Cisco IOS XE Routers ASR 1000 & ISR 4000 & CSR 1000v
Jaromír Pilař, Consulting Systems Engineer, CCIE #2910
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• Introduction, What is IOS XE
• IOS-XE Software Architecture
• IOS-XE Platforms Architecture • ASR 1000, ISR 4000, CSR 1000v
• IOS-XE Network Programmability
• Summary
Agenda
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Introducing IOS XE
• 2007 • ASR1000 introduced as the first routing platform using IOS XE
software
• 2013 • ISR4451 introduced as the first branch
routing platform using IOS XE software • ISR4000 series routers inherited the new IOS architecture and
married with the previous innovations from the ISR G2 series of routers
• 2014 • 5 new ISR4000 series routers introduced to extend coverage
through all branch connectivity needs
• 2015 • 3 new ASR1000 chassis along with new MIP and Interfaces blades
With ASR1000 and ISR4000 series routers
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What is IOS XE
BIG differences!
• Linux is the underlying operating system for the chassis
• IOSd runs as a process in Linux
• Benefit from protected memory and process isolation
• Very familiar CLI (some things are best kept the same)
• Separation of control and data planes into discrete processes
• Multicore support for data plane
• Introduction of services plane in addition to control and data plane
How is it different than Classic IOS at 30,000 feet?
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Linux? where?
• Linux, yes, but the only interface with the system is via IOSd
• IOSd presents the same CLI interface that everyone loves from other platforms like 7200, 7600, and ISR G2 routers
• Because IOSd is running as a discrete process it has protected memory that is isolated from crashes in other processes and failures in other components in the system.
• Individual software component upgrade opportunity
• With “service internal” and “request platform software system shell” commands you can find Linux. Don’t do it without a good reason. Here be dragons and you taste good with ketchup. Requires one-day license from TAC since you go well with ketchup.
I don’t see a shell prompt anywhere!
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Same CLI
• In general configurations from Classic IOS platforms move forward to IOS XE without any changes
• There are certain features like QoS, carrier grade NAT (CGN), WAAS, CME that when moved forward are going to have slight variations or need updating to take advantage of new features
• Cisco Active Advisor can analyze configurations from Classic IOS platforms and provide updated configurations for IOS XE platforms https://ciscoactiveadvisor.com/
Not like IOS-XR that looks like you understand it until you don’t…
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Divided we stand, united we fall!
• Classic IOS is a single threaded monolithic blob of code that has served us well for a long time • Impossible to separate control and data plane • Processors aren’t getting faster so much, their number of cores are
growing though
• Multi-core lets us to dedicate certain cores for control plane and others for data plane, i.e. no starving data plane for control plane
• Furthermore, we can use one chip architecture for control and a separate for data plane for mix and match to meet needs
• We have even created a services plane that can run alongside IOSd and not impact platform performance
Wait, isn’t it supposed to be the other way around?
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Services plane
• All platforms have multiple cores on the control plane, no truck rolls needed!
• IOSd consumes one core with occasional use for extra cores for specific features
• Remaining cores are given to a hypervisor which can run dedicated applications to provide appliance like services • vWAAS • EnergyWise • SNORT • WireShark
• Single memory pool is used for Linux, IOSd, and the services plane
Coffee, tea, soft drinks, peanuts, watch your elbows please…
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IOS XE software architecture • IOS + IOS XE Middleware + Platform
Software
• IOS runs as its own Linux process for control plane
• Linux kernel with multiple processes running in protected memory
• Fault containment, re-startability
• ISSU of individual SW packages
• With redundant data plane hardware packet loss can be as low as 50 ms at failover
Dat
a pl
ane
Con
trol-p
lane
IOS active
Platform Adaptation Layer (PAL)
Forwarding manager-FP
IOS standby
Chassis manager
Linux Kernel
Forwarding manager-RP Chassis manager
Linux Kernel
Forwarding engine client
Forwarding engine driver
