Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 1
D. Habs
LMU München • Fakultät f. PhysikMax-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik
Scientific Case of ELI Nuclear Physics
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 2
beam + ELI high-power laser + electron beam New nuclear physics with the beam
• Nuclear resonance fluorescence – radioactive waste measurement• Chaos in nuclear physics• Pygmy resonance• Parity-violating nuclear forces
Applications• New medical radioisotopes• Brilliant, intense positron beams• A new, brilliant neutron source• NRF + radioactive waste management
New nuclear physics with the APOLLON laser• From TNSA to light pressure acceleration of ions• Relativistic electron mirrors and beams• Fission fusion and the N = 126 waiting point of the r-process
Fundamental physics = physics of the vacuum• Brilliant high-energy production and pair creation in vacuum• Real part of the index of refraction: changed phase velocity
Outline
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 3
Major components of ELI-NP
APOLLON laser stand alone
• 2·10 PW
• 15 fs
• ~ 1/min
• 1024 W/cm2
• 2.5×1015 V/m
beam stand-alone
• Emax = 13 MeV (19 MeV)
• 12 kHz
• ring-down cavity for photons
• warm electron linac, 600 MeV
• high brilliance (E/E ≥ 10–3)
• high flux (I = 1013 s–1)
APOLLON + e beam
• E ≈ 100–500 MeV
• ~ 1/min
• flux: I = 106 / 15 fs
• pair creation: 1024 W/cm2 + 500 MeV
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 4
Layout of ELI-NP
2 ×APOLLON
Gamma beam + Electron beam
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 5
Compton scatteringLinear + non-linear
0
202
0
2
2
41
cos12 E
mcE
anE
ee
e
e
00
0
020 ; ; small) (parameter recoil
4 ;number harmonic
Em
eEa
mc
En e
Large produces blue shift → (a0 < 1) good
Large a0 produces red shift ; dressed electron with
electron gains weight, recoils less,and transfers less energy to final photonlarge a → higher harmonics n
0201* maamm
, , ,
0
0
0
0
e
e
E
E
E
EHigh resolution
For large laser forces: 108 × higher gamma energies
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 6
beams and new nuclear physics
Backshifted Fermi gas model orConstant temperature modelT.v.Egidy et al., Phys.Rev. C 80, 059310 (2010).
Gamma strength functionM. Guttormsen et al., Phys. Rev. C 63, 044313 (2001).
E1: milli Weisskopf unitsM1: strong scissors mode ~ 1 W.U.
Integrated excitation cross section32 ; EE
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 7
High brilliance vs. high fluxGamma beam
Best: high brilliance + high flux: In 4-5 years ERLs with 100 mA will be available
(D. Bilderhack et al., Synchr. Rad. News 23, 32 (2010).Nuclear spectroscopy:
• 10-3 BW (Barty: 10-4 possible) extremely important to explore individual
resonances, variable resolution best• beam intensity has to be reduced to 109/s
new MHz rates of fast risetime nuclear detectors with flash ADCs• high resolution reduces strong atomic background (20-30 b/atom)
In general one has to compare high brilliance and high flux for each experiment,e.g. positrons: energy resolution of gamma beam is not important, but emittancePositron moderation efficiency from 10-6 to 10-3.
Crystal monochromator:Conversion of high flux to high resolution beam is less efficient, since crystal monochromator requires also good beam divergence.
