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URUD OH DSDULQ VDX GH RULHQWULOH vQ FDUH VH vQVFULX DX FHO SXLQXUPWRDUHOHHOHmente comune: comunicarea este procesul de transmitere deLQIRUPDLLLGHLRSLQLLSUHULILHGHODXQLQGLYLGODDOWXOILHGHODXQJUXSOD DOWXO QLFL XQ IHO GH DFWLYLWDWH GH OD EDQDOHOH DFWLYLWL DOH UXWLQHLFRWLGLHQH SH FDUH OH WULP ILHFDUH GLQWUH QRL ]LOQLF L SkQ OD DFWLYLWLOHFRPSOH[H GHVIXUDWH OD QLYHOXO RUJDQL]DLLORU VRFLHWLORU FXOWXULORU QXpot fi concepute n afara procesului de comunicare.
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&D L FHD PDL PDUH SDUWH D FXYLQWHORU XQHL O LPEL YHUEXO a comunica Lsubstantivul comunicare VXQWDPEHOHSROLVHPDQWLFHDOWIHOVSXVFRPSRUWRSOXUDOLWDWHGeVHPQLILFDLL&HLFDUHVHRFXSGHGRPHQLLOHFRPXQLFDLHLLFRPXQLFULL, ntlnesc astfel,GH OD EXQ vQFHSXW R GLILFXOWDWH PDMRU DFHWLD QX DX GH D IDFH FX R RSHUDLXQH ELQHGHWHUPLQDW FL FX R PXOWLWXGLQH GH RSHUDLXQL GHVSUH FDUH HVWH JUHX GH VSXs cuFHUWLWXGLQHvQFHPVXUVHDVHDPQ'LFLRQDUXOHQFLFORSHGLFYRO,RIHUWHUPHQXOXLFRPXQLFDUHRGHILQLLHGHRVHELWGHFRPSOH[DFRSHULQGDSURDSHWRDWHGRPHQLLOHvQFDUHDFHVWWHUPHQHVWHIRORVLWQWLLQDUHWLUHYHVWH'5$GXFHUHODFXQRWLLQDSULORUGLQWU-un proces a unorDFWHGHSURFHGXUDFLXQHvQWkPSLQDUHKRWUkUHvQYHGHUHDH[HUFLWULLGUHSWXULORULH[HFXWULLREOLJDLLORUFHGHFXUJSHQWUXHOHGLQDFHVWHDFWHvQOLPLWDXQRUWHUPHQHFDUHFXUJRELQXLWGHODGDWDFRPXQLFUii.Prezentare ntr-XQFHUFGHVSHFLDOLWLDXQHLOXFUULWLLQLILFH62&,2/0RGIXQGDPHQWDOGHLQWHUDFLXQHSVLKR -VRFLDODSHUVRDQHORUUHDOL]DWvQOLPEDMDUWLFXODWVDXSULQDOWHFRGXULvQYHGHUHDWUDQVPLWHULLXQHLLQIRUPDLLDRELQHULLVWDELOLWLLVDXDXQRUPRGLILFULGHFRPSRUWDPHQWLQGLYLGXDOVDXGHJUXS
Ce este comunicarea? (VWHRvQWUHEDUHODFDUHDXvQFHUFDWVRIHUHUVSXQVWRLDXWRULLOLWHUDWXULLGHVSHFLDOLWDWH'HILQLLLOHVXQWQXPHURDVHLGLIHULWHQFHOHFHXUPHD]YRPprH]HQWDGRXGLQWUHDFHVWHDPDLODUJLFDVIHUGHFXSULQGHUHQVHQVXOFHOPDLJHQHUDOVHYRUEHWHGHFRPXQLFDUHGHILHFDUHGDWFkQGXQVLVWHP
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Cuvntul comunicare are un sens foarte larg, el cuprinde toate procedeele princare un spirit poate afecta un alt spirit. Evident, aceasta include nu numai limbajul scris
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masificarea comunLFULLRDPHQLLSROLWLFLHILLGHvQWUHSULQGHULDUWLWLLFXQRVFXLFKLDULvQJHQHUDORULFHSHUVRDQDFUHLFDULHUGHSLQGHvQWU-RPVXUPDLPLFVDXPDLPDUHGHRSLQLD SH FDUH SXEOLFXO L-R IDFH GHVSUH HD DSHOHD] OD VHUYLFLLOH VSHFLDOLWLORU QXPLLFRQVLOLHULvQGRPHQLXOFRPXQLFULL. Q DFHVW FD] WUHEXLH V vQHOHJHP SULQ FRPXQLFDUH WUDQVPLWHUHD XQHL LPDJLQLWUDQVPLWHUHFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]PDLDOHVSULQPDVV -PHGLDQPRGILUHVFWUHEXLHFDDFHDVWimagine, altfel spus, reprezentarea pe care ne-RIDFHPGHVSUHSHUVRDQDvQFDX]VILHSXWHUQLFLvQDFHODLWLPSIDYRUDELOvQFD]FRQWUDUYRPVSXQHFSHUVRDQDYL]DWQXDUHWUHFHUHODSXEOLFFQXUHXHWHVFRPXQLFH,PDJLQHDVDQXHVWHFHDSHFDUHGRUHWHVRRIHUHQORFVRODVHDVWIHOODYRLDvQWkPSOULLHVWHvQLQWHUHVXXOHLVRFRQVROLGH]HLVIDFvQDDIHOvQFkWVILHSR]LWLY
QV DFHDVWD GHSLQGH GH R PXOWLWXGLQH GH IDFWRUL FXP DU IL vPEUFPLQWHDaspectul fizic, timbrul vocii, elemente care adesea nu au nimic de-a face cu personalitatea
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(YROXLDLVHPQLILFDLDWHUPHQXOXLFRPXQLFDUH &RPXQLFDUHD D IRVW SHUFHSXWFD HOHPHQW IXQGDPHQWDO DOH[LVWHQHLXPDQHvQF
GLQ DQWLFKLWDWH Q IDSW vQVL HWLPRORJLD WHUPHQXOXL sugeUHD] DFHVW OXFUX FXYkQWXOFRPXQLFDUHSURYLQHGLQOLPEDODWLQFRPPXQLVvQVHDPQDSXQHGHDFRUGDILvQOHJDWXUFXVDXDIL vQUHODLHGHLWHUPHQXOFLUFXODvQYRFDEXODUXODQWLFLORUFX sensulGHDWUDQVPLWHLFHORUODOLDvPSUWLFHYDFHORUODL'HLWHUPHQXOHVWHGHRULJLQHODWLQ SULPHOH SUHRFXSUL FX GHRVHELUH practice pentru comunicare le-au avut grecii.3HQWUXDFHWLDDUWDFXYkQWXOXLPLHVWULDGHD -LFRQVWUXLGLVFXUVXOLGHD-l exprima nDJRUDHUDRFRQGLLHLQGLVSHQVDELOVWDWXWXOXLGHFHWHDQWUHEXLHvQVVDYHPvQYHGHUHIDSWXOFDDFFHVXOODIXQFLLOHSXEOLFHDOHFHWLLHUD DFFHVLELORULFUXLFHWHDQJUHFGRDUSULQWUDJHUHODVRUL0DLPXOWOHJLOHGLQ*UHFLD$QWLFVWLSXODXGUHSWXOFHWHQLORUGHDVH
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Romanii vor prelua de la greci aceVWHSUHRFXSULGH]YROWkQGX-OHL elabornd njurul anului 100 ante Hr. primul model al sistemului de comunicare.
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3HQWUXFLWLUHDDFHVWXLDDXWRULLPHQLRQDLRIHUXUPDWRDUHDH[SOLFDLH GDFXQHPLWRU GRUHWH L WUDQVPLWH LQIRUPDLD [ XQXL UHFHSWRU LQIRUPDLD WUHEXLH V ILHLQWHOLJLELO(PLWRUXO WUHEXLHV-LJVHDVFFXYLQWHOHVVHH[SULPH3HQWUXDVHIDFHvQHOHV RUDO VDX vQ VFULV HO WUHEXLH VL FRGH]HPHVDMXO V IRORVHDVF FRGXUL 2GDWFRGDW PHVDMXO HVWH WUDQVSXV vQ VHPQDOH \ FDUH SRW VWUEDWH FDQDOXO VSUH UHFHSWRUReceptorul trebuLHVGHFRGH]HPHVDMXOWUDQVSXVvQVHPQDOHLV-OLQWHUSUHWH]H[QILQHFRPXQLFDUHDSRDWHILvQJUHXQDWGHXQVXUSOXVQHUHOHYDQWGHLQIRUPDLH]VDXGH]JRPRWXO GH IRQG QRLVH 5HXLWD vQ FRPXQLFDUH LPSOLF vQWU-R PVXU RDUHFDUHizomorfismuO GLQWUH [ L [ UHFHSWRUXO DFRUG PHVDMXOXL R VHPQLILFDLH [ FDUH HDFHHDL FD L SHQWUX HPLWRU [-[ $FHODL PRGHO LQGLF vQV REVWDFROHOH FH SRWLQWHUYHQLDVWIHOvQFkWL]RPRUILVPXOVQXVHUHDOL]H]HSRWLQWHUYHQLHURULGHFRGDUHVDXGHdecRGDUHSUHFXPL]JRPRWXOGHIRQGWLLQDFRPXQLFULL) Q IXQFLH GH FULWHULXO OXDW vQ FRQVLGHUDUH GLVWLQJHP PDL PXOWH forme aleFRPXQLFULL. 8Q SULP FUL WHULX OXDW vQ FODVLILFDUHD IRUPHORU FRPXQLFULL vO FRQVWLWXLHmodalitatea sau tehnica de transmitere a mesajului ,GHQWLILFP DVWIHO GXS ,RDQ'UJDQ3DUDGLJPHDOHFRPXQLFULLGHPDV) FRPXQLFDUHDGLUHFWvQVLWXDLDvQFDUHmesajul este transmis uzitndu-se mijloace primare - FXYkQW JHVW PLPLF LFRPXQLFDUHD LQGLUHFW vQ VLWXDLD vQ FDUH VH Iolosesctehnici secundare - scriere,WLSULWXUVHPQDOHWUDQVPLVHSULQXQGHKHUW]LHQHFDEOXULVLVWHPH grafice etc. QFDGUXOFRPXQLFULLLQGLUHFWHGLVWLQJHPvQWUHFRPXQLFDUHLPSULPDWSUHVUHYLVWFDUWHDILHWFFRPXQLFDUHvQUHJLVWUDWILOPGLVFEDQGPDJQHWLFHWFcomunicare prin fir (telefon, telegraf, comunicare prin cablu, fibre optice etc.);
FRPXQLFDUHUDGLRIRQLFUDGLR79DYkQGFDVXSRUWXQGHOHKHUW]LHQH QIXQFLHGHPRGXOvQFDUHLQGLYLGXOVDXLQGLYL]LLSDUWLFLSOa procesul decomunicare LGHQWLILFPXUPWRDUHOHIRUPHDOHFRPXQLFULLFRPXQLFDUHLQWUDSHUVRQDOVDXFRPXQLFDUHDFXVLQHOHUHDOL]DWGHILHFDUHLQGLYLGvQIRUXOVXLQWHULRUFRPXQLFDUHLQWHUSHUVRQDOVDXFRPXQLFDUHGHJUXSUHDOL]DWvQWUHLQGLYLzi n cadrulJUXSXOXLVDXRUJDQL]DLHLGLQFDUHIDFSDUWHvQDFHDVWFDWHJRULHLQWULFRPXQLFDUHDGHVIXUDWvQFDGUXORUJDQL]DLHLFRPXQLFDUHGHPDVHVWHFRPXQLFDUHDUHDOL]DWSHQWUXSXEOLFXOODUJGHFWUHLQVWLWXLLVSHFLDOL]DWHLFXPLMORDFH specifice); 8QDOWFULWHULXvOUHSUH]LQWmodul de realizare a procesului de comunicare n
IXQFLHGHUHODLDH[LVWHQWvQWUHLQGLYL]LLGLQFDGUXOXQHLRUJDQL]DLLSXWHPDVWIHOidentifica:
FRPXQLFDUHDVFHQGHQWUHDOL]DWGHODQLYHOHOHLQIHULRDUHDOHXQHLRUJDQL]DLLFWUHcele superioare);
FRPXQLFDUHGHVFHQGHQWDWXQFLFkQGIOX[XULOHLQIRUPDLRQDOHVHUHDOL]HD]GHODQLYHOHOHVXSHULRDUHFWUHFHOHLQIHULRDUHFRPXQLFDUHRUL]RQWDOUHDOL]DWvQWUHLQGLYL]LDIODLSHSR]LLLLHUDUKLFHVLPLODUHsauvQWUHFRPSDUWLPHQWHOHXQHLRUJDQL]DLLvQFDGUXOUHODLLORUGHFRODERUDUHFHVHVWDELOHVFntre acestea).