Control messaging
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Cha
ssis
IOS XE software architecture
Dat
a pl
ane
Con
trol-p
lane
IOS active
Platform Adaptation Layer (PAL)
Forwarding manager-FP
IOS standby
Chassis manager
Linux Kernel
Forwarding manager-RP Chassis manager
Linux Kernel
Forwarding engine client
Forwarding engine driver
Control messaging
Dat
a pl
ane
Con
trol-
plan
e IOS active
Platform Adaptation Layer (PAL)
Forwarding manager-FP
Linux Kernel
Forwarding manager-RP Chassis manager
Forwarding engine client
Forwarding engine driver
Control m
essaging
ISR4000 implementation
ASR1000 implementation
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Dat
a pl
ane
Con
trol p
lane
IOS active
Platform Adaptation Layer (PAL)
Forwarding manager - FP
IOS standby
Chassis manager
Linux Kernel
Forwarding manager - RP Chassis manager
Linux Kernel
Forwarding engine client
Forwarding engine driver
Control messaging
IOS XE architecture building blocks • Runs Control Plane • Generates configurations • Maintains routing tables (RIB,
FIB…)
• Initialization of RP processes • Initialization of installed cards • Detects and manages OIR of
cards • Manages system status,
environmentals, power, EOBC
• Provides abstraction layer between hardware & IOS
• Manages ESP redundancy • Maintains copy of FIB and
interface list • Communicates FIB status to
active & standby data plane FM
• Maintains copy of FIBs • Programs forwarding plane and
forwarding engine DRAM • Statistics collection & RP
communication
• Communicates with forwarding manager in control plane
• Provides interface to QFP client & driver
• All messaging done via IP datagrams in the kernel or over the backplane of the chassis
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IOS-XE Platforms
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ASR 1000 series
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§ Integrated firewall, VPN, encryption, NBAR, CUBE
§ Scalable on-chip service provisioning through software licensing
§ Fully separated control and forwarding planes
§ Hardware and software redundancy § In-service software upgrades
Instant On Service Delivery
§ Line-rate performance 2.5G to 200G+ with services enabled
§ Hardware QoS engine with up 128K queues per ASIC
§ Investment protection with modular engines, IOS CLI and SPAs for I/O
Compact, Powerful Router
Business-Critical Resiliency
ASR 1002-X ASR 1004 ASR 1006-X / 1006 2.5–36 Gbps
10-40 Gbps
10-100 Gbps
2.5 - 20 Gbps
10-200 Gbps
ASR 1013
One IOS-XE Feature Set
ASR 1001-X 40-200 Gbps
ASR 1009-X
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ASR1000 building blocks
Midplane
ES
P
FECP
QFP Crypto Assist.
interconnect
PPE BQS ES
P
QFP
interconn.
PPE BQS
FECP
Crypto Assist.
interconnect
RP CPU
interconn. GE switch S
IP
SPA SPA
IOCP SPA Aggreg.
interconnect
RP CPU
interconn. GE switch
SIP
SPA SPA
IOCP SPA Aggreg.
interconnect
SIP
SPA SPA
IOCP SPA Aggreg.
interconnect
Route Processor Handles control plane Manages system Embedded Service Processor
Handles forwarding plane traffic
SPA Interface Processor Houses SPA’s Queues packets in & out
• Route Processor (RP) • Handles control plane traffic • Manages system
• Embedded Service Processor (ESP) • Handles data plane traffic
• SPA Interface Processor (SIP) • Shared Port Adapters provide interface connectivity
• Centralized Forwarding Architecture • All traffic flows through the active ESP, standby is
synchronized with all flow state with a dedicated 10-Gbps link
• Distributed Control Architecture • All major system components have a powerful control
processor dedicated for control and management planes
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Cisco Intelligent WAN Architecture
MPLS Unified Branch
3G/4G-LTE
Internet
Private Cloud
Virtual Private Cloud
Public Cloud
Application Optimization
Enhanced Application Visibility and Performance
AVC, NBAR, Netflow, HQOS, WAAS, Akamai
Secure Connectivity
Comprehensive Threat Defense
ZBFW, CWS, IPsec, Suite B
Intelligent Path Control
Application Aware Routing
Performance Routing
Transport Independent
Simplified Hybrid WAN
DMVPN
Enterprise IWAN - IWAN-App/APIC-EM SP-IWAN - vMS/NSO ORCHESTRATION
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All these services without killing the box at branch ?
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Sure…Use an ASR1K !
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RP
Interconn.
Forwarding Processor (Dataplane)
FECP Crypto Assist
QFP Subsystem
Interconn.
Route Processor
(Controlplane)
Solution: Build ASR1k..but in an ISR disguise
SPA Agg.
SPA SPA
Interconn.
IOCP SPA Agg.
SPA SPA
Interconn.