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 8
Single crystal – resolution is defined by beam divergence: h/L TOO LARGE for eV resolutionSingle crystal – resolution is defined by beam divergence: h/L TOO LARGE for eV resolution
R() sin2 A 1 y 2
1 y 2
y
, A , E hc
FWHM 2hc
E
FWHM
2d sin( ) nhc
E
nhc
E
Double Crystal Spectrometer:• First Crystal defines beam axis with nrad• Bragg Angle is measured @ second crystal• Resolution is energy independent• Resolution: E/E ~ 10-6
Double Crystal Spectrometer:• First Crystal defines beam axis with nrad• Bragg Angle is measured @ second crystal• Resolution is energy independent• Resolution: E/E ~ 10-6
~ 10 nrad
~ 1 mrad
Double crystal monochromator(GAMS, M. Jentschel (ILL))
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 9
Diffraction efficiency of a 2.5mm Si220 @ 0.8 MeVDiffraction efficiency of a 2.5mm Si220 @ 0.8 MeV
Energy Resolution of a 2.5mm Si220 @ 1.1 MeVEnergy Resolution of a 2.5mm Si220 @ 1.1 MeV
4.5 eV @ 1.1 MeV4.5 eV @ 1.1 MeV22% @ 0.8 MeV22% @ 0.8 MeV
Performance of GAMS(GAMS, M. Jentschel (ILL))
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 10
GAMS monochromator
Starting with 1013 /s and 10-3 bandwidthwe get for a reflectivity per crystal of 10%:
Bandwidth Intensity
10-5 107 /s
10-6 105 /s
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 11
Nano-focusing refractive lens
For hard -rays (200 keV) refractive lenses have been successfully tested.
Concave lenses: in 1
Extension to MeV energies for new brilliant beams.
Focal length
A
Zr
N
Rf
e
2
22
density
2 beam oflength wave
radiuselectron classical
5000-1000 lenses-nano ofnumber
beam of radius
1010index refractive real 86
Ec
r
N
R
e
Test of d theory for higher energies: M. Jentschel et al., ILL proposal 3-03-731Test of nano-lens array at MEGa-ray facilityC.G. Schroer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 054802 (2005).
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 12
Nuclear res. fluorescence
Extension up to 4 MeV: 239Pu and 235U Minor actinides: 237Np, 241Am, 243Am, 244Cm, 247Cm Fission fragments: 137Cs, 129I, 99Tc
T. Hayakawa et al., NIM A 261, 695 (2010).
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 13
Regular motion and chaosin nuclear physics
Wigner distribution:
Porter-Thomas distribution:
Random matrix theory = chaosGeneric spectra
H.A. Weidenmüller et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 539 (2009).G.M. Mitchell et al., arXiv:1001.2422v1 (2010).
2/ exp2
)( 2sssP
2/exp2
1)( y
yyP
Compound nucleus (N. Bohr, Nature, 1936)
50 levels with the same mean level spacing
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 14
Nuclear resonancesPygmy and giant resonance
Average valuesand
fluctuating quantities
With GAMS monochromator we can study individual resonances at PDR.
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 15
Parity violating NN-force (I)
fm 02.00
cM Z
Z
extremely short-range
Very weak contribution
GF = 1.166×10–5/GeV2 ; nuc ≈ fm–3 = nuclear density
pF/M = nuclear velocity at the Fermi level ≈ 0.3 (v/c) ;
U0 = 50 MeV = strength of nucleon-nucleus interaction
70nuc 10
U
Mp
G FF
fm 3.1 ; F
MeV 2970
0
rr
pF
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 16
Parity-violating NN-force (II)
We need tricks to enhance PNC-effects in nuclei:
a) Suppression of regular transitions
b) Use close-lying parity doublets
Aim: measure different components of PNC-NN interaction
Status: present coupling constants are inconsistent due to insufficient data accuracy.
→ reliable experiments with new more brilliant, intense beam are required!
E
V
PNC
~
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 17
New experiments (II) Basic doublet parameters of 20Ne
Present data:
11270 keV: = 0.716 eV
11262.3 keV: ≈ 11 eV
E = (7.7 ± 5.7) keV
cascades from separate experiments.
We can switch linear polarization shot after shot and can compare 11270 keV and 11262.3 keV difference, and can compensate for small drift of Ge detector.
→ E to better than 0.7 keV.
We can compare E1 and M1 excitation from shot to shot and determine values to better than 0.1 eV.