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5.ELEMENTELE PROCESULUI DE COMUNICARE
,QGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD SH FDUH R vPEUDF RULFH SURFHV GH FRPXQLFDUH DUH FkWHYDelemente structurale caracteristice :
H[LVWHQDDFHOSXLQGRLSDUWHQHULHPLWRULUHFHSWRU) vQWUHFDUHVHVWDELOHWHRDQXPLWUHODLHFDSDFLWDWHDSDUWHQHULORUGHDHPLWHLUHFHSWDVHPQDOHvQWU-un anumit cod , cunoscut deDPELLSDUWHQHULGHPHQLRQDWIDSWXOFvQJHQHUal, n orice proces de comunicareSDUWHQHULLMRDFSHUkQGUROXOGHHPLWRULUHFHSWRUH[LVWHQDXQXLcanal de transmitere a mesajului. 3URFHVXOGHFRPXQLFDUHLDDVWIHOQDWHUHFDXUPDUHDUHODLHLGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHH[LVWvQWUHHOHPHQWHOHVWUXFWXUDOHHQXPHUDWHPDLVXV$FHDVWUHODLHGH LQWHUGHSHQGHQIDFH FD RULFH SURFHV GH FRPXQLFDUH V VH GHVIRDUH DVWIHO H[LVWFLQHYD FDUH LQLLD]FRPXQLFDUHDHPLWRUXOLDOWFLQHYDFUXLDvLHVWHGHVWLQDWPHVDMXOGHVWLQDWDUXO$FHVWmesaj este o cRPSRQHQW FRPSOH[ D SURFHVXOXL GH FRPXQLFDUH GDWRULW IDSWXOXL FSUHVXSXQHHWDSHSUHFXPFRGLILFDUHDLGHFRGLILFDUHDSUHVXSXQHH[LVWHQDXQRUFDQDOHGHWUDQVPLWHUH HVWH LQIOXHQDW GH GHSHQGHQD PRGXOXL GH UHFHSLRQDUH D PHVDMXOXL GHdeprinderile de cRPXQLFDUH DOH HPLWRUXOXL L GHVWLQDWDUXOXL GH FRQWH[WXO IL]LF Lpsihosocial n care are loc comunicarea.
Mesajul poate fi transmis prin intermediul limbajului verbal, neverbal sau
paraverbal.
/LPEDMXOYHUEDOUHSUH]LQWOLPEDMXOUHDOL]DWFXDMXWRUXOFuvintelor. /LPEDMXO QRQYHUEDO HVWH OLPEDMXO FDUH IRORVHWH DOW PRGDOLWDWH GH H[SULPDUHGHFkWFXYkQWXOJHVWXULPLPLFHWF /LPEDMXOSDUDYHUEDOHVWHRIRUPDOLPEDMXOXLQRQYHUEDORIRUPYRFDO UHSUH]HQWDW GH WRQDOLWDWHD L LQIOH[LXQLOH YRFLL ULWPul de vorbire, modul deaccentuare a cuvintelor, pauzele dintre cuvinte, ticurile verbale.
Alte elemente componente ale procesului de comunicare sunt: feed-back-ul,
FDQDOHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHPHGLXOFRPXQLFULLEDULHUHOHFRPXQLFDLRQDOHFeed-back-ul este XQPHVDMVSHFLILFSULQFDUHHPLWHQWXOSULPHWHGHODGHVWLQDWDU
XQDQXPLWUVSXQVFXSULYLUHODPHVDMXOFRPXQLFDWCanalele de comunicare UHSUH]LQWGUXPXULOHFLOHXUPDWHGHPHVDMH
([LVWGRXWLSXULGHFDQDOHGHFRPXQLFDUH1. canale formale, prestabilite, cum ar fi sistemul canalelor ierarhice dintr-RRUJDQL]DLHFDQDOHQHIRUPDOHVWDELOLWHSHUHODLLGHSULHWHQLHSUHIHULQHLQWHUHVSHUVRQDO
Canalele de comunicare au un suport tehnic reprezentat de toate mijloacele
tehnice care pot veni n sprijinul procesului de comunicare (mijloace de comunicare):telefon, fax, calculator, telex, mijloace audio-video.
0HGLXOFRPXQLFULLHVWHLQIOXHQDWGHPLMORDFHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHH[LVWPHGLXoral sau mediu scris, mediu vizual.
Filtrele, zgomotele, barierele UHSUH]LQWSHUWXUEDLLOHFHSRW LQWHUYHQLvQSURFHVXOde comunicare. Perturbarea mesajului transmis poate avea o asemenea intensitate, nct
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vQWUHDFHVWDL PHVDMXO SULPLWV H[LVWHGLIHUHQHYL]LELOH 3HUWXUEDLLOH SRW IL GH QDWXULQWHUQ- factori fiziologici, perceptivi, semantici, factori interpersonali sau intrapersonaliLGHQDWXUH[WHUQ-FDUHDSDUvQPHGLXOIL]LFvQFDUHDUHORFFRPXQLFDUHDSROXDUHIRQLF
SXWHUQLF vQWUHUXSHUL VXFFHVLYH DOH SURFHVXOXL GH FRPXQLFDUH Q SURFHVXO GHcomunLFDUH EDULHU UHSUH]LQW RULFH OXFUX FDUH UHGXFH ILGHOLWDWHD VDX HILFLHQDWUDQVIHUXOXLGHPHVDMQIXQFLHGHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHSHFDUHOHDXEDULHUHOHSRWILFODVLILFDWHvQ EDULHUH GH OLPEDM EDULHUH GH PHGLX EDULHUH GDWRUDWH SR]LLHL HPLWRUXOXL iUHFHSWRUXOXLEDULHUHGHFRQFHSLH
Bariere de comunicare
Doctor Leonard Saules, de la Grand School of Business, Universitatea Columbia,
FRQVLGHUDFvQSURFHVXOGHFRPXQLFDUHSRWLQWHUYHQLXUPWRDUHOHEDULHUH
Bariere de limbaj:
DFHOHDLFXYLQWH au sensuri diferite pentru diferite persoane;FHOFHYRUEHWHLFHOFHDVFXOWVHSRWGHRVHELFDSUHJWLUHLH[SHULHQVWDUHDHPRLRQDODUHFHSWRUXOXLSRDWHGHIRUPDFHHDFHDFHVWD aude;LGHLOHSUHFRQFHSXWHLUXWLQDLQIOXHQHD]DUHFHSWLYLWDWHDGLILFXOWLGHH[SULPDUHutilizarea unor cuvinte sau expresii confuze.
Barierele de mediu sunt reprezentate de:
FOLPDWGHPXQFQHFRUHVSXQ]WRUSROXDUHIRQLFULGLFDW
IRORVLUHDGHVXSRULLQIRUPDLRQDOLQHFRUHVSXQ]WRULclimatul locului GHPXQFSRDWHGHWHUPLQDDQJDMDLLV-LDVFXQGJkQGXULOHDGHYUDWHSHQWUXFOHHVWHIULFVVSXQFHHD ce gndesc.
3R]LLDHPLWRUXOXLLUHFHSWRUXOXLvQcomunicare poate, de asemenea, constitui
REDULHUGDWRULWLPDJLQLLSHFDUHRDUHHPLWRUXOVDXUHFHSWRUXOGHVSUHVLQHL despre interlocutor;FDUDFWHUL]ULLGLIHULWHGHFWUHHPLWRULUHFHSWRUDVLWXDLHLvQ care are loccomunicarea;
VHQWLPHQWHORULLQWHQLLORUFXFDUHLQWHUORFXWRULLSDUWLFLSODcomunicare.
2XOWLPFDWHJRULHRFRQVtituie EDULHUHOHGHFRQFHSLH, acestea fiind reprezentatede:
H[LVWHQDSUHVXSXQHULORUH[SULPDUHDFXVWkQJFLHDPHVDMXOXLGHFWUHHPLWRUOLSVDGHDWHQLHvQUHFHSWDUHDPHVDMXOXLFRQFOX]LLJUELWHDVXSUDPHVDMXOXLlipsa de interes a receptRUXOXLIDDGHPHVDMrutina n procesul de comunicare.
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'HLvPEUDFIRUPHGLIHULWHFRQVWLWXLQGUHDOHSUREOHPHvQUHDOL]DUHD procesuluide comunicare, barierele nu sunt de neevitat, existnd cteva aspecte ce trebuie luate nFRQVLGHUDUHSHQWUXvQOWXUarea lor:-SODQLILFDUHDFRPXQLFULL-GHWHUPLQDUHDSUHFLVDVFRSXOXLILHFUHLFRPXQLFUL-DOHJHUHDPRPHQWXOXLSRWULYLWSHQWUXHIHFWXDUHDFRPXQLFULL-FODULILFDUHDLGHLORUvQDLQWHDFRPXQLFULL- folosirea unui limbaj adecvat.