IOCP
IOSd
Serviceplane
Forwarding Processor (Dataplane)
Forwarding CPUs
Route & Service Processor
(Controlplane)
NIM FPGE SM-X
MGF
ASR 1000
ISR 4000
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Crypto
FECP
ASR1K ESP Architecture
GE, 1Gbps I2C SPA Control SPA Bus
ESI, 11.2Gbps SPA-SPI, 11.2Gbps Hypertransport, 10Gbps Other
RPs RPs RPs ESP SIPs
E-RP* PCI*
E-CSR
QFP
TCAM Resource DRAM Packet Buffer DRAM
Part Len / BW SRAM
SA table DRAM
Dispatcher Packet Buffer
DDRAM
Boot Flash (OBFL,…)
JTAG Ctrl
EEPROM
Temp Sensor
Reset / Pwr Ctrl
Packet Processor Engine
…
PPE1 PPE2 PPE3 PPE4 PPE5
PPE6 PPE7 PPE8 PPE40
BQS
Reset / Pwr Ctrl Interconnect
SPI Mux
Interconnect
Forwarding Engine Control Processor Manages board Programs QBS, PPE, Crypto Linux Kernel
Buffering Queuing & Scheduling Executes complex QoS scheduling (shapers, LLQ’s,…) Queues and schedules packets in due time
Quantum Flow Processor Overall packet forwarding
Packet Processor Engine Multicore CPU Routes and applies features to packets
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ISR 4451 Hardware Diagram
Data Plane (10 core)
PPE1 PPE2 PPE3 PPE4 PPE5
PPE6 PPE7 PPE8 PPE10 PPE9
Control Plane (4 cores)
Ctrl SVC1
SVC2 SVC3
FPGE
DRAM
Multi Gigabit Fabric
DSP
SM-X
System FPGA
Peripheral Interconnect
DRAM
Console / Aux
Mgmt Ethernet
Flash
USB
4xPCIe DDR3 4xSGMI
DDR3
1xSGMI
10 Gbps/slot
NIM NIM
NIM
2Gb/slot
SM-X
10 Gbps XAUI
1 Control Plane Core RP and FECP-like roles
3 Services Core
10 Cores, 1 thread / core 5 fwd cores by default 4 remaining cores license activated
Inline Cryptography No Crypto Assist chip
No hardware TCAM
BQS on a core One Core dedicated to BQS Always active (5+1 or 9+1 cores)
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Cisco ISR 4400 Architecture
Platform Controller
Hub
Control Plane (1 core) and Services Plane (3
cores)
System FPGA
Data Plane (6 or 10 cores)
Multigigabit Fabric
NIM
ISC
SM-X
FPGE
DRAM
4xPCIe
4xPCIe
10G XAUI
4 x 1 Gb/sec SGMII
1 Gb/sec SGMII
10 Gb/sec per slot
2 Gb/sec per slot
DRAM
Mgmt Ethernet
USB
Console/Aux
Flash
Service containers
IOSd
KVM WAAS
EnergyWise
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3rd party
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Cisco ISR 4300 Architecture
DRAM
Mgmt Ethernet
USB
Console/Aux
Flash
Platform Controller
Hub
Control Plane (1 core) Services Plane (3 cores)
Data Plane (4 cores)
System FPGA
Multigigabit Fabric
NIM
ISC
SM-X
FPGE
4xPCIe 10G XAUI
3 x 1 Gb/sec SGMII
1 Gb/sec SGMII
10 Gb/sec per slot
2 Gb/sec per slot
Service containers
IOSd
Note:4321 uses 2DP, 1CP & 1SP cores
mSATA
KVM WAAS
EnergyWise
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3rd party
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ISR4000 - World’s Broadest Service Offerings in One Box Simplified Services Integration
The Ultimate Converged Branch – No More Appliances
Native, Full Featured Security, AVC, WAN Opt, UC
Ease of Service Deployment – No Truck Rolls
Network, Compute and Storage
WAN opt Compute Storage UC Path Control App Visibility Security
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Cisco Branch Router Evolution ISR 4431 & 4300 family Making a complete ISR 4000 family ISR 4451
First ISR based on IOS XE
ISR G2 family 800, 1900, 2900 & 3900 Taking ISR G1 architecture to the next level
ISR G1 family 1800, 2800, 3800 The first architecture custom designed for integrated services
Cisco 2500 Cisco’s first family of branch routers for 23 different deployments
Cisco 2600 Superseded 2500. Considered one of Cisco's premier products.