20Ne
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 18
Applications
-beams
Med. radioisotopes• 195mPt labeled chemo• 117mSn Auger electrons• 225Ra/225Ac α chains• 44Ti/44Sc generator
γ-PET• Matched pairs
diagnostics + therapy
Radioactive waste manag.• Nuclear resonance
fluorescence
• Radioactive waste management
• Better use of reactor fuel elements
Thermal neutron beams• Neutron scattering:
structure + dynamics
• Small samples, extreme conditions
• Neutron reflectrometry
• Small angle scattering
Brilliant positron beam• Positron-induced Auger
spectroscopy (PAES)
• Scanning microbeams
• Fast coincident Doppler broadened spectroscopy (DDBS)
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 19
Positron source (I)NEPOMUC at reactor FRM II + ELI-NP
I = 9∙1015/sIe+ = 9·108 s–1
B = 4∙105/(mm2 mrad2 eV s)mod = 3∙10-6
C. Hugenschmidt et al., NIM A 554, 384 (2005).
I = 1013/sIe+ = 3·109 s–1
B = 2∙106/(mm2 mrad2 eV s)mod = 2∙10-3 t = 1-2 ps (pulsed)Switchable polarization
C. Hugenschmidt, K. Schreckenbach, D. Habs, P. Thirolf, Appl. Phys. B, submittedarXiv:1103.0513 v1 [nucl-ex]
e+
W-foil
Self-moderation, negative electron affinitye+ range = 100 m
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 20
Medical radioisotopes (I)
Production of 50 new medical isotopes with gamma beams.
D.Habs, U.Koester, Appl. Phys. BDOI: 10.1007/S00340-010-4278-1
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 21
195mPt Labeled chemotherapy and therapy against resistances
Chemotherapy: Treatment of tumors before and after other cancer therapiesmany (80%) cytotoxic Pt compounds: cisplatin, carbonplatin
Aim: label chemotherapy and study anti-tumor efficiencyapplication: intravenously, intraarterially, orally
temperature (hyperthermic treatment)non-responding patients: identified in advance (30%)treat multi-resistant cancer cells with therapeutic dose of 195mPt
Importance: in Germany (~ 80 mio. people) we have:1.5 mio. chemotherapies/yearaverage cost: 20 k€ = 30 bill. €/year
Improvements: Identify optimum gateway state; cross section ↑ 104
verify labeled chemotherapy with 195mPt from reactor(but 13000 b destruction cross section)
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 22
Medical radioisotopes (II) 44Ti
46Ti(,2n)44Ti (60 a)generator
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 23
44Ti/44Sc generator (I)
Long-lived generator for hospital,
Continuous production of 44Sc
2∙511 keV + 1157 keV
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 24
44Ti/44Sc generator (II) -PET
Better resolution, less dose
Measure momentum of Compton electron in strongly pixeled detectors
Determine direction and position of 1157 keV γ
3D reconstruction of decaying 44Sc
2D reconstruction of collinear line with PET
PET = Positron Emission Tomography
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 25
Nuclear resonance fluorescenceApplications
• Radioactive waste management- study 238U/235U and dominant fission fragments in barrels- isotope-specific identification of location and quantity (735 keV transition in 235U), 239Pu, fast detection without destruction of sample
• Nuclear material detection (homeland security)- scan containers in harbors for nuclear material and explosives- detect specific small isotopic amounts (like 210Po)
• Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods- fuel elements are frequently changed in position to obtain a homogeneous burn-up- measuring the final 235U, 238U content may allow to use fuel elements 10% longer- more nuclear energy without additional radioactive waste
• Medical applications: no activity- NRF does not appear very important compared to PET
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 26
Notch-detectors for nuclear resonance fluorescence
Narrow beam
Hole burning,ultra-highresolution
Isotope
sample
NRF
isotopesecond scatterer
change inscattering rate
-raybeam dump
• Tomography
• 235U/238U ratio
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 27
Brilliances of -rays and neutron beams
ILL reactor, Grenoble
1023 / (mm2 mrad2 s 0.1%BW) 102 / (mm2 mrad2 s 0.1%BW)
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 28
2-step neutron production Neutron halo isomer, dissociation of n-halo isomer
D. Habs et al., arXiv-1008.5324 [nucl-ex] (2010), accepted by Appl. Phys. BDOI: 10.1007/S00340-010-4276-3
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 29
Neutron halo wave function
wave function
potential
Weakly bound neutron tunnels far out and lives for ns.