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,92&$%8/$58/7,,1(/25&2081,&5,,1
'DF SROLVHPDQWLVPXO FXYkQWXOXL FRPXQLFDUH ULGLF SUREOHPHFHUFHWWRULORU ODIHO VWDX OXFUXULOHLFX WHUPHQLL FHIRUPHD]YRFDEXODUXOspecific al disciplinei. Este simplXVXWLOL]H]LFXYLQWHFDVHPQVLPEROFRGPHVDMIUDGDLPSUHVLDFVHSXQSUREOHPHVHULRDVHGHvQHOHJHUHQVHIRUWXO GHILQLULL ORU QX vQVHDPQ SXU L VLPSOX FUHDUHD XQHL HVWXUL GHFXYLQWH GH GUDJXO FXYLQWHORU FL H[LVW R FRPSOH[LWDWH UHDO SH care nu oSRDWHDFRSHULRVLQJXUIRUPXORFRPSOH[LWDWHFDUHDUHPDLPXOWHVXUVHvQDIDUDFDQWLWLLGHHOHPHQWHLHWDSHORULPSOLFDWH
1AtunciFkQGQXHVWHVSHFLILFDWDOWDXWRUFRQLQXWXODFHVWHLWHPHDIRVWSUHOXDWGXS&KULVWLDQ
Baylon, Xavier Mignot, &RPXQLFDUHD
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A comunica / comunicare
$FWXO GH FRPXQLFDUH VH FRQVWLWXLH FD XQ SURFHV GH WUDQVPLWHUH D LQIRUPDLLORU,LGHLORULVHQWLPHQWHORUDWLWXGLQLORURSLQLLORUGHODXQ LQGLYLGODDOWXOGHODXQ LQGLYLGFWUHXQJUXSVRFLDOLGHODDFHVWDODDOWXO&RPXQLFDUHDHVWHSURFHVXOSULQFDUHVHIDFHXQVFKLPEGHVHPQLILFDLLvQWUHSHUVRDQH The World Book Dictionary, editat de Clarence L.%DUQKDUW L 5REHUW . IDFH GLVWLQFLH vQWUH FRPXQLFDUH L FRPXQLFDLL GHILQLQGX-le peDFHVWHDGLQXUPGUHSW
XQVLVWHPGHFRPXQLFDUHSULQWHOHIRQWHOHJUDIUDGLRWHOHYL]LXQHLDOWHOHXQVLVWHPGHUXWHVDXIDFLOLWLSHQWUu transportarea proviziilor militare, a vehiculelorLDWUXSHORUVWXGLXOWUDQVPLVLHLLQIRUPDLHLLGLYHUWLVPHQWXOXLSULQYRUELUHVDXVFULHUHSULQUHYLVWH
L]LDUHSULQUDGLRWHOHYL]LXQHGLVFXULIRQRJUDIVDXDOWHPLMORDFHPentru Robert EscarpitDFRPXQLFDQXvQVHDPQQXPDLDHPLWHLDSULPLFLD
SDUWLFLSDODWRDWHQLYHOXULOHODRLQILQLWDWHGHVFKLPEXULIHOXULWHFDUHVHvQFUXFLHD]LLQWHUIHUHD]XQHOHFXDOWHOH'HODVRFLRORJLDOLWHUDWXULLODWHRULDFRPXQLFULL).'XSFXPDPY]XWFRPXQLFDUHDHVWHvQHOHDVFDXQSURFHVDOWUDQVPLWHULLH[SUHVLLORUsemnificative ntre oameni, ca un concept care include toate acele procese prin careRDPHQLLVHLQIOXHQHD]XQLLSHDOLL$FWXOFRPXQLFULLVHUHDOL]HD]DWXQFLFkQGRVXUVde mesaje tranVPLWH VHPQDOH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL FDQDO OD UHFHSWRU FkQG HPLWRUXOWUDQVPLWHRLQIRUPDLHRLGHHVDXRDWLWXGLQH 6WXGLDWFDSURFHVVRFLDOFRPXQLFDUHDDGHYHQLWRELHFWGHFHUFHWDUHDOWLLQHORUVRFLDOH6 -DFRQVWLWXLWDVWIHORWLLQDXWRQRPDFRPXQLFULL FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ SOXUDOLWDWHD PRGXULORU GH DERUGDUH D FRPXQLFULLOLQJYLVWLFVHPLRWLFSVLKR-VRFLDOVRFLRORJLFFLEHUQHWLFHWF
Indice/Semnal
'LQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOFRPXQLFULLSXWHPQXPL indice FHHDFHRIHULQIRUPDLL
asupUDXQHLVWULSVLKRORJLFHFDUHSULQQDWXUDVDQHILLQGQLFLYL]LELOQLFLDFFHVLELOQLFLXQXLDGLQFHOHODOWHVLPXULDOHQRDVWUHUPkQHDVFXQVvQPVXUDvQFDUHQXVHPDQLIHVWSULQ FRQVHFLQH SHUFHSWLELOH Q SULQFLSLX LQGLFHOH QX VHUYHWH FRPXQLFrii voluntareGHFkWFDDFFHVRULXDWXQFLFkQGvQWUHWHVDXPRGLILFLQIRUPDLLOHSHFDUHGHVWLQDWDUXOOHDUHDVXSUDFRQLQXWXOXLFRPXQLFDWVDXLQWHQLHLFRPXQLFDQWH
SemnalulHVWHRULFHHOHPHQWSXUWWRUGHLQIRUPDLHFXFRQGLLDFDDFHVWDVILIRVW
prRGXVvQPRGGHOLEHUDWGHFLQHYDFDUHVHDWHDSWFDDFHVWDVILHvQHOHVFDDWDUH9RPVSXQH GHFL F HVWH YRUED GH XQ LQGLFH LQWHQLRQDO 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH LQGLFHOH QRQ-LQWHQLRQDOFDUHQXHVWHH[FOXVGLQSURFHVHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHGDUFDUHQLFLQXHVWHQH cesarDFHVWRUDVHPQDOXOMRDFXQUROIXQGDPHQWDO1XH[LVWFRPXQLFDUHGHSOLQIUVHPQDO'HH[HPSOXFXYLQWHOHFRQVWLWXLHVHPQDOHFXDMXWRUXOFURUDLQIRUPDLLOHVXQWWUDQVPLVHDe multe ori, sensul cuvintelor comunicate nu poate fi stabilit n ntregiPHGHFkWGDFQHVHUYLPGHLQGLFL$VWIHOGLIHUHQDGLQWUHLQGLFHLVHPQDOGHYLQHUHODWLYGHRDUHFHLXQLLL DOLL DX DFHODL URO ,QGLFHOH QX RIHU LQIRUPDLL GHFkW vQPRG RFD]LRQDO vQ WLPS FH
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VHPQDOXOOHIXUQL]HD]SULQFKLDUQDWXUDVD,QGLFHOHHVWHXQGDWDOUHDOLWLLFDUHQXHVWHvQVLQHXQLQGLFHGDUFDUHGHYLQHXQLQGLFHDWXQFLFkQGHVWHIRORVLWGHFUHLHUXOXPDQFDVXUVGHLQIRUPDLLQFHSULYHWHVHPQDOXODFHVWDHVWHSURGXVSHQWUXD ILVHPQDOHOQXSUH-
H[LVWVHQVXOXLSHFDUHL-OGPDWXQFLFkQGvOHPLWHP&XWRDWHDFHVWHDDFHOHDLUHDOLWLpot servi uneori drept indici, alteori drept semnale. Cnd cineva apare la televizor,VSHFWDWRULLvLIDFDVXSUDVDRRSLQLHQXQXPDLvQIXQFLHGHFHDVSXVFLLvQIXQFLHGHFRDIXUD VD LQXWD VD DVSHFWXO IL]LF HWF 'DF DFHVWHD FRQVWLWXLH DVSHFWXO VX RELQXLWFUXLDQXL-DDFRUGDWDWHQLHvQPRGGHRVHELWSXWHPYRUELGHLQGLFL'DFOH-a adoptat nPRGGHOLEHUDWvQYHGHUHDHPLVLXQLLSXWHPYRUELGHVHPQDOH'RDUFvQDFHDVWVLWXDLHpen WUX DRELQHPD[LPXPGH HILFDFLWDWH HVWHELQH FDVSHFWDWRULL VQX-LGHDVHDPDGHLQWHQLLOHFHOXLSH FDUHvOSULYHVFLFDVHPQDOXOV ILHLQWHUSUHWDWGUHSWLQGLFH Va trebui,GHFLVGLVWLQJHPvQFDGUXOVHPQDOHORUSHFHOHFDUHVXQWHPLVHSHQWUXDIL percepute caVHPQDOHLFHOHFDUHVXQWHPLVHSHQWUXDILSHUFHSXWHFDLQGLFLQWU-XQVHPQDOY]XWGLQSXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO GHVWLQDWDUXOXL LQWHQLD FRPXQLFDWRUXOXL SRDWH IL DSDUHQW VDX
GLPSRWULYDVFXQV%LQHvQHOHVLQHGHVWUDWHJLDFRPXQLFDWRUXOXLGHDSUHYHGHDQXIUULVFXOGHD JUHLFXPYD ILLQWHUSUHWDWVHPQDOXOGHFWUHGHVWLQDWDUGDFHVWHUHFHSWDWFDDWDUHFDVHPQDOVDXGLPSRWULYFDLQGLFH
Mesaj 6HVSXQHvQPRGRELQXLWFVHFRPXQLFSULQPHVDM$FHVWWHUPHQGHVHPQHD]un semnal, sau un ansamblu de semnale, transmise n cursul unui act de comunicare.([LVWLDOWHFXYLQWHFXH[WHQVLHPDLUHGXVGDUWRWDWkWGHLPSRUWDQWHSHQWUXDGHVHPQDPHVDMHOH8QXOGLQWUHDFHVWHDHVWHHQXQXOXQHQXQHVWHXQPHVDMOLQJYLVWLFvQJHQHUD lVXEIRUPRUDOGHRDUHFHXQPHVDMVXEIRUPVFULVHVWHGHQXPLWPDLGHJUDEWH[W8QPHVDMQXSRDWHILHILFDFHGHFkWGDFHVWHvQHOHVVHPQDOHORUGLQFDUHHVWHFRQVWLWXLWGLQ
SXQFW GH YHGHUH PDWHULDO WUHEXLH V OH ILH DVRFLDW XQ VHQV $FHVW LGHH FRQGuce laQRLXQHDGHVHPQ
SemnTermenul semn SULPHWH vQ OLQJYLVWLF vQFHSkQG FX )HUGLQDQG GH 6DXVVXUH XQ
sens precis, destul de diferit de cel din limbajul curent unde este echivalent uneori cndFXLQGLFHOHFkQGFXVHPQDOXOHOGHVHPQHD]RXQLWDWHFRPSOH[FRPSXVGLQDOWHGRXXQLWL VHPQDOXO L VHQVXO VX 3HQWUX DFHVWH GRX HQWLWL 6DXVVXUH D XWLOL]DW DOWHGHQXPLULIRORVLWHGHMDGHJUDPDWLFLHQLLVWRLFLDLDQWLFKLWLLJUHFHWLQORFGHVHPQDOHOpropune semnificantLSHQWUXVHQV- semnificat, ceea ce are avantajul de a pune n valoarecomplementaritatea termenilor: unui semnificant i corespunde n mod necesar un
VHPQLILFDWLLQYHUV6HXWLOL]HD]IUHFYHQW+MHOPVOHY(FRWHUPHQXOH[SUHVLHSHQWUXVHPQLILFDQWLFRQLQXWSHQWUXVHPQLIicat. 6DXVVXUHXWLOL]HD]FXYkQWXOVHPQDYkQGvQYHGHUHXQIHQRPHQFRPSOH[FRPSXVdintr-R LPDJLQH DFXVWLF L XQ FRQFHSW RELHFWXO VHPQLILFDW 8Q FXYkQW VDX RFRPELQDLHGHFXYLQWHGLQWU-ROLPELQGLFVDXVHUHIHUODXQRELHFWH[WHULRUVDXRLGHHH[LVWHQW $FHVWD HVWH VHQVXO FRPXQ DO VHPQXOXL FkQG GLVFXWP FRPXQLFDUHD SULQLQWHUPHGLXOOLPEDMXOXL6HPQXOHVWHDVRFLDWvQPRGDUELWUDULFRQYHQLRQDOXQXLFRQFHSWLDUXWLOL]DUHDVDFRQYRDFLPDJLQHDPHQWDODFRQFHSWXOXL&RQIRUPPRGHOXOXLGRPLQDQWvQOLQJYLVWLFVHPQDOHOHLQFOXVHvQVHPQQXDXSULQHOHvQVHOHQLPLFvQFRPXQFXVHQVXOSH FDUH VXQW GHVWLQDWH V-O WUDQVPLW 6H VSXQH vQ DFHVW FD] 6DXVVXUH F VHPQHOH
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OLQJYLVWLFHVXQWDUELWUDUHFXDOWHFXYLQWHFQXH[LVWRMXVWLILFDUHSHQWUXDOH gerea unuianumit semnal n detrimentul celorlalte, pentru un anumit sens. De aceea, n limbidiferite, unui anumit sens i corespund semnale complet diferite.