2014
2013
2009
2004
1998
1993
Not shown here: 700, 1600, 1700, 4000/4500, 3600 & 3700 series routers
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Pay-As-You-Grow with Cisco ISR 4000 Series
ISR 4321 50-100 Mbps
ISR 4331 100-300 Mbps
ISR 4351 200-400 Mbps
ISR 4431 500-1000 Mbps
ISR 4451 1-2Gbps
Investment Protection Without Oversubscription
4-10X Faster Add performance and services anytime
Flexible consumption options
4x GE (all dual) 3x NIM 2x Enh SM 4x GE (all dual)
3x NIM 3x GE (all dual) 3x NIM 2x Enh SM 3x GE (dual+RJ+SFP)
2x NIM 1x Enh SM 2x GE (dual+RJ)
2x NIM
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Cisco ISR 4000 Family I/O Design Management Interface • out-of-band control plane • connection directly to a
management network
Front-Panel GE • RJ45/SFP GE Interfaces • PoE+ available on some
models
Network Interface Modules (NIMs) • Larger and more powerful
than EHWICs • Up to 8 ports per module • DSPs directly on modules
Optional Drive NIM for Embedded Applications • RAID 1 for data protection • Single HD (future) and
dual SSD options
USB Connections • 2 times type A for file storage • USB type B console in addition to RJ45 console
and aux ports
Enhanced Service Modules • Compatible with Cisco® ISR G2 • Up to 10-Gbps connection to system • Faster and more powerful than SMs
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Connectivity Options Outside the office Inside the office
Analog Voice § FXS, E/M § SRST § CME
Ethernet / Switching § SM 16/24/48 port switch module § SM routed ports (6xGE or 4xGE/
1x10GE) CU/SFP module § NIM 4 and 8 port switch module § NIM 1 and 2 port routed module
Cisco UCS® E-Series § 2, 4, 6 and 8-core Intel® Xeon®
processors § Up to 3 TB storage and 48 GB
DRAM
§ T1/E1 § FXO, PRI § BRI
§ T1/E1, T3/E3, serial § ADSL, VDSL
§ 3G/4G
PSTN
WAN/ Internet
Backup
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CSR 1000V - virtualized IOS XE • Virtualized IOS XE
• Generalized to work on any x86 system
• Hardware specifics abstracted through a virtualization layer
• Forwarding (ESP) and Control (RP) mapped to vCPUs
• Bootflash: NVRAM: are mapped into memory from hard disk
• Boot loader functions implemented by GRUB
• Limitations • No dedicated crypto engine – we leverage the Intel
AES-NI instruction set to provide hardware crypto assist.
• No QFP – lower forwarding performance • No HW Accelerators – Less efficient feature
processing
Control Plane Forwarding Plane
vNIC vCPU vMemory vDisk
Physical Hardware
Hypervisor (VMware / Citrix / KVM)
Chassis Mgr. Forwarding Mgr.
IOS
Chassis Mgr. Forwarding Mgr.
FFP Client / Driver
FFP code Linux Container
CPU Memory Disk NIC
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IOS-XE Network Programmabilty
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Embedded Event Manager
Syslog email notification
SNMP set Counter
CLI Applets SNMP get SNMP
notification Application
specific TCL
Policies Reload or switch-over
EEM Applets multi-event-correlation
IOS.sh Policies
Actions
Event Detectors
Syslog Event
Process Scheduler Database
Interface Descriptor
Blocks
Syslog ED
Watchdog ED
Interface Counter
ED
CLI ED
OIR ED
ERM ED
EOT ED
RF ED
none ED
GOLD ED
XML RPC ED
SNMP EDs
Remote: • Notification Local: • Notification • Get/Set
NetFlow ED
IPSLA ED
Route ED
Timer EDs
• Cron • Count down
HW EDs
• Fan • Temp • Env • ...
CDP LLDP
ED
802.1x ED
MAC ED
Embedded Event Manager (EEM)
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Device-Level API – RESTCONF Problem: How to programmatically interact with a Router – in a model-based, loosely coupled, easy to understand and standards-based way?
