Packhouse cold room
Pre-cooler
Warehouse cold room Cold truck
Refer sea-container
COLD CHAIN HANDLINGCOLD CHAIN HANDLING LOCATION HANDLING OPERATION CONDITION
Harvesting
In-field packaging
In-field transportation
Receiving at packinghouse
Temporary storage
Packinghouse operation
Transportation
Packaging
Wholesale market
Retail market
Storage/delay
Local Export
Sea-freight
FARM
PACK I NGHOUS
E
D I STR I BUT I ON
Warehouse
Air-freight
P R E C O O L I N G
COL D AREA OR ROOM
COL D VEHICLE
HANDLING COMPONENTS
Harvesting &Harvesting &Harvesting &Harvesting &
infield handlinginfield handlinginfield handlinginfield handling
Packinghouse Packinghouse Packinghouse Packinghouse
operationoperationoperationoperation
Grading & Grading & Grading & Grading &
standardization standardization standardization standardization
PackagingPackagingPackagingPackaging StorageStorageStorageStorage TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation
PostharvestPostharvestPostharvestPostharvest
treatments treatments treatments treatments
Handling ChainHandling Chain
Harvesting & InHarvesting & In--field Handlingfield Handling
• To remove dirt, foreign matters & pesticide residues
• Wash with clean, 200 ppm chlorinated water
WashingWashing
P&D TreatmentP&D Treatment
� 2.5% benzoid acid � 1000 ppm thiabendazole
• Control disease contamination
• Dip stalk into solution:
Hot water treatmentHot water treatment
Pre-cooling
• To reduce temperature rapidly before storage
PackagingPackaging
• To pack produce according to market’s need
• Corrugated fibreboard box (CFB), 10 kg, 15 kg or 5 kg capacity
Packed Produce
Cold room
Refer container
Malaysia’s climate > 30oCWithout refrigeration 1 weekLow temperature 2-3 weeksLonger storage life carambola, guava,
pummeloDelay ripening banana, papaya, mangoProblem chilling injury at < 10oCOvercome storage at 10-15oC
StorageStorage
�� DomesticDomestic�� RegionalRegional�� Long distanceLong distance
TransportationTransportation
Air shipmentAir shipment
�� Travel less than 24 hrsTravel less than 24 hrs�� But more expensiveBut more expensive
Sea shipmentSea shipment
�� Use refrigerated Use refrigerated containercontainer
�� Longer shipping Longer shipping periodperiod
�� Cheaper costCheaper cost
STRENGTHENINGTECHNOLOGY
�� Fruits in sealed LDPE bagsFruits in sealed LDPE bags�� Optimum levels:Optimum levels:
�� OO22 22--5%5%�� COCO22 55--10%10%�� CC22HH44 <0.35 <0.35 ppmppm
�� Effective for bananas, Effective for bananas, carambolacarambola, guava, , guava, ppapaya apaya and pineappleand pineapple
MAP
Precise MAP
� To extend storage life and fresher fruit
� Approach:1. Modelling package designs
Derive mathematical equationsDecision Support System
)1()(t
Via e
WRCC
Γ−
−Γ
±=−
Γ±=−
WRCC ia )(
2. Aperture systemSmall holes/perforations incorporated in parallel with packageAssure optimum atmosphere in the package
• Optimum : 2-5% O2: 5-10% CO2• Banana, carambola, guava, sapota,
mango, papaya, pineapple• Limitation: expensive facility &
maintenance
CA Storage
�� To propose precise cold chain system To propose precise cold chain system for specific producefor specific produce
�� To predict optimum shelf life of To predict optimum shelf life of produce under a complete cold chain produce under a complete cold chain systemsystem
�� To estimate achievable shelf life if To estimate achievable shelf life if broken cold chain system occurredbroken cold chain system occurred
Modelling Cold Chain System
1.1. Develop mathematical models Develop mathematical models Rate of respirationRate of respirationRate of ethylene productionRate of ethylene productionRate of moisture lossRate of moisture loss
2. Develop predictive shelf life models under 2. Develop predictive shelf life models under static and dynamic handling conditionsstatic and dynamic handling conditions
3. Simulate predictive shelf life models 3. Simulate predictive shelf life models Under complete cold chain systemUnder complete cold chain systemUnder broken cold chain systemUnder broken cold chain system
R&D Approach
Preparation Storage Distribution
Precise Cold Chain System
Simulation Trials
6 6 –– 88
6 6 –– 886 6 –– 883 3 –– 44
6 6 –– 88
STORAGE LIFESTORAGE LIFEWeeks Weeks
Hong Kong, Middle East, Hong Kong, Middle East, EuropeEurope
Hong Kong, Middle East, Hong Kong, Middle East, EuropeEurope
Middle East, EuropeMiddle East, EuropeHong Kong, Middle EastHong Kong, Middle East
Hong Kong, Middle East, Hong Kong, Middle East, EuropeEurope
EXPORT DESTINATIONEXPORT DESTINATION
Mixed Mixed LoadsLoads
StarfruitStarfruitPineapplePineapplePapayaPapaya
BananaBanana
PRODUCEPRODUCE
Simulated Technology
COMMERCIAL ADOPTATION
Export Technology
UAE, NetherlandsUAE, NetherlandsHong Kong, BelgiumHong Kong, BelgiumSaudi Arabia, UK, GermanySaudi Arabia, UK, Germany
Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, UAEUAE
Hong Kong, Japan, UAE, Hong Kong, Japan, UAE, DenmarkDenmark
COUNTRYCOUNTRY
Mixed LoadsMixed LoadsStarfruitStarfruitPineapplePineapple
PapayaPapaya
BananaBananaPRODUCEPRODUCE
StarfruitStarfruit
PineapplePineapple
Export Trial to Netherlands
Quality ObservationQuality Observation
Quality
Maturity 2 Maturity 4
N36 Josapine
CONCLUSION
�� Precision cold chain system has been Precision cold chain system has been developed for banana, papaya, developed for banana, papaya, pineapple and pineapple and starfruitstarfruit
�� Commercial trials were conducted to Commercial trials were conducted to Hong Kong, Middle East and Europe to Hong Kong, Middle East and Europe to verify the systemverify the system
�� The system has contributed to the The system has contributed to the successful marketing of Malaysian successful marketing of Malaysian tropical fruits to distance marketstropical fruits to distance markets
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