([LVWLVHPQHPRWLYDWHFHOHvQFDUHVHPQDOHOHSUH]LQWDQDORJLLFX VHPQLILFDLDORUQOLPbaj se dau ca exemple de semne motivate RQRPDWRSHHOH FXYLQWH D FURUIRQLHUHSUH]LQWXQ]JRPRWVDXXQVXQHW'DUFRUHVSRQGHQDQXHVWHGHFkWUHODWLY'Haltfel, sunetul HPLV GH XQXO L DFHODL DQLPDO GH H[HPSOX XQ FRFR HVWH WUDQVFULVfonetic difHULW vQ IXQFLH GH OLPE cock-a-doodle-doo, quiquiriqui HWF Q FRQFOX]LHPRWLYDLDVHPQHORUOLQJYLVWLFHQXHVWHGHFkWUHODWLYLHVWHLPSUHJQDWGHXQDUELWUDUFDUHUPkQHSUHGRPLQDQW$FHVWDUELWUDUVHUHJVHWHLvQDOWHGRPHQLLGHFkWFHODOOLPEDMului.([HPSOXO FODVLF HVWH FHO DO VHPDIRDUHORU UXWLHUH XQGH VHPQLILFDLD culorilor este purDUELWUDU 7RWXL DWXQFL FkQG SH XQ SDQRX UXWLHUGHVHQXO XQHL FXUEH VHPQDOHD]XWLOL]DWRULORUF YRU DERUGD R FXUE avem de-a face cu un semn motivat. Curba a fost
DOHDVSHQWUXDVHPQDUHDVDFXYLUDMXOQJHQHUDODWXQFLFkQGFRPXQLFDUHDVHIDFH altfelGHFkWSULQOLPEDMSDUWHDGHPRWLYDLHFUHWH2 LPDJLQH HVWHPDLSXLQLPXOWPDLUDUDUELWUDUGHFkWXQFXYkQWVDXRIUD]LGHDFHHD comunicarea prin intermediul imaginiieste mult mai eficace. Se pare FVHPQLILFDLDVHWUDQVPLWHFXDWkWPDLXRUFXFkWHDHVWHmai solid DQFRUDWvQVXSRUWXOVXFXFkWGLIHUHQDGLQWUHVHQVLVHPQDOHVWHPDL PLF1HSXWHPSXQHvQWUHEDUHDGHFHVXQWvQFGHVSUHIHUDWH cuvintele imaginilor. Aceasta sevQWkPSO GHRDUHFH LPDJLQHD QX SRDWH YHKLFXOD toate tipurile de sensuri, ci doar aceleVHQVXULFURUDOHVHDPQvQHVHQDHLFKLDUYRUELPGHLPDJLQHDXQXLHOHPHQWFUXLDvLVHDPQL H[LVW R PXOWLWXGLQH GH QRLXQL FDUH QX VH SUHWHD] VDX VH SUHWHD] cuGLILFXOWDWH XQHL UHSUH]HQWUL YL]XDOH /LPEDMXO FDUH XWLOL]HD] semne arbitrare, nu esteVXSXV DFHVWHL OLPLWUL HO SHUPLkQGFRPXQLFDUHD RULFUXL WLS GH VHPQ $FHVW FDUDFWHU
universal, numit RPQLSRWHQ, caracterizeaz OLPEDMXO vQ FDGUXO PLMORDFHORU GHFRPXQLFDUH VXQW FD]XUL vQFDUH QXSXWHPDOHJH vQWUHOLPEDM LXQ DOW mijloc, deoareceDFHVWDHVWHVLQJXUXOFDUHQXHVWHDWDDWXQXLGRPHQLXOLPLWDWQDFHODLIHOvQHOHJHPGHFHWHOHYL]LXQHDWLQGHVvQORFXLDVFUDGioul, unde comunicarea se face prin limbaj. 7HOHYL]LXQHD FXPXOHD] RPQLSRWHQD OLPEDMXOXL L HILFDFLWDWHD imaginii. PentruDFHOHDLPRWLYHXQDILFDUHLQHGHGRPHQLXOLPDJLQLLFRPSRUWDSURDSHvQWRWGHDXQDRSDUWH VFULV LQIRUPDLLOH pe care imaginea QX UHXHWH V OH UHGHD VXQW vQFUHGLQDWHcuvintelor.
CuvntPrototipul semnului lingvistic este cuvntul, dar rareori vorbim de cuvinte
izolate. &XYLQWHOH vQVL VXQW IFXWH SHQWUX D VH FRPELQD vQ IUD]H FRPSOH[H FDUHUHSUH]LQWPDFURVHPQH (semne formDWHODUkQGXOORUGLQDOWHVHPQH$FHDVWSURSULHWDWHHVWH YL]DW vQ JHQHUDO DWXQFL FkQGVSXQHP F OLPEDMXO HVWH DUWLFXODW 8QLWDWHD GHcomunicare n acest caz este fie fraza, fie ansamblulGHIUD]HSHFDUHvOSXWHPQXPLHQXQsau text. Dar putem generaliza la toate tipurile de comunicare ceea ce este evident pentru
OLPEDMXO YRUELW VDX VFULV"&RPXQLFDUHD QX RSHUHD] vQWRWGHDXQD FX ajutorul mesajelorDUWLFXODWHvQVHQVXOGHILQLWPDLVXV8QDILXQFOLSSXEOLFLWDUVHGHVFRPSXQ mult maigreu n elemente sePQLILFDQWHvQVHPQDOHGLVWLQFWHDYkQGXQVHQVGHFkWRIUD]SHFDUHRputem descompune n cuvinte.
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Cod &kQG VH YRUEHWH GH FRPXQLFDUH VH IRORVHWH DGHVHRUL FXYkQWXO cod . Este untermen GLILFLOGLQFDX]DSROLVHPLHLVDOH6SOHFPGH ODFRGLILFDUHDFHDVWDGHVHPQHD]uneori RSHUDLXQHDFDUHIDFHVFRUHVSXQGXQHLVHPQLILFDLLDQXPLWHVHPQDOHHODERUDUHDunui mesaj SOHFkQGGH ODR VHPQLILFDLHFDUH FKLDUGDFQXD IRVWGDWvQSUHDODELOFHOSXLQ QX D IRVW vQFUDSRUWDW OD R VHULH GH VHPQDOH $OWHRUL FRGLILFDUHD GHVHPQHD]RSHUDLXQHDFDUHFRQVWvQD vQORFXLVHPQDOHFDUHDSDULQXQXLDQXPLWVLVWHPFXVHPQDOHFDUH DSDULQ XQXL DOW VLVWHP Q DFHVW al doilea sens, vom merge de la un mesaj dejaconstituit, n general un text, la un alt mesaj.QFD]XOFRGLILFULLOLQJYLVWLFHvQFDX]HVWHVHPQLILFDLD&RPXQLFDWRUXOSURGXFHXQ PHVDMGHFLRVXLWGHVHPQDOHGDUvOHODERUHD]vQ IXQFLH GH VHQVXO FUXLD DFHVW PHVDM YD WUHEXLV-L FRUHVSXQG L GHFRGLILFDUHD YDUHSUH]HQWDDFXPvQHOHJHUHvQPRPHQWXO n care percepe un mesaj constituit din semnale,GHVWLQDWDUXO vL DIHFWHD] XQ VHQV FkW PDL DSURSLDW GH VHQVXO OD FDUH se gndeacomunicatorul.
QVHQVOUJLWFRGXOHVWHXQVLVWHPGHvQHOHVXULFRPXQPHPEULORUXQHLFXOWXULVDXVXEFXOWXUL(OFRQVWDWkWvQVHPQHFkWLvQUHJXOLVDXFRQYHQLLFDUHGHWHUPLQvQFHPRGLvQFHFRQWH[WVHPQHOHVXQWIRORVLWHLFXPSRWILHOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXDIRUPDPHVDMHcomplexe. Orice DVSHFWDOYLHLLQRDVWUHVRFLDOH-)LVNHIntroduction to communicationstudies) care este FRQYHQLRQDOVDXJXYHUQDWGHUHJXOLODDFURUDSOLFDUHFRQVLPWPHPEULLXQHL VRFLHWL SRDWH ILQXPLW FRGDW 7UHEXLH V GLVWLQJHP vQWUH FRGXUL DOHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL QXPLWH FRQYHQLL VRFLDOHL FRGXUL GH VHPQLILFDLL &RGXULOH GHVHPQLILFDLLVXQW sisteme de semne (lingvistice, imagistice, JHVWXDOHHWF)FkQGDFHDVWGLVWLQFLHWUHEXLHWRWXLVDGPLWHPFFHOHGRXWLSXULGHFRGXULVXQW interconectate. NiciXQFRGGHVHPQLILFDLLQXSRDWHILVHSDUDWGHSUDFWLFLOHVRFLDOHLGHXWLOL]DWRULLVL
)LVNHFRQVLGHUFRULFHWLSGHFRGDUHXUPWRDUHOHWUVWXULFRQLQHXQQXPUGHHOHPHQWHGLQFDUHSRDWHILIFXWRVHOHFLHDFHDVWDHVWHGLPHQVLXQHDSDUDGLJPDWLFVHPDQWLF$FHVWHXQLWLSRWILFRPELQDWHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOUHJXOLORULFRQYHQLLORUDFHDVWDHVWHGLPHQVLXQHDVLQWDJPDWLFVLQWDFWLFGHSLQGHGHXQDFRUGSUHDODELOvQWUHFHLFHvOIRORVHVFLFDUHvPSUWHVFDFHODLIXQGDPHQWFXOWXUDO&RGXULOHLFXOWXUDLQWHUDFLRQHD]GLQDPLFvQGHSOLQHWHRIXQFLHFRPXQLFDWLYVDXGHLGHQWLILFDUHVRFLDOeste transmisibil prin mijloacele de comunicare sau canalele care i sunt aplicabile.