Available Nov 2015
Solution: Use RESTCONF from IOS XE3.17 (and XR 6.1) onwards
• RESTful interface over HTTPS
• JSON/XML Data Representation
• Based on YANG Models • IETF Standard Models where they exist • Cisco Models where common across platforms • Cisco Platform specific models
• ASR1000, ISR4000, CSR1000, …
Try it out – available today
YOUR App
HTT
PS
JSON/ XML
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Device-Level – Hosting Options YOUR App
YOUR App
Container • Dedicated CPU/RAM/Storage • Any OS in a KVM OVA • Low Latency and Delay • Virtualized, Elastic • Fate Sharing, local Visibility
YOUR App
Blade • Physical CPU/RAM/Storage • Any OS and/or Hypervisor • Lower Latency and Delay • Modular • Fate Sharing, local Visibility
Server / Controller • Unlimited CPU/RAM/Storage • Any OS and/or Hypervisor • High Latency and Delay • Extra Deployment • Extra Footprint
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UCS E-Series Portfolio S
cala
bilit
y
Feature Richness
Cisco UCS-E140S
• Service Module • Vmware, Hyper-V,
Citrix Certified • Intel E3 4 Core
Processor • vWLC, vWAAS,
Physical Security
Cisco UCS-E180D
• Service Module • Vmware, Hyper-V, Citrix
Certified • Intel E5 8 Core Processor • vWLC, vWAAS, Virtual
Desktops, Physical Security, Security applications
Cisco UCS-E160D
• Service Module • Vmware, Hyper-V, Citrix
Certified • Intel E5 6 Core
Processor • vWLC, vWAAS, Virtual
Desktops, Physical Security
Cisco UCS-EN120S
• Service Module • VMware and
Hyper-V Certified • Network Compute
Applications – vWLC, vWAAS
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Cisco UCS E-Series NCE – NIM Small form factor, Compact, Multipurpose Blade Housed in ISR 4Ks only– UCS-EN140N
• Use Case • Ideal for hosting 1-2 cisco network applications and other lightweight applications
• Product Features • Intel® Atom® 4-core processor
• Up to 8GB of RAM
• Up to 200GB SSD storage
• Available on all ISR 4k routers
• Cisco Integrated Management controller (Cisco IMC) comes standard for out of band management
• Certified for Bare-metal OS like Microsoft 2012 R2 and Redhat Linux and Hypervisors like Vmware ESXi 5.5 and
Microsoft Hyper-V
Available Oct 2015
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Virtual Service Containers Problem: Can I run my App inside a Router ?
Solution: Yes !
From IOS XE3.17 onwards
• Option to enable unsigned containers
• Any 3rd party KVM
• Libvirt based format / YAML manifest file
• Requires 4GB+ dedicated RAM
• May require persistent storage (NIM-SDD)
• ASR1000, ISR4000, CSR1000
Try it out – available today
virtual-service signing level unsigned
# virtual-service install name myapp package flash:myapp.ova # show virtual-service list # show virtual-service detail name myapp # virtual-service connect name myapp aux|console
YOUR App
Available Nov 2015
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What is a Service Container? Service Containers use virtualization technology (LXC and KVM) to provide a hosting environment on Cisco routers/switches for applications which may be developed and released independent of platform release cycles. Virtualized environment on a cisco device. Use Case Cisco Virtual Services:
• Lightweight Application Hosting • Example: ISR-WAAS ( KVM ) • Example: SNORT ( LXC )
Use Case Third Party Services:
• KVM Hosted Applications
Container
Network OS
Virtual Service
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Linux OS
IOSd Control Plane
Snort
KVM
IOS-XE Container Architecture Cisco Apps ISR-WAAS
Customer and 3rd Party Applications (KVM only)
Platform-Specific Data Plane AppNav
Virtual Ethernet
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Useful App on LXC container
Product Overview § Works directly on a Linux service container – Single core § Open source intrusion prevention system for real-time traffic analysis § Good Enough Security at the Branch to Meet Compliance needs § IPS/IDS functionality with an IOS IPS look and feel
LXC
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What do I need to add to an ISR4K system?
• Service Containers (currently) REQUIRE additional DRAM beyond the 4GB system default • Additional DRAM beyond 4GB will be available to a KVM application
• Example: 8GB DRAM will have 4GB available to Service Containers • Example: 16GB DRAM will have 12GB available to Service Containers
Memory
• No storage is included by default and applications do not have access to bootflash. • Options include internal MSATA SSD on 4300 Series, NIM-SSD or NIM-HD on all ISR4K. • Smaller sizes and lower reliability SSD options at lower price will be available in late CY15.
Storage
Note: ASR1K/CSR requirements will be different.
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NIM-SSD:
• 1 or 2 hot-swappable 200GB SSD drives
• 50GB, 100GB and 400GB options in CY15
NIM-HD:
• 1 hot-swappable 500GB or 1TB drive
• Available late 2015
SSD-MSATA-200G:
• Doesn’t consume a NIM slot!
• Embedded 200GB SSD storage
• Smaller sizes available in CY15.
• Not available on 4431/4451
Storage Options
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Summary
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• IOS XE is an evolution of IOS • provides operational continuity • configurations move forward • IOS protocol troubleshooting moves forward
• Data / control / service plane separation • Functionality isolation, DOS protection • Improved and predictable performance • Cost efficiencies
IOS XE summary
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• Operational excellence • QoS, High Availability, easy service enablement
• Platform management • Multiple processors, memories, busses to be
monitored
• Common code and feature sets across multiple locations in the network • Eases deployments, decreases incompatibilities
IOS XE summary
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IOS XE Platforms
• Physical – ISR 4000, ASR 1000
• Virtual – CSR 1000v
• Ideal for feature rich Intelligent WAN deployment
• Platform for branch consolidation – routing, switching, application
Wide variety of options
Thank you
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We’re ready. Are you?
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