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 30
Neutron experiments
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 31
New neutron beam Pulsed, brilliant
Big advance in neutron scattering:
structure of biological samples, heterostructures, new functional materials only available as very small samples micro neutron beam H and light materials strong scattering functionality of biomaterials collective states, e.g. magnons, phonons – relaxation, diffusion short pulses dynamics, time dependence
Many new possibilities in:
biology hard condensed matter geoscience nuclear physics
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 32
Ion accelerationTNSA
(target-normal sheath acceleration)
• Low conversion efficiency• Huge lasers are required
Laser acceleration schemesFormer schemes
S.C. Wilks et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 542 (2001).
Laserion IE
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 33
Normalized areal electron density: essdimensionl /
D
n
nnDn
c
ece
Normalized vector potential:2 2 18 2 2/1.38 10La I Wcm m
Optimum ion acceleration
La
4D nm 5La for
Optimum electron acceleration
0.65D nm 5La for
ions electrons
New Acceleration MechanismRadiation Pressure Acceleration (RPA)
= dimensionless
S.G. Rykovanov et al.,New J. Phys. 10, 113005 (2008).
O. Klimo et al.,Phys. Rev. ST AB 11, 031301 (2008).
2La
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 34
Radiation pressure acceleration(RPA)
Cold compression of electron sheet.
Rectified dipole field between electrons and ions.
Neutral bunch of ions + electrons accelerated.
Solid-state density: 1024 e cm–3
Classical bunches: 108 e cm–3
Very efficient!
Laserion IE
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 35
Fission-fusion reaction very neutron-rich nuclei
a) Fission H, C, O + Th → FL + FH fission fragments in target232Th + 232Th → fission of beam in FL + FH
Reaction of radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of beam +Radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of the target
b) Fusion: FL + FL → AZ ≈ 18580 nuclei close to N=126 waiting pointFL + FH → 232Th old nucleiFH + FH → unstable
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 36
Chart of the Nuclides r-process and waiting points
• Superheavies: Z = 110, T1/2 = 109 a ?
• recycling of fission fragments ?
Fission-fusion with very dense beamsRadioactive targets + radioactive beam
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 37
Experimental setup neutron-rich nuclei in fission-fusion
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 38
eE
mEeR
ee
2
3
22
exp4
Nonperturbative tunneling processFor E << ES exponentially strong suppression
m
V105 ;
cm
W103.4 ;
m
V 103.1 15
2292
SS18
2
S EEIe
mE
100010exp
E
ES
Pair creation
Dynamically assisted pair creation: 350102exp
E
ES
High field + high energy: 12
103
8exp
E
cm
E
E eS
R. Schützhold et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 130404 (2008)G.V. Dunne et al., Phys. Rev. D 80, 111301(R) (2009)
N.B. Narozhny, Zh. Eksp. Teo. Fiz. 54, 676 (1968).
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 39
Hard + pair production
N. Elkina + H. Ruhl
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 40
Phase contrast imagingPhase velocity of probe laser in polarized vacuum
Optical intense probe laser, deflection angle shift phase , 2
y
K. Homma, D. Habs, T. Tajima, arXiv:1006.4533 [quant-ph] (2010)
focusing
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 41
ELI-NP coupling-mass limit per shotELI-NP coupling-mass limit per shot
2011/3/11@Bucharest for ELI-NP workshop
Kensuke Homma 41 log m [eV]
Log
g/M
[1
/GeV
]
GravitationalCoupling ( Dark Energy)
SHG200J15fs
QCD axion (Dark matter)
OPG200J 1.5ns200J 1.5ns(induce)
OPG200J15fs200J15fs(induce)
Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10-12, 2011 42
ELI-NP the way aheadNext steps
Build a nano-structured target for a positron source at 2 MeVtogether with C. Hugenschmidt
Build a nano-structured -ray lens at 1 MeVtogether with M. Jentschel
Build a “flying” GAMS crystal spectrometer monochromatortogether with M. Jentschel
Test production of new medical radioisotope 195mPt at ~ 2 MeVtogether with U. Koester
Test MHz detectors + electronics together with K. Sonnabend and D. Savran
Flying start of ELI-NP beam at MEGa-ray
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