Umberto Eco (7UDWDWGHVHPLRWLFJHQHUDO) este autorul unei semiotici speciale,
ED]DWHSHWHRULDFRGXULORUFDUHSOHDFGHOD SUHVXSR]LLDFXQFod nu poate fi separat decultura n care s-a IRUPDWLSHFDUHRGHVHUYHWH3UHPLVDGHODFDUHDXWRUXOSOHDFvQ HDOL]DUHDDFHVWHLVHPLRWLFLHVWHFSHQWUXD H[SOLFDIXQFLRQDUHDVLVWHPHORUVHPLRWLFHQXavem nevoie de FRQFHSWXO GH UHIHUHQW GDF UHIHUHQWXO HVWH FRQGLLD QHFHVDU SHQWUXSURLHFWDUHDPRGHOXOXLVHPLRWLFQXHLFRQGLLDIXQFLRQULLVHPLRWLFH /DVXUVVHSRDWHDIOD R PLQFLXQ XQ IDSW FDUH QX HVWH UHDO GDU DVWD QXvQVHDPQ F QX PDL H[LVWosibilitatea de semnificare. Astfel, semioticDOXL(FRHVWHFRQIRUPSURSULHLGHILQLLLRVHPDQWLFED]DWQXPDLSHFRQGLLLOHGHVHPQLILFDUHWHRULDFRGXULORULQXSHFRQGLLLGHDGHYUWHRULDUHIHULQHL &RQFHSWHFDVHPQFRGPHVDMLWH[WFDSWRDFFHSLHGLIHULWCodul DVRFLD] HOHPHQWHle unui sistem vehiculant (expresia) elementelor unui sistem
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YHKLFXODWFRQLQXWXOQDFHDVWWHRULHIXQFLDVHPQVHUHDOL]HD] atunci cnd o expresieHVWHFRUHODWFXXQFRQLQXWLDUDPEHOHHOHPHQWH FRUHODWHGHYLQIXQFWLYHDOHFRUHODLHLAstfel, putem denumi semnul ca fiind constituit din unul sau mai multe elemente ale unui
plan al expresiei FRUHODWHFRQYHQLRQDOFXXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHHOHPHQWHDOHXQXLSODQDOFRQLQXWXOXL&DLOD6DXVVXUHGDUH[SULPDWvQDOLWHUPHQLVHPQXOHVWH FRUHVSRQGHQDdiQWUH XQ VHPQLILFDQW L XQ VHPQLILFDW 6HPQXO QX HVWHR XQLWDWH IL]LF VDX R XQLWDWHVHPLRWLFIL[FLORFXOGHvQWvOQLUHDO unor elemente reciproc interdependente, provenindGLQ GRX VLVWHPHGLIHULWH L DVRFLDWH SULQWU-R UHODLH FRGLILFDQW Un semnificantHKLFXOHD]FRQLQXWXULGLIHULWHLvQOQXLWHLDUFHHDFHVHQXPHWHPHVDMHVWHGHFHOH aiPXOWH RUL XQ WH[W DO FUXLFRQLQXW HVWH XQ GLVFXUV FX PDL PXOWH QLYHOH 7H[WXO HVWHezultatul FRH[LVWHQHLXQRU FRGXUL GLIHULWH VDX FHOSXLQ DOXQRU VXEcoduri diferite. QL]LXQHDOXL(FRGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOIXQFLRQULLFRGXOXL referentul trebuie exclus caSUH]HQ VWkQMHQLWRDUH FKLDU GDF referentul poate fi obiectul numit, trebuie admis dinULQFLSLXFRH[SUHVLHQXGHVHPQHD]XQRELHFWFLYHKLFXOHD]XQFRQLQXW cultural.
&RGUHVWUvQVLFRGHODERUDWBernstein, n lucrarea Class, Codes and Control (apudChristian Baylon, Xavier
Mignot, omunicarea H[DPLQHD] UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUHOLPE L VRFLHWDWH IRORVLQGFHUFHWULOH SURSULL VXSUD HHFXOXL FRODU([LVW REVHUY %HUQVWHLQ GRX PRGDOLWLfundamentale de a vorbi, LOXVWUDWHvQH[SHULHQDXUPWRDUHQLWHFRSLLGHYkUVWFRODUtrebuie VSRYHVWHDVFFX voce tare episoadele dintr-REDQGGHVHQDWvQIDD unui adultFDUH XUPUHWH WH[WXOntr-o carte. Unii copii nu pot WUDQVPLWH GHFkW XQ QXPU PLF GHLQIRUPDLLLQWHUORFXWRUXOXLFHFXQRDWHGHMDSRYHVWLUHDIRORVHVFXQ cod restrns), n timpFH DOLFRSLL GHVFULX FRQLQXWXO FRPSOHW DO LPDJLQLORU IU V XLWH QLFL XQDPQXQW
(folosesc un cod elaborat). %HUQVWHLQYUHD V DUDWH F DFHL FRSLLSURYHQLL GLQ PHGLLOHGHIDYRUL]DWHQXvQWUHEXLQHD]GHFkWFRGXOUHVWUkQVvQWLPSFHHOHYLL SURYHQLLGLQFODVHOHsuperioare se folosesc la fel de bine de ambeleFRGXUL$XWRUXOQXDILUPFILHFDUHFODVVRFLDODUSRVHGDXQOLPEDMGLVWLQFWGDUUDSRUWXOYDULD]vQIXQFLHGHLPSRUWDQDFDUHVHG vQ IDPLOLH vQVXLULL L IRORVLULL FRUHFWH D OLPEDMXOXL 2UL VSXQH%HUQVWHLQ limbajulvorbit este principalul mijloc prin care un LQGLYLGSDUWLFXODUL]HD]UHgulile socialeQclasele superioare, GLVFXUVXOXLvLHVWHDFRUGDWRDWHQLHVSHFLDOFRSLOXOHVWHRELQXLWVUHIOHFWH]H DVXSUD VHQVXOXL FXYLQWHORU V UHIRUPXOH]H IUD]HOHLQFRUHFWH V-L H[SULPHVHQWLPHQWHOHSHUVRQDOHQPHGLLOHSRSXODUH folosirea OLPEDMXOXLYL]HD]vQDLQWHGHWRDWHrespectarea unei norme. /LPEDMXO FRPXQ SXQH DFFHQWXO SH HYLGHQHOH SURSUL Linterlocutorilor LQXSHFUHDUHDXQRUVHPQLILFDLLQRL
7H]DOXL%HUQVWHLQQXPLWLWH]DGHILFLHQHLOLQJYLVWLFHa fost SURVWvQWUHEXLQDWILLQGDFX]DWGHIDSWXOFQXXUPUHWHGHFkWVinculce valorile clasei mijlocii copiilorclasei muncitoare prin vQVXLUHDYRUELULLHODERUDWH'LQFRORGHFDX]HOHFDUHGXFvQVODIRORVLUHDFRGXULORUUHVWUvQVHVDXDFHORUHODERUDWHGLVWLQFLDvQVLQH poDWHILIRORVLWFXmult succes n a analiza raporturile pe care codurile le au cu societatea.
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Feed-back
1RLXQHD GH IHHG-EDFN GHVHPQHD] DFHOH UVSXQVXUL DOH UHFHSWRUXOXL FDUHIRUPHD]LGHIRUPHD]PHVDMXOXOWHULRUDOHPLWRUXOXL(OUHSUH]LQWUHversul fluxului decomunicare. (PLWRUXOGHYLQHUHFHSWRU LDUUHFHSWRUXOGHYLQHQRXOHPLWRU6SHFLDOLWLLn comunicare auLGHQWLILFDWGRXIHOXULGHIHHG-backSR]LWLYLQHJDWLY
Feed-back-ul pozitiv vQFXUDMHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXO FRPXQLFDLRQDO FDUH VHGHVIRDUGHH[HPSOXGDFvQWU-XQDPILWHDWUXGHVWXGHQLSURIHVRUXODUHXLWVFDSWH]HDWHQLDHOHYLORUDFHWLDWUDQVPLWXQIHHG -EDFNSR]LWLYQXYRUEHVFDXRFKLLDLQWLLDVXSUDprofesorului, figura lor GHQRWDWHQLHLFRQFHQWUDUHGDFVXQWvQWUHEDLUVSXQGODRELHFWetc; toate aceste semne constituie un feed-EDFN SR]LWLY FH vQFXUDMHD] SURIHVRUXO VFRQWLQXHvQDFHODLPRG
Feed-back-ul negativ vQFHDUFVVFKLPEHFRPXQLFDUHDVDXFKLDUVRvQWUHUXS(pornind GHODDFHODLH[HPSOXGDFSURIHVRUXOQXDUHXLWVFDSWH]HDWHQLDVWXGHQLORUDFHWLDVXQWQHDWHQLYRUEHVFVHIRLHVFXQLLFKLDUFLWHVFDOWFHYDVDXvLFRSLD]FXUVXULODDOW GLVFLSOLQ HWF aceste semne constituie un feed-EDFN QHJDWLY FDUH DU WUHEXL VGHWHUPLQHSURIHVRUXOVVchimbe modul de comunicare).
=JRPRWEDULHUGHFRPXQLFDUH2ULFHOXFUXFDUHLQWHUYLQHvQWUDQVPLWHUHDPHVDMXOXL([LVWWUHLIHOXULGH]JRPRWa) zgomotul semantic FDUHDSDUHDWXQFLFkQGRDPHQLGLIHULLDXGLIHULWHvQHOHVXULSHQWUXDFHOHDLFXYLQWHVDX fraze;b) zgomotul mecanic DSDUHDWXQFLFkQGH[LVWRSUREOHPFXPHFDQLVPXOIRORVLWSHQWUXDajuta comunicarea;
c) zgomotul de mediu VHUHIHUOD]JRPRWHOHH[WHUQHFDUHLQWHUYLQvQSURFHVXQUHVWDXUDQW]JRPRWRVSHQWUXFLQHYDFDUHGRUHWHVvQWUHLQRFRQYHUVDLHHWF)HHG -back-ul este important n reducerea efectelor zgomotului.
Feed-back HVWH XQ WHUPHQ SUHOXDW GLQ OLPED HQJOH] L HVWHvQWUHEXLQDW FXGHRVHELUH vQ FLEHUQHWLF VHPQLILFkQG UHDFLH LQYHUV.9LFWRU 6KOHQX FRQVLGHU Fprincipiul reaFLHLLQYHUVHHVWHLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXFRQWUROXOHILFLHQHLXQHLDFLXQLSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDFRUHFWULLHLn scopul atingerii unui obiectiv fixat.'HRELFHLHPLWRUXOHVWHFHO FDUH WUHEXLH V FHDU XQ IHHG-back, dar vQ VLWXDLD vQ FDUH HO QX IDFH SUHFL]DUHDQHFHVDUDWXQFLFHOODOWYDWUHEXLVHIHFWXH]HUHDFLDLQYHUVQGHFXUVXOWLPSXOXLV-auSXWXWVWUXFWXUDLQIRUPDLLOHGHVSUHWHKQLFDLUROXOIHHG-back-ului n comunicare. Cele maiGHVIRORVLWHL eficiente tehnici de feed-back sunt:
1. Parafraza a reda mesajul cuiva cu propriile cuvinte, spre deosebire de citat,cnd textul respectiv este reprodus; ea esteXWLODWXQFLFkQGGRULPVFODULILFPSR]LLDSHFDUHRVXVLQHPntr-RGLVFXLHVDXFkQGGRULPVFODULILFPRQHvQHOHJHUH
2. QWUHEDUHDGLUHFWHVWHLQWHURJDLDSULQFDUHVHSRDWHUVSXQGH prin da saunu 1HFHVLWDWHD XQRU DVWIHO GH vQWUHEUL HVWH GRYHGLWDWXQFL FkQG VH GRUHWH RELQHUHDXQRULQIRUPDLLVFXUWHLFRQFLVHFkQGQHDIOPvQIDDXQXLLQWHUORFXWRUODFRQLFIRDUWHzgrcit laYRUE$FHVWJHQGHvQWUHEULQXWUHEXLHSXVHvQFD]XOvQFDUHFHOvQWUHEDWQXWLHQLPLFLDUFHOODOWWLHWRWXO
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3. QWUHEDUHD LQGLUHFW acesta este ntrebarea la care nu se poate oferi unUVSXQVFDWHJRULFGDVDXQXQHFHVLWkQGRDQXPH dezvoltare.(VWHIRORVLWRULGHFkWHRUL
VHvQFHDUFDGHWHUPLQDSHFLQHYDV-LH[SULPHVLQFHURSUHUH
4. QWUHEDUHDFXUVSXQVVXJHUDW DFHVWJHQGHvQWUHEULFRQLQGHMDRSUHUHLQWHQLDQHGHFODUDWILLQGDFHHDGHD -OLQIOXHQDSHFHOODOWV-LvQVXHDVF acea opinie.&X DOWH FXYLQWH VH vQFHDUF FRQGXFHUHDGLVFXLHL vQPRGGHOLEHUDW VSUH D RELQH GH ODLQWHUORFXWRU UVSXQVXO dorit, acest lucru realizndu-VH IU FD DFHVWD V FRQWLHQWL]H]Hacest IDSWQFHOHPDLPXOWHFD]XULDFHVWHvQWUHEULDXXQSURQXQDW caracter manipulator.$WXQFLFkQGGRULPVLQLLHPRFRPXQLFDUHVLQFHUHVWHELQHVQHIHULPGHDSXQHVDXGHDUVSXQGHODDVWIHOGHvQWUHEUL
5. $VFXOWDUHD DFWLY 3ULQ PRGXO vQ FDUH DVFXOWP SXQFWXO GH vedere al
LQWHUORFXWRUXOXLQHH[SULPPDFordul sau dezacordul IDGHDFHVWD8QURODSDUWHvQDFHVWtip de feed-backl areFRPXQLFDUHDQRQYHUEDOPLPLFJHVWLF&HUFHWULOHOXL7KRPDV*RUGRQDXUHOLHIDWIDSWXOFRFRPXQLFDUHSRDWHVVHGHVIRDUH optim doar n cazul ncare fiecare receptRUvLGRYHGHWHWUDQVPLWRUXOXLPHVDMXOXLFvODFFHSWFDSDUWHQHUGHGLVFXLH$FFHSWDUHD SDUWHQHUXOXL GH GLDORJ WUHEXLH GRYHGLW SULQ JHVWXUL VDX mesajeWLSLFH8QLQGLYLGQHVLJXULQWHUSUHWHD]DXWRPDWOLSVDXQXL mesaj de acceptare ca pe unulde refuz,DVWIHOvQFkWSRWDSUHDGLYHUJHQHGHSUHUL Limbajul (verbal sau nonverbal) alQHDFFHSWULL VH H[SULP SULQVHQWLQH FULWLFL DPHQLQUL GRMHQL JHVWXUL VSHFLILFH HWFaceste VHPQDOH GH QHDFFHSWDUH vL SURYRDF SDUWHQHUXOXL GH GLDORJ WHDPLQGLVSR]LLe,disconfort, pretext de interiorizare.
'HQRWDLHFRQRWDLH &XYLQWHOHDX SH OkQJ VHPQLILFDLHXQ VXUSOXV VHPDQWLF$PHULFDQ DUHGUHSWVHPQLILFDLHRULFH LQGLYLG FDUH DUH FHWHQLH DPHULFDQ $FHDVWD HVWH GHQRWDLD VDXODWXUD GHQRWDWLY SH FDUH RVHPQLILF DPHULFDQ 'HQRWDLD HVWH DFHD ODWXU DVHPQLILFDLHLFDUHSHQWUXWRLFHLFDUHDSDULQXQHLFRPXQLWLGHOLPEHVWHPDLPXOWVDXPDL SXLQ LGHQWLF $PHULFDQ SRDWH DYHD vQV GLIHULWH adaosuri semantice: pentruLVODPLWL GXS GHVFKLGHUHD GH FWUH 68$ D U]ERLXOXL vPSRWULYD terorismului n$IJDQLVWDQGHSLOGDPHULFDQYL]HD]DFHDSHUVRDQFXOWXUFDUHOHDPHQLQ modulGH YLD L VLVWHPXO GH YDORUL $FHVWH DVRFLDLL SH FDUH OH GHFODQHD] FXYLQWHOH VXQWFRQRWDLLOH&RQRWDLD DGXFH FX VLQH R DVRFLHUH FX DVSHFWXO HYDOXDWLY L YDORULF DOcuvintelor. Cuvintele DX R VHPQLILFDLH JHQHUDO YDODELO SHQWUX WRL YRUELWRULL L XQD
YDULDELOSUH]HQWGRDUOD unii GLQWUHYRUELWRUL$DFXPDPY]XWDPHULFDQSRDWHDYHDYDULDELOHVHPQLILFDii secundare, HYHQWXDOvQDVRFLHUHFXRHYDOXDUHGLIHULWSR]LWLYVDXQHJDWLY(apudCuilenburg, WLLQDFRPXQLFULL.
SimbolUn alt tip de semnal este simbolul 'LQ QHIHULFLUH QX H[LVW XQ DFRUG JHQHUDO
asupra FRQLQXWXOXLH[DFWDOWHUPHQXOXL3HQWUu Saussure, simbolul este un semnal care nueste, sau nu nWRWDOLWDWHDOHV vQPRGDUELWUDU GH H[HPSOX EDODQD FDUH VHUYHWH GUHSWVHPQLILFDQWMXVWLLHLGHRDUHFHPHWDIRULFMXVWLLD FkQWUHWHDFLXQLOH RDPHQLORU3HQWUXDOL VSHFLDOLWL vQV VLPEROXl HVWH L HO XQVHPQ DUELWUDU'DU VLPEROXO HVWH XQ WHUPHQ
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comod pentru a desemna un semnal HPEOHPDWLFFUXLDLVHLGHQWLILFXQJUXSVRFLDORGRFWULQRLGHH-IRUGUDSHOXOQDLRQDOFUXFHDFUHWLQVHPLOXQD,VODPXOXL]YDVWLFD
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FRPXQLFULLDPLMORDFHORUXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXFUHDLDWUDQVPLWHUHDLGLVWULEXLUHDPHVDMHORUaceste mijloace sunt formate din:
DJHQLcare permit transmiterea semnalelor (canale, mijloace tehnice, media);SURFHGHHGHDOHJHUHLFRPELQDUHDPLMORDFHORUXWLOL]DWHUHVXUVHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHLQVWLWXLRQDOHSHQWUXFRQWUROXOSURGXFLHLLGLVWULEXLULL
mesajelor;
Toate aceste mijloace permiWWUDQVIRUPDUHDXQHLUHDFLLSHUFHSLLvQWU-un mesaj carepoate fi perceput.
PLMORFHOHVHUYHVFVIDFGLVSRQLELOHSHQWUXGHVWLQDWDUHOHPHQWHOHFRPSRQHQWHDOHmesajului;
IRUPD6HVWHGDWGHHQXQXOPHVDMXOXLHDHVWHOHJDWGHPLMORDFHOHXWLOL]DWHi este
LQGLVROXELOOHJDWGHFRQLQXWXOPHVDMXOXL0HVDMXOWUHEXLHVSRVHGHRIRUPLRVWUXFWXUELQHGHILQLWHHQXQXOPHVDMXOXLVHSURGXFHvQWU-XQFRQWH[WGDW&RQWH[WXOVHUHIHUODHOHPHQWHOHFDUHLQWHUYLQSHQWUXDIDFHFDXQHYHQLPHQWVILHVHOHctat pentru a fi perceput;RULFHWUDQVPLVLHVWUXFWXUDWLQHDOHDWRDUHHVWHXQVHPQDO)RUPDVHPQDOXOXLPHVDMXOXLFXSULQGHFDOLWLGHUHSUH]HQWDUHGHUHIHULQGHVLPEROL]DUHVDXGHFRUHVSRQGHQ'HFLVHPQDOXOFXSULQGHHOHPHQWHGHIRUPLFRQLQXW ale mesajului,DGLFGHVHPQLILFDLHDPHVDMXOXL6L(VXQWLQGLVROXELOHFHHDFHIDFHFDPHVDMXOVDLEFDOLWLGHIRUPLGHFRQLQXWVSHFLILFHRULFHSHUFHSLHDXQXLHQXQSURGXFHHIHFWHFRQVHFLQHXQHOHLQGHHILFLHQ(atingerea obiectivHORUYL]DWHDRELHFWLYHORULQLLDOHDOHFRPXQLFULLDOWHOHVXQW
FRQVHFLQHQHLQWHQLRQDWHVDXQHGRULWHDOHFRPXQLFULL
0RGHOXOLQGLFvQSULPXOUkQGLPSRUWDQDHOHPHQWHORUFDUHLQWHUYLQvQSHUFHSLDHYHQLPHQWHORUSXQFWHOHGHYHGHUHLH[SHULHQHOHWUHFXWHDOHOXL0LQIOXHQHD]SHUFHSLD- E1. $FHVWD HVWH XQ IDSW FUHDW SULQ SHUFHSLH ILHFDUH SHUVRDQ DYkQG R SHUFHSLHSURSULH'LYHUL0SRWSHUFHSHGLIHULWDFHODLHYHQLPHQWQDOGRLOHDUvQGPRGHOXODUDWFVLVWHPXOFRPXQLFULLHVWHGLQDPLFLGHVFKLVvQ VHQVXOF HIHFWHOHFRQVHFLQHOHVXQWSDULDOSUHYL]LELOHSDULDOLPSUHYL]LELOH(OSRDWHILDSOLFDWvQDQDOL]DGLIHULWHORUVLWXDLLGHFRPXQLFDUH SHQWUX DQDOL]D GH FRQLQXW DPHVDMHORU D FRUHVSRQGHQHL GLQWUH UHDOLWL LPHVDMHOH FRPXQLFULL GH PDV D UHFHSWULL PHVDMHORU GH FWUH SXEOLFXUL * *HUEQHUToward a General Model of Communication , apud,RDQ 'UJDQ Paradigme aleFRPXQLFULLGHPDV).
Modelul lui Lasswell
Modelul lui Harold D. Lasswell este un model specific studiului cRPXQLFULLGHPDV$XWRUXO VXVLQH F SHQWUX D vQHOHJH SURFHVXO FRPXQLFULL GH PDV QRL DYHPQHYRLHVVWXGLHPQLYHOHOHFHFRUHVSXQGXUPWRDUHORUvQWUHEUL
Cine?
Ce spune?
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Prin ce canal?
Cui?
Cu ce efect?
$FHDVWIRUPXODIRVWIRORVLWGe Lasswell n 1948 pentru a nzestra cu un cadruFRQFHSWXDO VRFLRORJLD IXQFLRQDOLVW D PDVV-PHGLD 7UDGXV vQ WHUPHQL GH VHFWRDUH GHFHUFHWDUHHDGXFHODXUPWRUXOUH]XOWDWDQDOL]DFRQWUROXOXLDQDOL]DFRQLQXWXOXLDQDOL]Dmijloacelor de comunicare sau D VXSRUWXULORU DQDOL]D DXGLHQHL L DQDOL]D HIHFWHORU(Armand, Michelle Mattelart, ,VWRULDWHRULLORUFRPXQLFULL).
Pentru Fiske (op. cit DFHVW PRGHO UHSUH]LQW YHUVLXQHD YHUEDO D PRGHOXOXLShannon & :HDYHUHVWHXQPRGHOOLQLDUFDUHSULYHWHFRPXQLFDrea ca o transmitere dePHVDMHLHVWHPDLLQWHUHVDWGHHIHFWHOHFRPXQLFULLGHFkWGHVHPQLILFDLL3ULQHIHFWVHvQHOHJHFRVFKLPEDUHREVHUYDELOLPVXUDELODVWULLUHFHSWRUXOXLHVWHFDX]DWGHXQelement identificabil n proces. Modificnd unul din elementele procesului, vom modifica
LHIHFWXO'XS/DVVZHOOSURFHVXOGHFRPXQLFDUHvQGHSOLQHWHWUHLIXQFLLSULQFLSDOHvQVRFLHWDWHsupravegherea mediuluiGH]YOXLQGWRWFHHHDFHDUSXWHDDPHQLQDVDXDIHFWDVLVWHPXOGHYDORULDOXQHLFRPXQLWLVDXDOSULORUFDUHRFRPSXQSXQHUHDvQUHODLHDFRPSRQHQWHORU VRFLHWLL SHQWUX D SURGXFH XQ UVSXQV ID GH PHGLX transmitereaPRWHQLULL VRFLDOH Lasswell, 7KH 6WUXFWXUH DQG )XQFWLRQ RI &RPPXQLFDWLRQ LQ6RFLHW\, apud Mattelart, op. cit). LazarVIHOGL0HUWRQDGDXJODDFHVWHWUHLIXQFLLRDpatra, cea de entertainmentVDXGLVWUDFLH QWUDGLLDIXQFLRQDOLVWDFHUFHWULLFRPXQLFULLGHPDVVHvQVFULHL studiul luiLazarsfeldGHVSUHDOHJHULOHSUH]LGHQLDOHGLQ$FHVW studiu panel, destinat a stabiliFRQWULEXLDXQRUVXUVHGLIHULWHODPRGLILFDUHDRSLXQLLSROLWLFHvQWLPSDDMXQVODFRQFOX]LD
FGLVFXLD avea un rol mai important n acest sens dect mass-media. Un studiu ulterior,FDUHDWHVWDWHILFLHQDLQIOXHQHLSHUVRQDOHDFRQILUmat DFHVWLGHHLDSURSXVLSRWH]DXQHLFRPXQLFULvQGRXWUHSWH Conform rezultatelor acestui studiu, s-au putut decela ctevagrupuri PDULGHFDX]HFHDFLRQHD]vPSUHXQFDUHSRWH[SOLFDIDSWXOF indivizii sunt maiSUHGLVSXL V LQ VHDPD GH LQIRUPDLLOH L VIDWXULOH venite din partea celor pe care icunosc personal, respectiv:
au mai mare ncredere n ei;XQFRQWDFWSHUVRQDOSRDWHH[HUFLWDRSUHVLXQHLQIRUPDOvQVHQVXOFRQIRUPULLVHRIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDGLVFXWULLLDUJXPHQWULLSHUVXDViunea fiind rezultatul schimbuluireciproc de opinii;
RVXJHVWLHYHQLWGLQSDUWHDXQHLFXQRWLQHGLQSURSULXOFHUFGH FRQWDFWHVRFLDOHSRDUWvQVLQHJDUDQLDFRQIRUPULLODQRUPHOHGH grup. 3HQWUX D FRPXQLFD FX VXFFHV WUHEXLH GHFL V VH DFRUGH R PDi mare DWHQLHJUXSXULORU L SURFHVXOXL GH FRPXQLFDUH QRQIRUPDO GHGLIX]LXQH D LQIRUPDLLORU vQLQWHULRUXOILHFUXLJUXSVDXFDWHJRULHGHSXEOLFYL]DW
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Modelul lui Newcomb
6HPQLILFDLDSULQFLSDODDFHVWXLPRGHOFRQVWvQIDSWXOFHVWHSULPXOmodel care
LQWURGXFH SUREOHPDWLFD UROXOXL FRPXQLFULL vQWU-o societate sau ntr-R UHODLH VRFLDO3HQWUX1HZFRPEDFHVWUROHVWHVLPSOXDFHODGHDPHQLQHHFKLOLEUXOvQFDGUXOXQXLVLVWHPVRFLDO 0RGXO vQ FDUH IXQFLRQHD] DFHVW PRGHO HVWH XUPWRUXO ILJXra 4): A/B esteFRPXQLFDWRUUHFHSWRUHLSRWILLQGLYL]LVDXFRQGXFHUHDXQHLvQWUHSULQGHULUHSUH]HQWDQLLVLQGLFDWHORU VDX JXYHUQJXYHUQDL HWF ; HVWH R SDUWH GLQ PHGLXO VRFLDO $%; HVWH XQVLVWHPFHHDFHvQVHDPQFUHODLLOHLQWHUQHVXQWLQWHUGHSHQGHQte.
Componentele minimale ale sistemului ABX sunt:
RULHQWDUHDOXL$FWUH;LQFOX]kQGvQDFHODLWLPSDWLWXGLQHDIDGH;FDRELHFWDERUGDELOVDXGHHYLWDWFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQVHPQLLQWHQVLWDWHSUHFXPLDWULEXWHOHFRJQLWLYHFUHGLQHLVWUXFWXULFRJQLWLYH
RULHQWDUHDOXL$VSUH%vQH[DFWDFHODLVHQVSHQWUXDHYLWDFRQIX]LDQHYRPUHIHULODDWUDFLHSR]LWLYVDXQHJDWLYIDGH$VDX%FDSHUVRDQLODDWLWXGLQLIDYRUDELOHVDXQHIDYRUDELOHFWUH;RULHQWDUHDOXL%FWUH;RULHQWDUHDOXL%FWUH$ $FHVW PRGHO SUHVXSXQH GHL QX GHFODU H[SOLFLW F RDPHQLL DX QHYRLH GHLQIRUPDLHQWU-R GHPRFUDLH LQIRUPDLD HVWH GH RELFHL SULYLW FD XQ GUHSW GDU QX VHFRQWLHQWL]HD]FLQIRUPDLDHVWHvQSULPXOUkQGRQHFHVLWDWH)UHDQXQHSXWHPVLPLFDRSDUWHDVRFLHWLL7UHEXLHVDYHPLQIRUPDLHSRWULYLWGHVSUHPHGLXOQRVWUXVRFLDOSHQWUXDWLFXPVUHDFLRQPODHOLSHQWUXDLGHQWLILFDvQUHDFLDQRDVWUIDFWRULSHFDUH
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SXWHP V-L vPSUWLP FXPHPEULL grupului, ai subculturii sau culturii din care facemparte. Denis McQuail (ComunicareaVXVLQHFPRGHOXOOXL1HZFRPEHVWHXQPRGHODOWHQVLXQLLFWUHVLPHWULHGHDFHODLWLSFXPRGHOHOHLQVSLUDWHGHSVLKRORJLDJHVWDOWLVWDinamica DFWHORUGHFRPXQLFDUHFRQVWvQWHQVLXQHDSURGXVGHGH]DFRUG
0RGHOXO:HVWOH\L0DF/HDQ
$FHVWPRGHOILJXUDHVWHLQVSLUDWGHPRGHOXOOXL1HZFRPELGHVFULHSURFHVXOFRPXQLFULLLQWHUSHUVRQDOH 3H VFXUW PRGHOXO DUDW F LQIRUPDLD ILH HVWH GDW GH XQindivid A altui individ B, fie HVWHFXWDWGH%ODRVXUV$GLVSXQkQGGHFRPSHWHQHspecifice n raport cu nevoile lui B.
X1, X2, X3, X4; UHSUH]LQW RELHFWHOH GH RULHQWDUH DGLFPXOWLWXGLQHD GH
HYHQLPHQWHLRELHFWHFDUHFRPSXQPHGLXOOXL$L%LFDUHSRWHYH ntual forma obiect decomunicare ntre ei;$L%UHSUH]LQWLQGLYL]L;UHSUH]LQWPHVDMXOI%$UHSUH]LQWIHHG-EDFNXODGLFXQPHVDMWUDQVPLVGH%VSUH$DVXSUDVLWXDLHLOXL%WUDQVIRUPDWFDHIHFWHDO;IUHSUH]LQWIHHG-backul.
PotrivitDFHVWHLUHSUH]HQWULVLPSOHDVXSUDFRPXQLFULLGLQWUHGRLDFWRULSHUVRDQD$WUDQVPLWHRLQIRUPDLHFWUHSHUVRDQD%DVXSUDHYHQLPHQWXOXL;$HVWHFRPXQLFDWRUXOLDU % HVWH vQ VLWXDLD UHFHSWRUXOXL GH LQIRUPDLH ILH F R FHUH ILH SXU L VLPSOX F RprimHWH &RPXQLFDUHD vQFHSH GH IDSW SULQ VHOHFLRQDUHD GH FWUH$ D RELHFWHORU GH
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RULHQWDUH;FURUDOHGRIRUPDEVWUDFWOHWUDQVIRUPvQPHVDM;LvOWUDQVPLWHFWUH%$FHVWDGLQXUPSRDWHDYHDLHORSHUFHSLHGLUHFWDOXL;;1, B) sau suporWHIHFWXOOXL;UVSXQ]kQGOXL$SULQUHWURDFLXQHDI%$0RGHOXO:HVWOH\0DF/HDQVXEOLQLD]
QHYRLDVRFLDOGH LQIRUPDLH SHFDUHD SXV-RvQHYLGHQPRGHOXOOXL1HZFRPE(LYRUDGDSWDDFHVWPRGHOLSHQWUXVWXGLXOPDVV-media.
&2$/$6(0,27,&
7HUPHQLL FX FDUH RSHUHD] VHPLRWLFD VHPQ VHPQLILFDLH LFRQ GHQRWDLHFRQRWDLH VXQW WHUPHQL FDUH VH UHIHU ODGLYHUVHPRGDOLWLGH SURGXFHUHDD VHQVXOXLDvQHOHVXOXL 0RGHOHOH SURSXVH GH FRDOD VHPLRWLF GLIHU GH FHOH SURSXVH GH FRDODproces QXQXPDLSULQIDSWXOFQXVXQWOLQHDUHFLLSULQIDSWXOFQXFRQLQLQGLFDLLGHVSUH HWDSHOH WUDQVPLWHULL PHVDMXOXL $FHVWH PRGHOH VXQW GH WLS VWUXFWXUDO L LQGLFUHODLLOHFDUHVHVWDELOHVFvQWUHHOHPHQWHOHSULQFDUHVHFUHHD]VHQVXO
Q FHQWUXO DFHVWHL WLLQH VW FRQFHSWXO GH VHPQ 6HPLRWLFD DUH WUHL GRPHQLLprincipale de studiu:
VHPQXO vQVXL DFHVWD FRQVW vQ VWXGLXO GLIHULWHORU YDULHWL GH VHPQH vQ VWXGLXOGLIHULWHORUPRGXULvQFDUHDFHVWHDWUDQVPLWvQHOHVXOSUHFXPLvQVWXGLXOPodului n careVHPQXO UHODLRQHD] FX RDPHQLL FDUH vO IRORVHVF 6HPQHOH VXQW GHILQLWH FD ILLQG QLWHFRQVWUXFWHXPDQHLSRWILvQHOHVHQXPDLvQXWLOL]ULOHSHFDUHRDPHQLLOHDWULEXLH2. codurile (sistemele n care semnele sunt utilizate); acest studiu cuprinde modurile ncare o varietate de coduri s-DGH]YROWDWSHQWUXDVDWLVIDFHQHYRLOHXQHLVRFLHWLVDXFXOWXULsau pentru a exploata canalele de comunicare disponibile pentru transmiterea lor.
FXOWXUDvQFDUHDFHVWHFRGXULLVHPQHRSHUHD]/DUkQGXOHLDFHDVWDHVWHGHSHQGHQWSHQWUXSURSULDHLH[LVWHQLIRUPGHIRORVLUHDDFHVWRUFRGXULLVHPQH
3HQWUX D vQHOHJH vQPRG FkWPDLDGHFYDW RULJLQDOLWDWHDPRGHOHORUVHPLRWLFHvQspecial OLQJYLVWLFH ,RDQ 'UJDQ 7HRULL DOH FRPXQLFULL GH PDV) este important deUHLQXWFHHDFHXQLL autori numesc dubla situare sau dimensiune a mesajului:SULPDVHUHIHUODIDSWXOFPHVDMXOHVWHXQHOHPHQWDOFLUFXLWXOXLFRPXQLFDLRQDOWULPLVGHFWUHHPLWRUHOFLUFXOSULQWU-XQFDQDOLDMXQJHODUHFHSWRUHVWHVVSXQHPR
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LQIRUPDLHFDUHFLUFXOvQWUHFHLGRLSROLDLFLUFXLWXOXLFRPXQLFDLRQDOVXEDOWDVSHFWPHVDMXOSRDWHILWRWRGDWGHVFULVFDHOHPHQWDOXQXLSURFHVGH UHSUH]HQWDUHFDLQWHUPHGLDUvQWUHRUHDOLWDWHLLPDJLQHDDFHVWHLUHDOLWi (realitatea la carePHVDMXOVHUHIHUVDXODFDUHWULPLWH0RGHOHOHVHPLRWLFHLDXvQFRQVLGHUDUHGXEODVLWXDUHLQIRUPDLRQDOLVLPEROLFDPHVDMXOXLDFHVWHDVHVLWXHD]LVHFULVWDOL]HD]ODLQWHUVHFLDFHORUGRXSURFHVHGHFRPXQLFDUHLGHUHSrezentare (figura 6)
Modelul lui Peirce
3HQWUX3HLUFHRULFHSURFHVVHPLRWLFHVWHRUHODLHvQWUHWUHLFRPSRQHQWHVHPQXOvQVXLRELHFWXOUHSUH]HQWDWLLQWHUSUHWDQWXOILJXUD
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'HILQLLD VHPQXOXL LPSOLF GHFL XQ PRGHO WULDGic: ''Un semn, sau unUHSUH]HQWDPHQ HVWH FHYD FDUH LQH ORFXO D FHYD vQ DQXPLWH SULYLQH VDX vQ YLUWXWHDDQXPLWRUvQVLLUL(OVHDGUHVHD]FXLYDFUHkQGvQPLQWHDDFHVWXLDXQVHPQHFKLYDOHQWsau poate un semn mai dezvoltat. Semnul acesta pe care l creez vO QXPHVFLQWHUSUHWDQWXOSULPXOXLVHPQ6HPQXOLQHORFXODFHYDDQXPHDORELHFWXOXLVX(OLQHORFXO DFHVWXL RELHFW QX vQ WRDWHSULYLQHOH FL FX UHIHULUH ODXQ IHO GH LGHH SH FDUH DPnumit-o uneori fundamentul representamenului''(Peirce, ComunicareLDFLXQH,apudUmberto Eco, Lector in fabula).
Un semn VHUHIHUODDOWFHYDGHFkWODHOvQVXLobiectuOLHVWHvQHOHVGHFLQHYDacesta este efectul pe care l produce n mintea receptorului (interpretantul).Interpretantul nu este interpretul semnXOXLFLHVWHXQFRQFHSWPHQWDOSURGXVGHRSRWULYGHVHPQLGHH[SHULHQDRELHFWXOXLSHQWUXFHOFHXWLOL]HD]VHPQXO,QWHUSUHWDQWXOXQXLRELHFWQXHVWHRVHPQLILFDLHGHILQLWGHGLFLRQDUFLYDULD]vQIXQFLHGHH[SHULHQDSH
care utilizatorul semnului a avut-o vis-D YLV GH DFHO RELHFW 2 VHPQLILFDLH QX HVWHQLFLRGDW R UHODLH vQWUH XQ VHPQ L FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW VHPQXO RELHFWXO 6HPQLILFDLDUH]XOWGLQUHODODLDWULDGLFvQFDUHLQWHUSUHWDQWXODUHXQUROPHGLDWRUGHLQIRUPDUHGHinterpretare sau FKLDUGH WUDGXFHUHD XQXL VHPQSULQ DOW VHPQ ,QWHUSUHWDQWXOHVWHR DOWUHSUH]HQWDUH FDUH VHUHIHU ODXQ DFHODL RELHFW SHED]DXQXL DOW IXQGDPHQW JURXQG-ulUHSUH]HQWULLDFHVWDHVWHSXQFWXOGHSOHFDUHDOVHPLR]HLQHOLPLWDWHUHODLDVHPQ -obiectnu HVWHSRVLELOGHFkWSULQUDSRUWDUHODXQDOWLQWHUSUHWDQWFDUHVHH[SOLFSHVLQHSULQWU-unDOWLQWHUSUHWDQWQFDGUXOWHRULHLFRGXULORU8PEHUWR(FR7UDWDWGHVHPLRWLFJHQHUDO)LQWHUSUHWDQWXOSRDWHILLGHQWLILFDWFXvQWUHJDVHULHGHGHQRWDLLLFRQRWDLLVXFFHVLYHDOHunei expresii.
'XS3HLUFHH[LVWWUHLWLSXULGHVHPQHLFRQXOLQGLFHOHVDXLQGH[XOLVLPEROXO
Un semn iconic HVWHXQVHPQED]DWSHRDQXPLWDVHPQDUHFXRELHFWXOUHDOVDXILFWLYGHH[HPSOXRIRWRJUDILHRVFKHPRGLDJUDPun indice HVWHXQVHPQFDUHVHDIOvQWU-oUHODLHUHDOQXGHUHIOHFWDUHFXRELHFWXOIXQFLRQkQGFDRLQGLFDLHVDXRUHIHULQGHexemplu, un indicator de drum, simptomele unei boli etc.; simbolul este un semn
determinat numai n cadrul unei interpretULGDUQXDUHOHJWXUIL]LFVDXGHDVHPQDUHcu obiectul: de exemplu, un steag.
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0RGHOXOOXL2JGHQL5LFKDUGV
0RGHOXO2JGHQL5LFKDUGVFRUHVSXQGHPRGHOXOXLOXL3HLUFHQDFHDVW
SHUVSHFWLYvQDQDOL]DFRPXQLFULLVHSRDWHGDSULRULtate:UHDOLWLORUOXFUXULORUpsihicului, gndirii (ideilor);OLPEDMXOXLFXYLQWHORUUHLQkQGX-VHDWXQFLGXEODIXQFLHDFXYLQWHORUnoiJkQGLPFXDMXWRUXOFXYLQWHORULFRPXQLFPFXDOLLSULQLQWHUPHGLXOORU
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Modelul lui Saussure
6DXVVXUHHVWHFRQVLGHUDWvQWHPHLHWRUXOOLQJYLVWLFLLPRGHUQHLDOVHPLRORJLHLILLQGcel FDUHDFRQVWUXLWSULPXOSURLHFWDOXQHLWHRULLJHQHUDOHDVLVWHPHORUGHVHPQLILFDUHLQLLLQGVWXGLHUHDYLHLLVHPQHORUvQVkQXOYLHLLVRFLDOH(OVHFRQFHQWUHD]FDOLQJYLVWasupra semnului vQVXL 6HPQXO SHQWUX 6DXVVXUH HVWH XQLWDWHD vQWUH VHPQLILFDW Lsemnificant. Semnificantul este LPDJLQHDDFXVWLFIRUPDIL]LFDVHPQXOXLSHFDUHQRLRpercepem, iar semnificantul este conceptul mental la care se referDFHVWD$FHVWFRQFHSWPHQWDO HVWH vQ PDUH PVXU FRPXQWXWXURU PHPEULORU XQHL FXOWXUL FDUH vPSUWHVFDFHODL OLPEDM6XQW YL]LELOH VLPLODULWLOH vQWUH GLDGD VHPQLILFDQWVHPQLILFDW DO OXL6DXVVXUH L FHDSHLUFHDQ VHPQLQWHUSUHWDQW 6DXVVXUH HVWH vQV PDLSXLQ LQWHUHVDW GH
UHODLDVHPQXOXLFDvQWUHJFXUHDOLWDWHDH[WHUQRELHFWXOOD3HLUFHILJXUD
0RGHOXODUDWFUHODLDGLQWUHFRQFHSWLRELHFWXOUHDOSHFDUHvOUHSUH]LQWHVWHRSHUDLDGHVHPQLILFDUHSULQLQWHUPHGLXODFHVWHLRSHUDLLRPXODFRUGvQHOHVXULUHDOLWLLR vQHOHJH (VWH LPSRUWDQW V UHDPLQWLP F VHPQLILFDWXO HVWH vQ DFHHDL PVXU FD LVHPQLILFDQWXOSURGXFLDXQHLFXOWXULSDUWLFXODUH(VWHHYLGHQWFVHPQLILFDQLLFXYLQWHOHVXQWGLIHULWHvQIXQFLHGHOLPE$FHODLOXFUXVHvQWkPSOLFXVHPQLILFDLLOHFXYLQWHORUHOH GLIHU PDL PXOW VDX PDL SXLQ GH OD FXOWXU OD FXOWXU ILHFDUH DYkQG SURSULDH[SHULHQDRELHFWHORUYH]LLSRWH]D6KDSLU-Worf).
DE RE,187
Conform lui Fiske (Introduction to Communication StudiesSXWHPFRQVLGHUDFH[LVWGRXSDUDGLJPHFODVLFHvQVWXGLXOFRPXQLFULLFRDODSURFHVLFRDODVHPLRWLF
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3ULQFHVHFDUDFWHUL]H]FRDODSURFHVLFDUHVXQWSULQFLSDOHOHPRGHOHDOH
FRPXQLFULLFDUHRUHSUH]LQW"
Caracteristicile FROLLSURFHV:
vede comunicarea ca transmitere a mesajelor;
HVWHLQWHUHVDWvQVSHFLDOGHSUREOHPHFDHILFLHQDLDFXUDWHHDWUDQVPLWHULLPHVDMXOXLGDFHIHFWXOHVWHGLIHULWGHFHHDFHVHLQWHQLRQDVVHFRPXQLFHWHQGLQDHVWHVVH
interpreteze acest lucru GUHSWXQHHFDOFRPXQLFULLLVVHFDXWHPRWLYXOHHFXOXLde-DOXQJXOGHVIXUULLSURFHVXOXLGHFRPXQLFDUH
VHDXWRGHILQHWHFDVWXGLXOactelor de comunicare;GHILQHWHLQWHUDFLXQHDVRFLDOFDILLQGSURFHVXOSULQFDUHRSHUVRDQUHODLRQHD]FX
DOWHOHVDXDIHFWHD]FRPSRUWDPHQWXOVWDUHDGHVSLULWVDXUHDFLLOHHPRLRQDOHDOHXQHLDOWHSHUVRDQHLLQYHUV
vede n mesaj ceea ce este transmis prin procesul de comunicare.LQWHQLDHPLWRUXOXLSRDWHILGHFODUDWVDXQHGHFODUDWGDUHDHVWHHVHQLDOSHQWUXD
putea analiza mesajul.
Modele reprezentative:
Modelul Shannon & Weaver;
Modelul lui Gerbner;
Modelul lui Lasswell;
Modelul lui Newcomb;
Modelul Westley MacLean.
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